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Spontaneous regression of tumour and the role of microbial infection--possibilities for cancer treatment. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:269-77. [PMID: 26813865 PMCID: PMC4777220 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with the role of microorganisms in spontaneous regression of a tumour. Spontaneous cancer regression is a phenomenon that has been described for many centuries. One of the most well known methods of inducing spontaneous regression of cancer is the application of Coley's toxin (heat-killed Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens), which has been used for the successful treatment of sarcomas, carcinomas, lymphomas, myelomas and melanomas. In clinical practice, the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine for the treatment of superficial urinary bladder cancer is the most common instance of the application of microorganisms for the treatment of cancer. This review provides further information on other tested bacteria--Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Salmonella spp.--in this field of study. Among new age methods, bactofection, alternative gene therapy, combination bacteriolytic therapy and bacteria-directed enzyme prodrug therapy are some of the potential cancer treatment modalities that use microorganisms. We have also provided information about the interconnection among microorganisms, immune system response, and the possible mechanisms involved in the spontaneous regression of tumours.
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Hirsch Werle C, Damiani I, Paier Milanez G, Farias AS, Cintra Gomes Marcondes MC, Fabricio Culler H, Palma Sircili M, Leite B, Brocchi M. Antimelanoma effect of Salmonella Typhimurium integration host factor mutant in murine model. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2367-78. [PMID: 27328776 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2015-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate an attenuated Salmonella ihfA-null mutant strain as therapeutic agent to control tumor growth. MATERIALS & METHODS After bacterial toxicity evaluation, C57BL/6JUnib mice were inoculated with B16F10 cells and treated with two Salmonella strains (LGBM 1.1 and LGBM 1.41). RESULTS LGBM 1.1 can reduce tumor mass, but it exerts some toxic effects. Although LGBM 1.41 is less toxic than LGBM 1.1, it does not reduce tumor mass significantly. Indeed, animals treated with LGBM 1.41 present only slightly initial delay in tumor progression and increased survival rate as compared with the control. CONCLUSION The null-mutants of ihfA gene of Salmonella Typhimurium could be a promising candidate for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catierine Hirsch Werle
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Damiani
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Paier Milanez
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Farias
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hebert Fabricio Culler
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Palma Sircili
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Leite
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Silva-Valenzuela CA, Desai PT, Molina-Quiroz RC, Pezoa D, Zhang Y, Porwollik S, Zhao M, Hoffman RM, Contreras I, Santiviago CA, McClelland M. Solid tumors provide niche-specific conditions that lead to preferential growth of Salmonella. Oncotarget 2016; 7:35169-80. [PMID: 27145267 PMCID: PMC5085218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic attenuated strains of Salmonella Typhimurium target and eradicate tumors in mouse models. However, the mechanism of S. Typhimurium for tumor targeting is still poorly understood. We performed a high-throughput screening of single-gene deletion mutants of S. Typhimurium in an orthotopic, syngeneic murine mammary model of breast cancer. The mutants under selection in this system were classified into functional categories to identify bacterial processes involved in Salmonella accumulation within tumors. Niche-specific genes involved in preferential tumor colonization were identified and exemplars were confirmed by competitive infection assays. Our results show that the chemotaxis gene cheY and the motility genes motAB confer an advantage for colonization of Salmonella within orthotopic syngeneic breast tumors. In addition, eutC, a gene belonging to the ethanolamine metabolic pathway, also confers an advantage for Salmonella within tumors, perhaps by exploiting either ethanolamine or an alternative nutrient in the inflamed tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A. Silva-Valenzuela
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Current address: Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prerak T. Desai
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Roberto C. Molina-Quiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Current address: Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Pezoa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Inés Contreras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos A. Santiviago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhang N, Zhao M, Hoffman RM. Comparison of the selective targeting efficacy of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R and VNP20009 on the Lewis lung carcinoma in nude mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14625-31. [PMID: 25714030 PMCID: PMC4546492 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium A1-R is auxotrophic for arg and leu, which attenuates growth in normal tissue but allows high tumor targeting and virulence. A1-R is effective against metastatic human prostate, breast, and pancreatic cancer as well as osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and glioma in clinically-relevant mouse models. VNP20009 is also a genetically-modified strain of Salmonella typhimurium that has been tested in Phase I clinical trials, but is more attenuated than S. typhimurium A1-R and in addition of multiple amino-acid auxotrophs, is purine auxotropic with the purI mutation. In the present study, mouse Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing nude mouse models were treated with S. typhimurium A1-R or VNP20009. S. typhimurium A1-R and VNP20009 were both eliminated from the liver and spleen approximately 3-5 days after administration via the tail vein. However, A1-R showed higher tumor targeting and inhibited the Lewis lung carcinoma to a greater extent than VNP20009, with less body weight loss. The mice tolerated S. typhimurium A1-R to at a least 2-fold higher dose than VNP20009 when the bacteria were administered iv. The results of the present study suggest that S. typhimurium A1-R has greater clinical potential than VNP20009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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55
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Yano S, Takehara K, Zhao M, Tan Y, Han Q, Li S, Bouvet M, Fujiwara T, Hoffman RM. Tumor-specific cell-cycle decoy by Salmonella typhimurium A1-R combined with tumor-selective cell-cycle trap by methioninase overcome tumor intrinsic chemoresistance as visualized by FUCCI imaging. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1715-23. [PMID: 27152859 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1181240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported real-time monitoring of cell cycle dynamics of cancer cells throughout a live tumor intravitally using a fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI). Approximately 90% of cancer cells in the center and 80% of total cells of an established tumor are in G0/G1 phase. Longitudinal real-time FUCCI imaging demonstrated that cytotoxic agents killed only proliferating cancer cells at the surface and, in contrast, and had little effect on the quiescent cancer cells. Resistant quiescent cancer cells restarted cycling after the cessation of chemotherapy. Thus cytotoxic chemotherapy which targets cells in S/G2/M, is mostly ineffective on solid tumors, but causes toxic side effects on tissues with high fractions of cycling cells, such as hair follicles, bone marrow and the intestinal lining. We have termed this phenomenon tumor intrinsic chemoresistance (TIC). We previously demonstrated that tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (S. typhimurium A1-R) decoyed quiescent cancer cells in tumors to cycle from G0/G1 to S/G2/M demonstrated by FUCCI imaging. We have also previously shown that when cancer cells were treated with recombinant methioninase (rMETase), the cancer cells were selectively trapped in S/G2, shown by cell sorting as well as by FUCCI. In the present study, we show that sequential treatment of FUCCI-expressing stomach cancer MKN45 in vivo with S. typhimurium A1-R to decoy quiescent cancer cells to cycle, with subsequent rMETase to selectively trap the decoyed cancer cells in S/G2 phase, followed by cisplatinum (CDDP) or paclitaxel (PTX) chemotherapy to kill the decoyed and trapped cancer cells completely prevented or regressed tumor growth. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the praradigm of "decoy, trap and shoot" chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Yano
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA.,c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Kiyoto Takehara
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA.,c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Bouvet
- b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- c Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA
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56
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Matsumoto Y, Miwa S, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Yano S, Uehara F, Yamamoto M, Hiroshima Y, Toneri M, Bouvet M, Matsubara H, Tsuchiya H, Hoffman RM. Intraperitoneal administration of tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R inhibits disseminated human ovarian cancer and extends survival in nude mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11369-77. [PMID: 25957417 PMCID: PMC4484462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal disseminated cancer is highly treatment resistant. We here report the efficacy of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R in a nude mouse model of disseminated human ovarian cancer. The mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3-GFP. Seven days after implantation, mice were treated with S. typhimurium A1-R via intravenous (i.v.) or i.p. administration at the same dose, 5×107 CFU, once per week. Both i.v. and i.p. treatments effected prolonged survival compared with the untreated control group (P=0.025 and P<0.001, respectively). However, i.p. treatment was less toxic than i.v. treatment. Tumor-specific targeting of S. typhimurium A1-R was confirmed with bacterial culture from tumors and various organs and tumor or organ colony formation after i.v. or i.p. injection. Selective tumor targeting was most effective with i.p. administration. The results of the present study show S. typhimurium A1-R has promising clinical potential for disseminated ovarian cancer, especially via i.p. administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Matsumoto
- AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuya Yano
- AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fuminari Uehara
- AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mako Yamamoto
- AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Makoto Toneri
- AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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57
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Methods for Tumor Targeting with Salmonella typhimurium A1-R. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26846809 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3515-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (S. typhimurium A1-R) has shown great preclinical promise as a broad-based anti-cancer therapeutic (please see Chapter 1 ). The present chapter describes materials and methods for the preclinical study of S. typhimurium A1-R in clinically-relevant mouse models. Establishment of orthotopic metastatic mouse models of the major cancer types is described, as well as other useful models, for efficacy studies of S. typhimurium A1-R or other tumor-targeting bacteria, as well. Imaging methods are described to visualize GFP-labeled S. typhimurium A1-R, as well as GFP- and/or RFP-labeled cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, which S. typhimurium A1-R targets. The mouse models include metastasis to major organs that are life-threatening to cancer patients including the liver, lung, bone, and brain and how to target these metastases with S. typhimurium A1-R. Various routes of administration of S. typhimurium A1-R are described with the advantages and disadvantages of each. Basic experiments to determine toxic effects of S. typhimurium A1-R are also described. Also described are methodologies for combining S. typhimurium A1-R and chemotherapy. The testing of S. typhimurium A1-R on patient tumors in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models is also described. The major methodologies described in this chapter should be translatable for clinical studies.
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58
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Nallar SC, Xu DQ, Kalvakolanu DV. Bacteria and genetically modified bacteria as cancer therapeutics: Current advances and challenges. Cytokine 2016; 89:160-172. [PMID: 26778055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria act as pro- or anti- tumorigenic agents. Whole bacteria or cytotoxic or immunogenic peptides carried by them exert potent anti-tumor effects in the experimental models of cancer. The use of attenuated microorganism(s) e.g., BCG to treat human urinary bladder cancer was found to be superior compared to standard chemotherapy. Although the phase-I clinical trials with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, has shown limited benefits in human subjects, a recent pre-clinical trial in pet dogs with tumors reported some subjects benefited from this treatment strain. In addition to the attenuated host strains derived by conventional mutagenesis, recombinant DNA technology has been applied to a few microorganisms that have been evaluated in the context of tumor colonization and eradication using mouse models. There is an enormous surge in publications describing bacterial anti-cancer therapies in the past 15years. Vectors for delivering shRNAs that target oncogenic products, express tumor suppressor genes and immunogenic proteins have been developed. These approaches have showed promising anti-tumor activity in mouse models against various tumors. These can be potential therapeutics for humans in the future. In this review, some conceptual and practical issues on how to improve these agents for human applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C Nallar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - De-Qi Xu
- Dalian Hissen Biopharm Co Ltd. E&T Development Zone, Dalian 116600, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
One of the primary limitations of cancer gene therapy is lack of selectivity of the therapeutic gene to tumor cells. Current efforts are focused on discovering and developing tumor-targeting vectors that selectively target only cancer cells but spare normal cells to improve the therapeutic index. The use of preferentially tumor-targeting bacteria as vectors is one of the innovative approaches for the treatment of cancer. This is based on the observation that some obligate or facultative-anaerobic bacteria are capable of multiplying selectively in tumors and inhibiting their growth. In this study, we exploited attenuated Salmonella as a tumoricidal agent and a vector to deliver genes for tumor-targeted gene therapy. Attenuated Salmonella, carrying a eukaryotic expression plasmid encoding an anti-angiogenic gene, was used to evaluate its' ability for tumor targeting and gene delivery in murine tumor models. We also investigated the use of a polymer to modify or shield Salmonella from the pre-existing immune response in the host in order to improve gene delivery to the tumor. These results suggest that tumor-targeted gene therapy using Salmonella carrying a therapeutic gene, which exerts tumoricidal and anti-angiogenic activities, represents a promising strategy for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The present chapter reviews the development of the tumor-targeting amino-acid auxotrophic strain S. typhimurium A1 and the in vivo selection and characterization of the high-tumor-targeting strain S. typhimurium A1-R. Efficacy of S. typhimurium A1-R in nude-mouse models of prostate, breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer, as well as sarcoma and glioma in orthotopic mouse models is described. Also reviewed is efficacy of S. typhimurium A1-R targeting of primary bone tumor and lung metastasis of high-grade osteosarcoma, breast-cancer brain metastasis, and experimental breast-cancer bone metastasis in orthotopic mouse models. The efficacy of S. typhimurium A1-R on pancreatic cancer stem cells, on pancreatic cancer in combination with anti-angiogenic agents, as well as on cervical cancer, soft-tissue sarcoma, and pancreatic cancer patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc., and Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Murakami T, Hiroshima Y, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Chishima T, Tanaka K, Bouvet M, Endo I, Hoffman RM. Adjuvant treatment with tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R reduces recurrence and increases survival after liver metastasis resection in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Oncotarget 2015; 6:41856-62. [PMID: 26497690 PMCID: PMC4747193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer liver metastasis is often the lethal aspect of this disease. Well-isolated metastases are candidates for surgical resection, but recurrence is common. Better adjuvant treatment is therefore needed to reduce or prevent recurrence. In the present study, HT-29 human colon cancer cells expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) were used to establish liver metastases in nude mice. Mice with a single liver metastasis were randomized into bright-light surgery (BLS) or the combination of BLS and adjuvant treatment with tumor-targeting S. typhimurium A1-R. Residual tumor fluorescence after BLS was clearly visualized at high magnification by fluorescence imaging. Adjuvant treatment with S. typhimurium A1-R was highly effective to increase survival and disease-free survival after BLS of liver metastasis. The results suggest the future clinical potential of adjuvant S. typhimurium A1-R treatment after liver metastasis resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Murakami
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Takashi Chishima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Kuniya Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Inhibition of spontaneous and experimental lung metastasis of soft-tissue sarcoma by tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12849-61. [PMID: 25528763 PMCID: PMC4350333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of patients with lung metastases of soft-tissue sarcoma is still poor. Therefore, novel systemic therapy is needed to improve the survival of soft-tissue sarcoma. In the present study, tumor-targeting therapy with a genetically-modified auxotrophic strain of Salmonella typhimurium, termed A1-R, was evaluated. Mouse models of primary soft tissue sarcoma and spontaneous lung metastasis were obtained by orthotopic intra-muscular injection of HT1080-RFP human fibrosarcoma cells. S. typhimurium A1-R was administered from day 14, once a week for two weeks. On day 28, lung samples were excised and observed with a fluorescence imaging system. The number of lung metastasis was 8.8 ± 3.4 in the untreated group and 0.8 ± 0.8 in the treated group (P = 0.024). A mouse model of experimental lung metastasis was obtained by tail vein injection of HT1080-RFP cells. The mice were treated with S. typhimurium A1-R (i.v.) on day 7, once a week for three weeks. S. typhimurium A1-R significantly reduced lung metastases and improved overall survival (P = 0.004). S. typhimurium A1-R bacterial therapy has future potential for treating advanced soft tissue sarcoma and improving prognosis of patients with lung metastasis.
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Kim JE, Phan TX, Nguyen VH, Dinh-Vu HV, Zheng JH, Yun M, Park SG, Hong Y, Choy HE, Szardenings M, Hwang W, Park JA, Park S, Im SH, Min JJ. Salmonella typhimurium Suppresses Tumor Growth via the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-1β. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1328-42. [PMID: 26516371 PMCID: PMC4615736 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although strains of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium and wild-type Escherichia coli show similar tumor-targeting capacities, only S. typhimurium significantly suppresses tumor growth in mice. The aim of the present study was to examine bacteria-mediated immune responses by conducting comparative analyses of the cytokine profiles and immune cell populations within tumor tissues colonized by E. coli or attenuated Salmonellae. CT26 tumor-bearing mice were treated with two different bacterial strains: S. typhimurium defective in ppGpp synthesis (ΔppGpp Salmonellae) or wild-type E. coli MG1655. Cytokine profiles and immune cell populations in tumor tissue colonized by these two bacterial strains were examined at two time points based on the pattern of tumor growth after ΔppGpp Salmonellae treatment: 1) when tumor growth was suppressed ('suppression stage') and 2) when they began to re-grow ('re-growing stage'). The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were markedly increased in tumors colonized by ΔppGpp Salmonellae. This increase was associated with tumor regression; the levels of both IL-1β and TNF-α returned to normal level when the tumors started to re-grow. To identify the immune cells primarily responsible for Salmonellae-mediated tumor suppression, we examined the major cell types that produce IL-1β and TNF-α. We found that macrophages and dendritic cells were the main producers of TNF-α and IL-1β. Inhibiting IL-1β production in Salmonellae-treated mice restored tumor growth, whereas tumor growth was suppressed for longer by local administration of recombinant IL-1β or TNF-α in conjunction with Salmonella therapy. These findings suggested that IL-1β and TNF-α play important roles in Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy. A better understanding of host immune responses in Salmonella therapy may increase the success of a given drug, particularly when various strategies are combined with bacteriotherapy.
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Yano S, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Hiroshima Y, Miwa S, Uehara F, Kishimoto H, Tazawa H, Bouvet M, Fujiwara T, Hoffman RM. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R decoys quiescent cancer cells to cycle as visualized by FUCCI imaging and become sensitive to chemotherapy. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3958-63. [PMID: 25483077 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.964115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescent cancer cells are resistant to cytotoxic agents which target only proliferating cancer cells. Time-lapse imaging demonstrated that tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (A1-R) decoyed cancer cells in monolayer culture and in tumor spheres to cycle from G0/G1 to S/G2/M, as demonstrated by fluorescence ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) imaging. A1-R infection of FUCCI-expressing subcutaneous tumors growing in nude mice also decoyed quiescent cancer cells, which were the majority of the cells in the tumors, to cycle from G0/G1 to S/G2/M, thereby making them sensitive to cytotoxic agents. The combination of A1-R and cisplatinum or paclitaxel reduced tumor size compared with A1-R monotherapy or cisplatinum or paclitaxel alone. The results of this study demonstrate that A1-R can decoy quiescent cancer cells to cycle to S/G2/M and sensitize them to cytotoxic chemotherapy. These results suggest a new paradigm of bacterial-decoy chemotherapy of cancer.
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65
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Wong S, Slavcev R. Treating cancer with infection: a review on bacterial cancer therapy. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:107-12. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wong
- School of Pharmacy; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
| | - R.A. Slavcev
- School of Pharmacy; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
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66
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Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R prevents experimental human breast cancer bone metastasis in nude mice. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7119-25. [PMID: 25216526 PMCID: PMC4196188 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a lethal and morbid late stage of breast cancer that is currently treatment resistant. More effective mouse models and treatment are necessary. High bone-metastatic variants of human breast cancer cells were selected in nude mice by cardiac injection. After cardiac injection of a high bone-metastatic variant of breast cancer, all untreated mice had bone metastases compared to only 20% with parental cells. Treatment with tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R completely prevented the appearance of bone metastasis of the high metastatic variant in nude mice (P < 0.001). After injection of the highly bone-metastatic breast cancer variant to the tibia of nude mice, S. typhimurium A1-R treatment significantly reduced tumor growth in the bone (P < 0.001). These data indicated that S. typhimurium A1-R is useful to prevent and inhibit breast cancer bone metastasis and should be of future clinical use for breast cancer in the adjuvant setting.
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67
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Zhang Y, Miwa S, Zhang N, Hoffman RM, Zhao M. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R arrests growth of breast-cancer brain metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2615-22. [PMID: 25575815 PMCID: PMC4413605 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a morbid, treatment-resistant, end-stage frequent occurrence in breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R on breast cancer brain metastases. High brain-metastatic variants of murine 4T1 breast cancer cells expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) were injected orthotopically in the mammary fat pad in non-transgenic nude mice or in the left ventricle of non-transgenic nude mice and transgenic nude mice expressing nestin-driven green fluorescent protein (ND-GFP). ND-GFP mice express GFP in nascent blood vessels. In the orthotopically-injected mice, the primary tumor was surgically-resected in order to allow brain metastasis to develop. At various time points, the tumors and vasculature in the brain were imaged by confocal and stereo fluorescence microscopy. Some of the breast cancer cells that reached the brain extravasated and grew perivascularly and some of the cells proliferated within the vasculature. S. typhimurium A1-R significantly inhibited brain metastasis in both metastatic models and increased survival of the orthotopically-transplanted, primary-tumor-resected mice (p<0.05). The results of the present study suggest the clinical potential of bacterial therapy of breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinji Miwa
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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68
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Hoffman RM. Back to the Future: Are Tumor-Targeting Bacteria the Next-Generation Cancer Therapy? Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1317:239-60. [PMID: 26072411 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2727-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patients infected with various bacteria were reported, for at least two centuries, to have spontaneous remission. W.B. Coley, of what is now the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, pioneered bacterial therapy of cancer in the clinic with considerable success beginning in the late nineteenth century. After Coley died in 1936, bacterial therapy of cancer essentially ended. Currently there is much excitement in developing bacterial therapy for treating cancer using either obligate or facultative anaerobic bacteria. This chapter will demonstrate the potential and strategy of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R, an engineered tumor-targeting variant for the systemic treatment of metastatic cancer. A new concept using Salmonella typhimurium A1-R for cell cycle "decoy" chemotherapy of metastatic cancer is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA, 92111, USA,
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69
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Zhang M, Forbes NS. Trg-deficient Salmonella colonize quiescent tumor regions by exclusively penetrating or proliferating. J Control Release 2014; 199:180-9. [PMID: 25523033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics fail to effectively treat tumors because they cannot reach quiescent regions far from blood vessels. Motile Salmonella are an attractive delivery system that could break this therapeutic barrier. However, little is known about the dissemination and tissue penetration of individual bacteria in tumors after intravenous administration. We hypothesized that eliminating the Trg receptor would improve accumulation in tumor quiescence. To test this hypothesis, we deleted the trg gene from nonpathogenic Salmonella. To quantify individual bacterial behavior, we measured tissue penetration in a tumor-on-a-chip device and measured colony localization in mouse tumors using immunofluorescence. In tumors in vitro and in mice, trg(-) Salmonella penetrated farther into tissue than control bacteria. This difference in localization was caused by the inability to sense sugars in well perfused tissue. Three distinct bacterial phenotypes were observed: proliferating, penetrating, and inactive. Large proliferating colonies, containing more than 40% of individual bacteria, only formed less than 60μm from blood vessels. Small colonies, in comparison, were present both near (inactive) and far (penetrating) from vessels. The farthest was 361.2μm from a vessel, demonstrating the ability to target avascular regions. In addition, colonization was most pronounced in poorly vascularized tumor regions. We show that deletion of trg amplifies Salmonella accumulation in quiescent tumor regions, and, for the first time, identify biological processes that control bacterial distribution in tumors. Understanding how Salmonella penetrate tissue, target quiescence and specifically replicate in tumors are essential steps toward creating a tightly controlled, tunable bacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Neil S Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, USA.
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70
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Zhang L, Wu C, Zhang Y, Liu F, Wang X, Zhao M, Hoffman RM. Comparison of efficacy and toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal mixture LQ and conventional chemotherapy on lung cancer metastasis and survival in mouse models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109814. [PMID: 25286158 PMCID: PMC4186882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike Western medicine that generally uses purified compounds and aims to target a single molecule or pathway, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compositions usually comprise multiple herbs and components that are necessary for efficacy. Despite the very long-time and wide-spread use of TCM, there are very few direct comparisons of TCM and standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. In the present report, we compared the efficacy of the TCM herbal mixture LQ against lung cancer in mouse models with doxorubicin (DOX) and cyclophosphamide (CTX). LQ inhibited tumor size and weight measured directly as well as by fluorescent-protein imaging in subcutaneous, orthotopic, spontaneous experimental metastasis and angiogenesis mouse models of lung cancer. LQ was efficacious against primary and metastatic lung cancer without weight loss and organ toxicity. In contrast, CTX and DOX, although efficacious in the lung cancer models caused significant weight loss, and organ toxicity. LQ also had anti-angiogenic activity as observed in lung tumors growing in nestin-driven green fluorescent protein (ND-GFP) transgenic nude mice, which selectively express GFP in nascent blood vessels. Survival of tumor-bearing mice was also prolonged by LQ, comparable to DOX. In vitro, lung cancer cells were killed by LQ as observed by time-lapse imaging, comparable to cisplatinum. LQ was more potent to induce cell death on cancer cell lines than normal cell lines unlike cytotoxic chemotherapy. The results indicate that LQ has non-toxic efficacy against metastatic lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chengyu Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (CW); (RMH)
| | - Yong Zhang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Fang Liu
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoen Wang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CW); (RMH)
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71
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Chang WW, Lee CH. Salmonella as an innovative therapeutic antitumor agent. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14546-54. [PMID: 25196596 PMCID: PMC4159867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of specificity of the therapeutic agent is a primary limitation in the treatment of a tumor. The use of preferentially replicating bacteria as therapeutic agents is an innovative approach to tumor treatment. This is based on the observation that certain obligate or facultative anaerobic bacteria are capable of multiplying selectively in tumors and inhibiting their growth. Bacteria have been employed as antitumor agents that are capable of preferentially amplifying within tumors and inhibiting their growth. Moreover, bacteria-derived factors have an immune-stimulation effect. Therefore, bacteria are able to transfer therapeutic genes into the tumor cells using their infective ability. Herein, we introduce the application of bacteria for tumor therapy and focus on Salmonella, which have been widely used for tumor therapy. Salmonella have mainly been applied as gene-delivery vectors, antitumor immune activators and tumor cell death inducers. This study will not only evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Salmonella for the treatment of tumor but will also elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antitumor activities mediated by Salmonella, which involve host immune responses and cellular molecular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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72
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Hoffman RM, Zhao M. Methods for the development of tumor-targeting bacteria. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:741-50. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.916270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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73
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Connexin 43 Gene Therapy Delivered by Polymer-Modified Salmonella in Murine Tumor Models. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6041119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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74
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Salmonella induce autophagy in melanoma by the downregulation of AKT/mTOR pathway. Gene Ther 2014; 21:309-16. [PMID: 24451116 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella have been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth. However, the mechanism of Salmonella-induced tumor cell death is less defined. Autophagy is a cellular process that mediates the degradation of long-lived proteins and unwanted organelles in the cytosol. Tumor cells frequently display lower levels of basal autophagic activity than their normal counterparts and fail to increase autophagic activity in response to stresses. Autophagy is involved in the cell defense elimination of bacteria. The signaling pathways leading to activation of Salmonella-induced autophagy in tumor cells remain to be elucidated. We used autophagy inhibitor (3-Methyladenine) and apoptosis inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) to demonstrate that Salmonella may induce cell death via apoptosis and autophagic pathway. Meanwhile, we suggested that Salmonella induce autophagy in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The autophagic markers were increased after tumor cell infected with Salmonella. In addition, the protein express levels of phosph-protein kinase B (P-AKT), phosph-mammalian targets of rapamycin (P-mTOR), phosph-p70 ribosomal s6 kinase (P-p70s6K) in tumor cells were decreased by western analysis after Salmonella infection. In conclusion, our results point out that Salmonella induce the autophagic signaling pathway via downregulation of AKT/mTOR pathway. Herein, our findings that Salmonella in controlling tumor growth may induce autophagic signal pathway.
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75
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Liu G, Bettegowda C, Qiao Y, Staedtke V, Chan KWY, Bai R, Li Y, Riggins GJ, Kinzler KW, Bulte JWM, McMahon MT, Gilad AA, Vogelstein B, Zhou S, van Zijl PCM. Noninvasive imaging of infection after treatment with tumor-homing bacteria using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI. Magn Reson Med 2013; 70:1690-8. [PMID: 24123389 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a noninvasive MRI method for determining the germination and infection of tumor-homing bacteria in bacteriolytic cancer therapy using endogenous CEST contrast. METHODS The CEST parameters of the anaerobic gram-positive bacterium Clostridium novyi-NT (C. novyi-NT) were first characterized in vitro, then used to detect C. novyi-NT germination and infection in subcutaneous CT26 colorectal tumor-bearing mice (n = 6) after injection of 300 million bacterial spores. Lipopolysacharide (LPS) injected mice were used to exclude that the changes of CEST MRI were due to inflammation. RESULTS CEST contrast was observed over a broad frequency range for bacterial suspensions in vitro, with the maximum contrast around 2.6 ppm from the water resonance. No signal could be detected for bacterial spores, demonstrating the specificity for germination. In vivo, a significant elevation of CEST contrast was identified in C. novyi-NT infected tumors as compared to those before bacterial germination and infection (P < 0.05; n = 6). No significant change was observed in tumors with LPS-induced sterile inflammation (P > 0.05; n = 4). CONCLUSION Endogenous bacterial CEST contrast (bacCEST) can be used to monitor the germination and proliferation of the therapeutic bacterium C. novyi-NT without a need for exogenous cell labeling probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanshu Liu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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76
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Maletzki C, Linnebacher M, Savai R, Hobohm U. Mistletoe lectin has a shiga toxin-like structure and should be combined with other Toll-like receptor ligands in cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1283-92. [PMID: 23832140 PMCID: PMC11028761 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mistletoe extract (ME) is applied as an adjuvant treatment in cancer therapy in thousands of patients each year in Europe. The main immunostimulating component of mistletoe extract, mistletoe lectin, recently has been shown to be a pattern recognition receptor ligand and hence is binding to an important class of pathogen-sensing receptors. Pattern recognition receptor ligands are potent activators of dendritic cells. This activation is a prerequisite for a full-blown T-cell response against cancer cells. Pattern recognition receptor ligands are increasingly recognized as important players in cancer immunotherapy. We collect evidence from case studies on spontaneous regression, from epidemiology, from experiments in a mouse cancer model, and from protein structure comparisons to argue that a combination of mistletoe therapy with other pattern recognition receptor ligand substances leads to an increased immune stimulatory effect. We show that mistletoe lectin is a plant protein of bacterial origin with a 3D structure very similar to shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae, which explains the remarkable immunogenicity of mistletoe lectin. Secondly, we show that a combination of pattern recognition receptor ligands applied metronomically in a cancer mouse model leads to complete remission, while single pattern recognition receptor ligands slowed tumor growth. Taken together, we propose to combine mistletoe drugs with other pattern recognition receptor ligand drugs to increase its efficacy in adjuvant or even primary cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Uwe Hobohm
- University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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77
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Chang WW, Lai CH, Chen MC, Liu CF, Kuan YD, Lin ST, Lee CH. Salmonella enhance chemosensitivity in tumor through connexin 43 upregulation. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1926-35. [PMID: 23558669 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The use of preferentially replicating bacteria as oncolytic agents is one of the innovative approaches for the treatment of cancer. The capability of Salmonella to disperse within tumors and hence to delay tumor growth was augmented when combined with chemotherapy. This work is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanism of antitumor effects by the combination therapy of Salmonella and cisplatin. The presence of functional gap junctions is highly relevant for the success of chemotherapy. Following Salmonella treatment, dose- and time-dependent upregulation of connexin 43 (Cx43) expressions were observed. Moreover, Salmonella significantly enhanced gap intercellular communication (GJIC), as revealed by the fluorescent dye scrape loading assay. To study the pathway underlying these Salmonella-induced effects, we found that Salmonella induced a significant increase in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways. The Salmonella-induced upregulation of Cx43 was prevented by treatment of cells with the phosphorylated p38 inhibitor, but not phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) inhibitor or phosphorylated c-jun N terminal kinase (pJNK) inhibitor. Specific knockdown of Cx43 had an inhibitory effect on GJIC and resulted in a reduction of cell death after Salmonella and cisplatin treatment. Our results suggest that accumulation of Salmonella in tumor sites leads to increase Cx43 gap junction communication and enhances the combination of Salmonella and cisplatin therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Li X, Li Y, Wang B, Ji K, Liang Z, Guo B, Hu J, Yin D, Du Y, Kopecko DJ, Kalvakolanu DV, Zhao X, Xu D, Zhang L. Delivery of the co-expression plasmid pEndo-Si-Stat3 by attenuated Salmonella serovar typhimurium for prostate cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:971-80. [PMID: 23463096 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the therapeutic utility of an attenuated bacterium carrying a plasmid that co-expresses Endostatin, an inhibitor of tumor neovasculogenesis, and a shRNA that targets Stat3 to suppress prostate cancer growth. METHODS Plasmid pEndo-Si-Stat3 was constructed and introduced into an attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. The resultant recombinant bacterium was used as a vector to deliver the plasmid to tumor cells growing in vivo. Tumor-associated gene and protein expression changes were measured by using RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Expression of Endostatin in tumor tissue was detected by ELISA. The presence of vector bacteria in tissues was monitored and tumor destruction was assessed by using TUNEL and H&E staining assays. RESULTS Bacterially delivered pEndo-Si-Stat3 decreased Stat3 levels and increased Endostatin expression in mouse tumors, resulting in a significant suppression of tumor growth (P < 0.01). Expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA was down-regulated and Caspase3 expression was up-regulated to promote apoptosis of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Successful delivery by attenuated Salmonella of the combination therapeutic plasmid simultaneously knocked down the expression of Stat3 and resulted in over-expression of Endostatin, which synergistically inhibited prostate cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, Norman Bethune Medical School, Jilin University, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
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79
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Li X, Li Y, Hu J, Wang B, Zhao L, Ji K, Guo B, Yin D, Du Y, Kopecko DJ, Kalvakolanu DV, Zhao X, Xu D, Zhang L. Plasmid-based E6-specific siRNA and co-expression of wild-type p53 suppresses the growth of cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:242-50. [PMID: 23435374 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The E6 protein of the oncogenic HPV-16 functions by interfering with the normal cell cycle control mechanisms, particularly those controlled by p53. In this study, we developed a dual expression plasmid that coexpressed-E6-specific siRNA and wild type p53, and to evaluate its effects on cervical cancer growth. We found that simultaneous expression of pSi-E6-P53 caused a robust suppression of tumor growth when compared to the controls either E6-specific siRNA or p53 alone. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that a combined strategy of co-expressed E6-specific siRNA and p53 synergistically and more effectively suppressed cervical tumor growth when compared with single treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center and Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune Medical School, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
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Abstract
The effects of bacteria on patients with cancer have been observed for at least two centuries. Recent studies in animal models of cancer have shown efficacy of both anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridia and Bifidobacteria and facultative anaerobes such as Salmonella. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Flentie and colleagues have identified five Salmonella promoters that are specifically stimulated by cancer cells as well as by acidic pH, a property of most tumors. One of these promoters (STM1787) was linked to a Shiga toxin gene and inserted in a wild-type Salmonella typhimurium strain, which showed in vivo antitumor efficacy. Approaches to further improving the efficacy of S. typhimurium with the use of tumor-targeting mutations are discussed. Because the barriers to efficacy of standard therapy of cancer appear to be opportunities for bacterial cancer therapy, the future of bacterial therapy of cancer appears bright.
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81
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Chang WW, Kuan YD, Chen MC, Lin ST, Lee CH. Tracking of mouse breast cancer stem-like cells with Salmonella. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:1189-96. [PMID: 23045719 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of Salmonella to tumor-bearing mice leads to the preferential accumulation within tumor sites and retardation of tumor growth. The cancer stem-like cell (CSC) hypothesis suggests that CSCs are the root of cancer and induce metastasis and recurrence. The objective of this study was to examine if Salmonella could inhibit the growth of CSCs derived from mouse breast cancer. Systemically injected Salmonella preferentially accumulated within tumors for at least three weeks and the bacteria accumulated preferentially not only in subcutaneous but also in orthotopic tumors over livers and spleens at ratios ranging from 1000:1 to 10,000:1. Salmonella were capable of delaying tumor growth and enhancing survival in both subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models. More strikingly, Salmonella acted to retard tumor growth and extensively prolong the survival time of the mice bearing CSC-induced tumors. Our results also found that Salmonella predominantly, although not exclusively, resided in the CSC regions of the tumor. These data suggest that Salmonella can inhibit the growth of breast cancer by targeting the CSC niche. In conclusion, Salmonella can be used for the management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lee CH, Lin YH, Hsieh JL, Chen MC, Kuo WL. A polymer coating applied toSalmonellaprevents the binding ofSalmonella-specific antibodies. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:717-25. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Garai P, Gnanadhas DP, Chakravortty D. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi as model organisms: revealing paradigm of host-pathogen interactions. Virulence 2012; 3:377-88. [PMID: 22722237 PMCID: PMC3478240 DOI: 10.4161/viru.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifestyle of intracellular pathogens has always questioned the skill of a microbiologist in the context of finding the permanent cure to the diseases caused by them. The best tool utilized by these pathogens is their ability to reside inside the host cell, which enables them to easily bypass the humoral immunity of the host, such as the complement system. They further escape from the intracellular immunity, such as lysosome and inflammasome, mostly by forming a protective vacuole-bound niche derived from the host itself. Some of the most dreadful diseases are caused by these vacuolar pathogens, for example, tuberculosis by Mycobacterium or typhoid fever by Salmonella. To deal with such successful pathogens therapeutically, the knowledge of a host-pathogen interaction system becomes primarily essential, which further depends on the use of a model system. A well characterized pathogen, namely Salmonella, suits the role of a model for this purpose, which can infect a wide array of hosts causing a variety of diseases. This review focuses on various such aspects of research on Salmonella which are useful for studying the pathogenesis of other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garai
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Abstract
In recent years, numerous new targets have been identified and new experimental therapeutics have been developed. Importantly, existing non-cancer drugs found novel use in cancer therapy. And even more importantly, new original therapeutic strategies to increase potency, selectivity and decrease detrimental side effects have been evaluated. Here we review some recent advances in targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya N Demidenko
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Momiyama M, Zhao M, Kimura H, Tran B, Chishima T, Bouvet M, Endo I, Hoffman RM. Inhibition and eradication of human glioma with tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium in an orthotopic nude-mouse model. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:628-32. [PMID: 22274398 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.3.19116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma tumors are the most common primary central nervous system tumors. Despite the multidisciplinary approach to treatment, prognosis remains poor. In this study, we demonstrated that the Salmonella typhimurium A1-R tumor-targeting strain can inhibit and eradicate human glioma in an orthotopic nude-mouse model. S. typhimurium A1-R was administered by injection through a craniotomy open-window or intravenously in nude mice. To establish the model, 2x10(5) U87-RFP human glioma cells were injected stereotactically into the mouse brain through the craniotomy open window. Two weeks after glioma-cell implantation, mice were treated with S. typhimurium A1-R [2x10(7) CFU/200 μl intravenous injection (i.v.) or 1x10(6) CFU/1 μl intracranial injection (i.c.)] once a week for 3 weeks. Brain tumors were observed by fluorescence imaging through the craniotomy open window over time. S. typhimurium A1-R, administered i.c., inhibited brain tumor growth 7.6-fold compared with untreated mice (p=0.009) and improved survival 73% (p=0.001). Two of ten mice appeared to have their tumors eradicated. Intravenous administration of S. typhimurium A1-R was not effective. The craniotomy open window enabled observation of tumor growth in the brain in real time in both treated and untreated mice. The results of the present study demonstrate that bacterial therapy of brain cancer is a novel, effective and safe treatment strategy in a highly treatment-resistance cancer.
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86
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Zhao M, Suetsugu A, Ma H, Zhang L, Liu F, Zhang Y, Tran B, Hoffman RM. Efficacy against lung metastasis with a tumor-targeting mutant of Salmonella typhimurium in immunocompetent mice. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:187-93. [PMID: 22186786 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.1.18667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium double leu-arg auxotrophs have been shown to be highly effective as antitumor agents in nude mouse models of human metastatic cancer. In order to proceed to clinical development of the S. typhimurium double auxotroph, termed A1-R, it is necessary to evaluate antitumor efficacy in immunocompetent mice. In the present study, we have observed the efficacy of A1-R on the Lewis lung (LLC) carcinoma in vitro as well as in C57BL/6 (C57) immunocompetent mice. In vitro, A1-R treatment of LLC began to induce cell death within one hour. Various doses and schedules of A1-R were administered to C57 mice implanted with LLC, including bolus single intravenous injection; medium dose with weekly intravenous administration and metronomic treatment with small intravenous doses twice a week. Bolus treatment was toxic to the immunocompetent host, in contrast to nude mice. Lower-dose weekly doses and metronomic doses were well tolerated by the immunocompetent host. Weekly intravenous injection with 2 × 10(7) bacteria and twice a week intravenous injection with 10(7) bacteria significantly inhibited metastasis formation, while bolus injection was toxic. Intra-thoracic administration was carried out with 10(8) bacteria A1-R injected into Lewis lung-bearing C57 mice weekly for three weeks. Lung metastasis was significantly inhibited by intrathoracic bacterial administration, without toxicity. The results in this report, demonstrating the anti-metastatic efficacy of S. typhimurium A1-R in immunocompetent mice, indicate the clinical potential of bacterial therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
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87
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Hoffman RM. The preclinical discovery of bacterial therapy for the treatment of metastatic cancer with unique advantages. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 7:73-83. [PMID: 22468895 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.644534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential of bacteria as therapeutics for cancer has a long history, dating at least as far back as the early 19(th) Century. Bacteria have a large genome that can be manipulated in order to target and eradicate tumors. Many types of bacteria have been shown to target tumors but most are obligate anaerobes whose growth is confined to the necrotic parts of tumors, thereby limiting their efficacy. Salmonella, on the other hand, are facultative aerobes that can grow aerobically or anaerobically and, therefore, grow on viable tumor tissue as well as necrotic tissue. AREAS COVERED The article focuses on the double amino-acid auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium. These auxotrophs, which have no attenuating mutations and can grow in both viable and necrotic areas of tumors but not normal tissue, have shown particular effectiveness in mouse models of metastatic cancer. The approach described here is a significant improvement over previous bacterial tumor-therapy strategies which must be combined with toxic chemotherapy in order to be effective. This review uniquely discusses the critical points to optimally engineer Salmonella typhimurium for cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Bacterial therapy offers significant advantages over chemical or biological drugs or oncolytic viruses. Of these types of bacterial therapy, bacteria that can grow in both viable and necrotic areas of the tumors without growing in normal tissue hold the greatest promise in the treatment of cancer. Salmonella typhimurium shows much promise for this paradigm.
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Leschner S, Deyneko IV, Lienenklaus S, Wolf K, Bloecker H, Bumann D, Loessner H, Weiss S. Identification of tumor-specific Salmonella Typhimurium promoters and their regulatory logic. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:2984-94. [PMID: 22140114 PMCID: PMC3326293 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies are often limited in effectiveness and exhibit strong side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic strategies are demanded. The employment of tumor-colonizing bacteria that exert anticancer effects is such a novel approach that attracts increasing attention. For instance, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium has been used in many animal tumor models as well as in first clinical studies. These bacteria exhibit inherent tumoricidal effects. In addition, they can be used to deliver therapeutic agents. However, bacterial expression has to be restricted to the tumor to prevent toxic substances from harming healthy tissue. Therefore, we screened an S. Typhimurium promoter-trap library to identify promoters that exclusively drive gene expression in the cancerous tissue. Twelve elements could be detected that show reporter gene expression in tumors but not in spleen and liver. In addition, a DNA motif was identified that appears to be necessary for tumor specificity. Now, such tumor-specific promoters can be used to safely express therapeutic proteins by tumor-colonizing S. Typhimurium directly in the neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Leschner
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Elliott N, Lee T, You L, Yuan F. Proliferation behavior of E. coli in a three-dimensional in vitro tumor model. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:696-705. [PMID: 21556399 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00137f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genetic engineering of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) have made this organism an attractive candidate for gene delivery vehicle. However, proliferation and transport behaviors of E. coli in three-dimensional (3D) tumor environment are still unclear. To this end, we developed a novel microfluidics-based tumor model that permitted direct in situ visualization of E. coli in a 3D environment with densely packed tumor cells (B16.F10 or EMT6). The E. coli was engineered to co-express two proteins invasin and mCherry (inv(+)) so that they had the ability to enter mammalian cells and could be visualized via fluorescence microscopy. E. coli expressing mCherry alone (inv(-)) was used as the control counterpart. The inv(-) bacteria proliferated to a higher extent than inv(+) bacteria in both the 3D tumor model and a 2D monolayer culture model. Meanwhile, the proliferation appeared to be tumor cell type dependent since bacteria did not proliferate as well in the EMT6 model compared to the B16.F10 model. These differences in bacterial proliferation were likely to be caused by inhibitors secreted by tumor cells, as suggested by our data from the bacterial-tumor cell monolayer co-culture experiment. The bacterial proliferation provided a driving force for E. coli spreading in the 3D interstitial space of tumors. These findings are useful for researchers to develop novel strategies for improvement of bacteria-mediated oncolysis or gene delivery in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelita Elliott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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90
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Hoffman RM. Tumor-seeking Salmonella amino acid auxotrophs. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:917-23. [PMID: 21498066 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A paradigm change in the treatment of cancer is urgently needed. Bacteria offer many advantages, including natural cytotoxity, motility, chemotaxis and a relative large genome to manipulate for tumor targeting. Salmonella, Clostridium, Bifodobacterium and Escherichia coli have been shown to control tumor growth and promote survival in animal models. We have developed an effective bacterial cancer therapy by engineering Salmonella typhimurium amino acid auxotrophs which grow in viable as well as necrotic areas of tumors, but not normal tissue. The S. typhimurium A1-R mutant, which is auxotrophic for leu-arg, is tumor-seeking and has antitumor efficacy against the major types of cancer. The approach described here is a significant improvement over previous bacterial tumor-therapy strategies that require combination with toxic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92111, USA.
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