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Martins MA, Wilson NA, Piaskowski SM, Weisgrau KL, Furlott JR, Bonaldo MC, Veloso de Santana MG, Rudersdorf RA, Rakasz EG, Keating KD, Chiuchiolo MJ, Piatak M, Allison DB, Parks CL, Galler R, Lifson JD, Watkins DI. Vaccination with Gag, Vif, and Nef gene fragments affords partial control of viral replication after mucosal challenge with SIVmac239. J Virol 2014; 88:7493-516. [PMID: 24741098 PMCID: PMC4054456 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00601-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Broadly targeted cellular immune responses are thought to be important for controlling replication of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV). However, eliciting such responses by vaccination is complicated by immunodominance, the preferential targeting of only a few of the many possible epitopes of a given antigen. This phenomenon may be due to the coexpression of dominant and subdominant epitopes by the same antigen-presenting cell and may be overcome by distributing these sequences among several different vaccine constructs. Accordingly, we tested whether vaccinating rhesus macaques with "minigenes" encoding fragments of Gag, Vif, and Nef resulted in broadened cellular responses capable of controlling SIV replication. We delivered these minigenes through combinations of recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG), electroporated recombinant DNA (rDNA) along with an interleukin-12 (IL-12)-expressing plasmid (EP rDNA plus pIL-12), yellow fever vaccine virus 17D (rYF17D), and recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5). Although priming with EP rDNA plus pIL-12 increased the breadth of vaccine-induced T-cell responses, this effect was likely due to the improved antigen delivery afforded by electroporation rather than modulation of immunodominance. Indeed, Mamu-A*01(+) vaccinees mounted CD8(+) T cells directed against only one subdominant epitope, regardless of the vaccination regimen. After challenge with SIVmac239, vaccine efficacy was limited to a modest reduction in set point in some of the groups and did not correlate with standard T-cell measurements. These findings suggest that broad T-cell responses elicited by conventional vectors may not be sufficient to substantially contain AIDS virus replication. IMPORTANCE Immunodominance poses a major obstacle to the generation of broadly targeted, HIV-specific cellular responses by vaccination. Here we attempted to circumvent this phenomenon and thereby broaden the repertoire of SIV-specific cellular responses by vaccinating rhesus macaques with minigenes encoding fragments of Gag, Vif, and Nef. In contrast to previous mouse studies, this strategy appeared to minimally affect monkey CD8(+) T-cell immundominance hierarchies, as seen by the detection of only one subdominant epitope in Mamu-A*01(+) vaccinees. This finding underscores the difficulty of inducing subdominant CD8(+) T cells by vaccination and demonstrates that strategies other than gene fragmentation may be required to significantly alter immunodominance in primates. Although some of the regimens tested here were extremely immunogenic, vaccine efficacy was limited to a modest reduction in set point viremia after challenge with SIVmac239. No correlates of protection were identified. These results reinforce the notion that vaccine immunogenicity does not predict control of AIDS virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nancy A Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shari M Piaskowski
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kim L Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica R Furlott
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Myrna C Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Richard A Rudersdorf
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karen D Keating
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Maria J Chiuchiolo
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David B Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christopher L Parks
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Ricardo Galler
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Tuero I, Mohanram V, Musich T, Pegu P, Valentin A, Sui Y, Rosati M, Bear J, Venzon DJ, Kulkarni V, Alicea C, Pilkington GR, Liyanage NPM, Demberg T, Gordon SN, Wang Y, Hogg AE, Frey B, Patterson LJ, DiPasquale J, Montefiori DC, Sardesai NY, Reed SG, Berzofsky JA, Franchini G, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Robert-Guroff M. Humoral immunity induced by mucosal and/or systemic SIV-specific vaccine platforms suggests novel combinatorial approaches for enhancing responses. Clin Immunol 2014; 153:308-22. [PMID: 24907411 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial HIV/SIV vaccine approaches targeting multiple arms of the immune system might improve protective efficacy. We compared SIV-specific humoral immunity induced in rhesus macaques by five vaccine regimens. Systemic regimens included ALVAC-SIVenv priming and Env boosting (ALVAC/Env); DNA immunization; and DNA plus Env co-immunization (DNA&Env). RepAd/Env combined mucosal replication-competent Ad-env priming with systemic Env boosting. A Peptide/Env regimen, given solely intrarectally, included HIV/SIV peptides followed by MVA-env and Env boosts. Serum antibodies mediating neutralizing, phagocytic and ADCC activities were induced by ALVAC/Env, RepAd/Env and DNA&Env vaccines. Memory B cells and plasma cells were maintained in the bone marrow. RepAd/Env vaccination induced early SIV-specific IgA in rectal secretions before Env boosting, although mucosal IgA and IgG responses were readily detected at necropsy in ALVAC/Env, RepAd/Env, DNA&Env and DNA vaccinated animals. Our results suggest that combined RepAd priming with ALVAC/Env or DNA&Env regimen boosting might induce potent, functional, long-lasting systemic and mucosal SIV-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Iskra Tuero
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thomas Musich
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Poonam Pegu
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, CCR, NCI, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Guy R Pilkington
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Shari N Gordon
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Alison E Hogg
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Blake Frey
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - L Jean Patterson
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Janet DiPasquale
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | | | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, United States
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Felber BK, Valentin A, Rosati M, Bergamaschi C, Pavlakis GN. HIV DNA Vaccine: Stepwise Improvements Make a Difference. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:354-79. [PMID: 26344623 PMCID: PMC4494255 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient DNA delivery methods and low expression of plasmid DNA have been major obstacles for the use of plasmid DNA as vaccine for HIV/AIDS. This review describes successful efforts to improve DNA vaccine methodology over the past ~30 years. DNA vaccination, either alone or in combination with other methods, has the potential to be a rapid, safe, and effective vaccine platform against AIDS. Recent clinical trials suggest the feasibility of its translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Kulkarni V, Rosati M, Jalah R, Ganneru B, Alicea C, Yu L, Guan Y, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, King AD, Valentin A, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. DNA vaccination by intradermal electroporation induces long-lasting immune responses in rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2014; 43:329-40. [PMID: 24810337 PMCID: PMC4176517 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A desirable HIV vaccine should induce protective long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses. METHODS Macaques were immunized by env DNA, selected from a panel of recently transmitted SIVmac251 Env using intradermal electroporation as vaccine delivery method and magnitude, breadth and longevity of humoral and cellular immune responses. RESULTS The macaques developed high, long-lasting humoral immune responses with neutralizing capacity against homologous and heterologous Env. The avidity of the antibody responses was also preserved over 1-year follow-up. Analysis of cellular immune responses demonstrated induction of Env-specific memory T cells harboring granzyme B, albeit their overall levels were low. Similar to the humoral responses, the cellular immunity was persistent over the ~1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION These data show that vaccination by this intradermal DNA delivery regimen is able to induce potent and durable immune responses in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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55
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Jalah R, Kulkarni V, Patel V, Rosati M, Alicea C, Bear J, Yu L, Guan Y, Shen X, Tomaras GD, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Prattipati R, Pinter A, Bess J, Lifson JD, Reed SG, Sardesai NY, Venzon DJ, Valentin A, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. DNA and protein co-immunization improves the magnitude and longevity of humoral immune responses in macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91550. [PMID: 24626482 PMCID: PMC3953433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the concept of combining DNA with protein to improve anti-HIV Env systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses. Rhesus macaques were vaccinated with DNA, DNA&protein co-immunization or DNA prime followed by protein boost, and the magnitude and mucosal dissemination of the antibody responses were monitored in both plasma and mucosal secretions. We achieved induction of robust humoral responses by optimized DNA vaccination delivered by in vivo electroporation. These responses were greatly increased upon administration of a protein boost. Importantly, a co-immunization regimen of DNA&protein injected in the same muscle at the same time induced the highest systemic binding and neutralizing antibodies to homologous or heterologous Env as well as the highest Env-specific IgG in saliva. Inclusion of protein in the vaccine resulted in more immunized animals with Env-specific IgG in rectal fluids. Inclusion of DNA in the vaccine significantly increased the longevity of systemic humoral immune responses, whereas protein immunization, either as the only vaccine component or as boost after DNA prime, was followed by a great decline of humoral immune responses overtime. We conclude that DNA&protein co-delivery in a simple vaccine regimen combines the strength of each vaccine component, resulting in improved magnitude, extended longevity and increased mucosal dissemination of the induced antibodies in immunized rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Jalah
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vainav Patel
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rajasekhar Prattipati
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Julian Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Glucopyranosyl lipid A adjuvant significantly enhances HIV specific T and B cell responses elicited by a DNA-MVA-protein vaccine regimen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84707. [PMID: 24465426 PMCID: PMC3900398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a unique vaccine antigen matched and single HIV Clade C approach we have assessed the immunogenicity of a DNA-poxvirus-protein strategy in mice and rabbits, administering MVA and protein immunizations either sequentially or simultaneously and in the presence of a novel TLR4 adjuvant, GLA-AF. Mice were vaccinated with combinations of HIV env/gag-pol-nef plasmid DNA followed by MVA-C (HIV env/gag-pol-nef) with HIV CN54gp140 protein (+/−GLA-AF adjuvant) and either co-administered in different muscles of the same animal with MVA-C or given sequentially at 3-week intervals. The DNA prime established a population of B cells that were able to mount a statistically significant anamnestic response to the boost vaccines. The greatest antigen-specific antibody response was observed in animals that received all vaccine components. Moreover, a high proportion of the total mucosal IgG (20 – 50%) present in the vaginal vault of these vaccinated animals was vaccine antigen-specific. The potent elicitation of antigen-specific immune responses to this vaccine modality was also confirmed in rabbits. Importantly, co-administration of MVA-C with the GLA-AF adjuvanted HIV CN54gp140 protein significantly augmented the antigen-specific T cell responses to the Gag antigen, a transgene product expressed by the MVA-C vector in a separate quadriceps muscle. We have demonstrated that co-administration of MVA and GLA-AF adjuvanted HIV CN54gp140 protein was equally effective in the generation of humoral responses as a sequential vaccination modality thus shortening and simplifying the immunization schedule. In addition, a significant further benefit of the condensed vaccination regime was that T cell responses to proteins expressed by the MVA-C were potently enhanced, an effect that was likely due to enhanced immunostimulation in the presence of systemic GLA-AF.
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Flingai S, Czerwonko M, Goodman J, Kudchodkar SB, Muthumani K, Weiner DB. Synthetic DNA vaccines: improved vaccine potency by electroporation and co-delivered genetic adjuvants. Front Immunol 2013; 4:354. [PMID: 24204366 PMCID: PMC3816528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, DNA vaccines have undergone a number of technological advancements that have incited renewed interest and heightened promise in the field. Two such improvements are the use of genetically engineered cytokine adjuvants and plasmid delivery via in vivo electroporation (EP), the latter of which has been shown to increase antigen delivery by nearly 1000-fold compared to naked DNA plasmid delivery alone. Both strategies, either separately or in combination, have been shown to augment cellular and humoral immune responses in not only mice, but also in large animal models. These promising results, coupled with recent clinical trials that have shown enhanced immune responses in humans, highlight the bright prospects for DNA vaccines to address many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seleeke Flingai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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58
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Lindsay RW, Ouellette I, Arendt HE, Martinez J, DeStefano J, Lopez M, Pavlakis GN, Chiuchiolo MJ, Parks CL, King CR. SIV antigen-specific effects on immune responses induced by vaccination with DNA electroporation and plasmid IL-12. Vaccine 2013; 31:4749-58. [PMID: 23954384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular adjuvants are important for augmenting or modulating immune responses induced by DNA vaccination. Promising results have been obtained using IL-12 expression plasmids in a variety of disease models including the SIV model of HIV infection. We used a mouse model to evaluate plasmid IL-12 (pIL-12) in a DNA prime, recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) boost regimen specifically to evaluate the effect of IL-12 expression on cellular and humoral immunity induced against both SIVmac239 Gag and Env antigens. Priming with electroporated (EP) DNA+pIL-12 resulted in a 2-4-fold enhanced frequency of Gag-specific CD4 T cells which was maintained through the end of the study irrespective of the pIL-12 dose, while memory Env-specific CD4+T cells were maintained only at the low dose of pIL-12. There was little positive effect of pIL-12 on the humoral response to Env, and in fact, high dose pIL-12 dramatically reduced SIV Env-specific IgG. Additionally, both doses of pIL-12 diminished the frequency of CD8 T-cells after DNA prime, although a rAd5 boost recovered CD8 responses regardless of the pIL-12 dose. In this prime-boost regimen, we have shown that a high dose pIL-12 can systemically reduce Env-specific humoral responses and CD4T cell frequency, but not Gag-specific CD4+ T cells. These data indicate that it is important to independently characterize individual SIV or HIV antigen immunogenicity in multi-antigenic vaccines as a function of adjuvant dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W Lindsay
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 140 58th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11220, USA.
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Hu K, Luo S, Tong L, Huang X, Jin W, Huang W, Du T, Yan Y, He S, Griffin GE, Shattock RJ, Hu Q. CCL19 and CCL28 Augment Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses to HIV-1 gp140 by Mobilizing Responsive Immunocytes into Secondary Lymph Nodes and Mucosal Tissue. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1935-47. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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60
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Kulkarni V, Rosati M, Valentin A, Jalah R, Alicea C, Yu L, Guan Y, Shen X, Tomaras GD, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Irene C, Prattipati R, Pinter A, Sullivan SM, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. Vaccination with Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted SIV DNA induces long-lasting humoral immune responses able to reduce SIVmac251 Viremia. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2069-80. [PMID: 23820294 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted SIV DNA vaccines in mice and macaques. Vaccination of mice with Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted SIV gag DNA induced higher humoral immune responses than administration of unadjuvanted DNA, whereas similar levels of cellular immunity were elicited. Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted SIVmac251 gag and env DNA immunization of rhesus macaques was used to examine magnitude, durability, and efficacy of humoral immunity. Vaccinated macaques elicited potent neutralizing antibodies able to cross-neutralize the heterologous SIVsmE660 Env. We found remarkable durability of Gag and Env humoral responses, sustained during ~2 y of follow-up. The Env-specific antibody responses induced by Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted env DNA vaccination disseminated into mucosal tissues, as demonstrated by their presence in saliva, including responses to the V1-V2 region, and rectal fluids. The efficacy of the immune responses was evaluated upon intrarectal challenge with low repeated dose SIVmac251. Although 2 of the 3 vaccinees became infected, these animals showed significantly lower peak virus loads and lower chronic viremia than non-immunized infected controls. Thus, Vaxfectin(®) adjuvanted DNA is a promising vaccine approach for inducing potent immune responses able to control the highly pathogenic SIVmac251.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmela Irene
- Public Health Research Institute; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Newark, NJ USA
| | - Rajasekhar Prattipati
- Public Health Research Institute; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Newark, NJ USA
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Newark, NJ USA
| | | | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
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61
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Kulkarni V, Rosati M, Bear J, Pilkington GR, Jalah R, Bergamaschi C, Singh AK, Alicea C, Chowdhury B, Zhang GM, Kim EY, Wolinsky SM, Huang W, Guan Y, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Valentin A, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Comparison of intradermal and intramuscular delivery followed by in vivo electroporation of SIV Env DNA in macaques. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2081-94. [PMID: 23811579 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of SIVmac251 transmitted Env sequences were tested for expression, function and immunogenicity in mice and macaques. The immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine cocktail expressing SIVmac239 and three transmitted SIVmac251 Env sequences was evaluated upon intradermal or intramuscular injection followed by in vivo electroporation in macaques using sequential vaccination of gp160, gp120 and gp140 expressing DNAs. Both intradermal and intramuscular vaccination regimens using the gp160 expression plasmids induced robust humoral immune responses, which further improved using the gp120 expressing DNAs. The responses showed durability of binding and neutralizing antibody titers and high avidity for>1 y. The intradermal DNA delivery regimen induced higher cross-reactive responses able to neutralize the heterologous tier 1B-like SIVsmE660_CG7V. Analysis of cellular immune responses showed induction of Env-specific memory responses and cytotoxic granzyme B(+) T cells in both vaccine groups, although the magnitude of the responses were ~10x higher in the intramuscular/electroporation group. The cellular responses induced by both regimens were long lasting and could be detected ~1 y after the last vaccination. These data show that both DNA delivery methods are able to induce robust and durable immune responses in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Guy R Pilkington
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Ashish K Singh
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Bhabadeb Chowdhury
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Gen-Mu Zhang
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA; Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases; The Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Steven M Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases; The Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Wensheng Huang
- Institute of Human Virology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Institute of Human Virology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery; Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development; Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery; Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development; Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC USA
| | | | | | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section; Vaccine Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
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62
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Patel V, Jalah R, Kulkarni V, Valentin A, Rosati M, Alicea C, von Gegerfelt A, Huang W, Guan Y, Keele BF, Bess JW, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Williams WT, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Amara RR, Robinson HL, Johnson W, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Venzon DJ, Hirsch VM, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. DNA and virus particle vaccination protects against acquisition and confers control of viremia upon heterologous simian immunodeficiency virus challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2975-80. [PMID: 23359688 PMCID: PMC3581900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215393110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that macaques vaccinated with DNA vectors expressing SIVmac239 antigens developed potent immune responses able to reduce viremia upon high-dose SIVmac251 challenge. To further improve vaccine-induced immunity and protection, we combined the SIVmac239 DNA vaccine with protein immunization using inactivated SIVmac239 viral particles as protein source. Twenty-six weeks after the last vaccination, the animals were challenged intrarectally at weekly intervals with a titrated dose of the heterologous SIVsmE660. Two of DNA-protein coimmunized macaques did not become infected after 14 challenges, but all controls were infected by 11 challenges. Vaccinated macaques showed modest protection from SIVsmE660 acquisition compared with naïve controls (P = 0.050; stratified for TRIM5α genotype). Vaccinees had significantly lower peak (1.6 log, P = 0.0048) and chronic phase viremia (P = 0.044), with 73% of the vaccinees suppressing viral replication to levels below assay detection during the 40-wk follow-up. Vaccine-induced immune responses associated significantly with virus control: binding antibody titers and the presence of rectal IgG to SIVsmE660 Env correlated with delayed SIVsmE660 acquisition; SIV-specific cytotoxic T cells, prechallenge CD4(+) effector memory, and postchallenge CD8(+) transitional memory cells correlated with control of viremia. Thus, SIVmac239 DNA and protein-based vaccine protocols were able to achieve high, persistent, broad, and effective cellular and humoral immune responses able to delay heterologous SIVsmE660 infection and to provide long-term control of viremia. These studies support a role of DNA and protein-based vaccines for development of an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | | | - Candido Alicea
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | - Wensheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Julian W. Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | | | | | - Rama R. Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | | | | | | | | | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20852; and
| | - Vanessa M. Hirsch
- Nonhuman Primate Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
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63
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Jalah R, Rosati M, Ganneru B, Pilkington GR, Valentin A, Kulkarni V, Bergamaschi C, Chowdhury B, Zhang GM, Beach RK, Alicea C, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. The p40 subunit of interleukin (IL)-12 promotes stabilization and export of the p35 subunit: implications for improved IL-12 cytokine production. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6763-76. [PMID: 23297419 PMCID: PMC3585113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.436675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-12 is a 70-kDa heterodimeric cytokine composed of the p35 and p40 subunits. To maximize cytokine production from plasmid DNA, molecular steps controlling IL-12p70 biosynthesis at the posttranscriptional and posttranslational levels were investigated. We show that the combination of RNA/codon-optimized gene sequences and fine-tuning of the relative expression levels of the two subunits within a cell resulted in increased production of the IL-12p70 heterodimer. We found that the p40 subunit plays a critical role in enhancing the stability, intracellular trafficking, and export of the p35 subunit. This posttranslational regulation mediated by the p40 subunit is conserved in mammals. Based on these findings, dual gene expression vectors were generated, producing an optimal ratio of the two subunits, resulting in a ∼1 log increase in human, rhesus, and murine IL-12p70 production compared with vectors expressing the wild type sequences. Such optimized DNA plasmids also produced significantly higher levels of systemic bioactive IL-12 upon in vivo DNA delivery in mice compared with plasmids expressing the wild type sequences. A single therapeutic injection of an optimized murine IL-12 DNA plasmid showed significantly more potent control of tumor development in the B16 melanoma cancer model in mice. Therefore, the improved IL-12p70 DNA vectors have promising potential for in vivo use as molecular vaccine adjuvants and in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Jalah
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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