51
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Moon SJ, Ahn IE, Jung H, Yi H, Kim J, Kim Y, Kwok SK, Park KS, Min JK, Park SH, Kim HY, Ju JH. Temporal differential effects of proinflammatory cytokines on osteoclastogenesis. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:769-77. [PMID: 23403591 PMCID: PMC3621814 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone destruction and inflammation are closely linked. Cytokines play an important role in inflammatory bone destruction by upregulating the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL). The direct role of cytokines that act in a non-RANKL-dependent manner has yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct osteoclastogenic properties of inflammatory cytokines at different time-points of osteoclastogenesis. Mouse bone marrow macrophages were stimulated with the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and various concentrations of RANKL. Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-23, were added to the culture system of osteoclastogenesis. Two time-points of cytokine treatment were set. The ‘early’ effect of each cytokine was investigated at the time of first RANKL treatment, whereas the ‘late’ effect was investigated 48 h after the first RANKL challenge. Osteoclast differentiation and function were assessed using an osteoclast marker [tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)] and by visualization of pit formation. A permissive level of RANKL was required for cytokine-associated osteoclastogenesis in all experiments. In the M-CSF/RANKL monocellular culture system, IL-1β enhanced and IL-6 decreased osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner, regardless of temporal differences. Other cytokines showed various responses according to the phase of osteoclast maturation and the concentration of each cytokine and RANKL. Furthermore, luciferase assays showed that both IL-1β and RANKL activated the NF-κB signaling pathway. Collectively, our data revealed that targeting IL-1β may be a promising strategy to inhibit inflammation-associated bone destruction and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Grape-seed proanthocyanidin extract as suppressors of bone destruction in inflammatory autoimmune arthritis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51377. [PMID: 23251512 PMCID: PMC3519627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic autoimmune inflammation, which is commonly observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), disrupts the delicate balance between bone resorption and formation causing thedestruction of the bone and joints. We undertook this study to verify the effects of natural grape-seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), an antioxidant, on chronic inflammation and bone destruction. GSPE administration ameliorated the arthritic symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), which are representative of cartilage and bone destruction. GSPE treatment reduced the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells and osteoclast activity and increased differentiation of mature osteoblasts. Receptor activator of NFκB ligand expression in fibroblasts from RA patients was abrogated with GSPE treatment. GSPE blocked human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived osteoclastogenesis and acted as an antioxidant. GSPE improved the arthritic manifestations of CIA mice by simultaneously suppressing osteoclast differentiation and promoting osteoblast differentiation. Our results suggest that GSPE may be beneficial for the treatment of inflammation-associated bone destruction.
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53
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Cheng CP, Sheu MJ, Sytwu HK, Chang DM. Decoy receptor 3 suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via down-regulating NFATc1 and enhancing cell apoptosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 52:609-22. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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54
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Langerhans cells down-regulate inflammation-driven alveolar bone loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7043-8. [PMID: 22509018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116770109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive bone resorption is frequently associated with chronic infections and inflammatory diseases. Whereas T cells were demonstrated to facilitate osteoclastogenesis in such diseases, the role of dendritic cells, the most potent activators of naive T cells, remains unclear. Using a model involving inflammation-driven alveolar bone loss attributable to infection, we showed that in vivo ablation of Langerhans cells (LCs) resulted in enhanced bone loss. An increased infiltration of B and T lymphocytes into the tissue surrounding the bone was observed in LC-ablated mice, including receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-expressing CD4(+) T cells with known capabilities of altering bone homeostasis. In addition, the absence of LCs significantly reduced the numbers of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells in the tissue. Further investigation revealed that LCs were not directly involved in presenting antigens to T cells. Nevertheless, despite their low numbers in the tissue, the absence of LCs resulted in an elevated activation of CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells. This activation involved elevated production of IFN-γ but not IL-17 or IL-10 cytokines. Our data, thus, reveal a protective immunoregulatory role for LCs in inflammation-induced alveolar bone resorption, by inhibiting IFN-γ secretion and excessive activation of RANKL(+)CD4(+) T cells with a capability of promoting osteoclastogenesis.
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55
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Xue Y, Xiao Y, Liu J, Karaplis AC, Pollak MR, Brown EM, Miao D, Goltzman D. The calcium-sensing receptor complements parathyroid hormone-induced bone turnover in discrete skeletal compartments in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E841-51. [PMID: 22275754 PMCID: PMC3330707 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00599.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) may each exert skeletal effects, it is uncertain how CaSR and PTH interact at the level of bone in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Therefore, we simulated PHPT with 2 wk of continuous PTH infusion in adult mice with deletion of the PTH gene (Pth(-/-) mice) and with deletion of both PTH and CaSR genes (Pth(-/-)-Casr (-/-) mice) and compared skeletal phenotypes. PTH infusion in Pth(-/-) mice increased cortical bone turnover, augmented cortical porosity, and reduced cortical bone volume, femoral bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC); these effects were markedly attenuated in PTH-infused Pth(-/-)-Casr(-/-) mice. In the absence of CaSR, the PTH-stimulated expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and PTH-stimulated osteoclastogenesis was also reduced. In trabecular bone, PTH-induced increases in bone turnover, trabecular bone volume, and trabecular number were lower in Pth(-/-)-Casr(-/-) mice than in Pth(-/-) mice. PTH-stimulated genetic markers of osteoblast activity were also lower. These results are consistent with a role for CaSR in modulating both PTH-induced bone resorption and PTH-induced bone formation in discrete skeletal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingben Xue
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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56
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Kwok SK, Cho ML, Park MK, Oh HJ, Park JS, Her YM, Lee SY, Youn J, Ju JH, Park KS, Kim SI, Kim HY, Park SH. Interleukin-21 promotes osteoclastogenesis in humans with rheumatoid arthritis and in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:740-51. [DOI: 10.1002/art.33390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cheng CP, Huang HS, Hsu YC, Sheu MJ, Chang DM. A benzamide-linked small molecule NDMC101 inhibits NFATc1 and NF-κB activity: a potential osteoclastogenesis inhibitor for experimental arthritis. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:762-77. [PMID: 22396044 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) induced osteoclast differentiation on RAW264.7 as a screening tool; we synthesize and identify small-molecule inhibitors preserving immunomodulatory effects as therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Differentiation into osteoclast-like cells was examined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and expression of osteoclast differentiation markers. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were administered test articles by gavages to assess its efficacy. Then clinical, histological, and biochemical parameters were assessed to determine the effects of N-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide (NDMC101) on synovial inflammation and bone erosion by hematoxlin and eosin staining and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS NDMC101 markedly inhibited RANKL-induced formation of TRAP+ multinucleated cells in RAW264.7 and bone marrow macrophage cells (BMMs). Moreover, pit formation assay showed that NDMC101 significantly reduced the bone-resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. In CIA mice, oral administration of NDMC101 reduced arthritic index and mitigated bone erosion. Serum TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in these mice were decreased significantly at the higher dose of 62.5 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS Screening of our chemical library, our findings suggest that NDMC101 inhibits osteoclastogenesis which also ameliorates paw swelling and inflammatory bone destruction. Its efficacy is associated with the inhibition of such transcription factors as NF-κB and NFATc1 as well as multiple protein kinases, including p38, ERK, and JNK. There results guarantee further clinical tests of NDMC101 for its therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammation-induced bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Pi Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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58
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory diseases are linked to enhanced bone loss. The effect of inflammation on bone is mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, which regulate bone formation as well as bone resorption thereby altering bone homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this article we summarize the key insights in cytokine regulation of bone. We describe the major pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, which are involved in the regulation of bone and describe the mechanisms by which these cytokines alter bone balance. RESULTS We describe the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)- 1 family members, IL-6, IL-17 and interferons (IFN) on bone and discuss the mechanisms by which these individual cytokines affect the bone resorbing and the bone forming cells. CONCLUSIONS Several proinflammatory cytokines (such as TNFa, IL-1 and IL-17) are major triggers for osteoclast activation explaining the enhanced bone loss during inflammation. Other such as IL-12, IL-18, IL-33 and IFN are strong suppressors of osteoclast differentiation and inhibit bone loss. Thus the cytokine composition of an inflammatory tissue is decisive whether inflammation triggers bone loss or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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59
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Astry B, Harberts E, Moudgil KD. A cytokine-centric view of the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune arthritis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:927-40. [PMID: 22149412 PMCID: PMC3234492 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are immune mediators that play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease that targets the synovial joints. The cytokine environment in the peripheral lymphoid tissues and the target organ (the joint) has a strong influence on the outcome of the initial events that trigger autoimmune inflammation. In susceptible individuals, these events drive inflammation and tissue damage in the joints. However, in resistant individuals, the inflammatory events are controlled effectively with minimal or no overt signs of arthritis. Animal models of human RA have permitted comprehensive investigations into the role of cytokines in the initiation, progression, and recovery phases of autoimmune arthritis. The discovery of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and its association with inflammation and autoimmune pathology has reshaped our viewpoint regarding the pathogenesis of arthritis, which previously was based on a simplistic T helper 1 (Th1)-Th2 paradigm. This review discusses the role of the newer cytokines, particularly those associated with the IL-17/IL-23 axis in arthritis. Also presented herein is the emerging information on IL-32, IL-33, and IL-35. Ongoing studies examining the role of the newer cytokines in the disease process would improve understanding of RA as well as the development of novel cytokine inhibitors that might be more efficacious than the currently available options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Astry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin Harberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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60
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Yao R, Fu Y, Li S, Tu L, Zeng X, Kuang N. Regulatory effect of daphnetin, a coumarin extracted from Daphne odora, on the balance of Treg and Th17 in collagen-induced arthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:286-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ratsimandresy RA, Duvallet E, Assier E, Semerano L, Delavallée L, Bessis N, Zagury JF, Boissier MC. Active immunization against IL-23p19 improves experimental arthritis. Vaccine 2011; 29:9329-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Rong C, Hu W, Wu FR, Cao XJ, Chen FH. Interleukin-23 as a potential therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 361:243-8. [PMID: 22012611 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine-mediated immunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Increasing evidence has revealed the importance of IL-23, which closely resembles IL-12 structurally and immunologically, in linking innate and adaptive immunity. IL-23, a newly identified heterodimeric pro-inflammatory cytokine, is composed of a p40 subunit in common with IL-12 and a unique p19 subunit. Recent evidence suggests that IL-23, rather than IL-12, is the crucial factor in the pathogenesis of various immune-mediated disorders. In addition, recent studies have explored the role of IL-23 in patients with RA. An elevated expression of IL-23 has been demonstrated in the synovial fibroblasts and plasma of patients with RA. Moreover, an association between IL-23 and IL-23R polymorphisms with susceptibility to RA has been reported. Therefore, the targeting of IL-23 or the IL-23 receptor has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for RA. In this review we will discuss the biological features of IL-23, and summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of IL-23 in the pathogenesis and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Rong
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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63
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Giuliani N, Airoldi I. Novel insights into the role of interleukin-27 and interleukin-23 in human malignant and normal plasma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6963-70. [PMID: 21880791 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a monoclonal postgerminal center tumor that has phenotypic features of plasmablasts and/or plasma cells and usually localizes at multiple sites in the bone marrow. The pathogenesis of multiple myeloma is complex and dependent on the interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Different cytokines, chemokines, and proangiogenic factors released in the tumor microenvironment are known to promote multiple myeloma cell growth. Here, we report recent advances on the role of 2 strictly related immunomodulatory cytokines, interleukin-27 (IL-27) and IL-23, in human normal and neoplastic plasma cells, highlighting their ability to (i) act directly against multiple myeloma cells, (ii) influence the multiple myeloma microenvironment by targeting osteoclast and osteoblast cells, and (iii) modulate normal plasma cell function. Finally, the therapeutic implication of these studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giuliani
- Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Center, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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64
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Park MJ, Park HS, Cho ML, Oh HJ, Cho YG, Min SY, Chung BH, Lee JW, Kim HY, Cho SG. Transforming growth factor β-transduced mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune arthritis through reciprocal regulation of Treg/Th17 cells and osteoclastogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1668-80. [PMID: 21384335 DOI: 10.1002/art.30326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can prevent various autoimmune diseases. We examined the therapeutic potential of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-transduced MSCs in experimental autoimmune arthritis, using an accepted animal model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS DBA/1J mice with CIA were treated with syngeneic TGFβ-induced MSCs, whereas control mice received either vehicle or MSCs alone. Arthritis severity was assessed by clinical and histologic scoring. TGFβ-transduced MSCs were tested for their immunosuppressive ability and differential regulation in mice with CIA. T cell responses to type II collagen were evaluated by determining proliferative capacity and cytokine levels. The effects of TGFβ-transduced MSCs on osteoclast formation were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Systemic infusion of syngeneic TGFβ-transduced MSCs prevented arthritis development and reduced bone erosion and cartilage destruction. Treatment with TGFβ-transduced MSCs potently suppressed type II collagen-specific T cell proliferation and down-regulated proinflammatory cytokine production. These therapeutic effects were associated with an increase in type II collagen-specific CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells and inhibition of Th17 cell formation in the peritoneal cavity and spleen. Furthermore, TGFβ-transduced MSCs inhibited osteoclast differentiation. CONCLUSION TGFβ-transduced MSCs suppressed the development of autoimmune arthritis and joint inflammation. These data suggest that enhancing the immunomodulatory activity of MSCs and modulating T cell-mediated immunity using gene-modified MSCs may be a gateway for new therapeutic approaches to clinical rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Park
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, and Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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65
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Hsu YH, Chen WY, Chan CH, Wu CH, Sun ZJ, Chang MS. Anti-IL-20 monoclonal antibody inhibits the differentiation of osteoclasts and protects against osteoporotic bone loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1849-61. [PMID: 21844205 PMCID: PMC3171097 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-20 promotes osteoclast differentiation by inducing RANK and RANKL expression in osteoclast precursors and osteoblasts, respectively. IL-20 is a proinflammatory cytokine of the IL-10 family that is involved in psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and stroke. However, little is known about the role of IL-20 in bone destruction. We explored the function of IL-20 in osteoclastogenesis and the therapeutic potential of anti–IL-20 monoclonal antibody 7E for treating osteoporosis. Higher serum IL-20 levels were detected in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis and in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. IL-20 mediates osteoclastogenesis by up-regulating the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) expression in osteoclast precursor cells and RANK ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts. 7E treatment completely inhibited osteoclast differentiation induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL in vitro and protected mice from OVX-induced bone loss in vivo. Furthermore, IL-20R1–deficient mice had significantly higher bone mineral density (BMD) than did wild-type controls. IL-20R1 deficiency also abolished IL-20–induced osteoclastogenesis and increased BMD in OVX mice. We have identified a pivotal role of IL-20 in osteoclast differentiation, and we conclude that anti–IL-20 monoclonal antibody is a potential therapeutic for protecting against osteoporotic bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
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66
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Ma HM, Wu Z, Nakanishi H. Phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes suppress inflammatory bone loss by ameliorating the cytokine imbalance provoked by infiltrated macrophages. J Transl Med 2011; 91:921-31. [PMID: 21464820 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing liposomes (PSLs) strongly inhibit inflammatory bone loss in adjuvant arthritic (AA) rats. This effect was attributed to the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis through the secretion of prostaglandin E(2) and transforming growth factor-β1 by osteoclast precursors after the phagocytosis of PSLs. However, infiltrated macrophages are considered to secrete anti-inflammatory mediators after phagocytosis of PSLs, which also contribute to inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. In the present study, we have attempted to elucidate the effects of PSLs on the phenotype of infiltrated macrophages during inflammatory bone loss. In AA rats, the ankle joints swelled with the infiltration of both macrophages and helper T cells into the synovium after a complete Freund's adjuvant injection. In the ankle joints of AA rats, approximately half of the infiltrated macrophages underwent a phenotypic change from interleukin (IL)-1β-producing to IL-10-producing cells after the phagocytosis of PSLs. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, PSLs also significantly decreased IL-1β production, but increased IL-10 production. Moreover, PSLs inhibited the rapid activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, but enhanced the delayed activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. PSL-induced different influence on the activities of p38 MAPK and ERK is a likely underlying mechanism for phenotypic change of infiltrated macrophages after the phagocytosis of PSLs. This phenotypic change may be responsible for a significant decrease in the mean mRNA level of the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) and the RANK ligand (RANKL) in the ankle joint of PSL-treated AA rats, resulting in the inhibition of inflammatory bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mei Ma
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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67
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Kamiya S, Okumura M, Chiba Y, Fukawa T, Nakamura C, Nimura N, Mizuguchi J, Wada S, Yoshimoto T. IL-27 suppresses RANKL expression in CD4+ T cells in part through STAT3. Immunol Lett 2011; 138:47-53. [PMID: 21453726 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which is expressed by not only osteoblasts but also activated T cells, plays an important role in bone-destructive diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. IL-27, a member of the IL-6/IL-12 family cytokines, activates STAT1 and STAT3, promotes early helper T (Th)1 differentiation and generation of IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, and suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines and inhibits Th2 differentiation. In addition, IL-27 was recently demonstrated to not only inhibit Th17 differentiation but also directly act on osteoclast precursor cells and suppress RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis through STAT1-dependent inhibition of c-Fos, leading to amelioration of the inflammatory bone destruction. In the present study, we investigated the effect of IL-27 on the expression of RANKL in CD4(+) T cells. We found that IL-27 greatly inhibits cell surface expression of RANKL on naive CD4(+) T cells activated by T cell receptor ligation and secretion of its soluble RANKL as well. The inhibitory effect was mediated in part by STAT3 but not by STAT1 or IL-10. In contrast, in differentiated Th17 cells, IL-27 much less efficiently inhibited the RANKL expression after restimulation. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-27 greatly inhibits primary RANKL expression in CD4(+) T cells, which could contribute to the suppressive effects of IL-27 on the inflammatory bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiro Kamiya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
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Shuttleworth S, Townsend P, Silva F, Cecil A, Hill T, Tomassi C, Rogers H, Harrison R. Progress in the development of small molecule therapeutics targeting Th17 cell function for the treatment of immune-inflammatory diseases. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 50:109-133. [PMID: 21315929 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381290-2.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Shuttleworth
- Karus Therapeutics Ltd., 2 Venture Road, Southampton Science Park, Southampton, SO16 7NP, UK
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69
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Hueber AJ, Asquith DL, McInnes IB, Miller AM. Embracing novel cytokines in RA – complexity grows as does opportunity! Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010; 24:479-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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70
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Perdigones N, Martín E, Robledo G, Lamas JR, Taxonera C, Díaz-Rubio M, de la Concha EG, López-Nevot MA, García A, Gómez-García M, Fernández-Gutiérrez B, Martín J, Urcelay E. Study of chromosomal region 5p13.1 in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:826-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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71
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Li X, Yuan FL, Lu WG, Zhao YQ, Li CW, Li JP, Xu RS. The role of interleukin-17 in mediating joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:131-5. [PMID: 20513356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, persistent inflammatory joint disease with systemic involvement that affects about 1% of the world's population, that ultimately leads to the progressive destruction of joint. Effective medical treatment for joint destruction in RA is lacking because the knowledge about molecular mechanisms leading to joint destruction are incompletely understood. It has been confirmed that cytokine-mediated immunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases including RA. Recently, IL-17 was identified, which production by Th17 cells. IL-17 has proinflammatory properties and may promote bone and joint damage through induction of matrix metalloproteinases and osteoclasts. In mice, intra-articular injection of IL-17 into the knee joint results in joint inflammation and damage. In addition, it has been shown that blocking IL-17/IL-17R signaling is effective in the control of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and in the prevention of joint destruction. In this article, we will briefly discuss the biological features of IL-17/IL-17R and summarize recent advances on the role of IL-17/IL-17R in the pathogenesis and treatment of joint destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
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72
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Liu YCG, Lerner UH, Teng YTA. Cytokine responses against periodontal infection: protective and destructive roles. Periodontol 2000 2010; 52:163-206. [PMID: 20017801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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73
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Li X, Kim KW, Cho ML, Ju JH, Kang CM, Oh HJ, Min JK, Lee SH, Park SH, Kim HY. IL-23 induces receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes via STAT3 and NF-kappaB signal pathways. Immunol Lett 2009; 127:100-7. [PMID: 19900478 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-23 stimulates T lymphocytes to produce inflammatory molecules, which can cause inflammatory arthritis. This study was undertaken to explore the role of IL-23 in stimulating the expression of the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) ligand (RANKL) and osteoclastogenic activity in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). These cells were separated from the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA-FLS) and osteoarthritis (OA-FLS) and stimulated with IL-23. RANKL expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and immunostaining. Osteoclast precursor cells were cocultured with IL-23-stimulated RA-FLS and OA-FLS and subsequently stained for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity. IL-23 upregulated RANKL expression in RA-FLS. The expression of RANKL mRNA and protein was blocked completely by inhibitors of NF-kappaB (parthenolide) or of the JAK II-STAT3 pathway (AG490), showing that the RANKL expression pathway is mediated by NF-kappaB and STAT3. TRAP-positive osteoclastogenesis was enhanced in IL-23-stimulated FLS. RA-FLS were more responsive to IL-23 in terms of their RANKL expression than OA-FLS or normal FLS. Thus, IL-23 appears to induce joint inflammation and bone destruction by stimulating RANKL expression in RA-FLS. These interactions between IL-23 and FLS indicate possible new therapeutic approaches for treating bone destruction in patients with inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Dalian University, Medical School Dalian, China.
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74
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Elder JT, Bruce AT, Gudjonsson JE, Johnston A, Stuart PE, Tejasvi T, Voorhees JJ, Abecasis GR, Nair RP. Molecular dissection of psoriasis: integrating genetics and biology. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:1213-26. [PMID: 19812592 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common and debilitating disease of the skin, nails, and joints, with an acknowledged but complex genetic basis. Early genome-wide linkage studies of psoriasis focused on segregation of microsatellite markers in families; however, the only locus consistently identified resided in the major histocompatibility complex. Subsequently, several groups mapped this locus to the vicinity of HLA-C, and two groups have reported HLA-Cw6 itself to be the major susceptibility allele. More recently, the development of millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, coupled with the development of high-throughput genotyping platforms and a comprehensive map of human haplotypes, has made possible a genome-wide association approach using cases and controls rather than families. Taking advantage of these developments, we participated in a collaborative genome-wide association study of psoriasis involving thousands of cases and controls. Initial analysis of these data revealed and/or confirmed association between psoriasis and seven genetic loci-HLA-C, IL12B, IL23R, IL23A, IL4/IL13, TNFAIP3, and TNIP1-and ongoing studies are revealing additional loci. Here, we review the epidemiology, immunopathology, and genetics of psoriasis, and present a disease model integrating its genetics and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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75
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Sarkar S, Cooney LA, Fox DA. The role of T helper type 17 cells in inflammatory arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:225-37. [PMID: 19758374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis for more than three decades, the focus on the T helper type 17 (Th17) subset of CD4 T cells and their secreted cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-17, is much more recent. Proinflammatory actions of IL-17 were first identified in the 1990s, but the delineation of a distinct Th17 subset in late 2005 has sparked great interest in the role of these cells in a broad range of immune-mediated diseases. This review summarizes current understanding of the role of Th17 cells and their products in both animal models of inflammatory arthritis and human immune-driven arthritides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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76
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Tompkins D, Hudgens E, Horohov D, Baldwin CL. Expressed gene sequences of the equine cytokines interleukin-17 and interleukin-23. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 133:309-13. [PMID: 19775756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the initial cloning and characterization of the equine interleukin-17 (IL-17) expressed gene sequence from mRNA obtained from equine intestinal tissue and interleukin-23 (IL-23) expressed gene sequence from mRNA obtained from equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Equine IL-17 has 462 nucleotides in the translated region, determined by homology with known human and mouse sequences, and shares 84% and 75% identity, respectively. For the deduced amino acid sequences, the identity with human and mouse is 76% and 70%. Equine IL-23 has 579 nucleotides in the translated region. Homology with known human and mouse sequences was determined to be 89% and 77%. Deduced amino acid identities are 89% with the human sequence and 70% with the mouse sequence. The gene sequences were identified as part of the U.S. Veterinary Immune Reagent Network with a goal of developing reagents in order to aid veterinary researchers in the investigation of diseases in livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle Tompkins
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Paige Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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Cho ML, Heo YJ, Park MK, Oh HJ, Park JS, Woo YJ, Ju JH, Park SH, Kim HY, Min JK. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) attenuates collagen-induced arthritis. Immunol Lett 2009; 124:102-10. [PMID: 19446580 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To examine whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) which is known to act as an antioxidant has therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice, an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. Mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of GSPE (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or saline. Clinical, histological, and biochemical parameters were assessed. The effects of GSPE on osteoclastogenesis were determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of the inflamed joints and bone-marrow cells cultured with the receptor activator of nuclear factor B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Intracellular levels of hydrogen peroxide were determined using carboxy-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. GSPE treatment significantly attenuated the severity of CIA in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the histology scores for synovial inflammation, cartilage erosion, bone erosion, and the number of TRAP+ osteoclasts. GSPE treatment significantly reduced the numbers of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- or interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing cells in the synovial tissue and the spontaneous production of TNF-alpha and IL-17 by splenocytes compared with those in the control mice. The serum levels of type-II-collagen-specific IgG2a and plasma levels of 8-isoprostane in the GSPE-treated mice were significantly lower than those in the control mice. GSPE dose-dependently suppressed osteoclastogenesis in vitro. GSPE significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide production by anti-CD3-monoclonal-antibody-stimulated CD4+ splenocytes. These results indicate that intraperitoneal injection of GSPE attenuated CIA in mice. GSPE may be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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