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Carlisi M, Mancuso S, Caimi G, Siragusa S. Thrombotic risk in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-like (PNH-like) phenotype. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 79:491-503. [PMID: 32116238 DOI: 10.3233/ch-190735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an essential component of the innate immune defence that, if overly activated, may damage organs and tissues. For this reason, there is a fine complement regulatory system. The complement modulation system includes two proteins with important regulatory activity, CD55 or decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59 or membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL).The paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal and non-neoplastic disease characterized by intravascular haemolysis, occurrence of thrombosis and bone marrow failure.In clinical practice, in opposition to PNH, a variety of pathological conditions have been observed with an acquired and non-genetic deficiency of the regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59. This abnormal, non-clonal, reduced expression of complement regulatory proteins configures what we may define as PNH-like phenotype.Similarly to PNH, even in the PNH-like phenotype diseases there has been a greater exposure to the mediated complement cellular lysis and, a likely increased risk of thromboembolic events.Therefore, the knowledge of the potential roles of the complement system becomes necessary for a deeper understanding of several pathological conditions and for an improved clinical management of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Carlisi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatrice Mancuso
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gregorio Caimi
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Siragusa
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Stachurska A, Dorman M, Korsak J, Gaweł D, Grzanka M, Trybus W, Fabijanska-Mitek J. Selected CD molecules and the phagocytosis of microvesicles released from erythrocytes ex vivo. Vox Sang 2019; 114:576-587. [PMID: 31281973 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The accumulation of microvesicles in erythrocyte concentrates during storage or irradiation may be responsible for clinical symptoms such as inflammation, coagulation and immunization. Our aim was to determine whether any of the cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules responsible for important functions are present on microvesicles, and if their expression level is dependent on the storage period of erythrocyte concentrates. MATERIAL AND METHODS Erythrocyte microvesicles were isolated from 'fresh' (2nd day) and 'old' (42nd day) stored erythrocyte concentrates. Qualitative cytometric analysis of 0·5 µm, erythrocyte-derived, PS-exposing vesicles was performed using the annexin V-FITC, anti-CD235a-PE antibody and calibrated beads. The microvesicles were also visualized under a confocal microscope. The expression of the molecules CD235a, CD44, CD47, CD55, CD59 and of phosphatidylserine (PS) was compared using flow cytometry. Measurements of microvesicle phagocytosis by human monocytes were carried out using a flow cytometer and a confocal microscope. RESULTS The analysis of the microvesicles with calibration beads allowed us to identify these structures with a diameter of about 0·5 µm in the 'fresh' and 'old' samples. At day 2, the microvesicles had elevated expression levels of CD47, reduced expression levels of PS, CD55 and CD59. The phagocytosis index was higher for the microvesicles isolated from the 42-day-old erythrocyte concentrates. CONCLUSION This research may bring us closer to understanding the factors responsible for erythrocyte ageing and to evaluate the quality of stored red blood concentrates intended for transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachurska
- Department of Immunohematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dorman
- Department of Clinical Transfusiology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Korsak
- Department of Clinical Transfusiology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Gaweł
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grzanka
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Trybus
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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Tiwari A, Mukherjee B, Hassan MK, Pattanaik N, Jaiswal AM, Dixit M. Reduced FRG1 expression promotes prostate cancer progression and affects prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:346. [PMID: 30975102 PMCID: PMC6458714 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in males and accounts for high cancer related deaths. Therapeutic advancement in prostate cancer has not been able to reduce the mortality burden of prostate cancer, which warrants further research. FRG1 which affects angiogenesis and cell migration in Xenopus, can be a potential player in tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of FRG1 in prostate cancer progression. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine FRG1 expression in patient samples. FRG1 expression perturbation was done to investigate the effect of FRG1 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion, in DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells. To understand the mechanism, we checked expression of various cytokines and MMPs by q-RT PCR, signaling molecules by western blot, in FRG1 perturbation sets. Results were validated by use of pharmacological inhibitor and activator and, western blot. RESULTS In prostate cancer tissue, FRG1 levels were significantly reduced, compared to the uninvolved counterpart. FRG1 expression showed variable effect on PC3 and DU145 cell proliferation. FRG1 levels consistently affected cell migration and invasion, in both DU145 and PC3 cells. Ectopic expression of FRG1 led to significant reduction in cell migration and invasion in both DU145 and PC3 cells, reverse trends were observed with FRG1 knockdown. In androgen receptor positive cell line LNCaP, FRG1 doesn't affect any of the cell properties. FRG1 knockdown led to significantly enhanced expression of GM-CSF, MMP1, PDGFA and CXCL1, in PC3 cells and, in DU145, it led to higher expression of GM-CSF, MMP1 and PLGF. Interestingly, FRG1 knockdown in both the cell lines led to activation of p38 MAPK. Pharmacological activation of p38 MAPK led to increase in the expression of GM-CSF and PLGF in DU145 whereas in PC3 it led to enhanced expression of GM-CSF, MMP1 and CXCL1. On the other hand, inhibition of p38 MAPK led to reduction in the expression of above mentioned cytokines. CONCLUSION FRG1 expression is reduced in prostate adenocarcinoma tissue. FRG1 expression affects migration and invasion in AR negative prostate cancer cells through known MMPs and cytokines, which may be mediated primarily via p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Tiwari
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, HBNI, PO: Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via: Jatni, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Bratati Mukherjee
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, HBNI, PO: Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via: Jatni, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Md Khurshidul Hassan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, HBNI, PO: Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via: Jatni, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Niharika Pattanaik
- SRL Diagnostics Ltd, Plot 2084, Hall Plot 339/4820, Goutam Nagar Unit no. 28, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751014, India
| | - Archita Mohanty Jaiswal
- SRL Diagnostics Ltd, Plot 2084, Hall Plot 339/4820, Goutam Nagar Unit no. 28, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751014, India
| | - Manjusha Dixit
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, HBNI, PO: Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via: Jatni, Odisha, 752050, India.
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Shao S, Sun X, Chen Y, Zhan B, Zhu X. Complement Evasion: An Effective Strategy That Parasites Utilize to Survive in the Host. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:532. [PMID: 30949145 PMCID: PMC6435963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections induce host immune responses that eliminate the invading parasites. However, parasites have evolved to develop many strategies to evade host immune attacks and survive in a hostile environment. The complement system acts as the first line of immune defense to eliminate the invading parasites by forming the membrane attack complex (MAC) and promoting an inflammatory reaction on the surface of invading parasites. To date, the complement activation pathway has been precisely delineated; however, the manner in which parasites escape complement attack, as a survival strategy in the host, is not well understood. Increasing evidence has shown that parasites develop sophisticated strategies to escape complement-mediated killing, including (i) recruitment of host complement regulatory proteins on the surface of the parasites to inhibit complement activation; (ii) expression of orthologs of host RCA to inhibit complement activation; and (iii) expression of parasite-encoded proteins, specifically targeting different complement components, to inhibit complement function and formation of the MAC. In this review, we compiled information regarding parasitic abilities to escape host complement attack as a survival strategy in the hostile environment of the host and the mechanisms underlying complement evasion. Effective escape of host complement attack is a crucial step for the survival of parasites within the host. Therefore, those proteins expressed by parasites and involved in the regulation of the complement system have become important targets for the development of drugs and vaccines against parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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López-Verdín S, Lavalle-Carrasco J, Carreón-Burciaga RG, Serafín-Higuera N, Molina-Frechero N, González-González R, Bologna-Molina R. Molecular Markers of Anticancer Drug Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100376. [PMID: 30308958 PMCID: PMC6210289 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript provides an update to the literature on molecules with roles in tumor resistance therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Although significant improvements have been made in the treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, physicians face yet another challenge-that of preserving oral functions, which involves the use of multidisciplinary therapies, such as multiple chemotherapies (CT) and radiotherapy (RT). Designing personalized therapeutic options requires the study of genes involved in drug resistance. This review provides an overview of the molecules that have been linked to resistance to chemotherapy in HNSCC, including the family of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs), nucleotide excision repair/base excision repair (NER/BER) enzymatic complexes (which act on nonspecific DNA lesions generated by gamma and ultraviolet radiation by cross-linking and forming intra/interchain chemical adducts), cisplatin (a chemotherapeutic agent that causes DNA damage and induces apoptosis, which is a paradox because its effectiveness is based on the integrity of the genes involved in apoptotic signaling pathways), and cetuximab, including a discussion of the genes involved in the cell cycle and the proliferation of possible markers that confer resistance to cetuximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra López-Verdín
- Research Institute of Dentistry, Health Science Center, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 4430, JAL, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Lavalle-Carrasco
- Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, DGO, Mexico.
| | - Ramón G Carreón-Burciaga
- Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, DGO, Mexico.
| | - Nicolás Serafín-Higuera
- Molecular Biology Department, School of Dentistry, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21040, Mexico.
| | - Nelly Molina-Frechero
- Department of Health Care, Xochimilco Unit, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio González-González
- Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, DGO, Mexico.
| | - Ronell Bologna-Molina
- Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34000, DGO, Mexico.
- Molecular Pathology Area, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
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Glennon EKK, Dankwa S, Smith JD, Kaushansky A. Opportunities for Host-targeted Therapies for Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:843-860. [PMID: 30122551 PMCID: PMC6168423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent successes of artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs, many still die from severe malaria, and eradication efforts are hindered by the limited drugs currently available to target transmissible gametocyte parasites and liver-resident dormant Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites. Host-targeted therapy is a new direction for infectious disease drug development and aims to interfere with host molecules, pathways, or networks that are required for infection or that contribute to disease. Recent advances in our understanding of host pathways involved in parasite development and pathogenic mechanisms in severe malaria could facilitate the development of host-targeted interventions against Plasmodium infection and malaria disease. This review discusses new opportunities for host-targeted therapeutics for malaria and the potential to harness drug polypharmacology to simultaneously target multiple host pathways using a single drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; These authors made an equal contribution
| | - Selasi Dankwa
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; These authors made an equal contribution
| | - Joseph D Smith
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Macor P, Capolla S, Tedesco F. Complement as a Biological Tool to Control Tumor Growth. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2203. [PMID: 30319647 PMCID: PMC6167450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Deposits of complement components have been documented in several human tumors suggesting a potential involvement of the complement system in tumor immune surveillance. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed a double role played by this system in tumor progression. Complement activation in the cancer microenvironment has been shown to promote cancer growth through the release of the chemotactic peptide C5a recruiting myeloid suppressor cells. There is also evidence that tumor progression can be controlled by complement activated on the surface of cancer cells through one of the three pathways of complement activation. The aim of this review is to discuss the protective role of complement in cancer with special focus on the beneficial effect of complement-fixing antibodies that are efficient activators of the classical pathway and contribute to inhibit tumor expansion as a result of MAC-mediated cancer cell killing and complement-mediated inflammatory process. Cancer cells are heterogeneous in their susceptibility to complement-induced killing that generally depends on stable and relatively high expression of the antigen and the ability of therapeutic antibodies to activate complement. A new generation of monoclonal antibodies are being developed with structural modification leading to hexamer formation and enhanced complement activation. An important progress in cancer immunotherapy has been made with the generation of bispecific antibodies targeting tumor antigens and able to neutralize complement regulators overexpressed on cancer cells. A great effort is being devoted to implementing combined therapy of traditional approaches based on surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy and complement-fixing therapeutic antibodies. An effective control of tumor growth by complement is likely to be obtained on residual cancer cells following conventional therapy to reduce the tumor mass, prevent recurrences and avoid disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Capolla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Tedesco
- Immunorheumatology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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