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Phase 1 study of veliparib (ABT-888), a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, with carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced solid malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:1289-1301. [PMID: 31549216 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03960-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Veliparib is an oral inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 and -2. PARP-1 expression may be increased in cancer, and this increase confers resistance to cytotoxic agents. We aimed to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and pharmacokinetics (PK) of veliparib combined with paclitaxel and carboplatin. METHODS Eligibility criteria included patients with advanced solid tumors treated with ≤ 3 prior regimens. Paclitaxel and carboplatin were administered on day 3 of a 21-day cycle. Veliparib was given PO BID days 1-7, except for cycle 1 in the first 46 patients to serve as control for toxicity and PK. A standard "3 + 3" design started veliparib at 10 mg BID, paclitaxel at 150 mg/m2, and carboplatin AUC 6. The pharmacokinetic (PK) disposition of veliparib, paclitaxel, and carboplatin was determined by LC-MS/MS and AAS during cycles 1 and 2. RESULTS Seventy-three patients were enrolled. Toxicities were as expected with carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy, including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and peripheral neuropathy. DLTs were seen in two of seven evaluable patients at the maximum administered dose (MAD): veliparib 120 mg BID, paclitaxel 200 mg/m2, and carboplatin AUC 6 (febrile neutropenia, hyponatremia). The MTD and RP2D were determined to be veliparib 100 mg BID, paclitaxel 200 mg/m2, and carboplatin AUC 6. Median number of cycles of the three-agent combination was 4 (1-16). We observed 22 partial and 5 complete responses. Veliparib did not affect paclitaxel or carboplatin PK disposition. CONCLUSION Veliparib, paclitaxel, and carboplatin were well tolerated and demonstrated promising antitumor activity.
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Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of combined gamma-tocotrienol and hydroxychavicol in preventing the proliferation of 1321N1, SW1783, and LN18 glioma cancer cells. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:499-517. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ning JF, Stanciu M, Humphrey MR, Gorham J, Wakimoto H, Nishihara R, Lees J, Zou L, Martuza RL, Wakimoto H, Rabkin SD. Myc targeted CDK18 promotes ATR and homologous recombination to mediate PARP inhibitor resistance in glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2910. [PMID: 31266951 PMCID: PMC6606647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPis) have clinical efficacy in BRCA-deficient cancers, but not BRCA-intact tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM). We show that MYC or MYCN amplification in patient-derived glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) generates sensitivity to PARPi via Myc-mediated transcriptional repression of CDK18, while most tumors without amplification are not sensitive. In response to PARPi, CDK18 facilitates ATR activation by interacting with ATR and regulating ATR-Rad9/ATR-ETAA1 interactions; thereby promoting homologous recombination (HR) and PARPi resistance. CDK18 knockdown or ATR inhibition in GSCs suppressed HR and conferred PARPi sensitivity, with ATR inhibitors synergizing with PARPis or sensitizing GSCs. ATR inhibitor VE822 combined with PARPi extended survival of mice bearing GSC-derived orthotopic tumors, irrespective of PARPi-sensitivity. These studies identify a role of CDK18 in ATR-regulated HR. We propose that combined blockade of ATR and PARP is an effective strategy for GBM, even for low-Myc GSCs that do not respond to PARPi alone, and potentially other PARPi-refractory tumors. PARP inhibitors are mainly used to treat BRCA1/2 mutated cancers. Here, the authors show that MYC amplified glioblastomas are sensitive to PARP inhibition due to CDK18 repression, which impairs ATR regulated homologous recombination repair, and that ATR inhibition sensitises glioblastomas to PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Ning
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, USA.
| | - Monica Stanciu
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Melissa R Humphrey
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Pathology, Brigham's and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Lees
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA
| | - Robert L Martuza
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA. .,Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.
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Yun EJ, Lin CJ, Dang A, Hernandez E, Guo J, Chen WM, Allison J, Kim N, Kapur P, Brugarolas J, Wu K, He D, Lai CH, Lin H, Saha D, Baek ST, Chen BPC, Hsieh JT. Downregulation of Human DAB2IP Gene Expression in Renal Cell Carcinoma Results in Resistance to Ionizing Radiation. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4542-4551. [PMID: 31000589 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known to be highly radioresistant but the mechanisms associated with radioresistance have remained elusive. We found DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein (DAB2IP) frequently downregulated in RCC, is associated with radioresistance. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism regulating radioresistance by DAB2IP and developed appropriate treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Several RCC lines with or without DAB2IP expression were irradiated with ionizing radiation (IR) for determining their radiosensitivities based on colony formation assay. To investigate the underlying regulatory mechanism of DAB2IP, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry was performed to identify DAB2IP-interactive proteins. PARP-1 expression and enzymatic activity were determined using qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and ELISA. In vivo ubiquitination assay was used to test PARP-1 degradation. Furthermore, in vivo mice xenograft model and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model were used to determine the effect of combination therapy to sensitizing tumors to IR. RESULTS We notice that DAB2IP-deficient RCC cells acquire IR-resistance. Mechanistically, DAB2IP can form a complex with PARP-1 and E3 ligases that is responsible for degrading PARP-1. Indeed, elevated PARP-1 levels are associated with the IR resistance in RCC cells. Furthermore, PARP-1 inhibitor can enhance the IR response of either RCC xenograft model or PDX model. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we unveil that loss of DAB2IP resulted in elevated PARP-1 protein is associated with IR-resistance in RCC. These results provide a new targeting strategy to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Yun
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Andrew Dang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jiaming Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joyce Allison
- Department of Internal Medicine and Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nathan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kaijie Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Debabrata Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Seung Tae Baek
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Strome A, Kossatz S, Zanoni DK, Rajadhyaksha M, Patel S, Reiner T. Current Practice and Emerging Molecular Imaging Technologies in Oral Cancer Screening. Mol Imaging 2018; 17:1536012118808644. [PMID: 32852263 PMCID: PMC6287312 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118808644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers globally. Survival rates for patients are directly correlated with stage of diagnosis; despite this knowledge, 60% of individuals are presenting with late-stage disease. Currently, the initial evaluation of a questionable lesion is performed by a conventional visual examination with white light. If a lesion is deemed suspicious, a biopsy is taken for diagnosis. However, not all lesions present suspicious under visual white light examination, and there is limited specificity in differentiating between benign and malignant transformations. Several vital dyes, light-based detection systems, and cytology evaluation methods have been formulated to aid in the visualization process, but their lack of specific biomarkers resulted in high false-positive rates and thus limits their reliability as screening and guidance tools. In this review, we will analyze the current methodologies and demonstrate the need for specific intraoral imaging agents to aid in screening and diagnosis to identify patients earlier. Several novel molecular imaging agents will be presented as, by result of their molecular targeting, they aim to have high specificity for tumor pathways and can support in identifying dysplastic/cancerous lesions and guiding visualization of biopsy sites. Imaging agents that are easy to use, inexpensive, noninvasive, and specific can be utilized to increase the number of patients who are screened and monitored in a variety of different environments, with the ultimate goal of increasing early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Strome
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Milind Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Snehal Patel
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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The p53 Pathway in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090297. [PMID: 30200436 PMCID: PMC6162501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 plays critical roles in tumor prevention by orchestrating a wide variety of cellular responses, including damaged cell apoptosis, maintenance of genomic stability, inhibition of angiogenesis, and regulation of cell metabolism and tumor microenvironment. TP53 is one of the most commonly deregulated genes in cancer. The p53-ARF-MDM2 pathway is deregulated in 84% of glioblastoma (GBM) patients and 94% of GBM cell lines. Deregulated p53 pathway components have been implicated in GBM cell invasion, migration, proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and cancer cell stemness. These pathway components are also regulated by various microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. TP53 mutations in GBM are mostly point mutations that lead to a high expression of a gain of function (GOF) oncogenic variants of the p53 protein. These relatively understudied GOF p53 mutants promote GBM malignancy, possibly by acting as transcription factors on a set of genes other than those regulated by wild type p53. Their expression correlates with worse prognosis, highlighting their potential importance as markers and targets for GBM therapy. Understanding mutant p53 functions led to the development of novel approaches to restore p53 activity or promote mutant p53 degradation for future GBM therapies.
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Involvement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in Chinese patients with glioma: a potential target for effective patient care. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 33:68-72. [PMID: 28777431 DOI: 10.5301/ijbm.5000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the genetic variation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the development of gliomas among Chinese individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of glioma and healthy individuals with no clinical symptoms of glioma were enrolled at Liaocheng People's Hospital, China. Genetic polymorphisms were studied in plasma samples by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Cytokine levels were measured routinely in serum samples by sandwich ELISA technique. RESULTS A total of 120 Chinese patients with gliomas and 120 healthy Chinese individuals were included. We found that patients with the GG genotype (odds ratio [OR] 2.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.46-4.38, p<0.001) and carriers of the G allele (OR 11.5, 95% CI 6.31-21.3, p<0.0001) were at high risk of developing glioma. A del/ins polymorphism of the NF-κB1 gene (OR 4.27, 95% CI 2.43-7.50, p<0.001) was also found to be associated with glioma. In addition, significantly increased cytokine levels were observed in patients with glioma (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that PARP-1 polymorphisms are involved in the development of glioma in Chinese individuals. Also serum cytokine levels can be considered among the potential risk factors for developing glioma.
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The PARP inhibitor olaparib potentiates the effect of the DNA damaging agent doxorubicin in osteosarcoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:107. [PMID: 29784019 PMCID: PMC5963190 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background PARP1 facilitates the recovery of DNA-damaged cells by recruiting DNA damage response molecules such as γH2AX and BRCA1/2, and plays a role in resistance to antitumor therapies. Therefore, PARP inhibition being evaluated as an anti-cancer therapy. However, there are limited studies regrading PARP inhibition in osteosarcoma. Methods We evaluated the expression of DNA damage response molecules in 35 human osteosarcomas and investigated the effects of co-treatment of the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, and doxorubicin in osteosarcoma cells. Results The expression patterns of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 were significantly associated with shorter survival of osteosarcoma patients. In osteosarcoma cells, knock-down of PARP1 and treatment of olaparib significantly inhibited proliferation of cells and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the anti-tumor effect was more significant with co-treatment of olaparib and doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions This study suggests that combined use of a PARP inhibitor with doxorubicin, a DNA damaging agent, might be effective in the treatment of osteosarcoma patients, especially in the poor-prognostic subgroups of osteosarcoma expressing PARP1, γH2AX, or BRCA1/2.
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Dalamaga M, Christodoulatos GS, Mantzoros CS. The role of extracellular and intracellular Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase in cancer: Diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives and challenges. Metabolism 2018; 82:72-87. [PMID: 29330025 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (Nampt) or pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor or visfatin represents a pleiotropic molecule acting as an enzyme, a cytokine and a growth factor. Intracellular Nampt plays an important role in cellular bioenergetics and metabolism, particularly NAD biosynthesis. NAD biosynthesis is critical in DNA repair, oncogenic signal transduction, transcription, genomic integrity and apoptosis. Although its insulin-mimetic function remains a controversial issue, extracellular Nampt presents proliferative, anti-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic and metastatic properties. Nampt is upregulated in many malignancies, including obesity-associated cancers, and is associated with worse prognosis. Serum Nampt may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in cancer. Pharmacologic agents that neutralize Nampt or medications that decrease Nampt levels or downregulate signaling pathways downstream of Nampt may prove to be useful anti-cancer treatments. In particular, Nampt inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination therapy have displayed anti-cancer activity in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this review is to explore the role of Nampt in cancer pathophysiology as well as to synopsize the mechanisms underlying the association between extracellular and intracellular Nampt, and malignancy. Exploring the interplay of cellular bioenergetics, inflammation and adiposopathy is expected to be of importance in the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; Department of Microbiology, KAT Hospital, Nikis 2, Kifisia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Murnyák B, Kouhsari MC, Hershkovitch R, Kálmán B, Marko-Varga G, Klekner Á, Hortobágyi T. PARP1 expression and its correlation with survival is tumour molecular subtype dependent in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46348-46362. [PMID: 28654422 PMCID: PMC5542272 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of PARP1 exists in various cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). Although PARP1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic target, no comprehensive study has addressed PARP1's expression characteristics and prognostic role regarding molecular heterogeneity in astrocytomas including GBM. Our aim was to evaluate PARP1's associations with survival, WHO grade, lineage specific markers, and GBM transcriptomic subtypes. We collected genomic and clinical data from the latest glioma datasets of The Cancer Genome Atlas and performed PARP1, ATRX, IDH1, and p53 immunohistochemistry on GBM tissue samples. We demonstrated that PARP1 gain and increased mRNA expression are characteristics of high-grade astrocytomas, particularly of Proneural and Classical GBM subtypes. Additionally, higher PARP1 levels exhibited an inverse correlation with patient survival (p<0.005) in the Classical subgroup. ATRX (p=0.006), and TP53 (p=0.015) mutations were associated with increased PARP1 expression and PARP1 protein level correlated with ATRX loss and p53 overexpression. Furthermore, higher PARP1 expression together with wildtype TP53 indicated shorter survival (p=0.039). Therefore, due to subtype specificity, PARP1 expression level and TP53 mutation status are reliable marker candidates to distinguish Proneural and Classical subtypes, with prognostic and therapeutic implications in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Murnyák
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mahan C Kouhsari
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rotem Hershkovitch
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bernadette Kálmán
- Institute of Diagnostics, Faculty of the Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Molecular Pathology Unit, Markusovszky Teaching Hospital, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Division of Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Álmos Klekner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Fulton B, Short SC, James A, Nowicki S, McBain C, Jefferies S, Kelly C, Stobo J, Morris A, Williamson A, Chalmers AJ. PARADIGM-2: Two parallel phase I studies of olaparib and radiotherapy or olaparib and radiotherapy plus temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma, with treatment stratified by MGMT status. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2018; 8:12-16. [PMID: 29594237 PMCID: PMC5862667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma has a dismal prognosis and molecular targeted agents have failed to improve outcomes to date. PARADIGM-2 is a phase I dose escalation study evaluating olaparib plus radiotherapy ± temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma, using MGMT methylation status to stratify patients and inform treatment schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Fulton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan C. Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Allan James
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stefan Nowicki
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Sarah Jefferies
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jon Stobo
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Morris
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Aoife Williamson
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
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Wang L, Liang C, Li F, Guan D, Wu X, Fu X, Lu A, Zhang G. PARP1 in Carcinomas and PARP1 Inhibitors as Antineoplastic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2111. [PMID: 28991194 PMCID: PMC5666793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), the best-studied isoform of the nuclear enzyme PARP family, plays a pivotal role in cellular biological processes, such as DNA repair, gene transcription, and so on. PARP1 has been found to be overexpressed in various carcinomas. These all indicate the clinical potential of PARP1 as a therapeutic target of human malignancies. Additionally, multiple preclinical research studies and clinical trials demonstrate that inhibition of PARP1 can repress tumor growth and metastasis. Up until now, PARP1 inhibitors are clinically used not only for monotherapy to suppress various tumors, but also for adjuvant therapy, to maintain or enhance therapeutic effects of mature antineoplastic drugs, as well as protect patients from chemotherapy and surgery-induced injury. To supply a framework for understanding recent research progress of PARP1 in carcinomas, we review the structure, expression, functions, and mechanisms of PARP1, and summarize the clinically mature PARP1-related anticancer agents, to provide some ideas for the development of other promising PARP1 inhibitors in antineoplastic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Chao Liang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Fangfei Li
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Daogang Guan
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Xiaoqiu Wu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Xuekun Fu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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The dual role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in modulating parthanatos and autophagy under oxidative stress in rat cochlear marginal cells of the stria vascularis. Redox Biol 2017; 14:361-370. [PMID: 29049980 PMCID: PMC5641921 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is reported to regulate several apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways in auditory tissues. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) can be activated under oxidative stress, which is the hallmark of parthanatos. Autophagy, which serves either a pro-survival or pro-death function, can also be stimulated by oxidative stress, but the role of autophagy and its relationship with parthanatos underlying this activation in the inner ear remains unknown. In this study, we established an oxidative stress model in vitro by glucose oxidase/glucose (GO/G), which could continuously generate low concentrations of H2O2 to mimic continuous exposure to H2O2 in physiological conditions, for investigation of oxidative stress-induced cell death mechanisms and the regulatory role of PARP-1 in this process. We observed that GO/G induced stria marginal cells (MCs) death via upregulation of PARP-1 expression, accumulation of polyADP-ribose (PAR) polymers, decline of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), which all are biochemical features of parthanatos. PARP-1 knockdown rescued GO/G-induced MCs death, as well as abrogated downstream molecular events of PARP-1 activation. In addition, we demonstrated that GO/G stimulated autophagy and PARP-1 knockdown suppressed GO/G-induced autophagy in MCs. Interestingly, autophagy suppression by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) accelerated GO/G-induced parthanatos, indicating a pro-survival function of autophagy in GO/G-induced MCs death. Taken together, these data suggested that PARP-1 played dual roles by modulating parthanatos and autophagy in oxidative stress-induced MCs death, which may be considered as a promising therapeutic target for ameliorating oxidative stress-related hearing disorders. The model mimicked continuous exposure to H2O2 in physiological conditions. GO/G induced parthanatos and autophagy in MCs. GO/G-induced parthanatos and autophagy are mediated by PARP-1. Autophagy inhibition by 3-MA sensitizes MCs to GO/G-induced parthanatos. PARP-1 plays a dual role by modulating parthanatos and autophagy under GO/G-induced oxidative stress in MCs.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The current study presents [(18)F]PARPi as imaging agent for PARP1 expression. PROCEDURES [(18)F]PARPi was generated by conjugating a 2H-phthalazin-1-one scaffold to 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoic acid. Biochemical assays, optical in vivo competition, biodistribution analysis, positron emission tomography (PET)/X-ray computed tomography, and PET/magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed in subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models of glioblastoma. RESULTS [(18)F]PARPi shows suitable pharmacokinetic properties for brain tumor imaging (IC50 = 2.8 ± 1.1 nM; logPCHI = 2.15 ± 0.41; plasma-free fraction = 63.9 ± 12.6 %) and accumulates selectively in orthotopic brain tumor tissue. Tracer accumulation in subcutaneous brain tumors was 1.82 ± 0.21 %ID/g, whereas in healthy brain, the uptake was only 0.04 ± 0.01 %ID/g. CONCLUSIONS [(18)F]PARPi is a selective PARP1 imaging agent that can be used to visualize glioblastoma in xenograft and orthotopic mouse models with high precision and good signal/noise ratios. It offers new opportunities to non-invasively image tumor growth and monitor interventions.
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Chen K, Li Y, Xu H, Zhang C, Li Z, Wang W, Wang B. WITHDRAWN: An analysis of the gene interaction networks identifying the role of PARP1 in metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Gene 2017:S0378-1119(17)30648-0. [PMID: 28843522 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
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66
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Chen K, Li Y, Xu H, Zhang C, Li Z, Wang W, Wang B. An analysis of the gene interaction networks identifying the role of PARP1 in metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87263-87275. [PMID: 29152079 PMCID: PMC5675631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Though there were many researches about the effects of cancer cells on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) currently, it has been rarely reported completed oncogene and its mechanism in tumors by far. Here, we used biological methods with known oncogene of NSCLC to find new oncogene and explore its functionary mechanism in NSCLC. Methods The study firstly built NSCLC genetic interaction network based on bioinformatics methods and then combined shortest path algorithm with significance test to confirmed core genes that were closely involved with given genes; real-time qPCR was conducted to detect expression levels between patients with NSCLC and normal people; additionally, detection of PARP1's role in migration and invasion was performed by trans-well assays and wound-healing. Results Through gene interaction network, it was found that, core genes like PARP1, EGFR and ALK had a direct interaction. TCGA database showed that PARP1 presented strong expression in NSCLC and the expression level of metastatic NSCLC was significantly higher than that of non-metastatic NSCLC. Cell migration of NSCLC in accordance to the scratch test was suppressed by PARP1 silence but stimulated noticeably by PARP1 overexpression. According to Kaplan-meier survival curve, the higher PARP1 expression, the poorer patient survival rate and prognosis. Thus, PARP1 expression had a negative correction with patient survival rate and prognosis. Conclusion New oncogene PARP1 was found from known NSCLC oncogene in terms of gene interaction network, demonstrating PARP1's impact on NSCLC cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
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67
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Deshpande RP, Babu PP. pDok2, caspase 3 dependent glioma cell growth arrest by nitidine chloride. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:48-54. [PMID: 29329030 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitidine chloride (NC) is known to exert anticancer and anti-metastatic effects on a variety of tumors. Recently, NC has also been shown to inhibit PIK3/AKT/mTOR axis in U87 human glioma cells. METHODS The study shows NC employing pDok2, caspase 3 dependent cell death in C6 rat glioma and U87 human malignant glioblastoma cells. The effect of NC on glioblastoma cell lines was accessed by MTT, clonogenic and wound healing assays. Cell cycle analysis was performed by FACS. Moreover, the effect of NC on downstream target proteins, such as caspase3, pDok2, PARP, and Gsk3 beta, were measured by western blotting. RESULTS Overexpressed pDok2 protein has recently been reported as a prognostic marker with poor outcomes for human glioblastoma multiformae. We found that NC inhibits pDok2 in U87 cells in a concentration-dependent way. We further showed that cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 protein expressions were increased in C6 cells treated with NC in a dose-dependent way. NC effectively attenuated C6 cells growth and colony formation at 8μM (micromoles) concentration. Cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase was further confirmed by flow cytometry. NC also exhibited its inhibitory effect on Gsk3 beta, which has been proven to be altered in glioma biology. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we predicted that NC could be employed as a potential anti-glioma mediator that needs attention to explore the mechanisms of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pramod Deshpande
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India.
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India.
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68
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Lesueur P, Chevalier F, Austry JB, Waissi W, Burckel H, Noël G, Habrand JL, Saintigny Y, Joly F. Poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase inhibitors as radiosensitizers: a systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical human studies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69105-69124. [PMID: 28978184 PMCID: PMC5620324 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly-(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are becoming important actors of anti-neoplasic agents landscape, with recent but narrow FDA's approvals for ovarian BRCA mutated cancers and prostatic cancer. Nevertheless, PARP inhibitors are also promising drugs for combined treatments particularly with radiotherapy. More than seven PARP inhibitors have been currently developed. Central Role of PARP in DNA repair, makes consider PARP inhibitor as potential radiosensitizers, especially for tumors with DNA repair defects, such as BRCA mutation, because of synthetic lethality. Furthermore the replication-dependent activity of PARP inhibitor helps to maintain the differential effect between tumoral and healthy tissues. Inhibition of chromatin remodeling, G2/M arrest, vasodilatory effect induced by PARP inhibitor, also participate to their radio-sensitization effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, after highlighting mechanisms of PARP inhibitors radiosensitization we methodically searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Databases and meeting proceedings for human pre-clinical and clinical studies that evaluated PARP inhibitor radiosensitizing effect. Enhancement ratio, when available, was systematically reported. RESULTS Sixty four studies finally met our selection criteria and were included in the analysis. Only three pre-clinical studies didn't find any radiosensitizing effect. Median enhancement ratio vary from 1,3 for prostate tumors to 1,5 for lung cancers. Nine phase I or II trials assessed safety data. CONCLUSION PARP inhibitors are promising radiosensitizers, but need more clinical investigation. The next ten years will be determining for judging their real potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lesueur
- Laboratoire d'Accueil et de Recherche avec les Ions Accélérés, CEA, CIMAP-GANIL, 14000 Caen, France.,Centre Francois Baclesse Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Radiotherapy Unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - François Chevalier
- Laboratoire d'Accueil et de Recherche avec les Ions Accélérés, CEA, CIMAP-GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Austry
- Laboratoire d'Accueil et de Recherche avec les Ions Accélérés, CEA, CIMAP-GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Waisse Waissi
- EA 3430, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie, Centre Paul Strauss, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Burckel
- EA 3430, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie, Centre Paul Strauss, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Georges Noël
- EA 3430, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie, Centre Paul Strauss, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Louis Habrand
- Centre Francois Baclesse Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Radiotherapy Unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Yannick Saintigny
- Laboratoire d'Accueil et de Recherche avec les Ions Accélérés, CEA, CIMAP-GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Florence Joly
- Centre Francois Baclesse Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Clinical Research Unit, 14000 Caen, France
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69
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Vinegoni C, Fumene Feruglio P, Brand C, Lee S, Nibbs AE, Stapleton S, Shah S, Gryczynski I, Reiner T, Mazitschek R, Weissleder R. Measurement of drug-target engagement in live cells by two-photon fluorescence anisotropy imaging. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:1472-1497. [PMID: 28686582 PMCID: PMC5928516 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to directly image and quantify drug-target engagement and drug distribution with subcellular resolution in live cells and whole organisms is a prerequisite to establishing accurate models of the kinetics and dynamics of drug action. Such methods would thus have far-reaching applications in drug development and molecular pharmacology. We recently presented one such technique based on fluorescence anisotropy, a spectroscopic method based on polarization light analysis and capable of measuring the binding interaction between molecules. Our technique allows the direct characterization of target engagement of fluorescently labeled drugs, using fluorophores with a fluorescence lifetime larger than the rotational correlation of the bound complex. Here we describe an optimized protocol for simultaneous dual-channel two-photon fluorescence anisotropy microscopy acquisition to perform drug-target measurements. We also provide the necessary software to implement stream processing to visualize images and to calculate quantitative parameters. The assembly and characterization part of the protocol can be implemented in 1 d. Sample preparation, characterization and imaging of drug binding can be completed in 2 d. Although currently adapted to an Olympus FV1000MPE microscope, the protocol can be extended to other commercial or custom-built microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paolo Fumene Feruglio
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Christian Brand
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sungon Lee
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Antoinette E Nibbs
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shawn Stapleton
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sunil Shah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Ignacy Gryczynski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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70
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PARP-1 overexpression contributes to Cadmium-induced death in rat proximal tubular cells via parthanatos and the MAPK signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4331. [PMID: 28659599 PMCID: PMC5489486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthanatos is a newly discovered form of PARP-1-dependent programmed cell death. It has been reported to play an important role in several cancer or tumour cells; however, few studies have been performed in normal cells. Cadmium is a highly toxic pollutant and is reported to induce autophagy and apoptosis in multiple cell types. Although cadmium toxicity induces cell death, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the mechanism of Cadmium -induced cell damage using rat proximal tubular cell line NRK-52E and primary rat proximal tubular (rPT) cells. Our results indicated that parthanatos and the MAPK signalling pathway contribute to Cadmium-induced cell death, and that oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage play key roles in this process. In addition, parthanatos with oxidative stress has a synergistic effect on apoptosis, and JNK1/2 and p38 contribute to parthanatos.
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71
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Knight JC, Koustoulidou S, Cornelissen B. Imaging the DNA damage response with PET and SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:1065-1078. [PMID: 28058462 PMCID: PMC5397662 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA integrity is constantly challenged by endogenous and exogenous factors that can alter the DNA sequence, leading to mutagenesis, aberrant transcriptional activity, and cytotoxicity. Left unrepaired, damaged DNA can ultimately lead to the development of cancer. To overcome this threat, a series of complex mechanisms collectively known as the DNA damage response (DDR) are able to detect the various types of DNA damage that can occur and stimulate the appropriate repair process. Each DNA damage repair pathway leads to the recruitment, upregulation, or activation of specific proteins within the nucleus, which, in some cases, can represent attractive targets for molecular imaging. Given the well-established involvement of DDR during tumorigenesis and cancer therapy, the ability to monitor these repair processes non-invasively using nuclear imaging techniques may facilitate the earlier detection of cancer and may also assist in monitoring response to DNA damaging treatment. This review article aims to provide an overview of recent efforts to develop PET and SPECT radiotracers for imaging of DNA damage repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Knight
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Sofia Koustoulidou
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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Huang T, Hu P, Banizs AB, He J. Initial evaluation of Cu-64 labeled PARPi-DOTA PET imaging in mice with mesothelioma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3472-3476. [PMID: 28587822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) has emerged as an important molecular target for the treatment of several oncological diseases. A couple of molecular probes based on Olaparib scaffold have been developed by incorporation of F-18 or fluorophore for positron emission tomography (PET) or optical imaging in several types of tumor. PARP has been reported overexpressed in mesothelioma. We hereby synthesized an analogue of Olaparib containing DOTA moiety and radiolabeled it with Cu-64 to evaluate its utility of PET tracer for mesothelioma. The Cu-64 labeling was conveniently achieved at 90% yield with final compound at >99% radiochemistry purity. The biodistribution and PET imaging were performed at 0.5, 1, 2 and 18h to confirm the in vivo tumor targeting. The tumor uptake in study group was significant higher than that in control group (3.45±0.47% ID/g vs 2.26±0.30% ID/g) and tumor were clearly detected by PET imaging. These results suggest the feasibility to develop an Olaparib-based theranostic agent for mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Pengcheng Hu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Anna B Banizs
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
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Wei Y, Pu X, Zhao L. Preclinical studies for the combination of paclitaxel and curcumin in cancer therapy (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3159-3166. [PMID: 28440434 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death and remains the first in China and the second in the US. The common treatments for cancer include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, while chemotherapy remains one of the most important treatments. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy is limited due to drug induced-toxicities and resistance, particularly multiple drug resistance (MDR). Therefore, discovery and development of novel therapeutic drugs and/or combination therapy are urgently needed to reduce toxicity and improve efficacy. Paclitaxel has been widely used to treat various cancers including cervical, breast, ovarian, brain, bladder, prostate, liver and lung cancers. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited and MDR is a major obstacle. Recently, numerous preclinical studies have shown that the combination of paclitaxel and curcumin may be an ideal strategy to reverse MDR and synergistically improve their therapeutic efficacy in cancer therapy. This review mainly focuses on the current development and progress of the combination of paclitaxel and curcumin in cancer therapy preclinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646099, P.R. China
| | - Xinlin Pu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646099, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646099, P.R. China
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74
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The Process and Regulatory Components of Inflammation in Brain Oncogenesis. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7020034. [PMID: 28346397 PMCID: PMC5485723 DOI: 10.3390/biom7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system tumors comprising the primary cancers and brain metastases remain the most lethal neoplasms and challenging to treat. Substantial evidence points to a paramount role for inflammation in the pathology leading to gliomagenesis, malignant progression and tumor aggressiveness in the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment. This review summarizes the salient contributions of oxidative stress, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), cyclooxygenases, and transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and the associated cross-talks to the inflammatory signaling in CNS cancers. The roles of reactive astrocytes, tumor associated microglia and macrophages, metabolic alterations, microsatellite instability, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) DNA repair and epigenetic alterations mediated by the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations have been discussed. The inflammatory pathways with relevance to the brain cancer treatments have been highlighted.
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75
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Kossatz S, Carney B, Schweitzer M, Carlucci G, Miloushev VZ, Maachani UB, Rajappa P, Keshari KR, Pisapia D, Weber WA, Souweidane MM, Reiner T. Biomarker-Based PET Imaging of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma in Mouse Models. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2112-2123. [PMID: 28108511 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a childhood brainstem tumor with a universally poor prognosis. Here, we characterize a positron emission tomography (PET) probe for imaging DIPG in vivo In human histological tissues, the probes target, PARP1, was highly expressed in DIPG compared to normal brain. PET imaging allowed for the sensitive detection of DIPG in a genetically engineered mouse model, and probe uptake correlated to histologically determined tumor infiltration. Imaging with the sister fluorescence agent revealed that uptake was confined to proliferating, PARP1-expressing cells. Comparison with other imaging technologies revealed remarkable accuracy of our biomarker approach. We subsequently demonstrated that serial imaging of DIPG in mouse models enables monitoring of tumor growth, as shown in modeling of tumor progression. Overall, this validated method for quantifying DIPG burden would serve useful in monitoring treatment response in early phase clinical trials. Cancer Res; 77(8); 2112-23. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Brandon Carney
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Melanie Schweitzer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vesselin Z Miloushev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Uday B Maachani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Prajwal Rajappa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David Pisapia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Mark M Souweidane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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76
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Dalamaga M, Christodoulatos GS. Visfatin, Obesity, and Cancer. ADIPOCYTOKINES, ENERGY BALANCE, AND CANCER 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41677-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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77
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Fu L, Wang S, Wang X, Wang P, Zheng Y, Yao D, Guo M, Zhang L, Ouyang L. Crystal structure-based discovery of a novel synthesized PARP1 inhibitor (OL-1) with apoptosis-inducing mechanisms in triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:3. [PMID: 28442756 PMCID: PMC5431371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-016-0007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) is a highly conserved enzyme focused on the self-repair of cellular DNA damage. Until now, numbers of PARP inhibitors have been reported and used for breast cancer therapy in recent years, especially in TNBC. However, developing a new type PARP inhibitor with distinctive skeleton is alternatively promising strategy for TNBC therapy. In this study, based on co-crystallization studies and pharmacophore-docking-based virtual screening, we discovered a series of dihydrodibenzo[b,e]-oxepin compounds as PARP1 inhibitors. Lead optimization result in the identification of compound OL-1 (2-(11-(3-(dimethylamino)propylidene)-6,11- dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepin )-2-yl)acetohydrazide), which has a novel chemical scaffold and unique binding interaction with PARP1 protein. OL-1 demonstrated excellent potency (inhibiting PARP1 enzyme activity with IC50 = 0.079 μM), as well as inhibiting PARP-modulated PARylation and cell proliferation in MDA-MB-436 cells (BRAC1 mutation). In addition, OL-1 also inhibited cell migration that closely related to cancer metastasis and displayed remarkable anti-tumor efficacy in MDA-MB-436 xenograft model without apparent toxicities. These findings highlight a new small-molecule PAPR1 inhibitor (OL-1) that has the potential to impact future TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yaxin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dahong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mingrui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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78
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The Effect of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Gene 3'Untranslated Region Polymorphism in Colorectal Cancer Risk among Saudi Cohort. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:8289293. [PMID: 27746584 PMCID: PMC5055945 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8289293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background. DNA repair systems are essential for each cell to repair and maintain the genome integrity. Base excision repair pathway is one of the crucial pathways to maintain genome integrity and PARP-1 plays a key role in BER pathway. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in PARP-1 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) SNP rs8679 and its expression in colorectal cancer. Methods. Genotyping and gene expression were performed using TaqMan assays. The effects of age, gender, and tumor location were evaluated in cases and controls regarding the genotyping results. Resulting data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results and Conclusions. Genotyping analysis for SNP rs8679 showed decreased susceptibility to colorectal cancer at heterozygous TC allele and at minor allele C. Further this protective association was also observed in younger age patients (≤57), in female patients, and also in patients with tumors located at colon and rectum. PARP-1 expression levels are significantly different in colorectal cancer compared to matched normal tissue. Our findings proved that the upregulation of PARP-1 is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in Saudi patients with colorectal cancer, suggesting that PARP-1 can be novel and valuable signatures for predicting the clinical outcome of patients with colorectal cancer.
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79
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Carlucci G, Carney B, Brand C, Kossatz S, Irwin CP, Carlin SD, Keliher EJ, Weber W, Reiner T. Dual-Modality Optical/PET Imaging of PARP1 in Glioblastoma. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 17:848-55. [PMID: 25895168 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study presents [(18)F]PARPi-FL as a bimodal fluorescent/positron emission tomography (PET) agent for PARP1 imaging. PROCEDURES [(18)F]PARPi-FL was obtained by (19)F/(18)F isotopic exchange and PET experiments, biodistribution studies, surface fluorescence imaging, and autoradiography carried out in a U87 MG glioblastoma mouse model. RESULTS [(18)F]PARPi-FL showed high tumor uptake in vivo and ex vivo in small xenografts (< 2 mm) with both PET and optical imaging technologies. Uptake of [(18)F]PARPi-FL in blocked U87 MG tumors was reduced by 84 % (0.12 ± 0.02 %injected dose/gram (%ID/g)), showing high specificity of the binding. PET imaging showed accumulation in the tumor (1 h p.i.), which was confirmed by ex vivo phosphor autoradiography. CONCLUSIONS The fluorescent component of [(18)F]PARPi-FL enables cellular resolution optical imaging, while the radiolabeled component of [(18)F]PARPi-FL allows whole-body deep-tissue imaging of malignant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Carlucci
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Brandon Carney
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10018, USA
| | - Christian Brand
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Christopher P Irwin
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sean D Carlin
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Edmund J Keliher
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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80
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Individual and Combined Expression of DNA Damage Response Molecules PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 Predict Shorter Survival of Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163193. [PMID: 27643881 PMCID: PMC5028069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) molecules are protective against genotoxic stresses. DDR molecules are also involved in the survival of cancer cells in patients undergoing anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, DDR molecules are potential markers of cancer progression in addition to being potential therapeutic targets. In this study, we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 and their prognostic significance in 112 cases of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). The expression of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 were significantly associated with each other and were associated with higher tumor stage and presence of distant metastasis. The expression of PARP1, γH2AX, and BRCA2 were significantly associated with shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) and event-free survival (EFS) by univariate analysis. BRCA1 expression was associated with shorter DSS. Multivariate analysis revealed the expression of PARP1 and γH2AX to be independent indicators of poor prognosis of DSS and EFS. BRCA2 expression was an independent indicator of poor prognosis of DSS. In addition, the combined expressional patterns of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 (CSddrm) were independent prognostic predictors of DSS (P < 0.001) and EFS (P = 0.016). The ten-year DSS rate of the CSddrm-low, CSddrm-intermediate, and CSddrm-high subgroups were 81%, 26%, and 0%, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the individual and combined expression patterns of the DDR molecules PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 could be predictive of the prognosis of STS patients and suggests that controlling the activity of these DDR molecules could be employed in new therapeutic stratagems for the treatment of STS.
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81
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Craig SEL, Wright J, Sloan AE, Brady-Kalnay SM. Fluorescent-Guided Surgical Resection of Glioma with Targeted Molecular Imaging Agents: A Literature Review. World Neurosurg 2016; 90:154-163. [PMID: 26915698 PMCID: PMC4915969 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The median life expectancy after a diagnosis of glioblastoma is 15 months. Although chemotherapeutics may someday cure glioblastoma by killing the highly dispersive malignant cells, the most important contribution that clinicians can currently offer to improve survival is by maximizing the extent of resection and providing concurrent chemo-radiation, which has become standard. Strides have been made in this area with the advent and implementation of methods of improved intraoperative tumor visualization. One of these techniques, optical fluorescent imaging with targeted molecular imaging agents, allows the surgeon to view fluorescently labeled tumor tissue during surgery with the use of special microscopy, thereby highlighting where to resect and indicating when tumor-free margins have been obtained. This advantage is especially important at the difficult-to-observe margins where tumor cells infiltrate normal tissue. Targeted fluorescent agents also may be valuable for identifying tumor versus nontumor tissue. In this review, we briefly summarize nontargeted fluorescent tumor imaging agents before discussing several novel targeted fluorescent agents being developed for glioma imaging in the context of fluorescent-guided surgery or live molecular navigation. Many of these agents are currently undergoing preclinical testing. As the agents become available, however, it is necessary to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya E L Craig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James Wright
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew E Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Susann M Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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82
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JNK Activation Contributes to Oxidative Stress-Induced Parthanatos in Glioma Cells via Increase of Intracellular ROS Production. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3492-3505. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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83
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Kossatz S, Brand C, Gutiontov S, Liu JTC, Lee NY, Gönen M, Weber WA, Reiner T. Detection and delineation of oral cancer with a PARP1 targeted optical imaging agent. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21371. [PMID: 26900125 PMCID: PMC4761964 DOI: 10.1038/srep21371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier and more accurate detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is essential to improve the prognosis of patients and to reduce the morbidity of surgical therapy. Here, we demonstrate that the nuclear enzyme Poly(ADP-ribose)Polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a promising target for optical imaging of OSCC with the fluorescent dye PARPi-FL. In patient-derived OSCC specimens, PARP1 expression was increased 7.8 ± 2.6-fold when compared to normal tissue. Intravenous injection of PARPi-FL allowed for high contrast in vivo imaging of human OSCC models in mice with a surgical fluorescence stereoscope and high-resolution imaging systems. The emitted signal was specific for PARP1 expression and, most importantly, PARPi-FL can be used as a topical imaging agent, spatially resolving the orthotopic tongue tumors in vivo. Collectively, our results suggest that PARP1 imaging with PARPi-FL can enhance the detection of oral cancer, serve as a screening tool and help to guide surgical resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christian Brand
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stanley Gutiontov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nancy Y Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mithat Gönen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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84
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Kossatz S, Weber WA, Reiner T. Optical Imaging of PARP1 in Response to Radiation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147752. [PMID: 26808835 PMCID: PMC4726809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting and inhibiting DNA repair pathways is a powerful strategy of controlling malignant growth. One such strategy includes the inhibition of PARP1, a central element in the intracellular DNA damage response. To determine and visualize the expression and intercellular distribution of PARP1 in vivo, and to monitor the pharmacokinetics of PARP1 targeted therapeutics, fluorescent small probes were developed. To date, however, it is unclear how these probes behave in a more realistic clinical setting, where DNA damage has been induced through one or more prior lines of therapy. Here, we use one such imaging agent, PARPi-FL, in tissues both with and without prior DNA damage, and investigate its value as a probe for PARP1 imaging. We show that PARP1 expression in oral cancer is high, and that the uptake of PARPi-FL is selective, irrespective of whether cells were exposed to irradiation or not. We also show that PARPi-FL uptake increases in response to DNA damage, and that this increase is reflected in higher enzyme expression. Our findings provide a framework for measuring exposure of cells to external beam radiation, and could help to elucidate the effects of such treatments non-invasively in mouse models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang A. Weber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
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85
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Deoxypodophyllotoxin triggers parthanatos in glioma cells via induction of excessive ROS. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:194-204. [PMID: 26683770 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parthanatos is a new form of programmed cell death that is regulated by hyper-activated PARP-1, and is emerging as a new strategy to kill cancer cells. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) is a natural chemical that is found to induce cancer cell death, in which the role of parthanatos is unknown. Thus, we investigated this issue in this study by using glioma cell lines and mice model of xenograft glioma. We found that DPT induced glioma cell death in vitro and inhibited the growth of xenograft glioma in vivo, which was accompanied with parthanatos-related biochemical events including expressional upregulation of PARP-1, cytoplasmic accumulation of PAR polymer, and nuclear translocation of AIF. In vitro study revealed that genetic knockdown of PARP-1 with small interfering RNA attenuated DPT-induced elevation in the cytoplasmic PAR-polymer and the nuclear AIF, as well as protected glioma cells against the toxicity of DPT. Further, antioxidant NAC, as well as PARP-1 inhibitor 3AB, not only alleviated the overproduction of ROS caused by DPT, but also reversed the above-mentioned biochemical events, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential and rescued glioma cells death. Therefore, we demonstrated that deoxypodophyllotoxin triggered parthanatos in glioma cells via induction of excessive ROS.
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86
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Zmuda F, Malviya G, Blair A, Boyd M, Chalmers AJ, Sutherland A, Pimlott SL. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Radioiodinated Tracer with Specificity for Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in Vivo. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8683-93. [PMID: 26469301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in nuclear imaging of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has grown in recent years due to the ability of PARP-1 to act as a biomarker for glioblastoma and increased clinical use of PARP-1 inhibitors. This study reports the identification of a lead iodinated analog 5 of the clinical PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib as a potential single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agent. Compound 5 was shown to be a potent PARP-1 inhibitor in cell-free and cellular assays, and it exhibited mouse plasma stability but approximately 3-fold greater intrinsic clearance when compared to olaparib. An (123)I-labeled version of 5 was generated using solid state halogen exchange methodology. Ex vivo biodistribution studies of [(123)I]5 in mice bearing subcutaneous glioblastoma xenografts revealed that the tracer had the ability to be retained in tumor tissue and bind to PARP-1 with specificity. These findings support further investigations of [(123)I]5 as a noninvasive PARP-1 SPECT imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Zmuda
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow , The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.,Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K
| | - Gaurav Malviya
- Nuclear Imaging, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute , Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
| | - Adele Blair
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow , The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Marie Boyd
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde , John Arbuthnott Building, Glasgow, G4 0RE, U.K
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow , The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Sally L Pimlott
- West of Scotland PET Centre, Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS Trust, Glasgow G12 0YN, U.K
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87
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Abstract
Background Although the understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of cancer has advanced significantly over the past several decades, imaging and treatment options for glioblastoma patients have been more limited (N Engl J Med 359:492-507, 2008). This is in part due to difficulties in diagnosing this disease early, combined with its diffuse, infiltrative growth. This study was aimed at the development of a novel diagnostic tool for glioblastoma through the synthesis of a small molecule based on radioiodinated poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP1) targeted tracers. This PARP1 is a biomarker that is overexpressed in glioblastoma tissue, but has only low expression levels in the healthy brain (Neoplasia 16:432-40, 2014). Methods A library of PARP1 inhibitors (iodo-PARPis) was synthesized. Based on their pharmacokinetic properties and nuclear PARP1 binding, the most successful inhibitor was radiolabeled with 131I and 124I. Biodistribution as well as imaging experiments were performed in orthotopic and subcutaneous mouse models of glioblastoma. Results One member of our iodo-poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor library, I2-PARPi, shows promising biophysical properties for in vivo application. All synthesized tracers have IC50 values in the nanomolar range (9 ± 2–107 ± 4 nM) and were able to inhibit the uptake of a fluorescent PARP1 inhibitor analog (PARPi-FL). I2-PARPi was able to reduce the uptake of PARPi-FL by 78 ± 4 % in vivo. In mouse models of glioblastoma, we show that the radioiodinated inhibitor analog has high uptake in tumor tissue (U251 MG xenograft, tumor, 0.43 ± 0.06 %ID/g; brain, 0.01 ± 0.00 %ID/g; muscle, 0.03 ± 0.01 %ID/g; liver, 2.35 ± 0.57 %ID/g; thyroid, 0.24 ± 0.06 %ID/g). PET and SPECT imaging performed in orthotopic glioblastoma models with [124I]- and [131I]-I2-PARPi showed selective accumulation in the tumor tissue. These results were also verified using autoradiography of tumor sections, which displayed focal selective uptake of the tracer in the tumor regions as confirmed by histology. The uptake could be blocked through pre-injection of excess unlabeled PARP1 inhibitor (Olaparib). Conclusions We have successfully synthesized and radioiodinated the PARP1 selective tracer I2-PARPi. The novel tracer shows selective binding to tumor tissue, both in vitro and in models of glioblastoma, and has the potential to serve as a selective PET imaging agent for brain tumors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-015-0123-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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88
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Park SH, Noh SJ, Kim KM, Bae JS, Kwon KS, Jung SH, Kim JR, Lee H, Chung MJ, Moon WS, Kang MJ, Jang KY. Expression of DNA Damage Response Molecules PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 Predicts Poor Survival of Breast Carcinoma Patients. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:239-49. [PMID: 26310369 PMCID: PMC4562981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 are conventional molecular indicators of DNA damage in cells and are often overexpressed in various cancers. In this study, we aimed, using immunohistochemical detection, whether the co-expression of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 in breast carcinoma (BCA) tissue can provide more reliable prediction of survival of BCA patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated immunohistochemical expression and prognostic significance of the expression of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 in 192 cases of BCAs. RESULTS: The expression of these four molecules predicted earlier distant metastatic relapse, shorter overall survival (OS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) by univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed the expression of PARP1, γH2AX, and BRCA2 as independent poor prognostic indicators of OS and RFS. In addition, the combined expressional pattern of BRCA1, BRCA2, PARP1, and γH2AX (CSbbph) was an additional independent prognostic predictor for OS (P < .001) and RFS (P < .001). The 10-year OS rate was 95% in the CSbbph-low (CSbbph scores 0 and 1) subgroup, but that was only 35% in the CSbbph-high (CSbbph score 4) subgroup. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that the individual and combined expression patterns of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 could be helpful in determining an accurate prognosis for BCA patients and for the selection of BCA patients who could potentially benefit from anti-PARP1 therapy with a combination of genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- See-Hyoung Park
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sang Jae Noh
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sang Bae
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Sang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoo Jung
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ryul Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ja Chung
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Moon
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Jae Kang
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
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89
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Ahmed SU, Carruthers R, Gilmour L, Yildirim S, Watts C, Chalmers AJ. Selective Inhibition of Parallel DNA Damage Response Pathways Optimizes Radiosensitization of Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4416-28. [PMID: 26282173 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain tumor in adults and is essentially incurable. Despite aggressive treatment regimens centered on radiotherapy, tumor recurrence is inevitable and is thought to be driven by glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) that are highly radioresistant. DNA damage response pathways are key determinants of radiosensitivity but the extent to which these overlapping and parallel signaling components contribute to GSC radioresistance is unclear. Using a panel of primary patient-derived glioblastoma cell lines, we confirmed by clonogenic survival assays that GSCs were significantly more radioresistant than paired tumor bulk populations. DNA damage response targets ATM, ATR, CHK1, and PARP1 were upregulated in GSCs, and CHK1 was preferentially activated following irradiation. Consequently, GSCs exhibit rapid G2-M cell-cycle checkpoint activation and enhanced DNA repair. Inhibition of CHK1 or ATR successfully abrogated G2-M checkpoint function, leading to increased mitotic catastrophe and a modest increase in radiation sensitivity. Inhibition of ATM had dual effects on cell-cycle checkpoint regulation and DNA repair that were associated with greater radiosensitizing effects on GSCs than inhibition of CHK1, ATR, or PARP alone. Combined inhibition of PARP and ATR resulted in a profound radiosensitization of GSCs, which was of greater magnitude than in bulk populations and also exceeded the effect of ATM inhibition. These data demonstrate that multiple, parallel DNA damage signaling pathways contribute to GSC radioresistance and that combined inhibition of cell-cycle checkpoint and DNA repair targets provides the most effective means to overcome radioresistance of GSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiq U Ahmed
- Translational Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Ross Carruthers
- Translational Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Gilmour
- Translational Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin Watts
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, ED Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Translational Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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90
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Malyuchenko NV, Kotova EY, Kulaeva OI, Kirpichnikov MP, Studitskiy VM. PARP1 Inhibitors: antitumor drug design. Acta Naturae 2015; 7:27-37. [PMID: 26483957 PMCID: PMC4610162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) enzyme is one of the promising molecular targets for the discovery of antitumor drugs. PARP1 is a common nuclear protein (1-2 million molecules per cell) serving as a "sensor" for DNA strand breaks. Increased PARP1 expression is sometimes observed in melanomas, breast cancer, lung cancer, and other neoplastic diseases. The PARP1 expression level is a prognostic indicator and is associated with a poor survival prognosis. There is evidence that high PARP1 expression and treatment-resistance of tumors are correlated. PARP1 inhibitors are promising antitumor agents, since they act as chemo- and radiosensitizers in the conventional therapy of malignant tumors. Furthermore, PARP1 inhibitors can be used as independent, effective drugs against tumors with broken DNA repair mechanisms. Currently, third-generation PARP1 inhibitors are being developed, many of which are undergoing Phase II clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the properties and features of the PARP1 inhibitors identified in preclinical and clinical trials. We also describe some problems associated with the application of PARP1 inhibitors. The possibility of developing new PARP1 inhibitors aimed at DNA binding and transcriptional activity rather than the catalytic domain of the protein is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Malyuchenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E. Yu. Kotova
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
| | - O. I. Kulaeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
| | - M. P. Kirpichnikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V. M. Studitskiy
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
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91
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Sistigu A, Manic G, Obrist F, Vitale I. Trial watch - inhibiting PARP enzymes for anticancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1053594. [PMID: 27308587 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1053594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a members of family of enzymes that catalyze poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and/or mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation (MARylation), two post-translational protein modifications involved in crucial cellular processes including (but not limited to) the DNA damage response (DDR). PARP1, the most abundant family member, is a nuclear protein that is activated upon sensing distinct types of DNA damage and contributes to their resolution by PARylating multiple DDR players. Recent evidence suggests that, along with DDR, activated PARP1 mediates a series of prosurvival and proapoptotic processes aimed at preserving genomic stability. Despite this potential oncosuppressive role, upregulation and/or overactivation of PARP1 or other PARP enzymes has been reported in a variety of human neoplasms. Over the last few decades, several pharmacologic inhibitors of PARP1 and PARP2 have been assessed in preclinical and clinical studies showing potent antineoplastic activity, particularly against homologous recombination (HR)-deficient ovarian and breast cancers. In this Trial Watch, we describe the impact of PARP enzymes and PARylation in cancer, discuss the mechanism of cancer cell killing by PARP1 inactivation, and summarize the results of recent clinical studies aimed at evaluating the safety and therapeutic profile of PARP inhibitors in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwenola Manic
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome, Italy
| | - Florine Obrist
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM, UMRS1138, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "TorVergata", Rome, Italy
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92
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Sørensen MD, Fosmark S, Hellwege S, Beier D, Kristensen BW, Beier CP. Chemoresistance and chemotherapy targeting stem-like cells in malignant glioma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:111-38. [PMID: 25895710 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains a tumor with a dismal prognosis because of failure of current treatment. Glioblastoma cells with stem cell (GSC) properties survive chemotherapy and give rise to tumor recurrences that invariably result in the death of the patients. Here we summarize the current knowledge on chemoresistance of malignant glioma with a strong focus on GSC. Chemoresistant GSC are the most likely cause of tumor recurrence, but it remains controversial if GSC and under which conditions GSC are more chemoresistant than non-GSC within the tumor. Regardless of this uncertainty, the chemoresistance varies and it is mainly mediated by intrinsic factors. O6-methyl-guanidine methyltransferase (MGMT) remains the most potent mediator of chemoresistance, but disturbed mismatch repair system and multidrug resistance proteins contribute substantially. However, the intrinsic resistance by MGMT expression is regulated by extrinsic factors like hypoxia increasing MGMT expression and thereby resistance to alkylating chemotherapy. The search of new biomarkers helping to predict the tumor response to chemotherapy is ongoing and will complement the already known markers like MGMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Dahl Sørensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
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93
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Pellicciari C. Impact of Histochemistry on biomedical research: looking through the articles published in a long-established histochemical journal. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2474. [PMID: 25578981 PMCID: PMC4289853 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histochemistry provides the unique opportunity to detect single molecules in the very place where they exert their structural roles or functional activities: this makes it possible to correlate structural organization and function, and may be fruitfully exploited in countless biomedical research topics. Aiming to estimate the impact of histochemical articles in the biomedical field, the last few years citations of articles published in a long-established histochemical journal have been considered. This brief survey suggests that histochemical journals, especially the ones open to a large spectrum of research subjects, do represent an irreplaceable source of information not only for cell biologists, microscopists or anatomists, but also for biochemists, molecular biologists and biotechnologists.
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94
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Zhai L, Li S, Li X, Li H, Gu F, Guo X, Liu F, Zhang X, Fu L. The nuclear expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) in invasive primary breast tumors is associated with chemotherapy sensitivity. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 211:130-7. [PMID: 25480692 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that expression levels of DNA repair genes are frequently associated with chemotherapy sensitivity and prognosis in breast cancer (BC) subtypes. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), one of the major DNA single-strand break (SSBs) repair proteins, has been demonstrated a role in BC development. Because many of the chemotherapeutic agents target the tumor cell DNA, a DNA damage repair protein function is expected to impact therapeutic responses. However, the predictive effect of PARP1 in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) treated BC is still controversial. To investigate whether PARP1 expression in BC is a possible biomarker to predict chemotherapeutic response, we assessed PARP1 expression in BC specimens based on collagen gel droplet embedded culture-drug sensitivity test (CD-DST) (in vitro) results and chemotherapeutic response of NC (in vivo). The surgical specimens from 108 patients with BC were recruited for CD-DST and PARP1 immunohistochemistry. We found that higher nuclear PARP1 (nPARP1) expression correlated with increased in vitro chemosensitivity against docetaxel (p=0.001) and epirubicin (p=0.022) based on CD-DST results. We also found that tumors with high nPARP1 expression were more sensitive to anthracycline/taxane based chemotherapy and associated with pathologic responses to NC using univariate and multivariate analyses (p=0.019 and p=0.037, respectively). Taken together, we conclude that nuclear expression of PARP1 is a useful marker to predict BC therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhai
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Huilan Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China
| | - Xinmin Zhang
- Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, China; 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, China.
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95
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Abstract
The survival outcome of patients with malignant gliomas is still poor, despite advances in surgical techniques, radiation therapy and the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents. The heterogeneity of molecular alterations in signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors contributes significantly to their resistance to treatment. Several molecular targets for therapy have been discovered over the last several years. Therapeutic agents targeting these signaling pathways may provide more effective treatments and may improve survival. This review summarizes the important molecular therapeutic targets and the outcome of published clinical trials involving targeted therapeutic agents in glioma patients.
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96
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Shackelford RE, Mayhall K, Maxwell NM, Kandil E, Coppola D. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in malignancy: a review. Genes Cancer 2014; 4:447-56. [PMID: 24386506 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913507576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis. Both intracellular and extracellular Nampt (iNampt and eNampt) levels are increased in several human malignancies and some studies demonstrate increased iNampt in more aggressive/invasive tumors and in tumor metastases. Several different molecular targets have been identified that promote carcinogenesis following iNampt overexpression, including SirT1, CtBP, and PARP-1. Additionally, eNampt is elevated in several human cancers and is often associated with a higher tumor stage and worse prognoses. Here we review the roles of Nampt in malignancy, some of the known mechanisms by which it promotes carcinogenesis, and discuss the possibility of employing Nampt inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Mayhall
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Emad Kandil
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Anatomic Pathology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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97
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PARPi-FL--a fluorescent PARP1 inhibitor for glioblastoma imaging. Neoplasia 2014; 16:432-40. [PMID: 24970386 PMCID: PMC4198695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New intravital optical imaging technologies have revolutionized our understanding of mammalian biology and continue to evolve rapidly. However, there are only a limited number of imaging probes available to date. In this study, we investigated in mouse models of glioblastoma whether a fluorescent small molecule inhibitor of the DNA repair enzyme PARP1, PARPi-FL, can be used as an imaging agent to detect glioblastomas in vivo. We demonstrated that PARPi-FL has appropriate biophysical properties, low toxicity at concentrations used for imaging, high stability in vivo, and accumulates selectively in glioblastomas due to high PARP1 expression. Importantly, subcutaneous and orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts were imaged with high contrast clearly defining tumor tissue from normal surrounding tissue. This research represents a step toward exploring and developing PARPi-FL as an optical intraoperative imaging agent for PARP1 in the clinic.
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98
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Wu W, Zhu H, Liang Y, Kong Z, Duan X, Li S, Zhao Z, Yang D, Zeng G. Expression of PARP-1 and its active polymer PAR in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia in Chinese patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2014; 46:1345-9. [PMID: 24436031 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-014-0642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aberrant expression of PARP-1 has been reported in various human malignancies and was involved in the progression and metastasis of cancers. However, little is known about PARP-1 expression in prostate cancer (PCa). This study aimed to investigate the expression of PARP-1 and its active polymer poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) in PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues from Chinese patients. METHODS The expression of PARP-1 and PAR in PCa and benign prostate hyperplasia tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 78 PCa patients and 49 BPH patients. The relationship between the expression of PARP-1 or PAR and clinicopathological parameters in PCa patients was also analyzed. RESULTS Both the positive and strong positive expression rates of PARP-1 in PCa tissues were significantly higher than those in BPH tissues. Although spearman correlations analysis showed the over-expression of PARP-1 and PAR in PCa tissues was not correlated with age, serum PSA level and Gleason scores (GS), an increasing trend was observed between over-expression of PARP-1 or PAR and the PSA levels (TPSA >20 vs TPSA ≤20) or GS grade (GS ≥8 vs GS ≤6). CONCLUSION PARP-1 and PAR expression is markedly elevated in PCa than that in BPH tissues, which may implicate that PARP-1 and PAR are involved in the development of PCa, and the possible expansion in the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for targeting therapy of PCa in select patients alone or combined with chemotherapy or radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China,
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99
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Sowers JL, Johnson KM, Conrad C, Patterson JT, Sowers LC. The role of inflammation in brain cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:75-105. [PMID: 24818720 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are among the most lethal of human tumors, with limited treatment options currently available. A complex array of recurrent genetic and epigenetic changes has been observed in gliomas that collectively result in derangements of common cell signaling pathways controlling cell survival, proliferation, and invasion. One important determinant of gene expression is DNA methylation status, and emerging studies have revealed the importance of a recently identified demethylation pathway involving 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Diminished levels of the modified base 5hmC is a uniform finding in glioma cell lines and patient samples, suggesting a common defect in epigenetic reprogramming. Within the tumor microenvironment, infiltrating immune cells increase oxidative DNA damage, likely promoting both genetic and epigenetic changes that occur during glioma evolution. In this environment, glioma cells are selected that utilize multiple metabolic changes, including changes in the metabolism of the amino acids glutamate, tryptophan, and arginine. Whereas altered metabolism can promote the destruction of normal tissues, glioma cells exploit these changes to promote tumor cell survival and to suppress adaptive immune responses. Further understanding of these metabolic changes could reveal new strategies that would selectively disadvantage tumor cells and redirect host antitumor responses toward eradication of these lethal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Sowers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
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100
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Pellicciari C. Histochemistry as an irreplaceable approach for investigating functional cytology and histology. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e41. [PMID: 24441194 PMCID: PMC3896043 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In agreement with the evolution of histochemistry over the last fifty years and thanks to the impressive advancements in microscopy sciences, the application of cytochemical techniques to light and electron microscopy is more and more addressed to elucidate the functional characteristics of cells and tissue under different physiological, pathological or experimental conditions. Simultaneously, the mere description of composition and morphological features has become increasingly sporadic in the histochemical literature. Since basic research on cell functional organization is essential for understanding the mechanisms responsible for major biological processes such as differentiation or growth control in normal and tumor tissues, histochemical Journals will continue to play a pivotal role in the field of cell and tissue biology in all its structural and functional aspects.
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