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Bohaumilitzky L, Kluck K, Hüneburg R, Gallon R, Nattermann J, Kirchner M, Kristiansen G, Hommerding O, Pfuderer PL, Wagner L, Echterdiek F, Kösegi S, Müller N, Fischer K, Nelius N, Hartog B, Borthwick G, Busch E, Haag GM, Bläker H, Möslein G, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Seppälä TT, Ahtiainen M, Mecklin JP, Bishop DT, Burn J, Stenzinger A, Budczies J, Kloor M, Ahadova A. The Different Immune Profiles of Normal Colonic Mucosa in Cancer-Free Lynch Syndrome Carriers and Lynch Syndrome Colorectal Cancer Patients. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:907-919.e10. [PMID: 34863788 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Owing to the high load of immunogenic frameshift neoantigens, tumors arising in individuals with Lynch syndrome (LS), the most common inherited colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome, are characterized by a pronounced immune infiltration. However, the immune status of normal colorectal mucosa in LS is not well characterized. We assessed the immune infiltrate in tumor-distant normal colorectal mucosa from LS CRC patients, sporadic microsatellite-unstable (MSI) and microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRC patients, and cancer-free LS carriers. METHODS CD3-positive, FOXP3-positive, and CD8-positive T cells were quantified in, respectively, 219, 233, and 201 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) normal colonic mucosa tissue sections from CRC patients and cancer-free LS carriers and 26, 22, and 19 LS CRCs. CD3-positive T cells were also quantified in an independent cohort of 97 FFPE normal rectal mucosa tissue sections from LS carriers enrolled in the CAPP2 clinical trial. The expression of 770 immune-relevant genes was analyzed in a subset of samples with the use of the NanoString nCounter platform. RESULTS LS normal mucosa specimens showed significantly elevated CD3-, FOXP3-, and CD8-positive T-cell densities compared with non-LS control specimens. Gene expression profiling and cluster analysis revealed distinct immune profiles in LS carrier mucosa with and without cancer manifestation. Long-term follow-up of LS carriers within the CAPP2 trial found a correlation between mucosal T-cell infiltrate and time to subsequent tumor occurrence. CONCLUSIONS LS carriers show elevated mucosal T-cell infiltration even in the absence of cancer. The normal mucosa immune profile may be a temporary or permanent tumor risk modifier in LS carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Bohaumilitzky
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kluck
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Hüneburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; National Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard Gallon
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; National Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martina Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Pauline L Pfuderer
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lelia Wagner
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Echterdiek
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Stuttgart-Katharinenhospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Svenja Kösegi
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nico Müller
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Fischer
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Nelius
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ben Hartog
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Borthwick
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Busch
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Martin Haag
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bläker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriela Möslein
- Department of Surgery, Ev. Krankenhaus Bethesda Hospital, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Toni T Seppälä
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Ahtiainen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Surgery, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John Burn
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aysel Ahadova
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Zaghloul H, Abbas A, Abdulah D. Tumor Microenvironment Mediators CD8 +- and FOXP3 +-Labeled T Lymphocytes Are Prospective Prognosticators in Curatively Treated Rectal Cancer Patients. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:177-186. [PMID: 32112202 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the implication of CD8+- and FOXP3+-labeled T lymphocytes invading tumor microenvironment in prognosticating curatively treated rectal cancer with preoperative chemo-radiation. METHODS The diagnostic rectal biopsies from clinical T3-T4 and any nodal diseases or any T stage with nodal involvement were processed to quantify (CD8+and FOXP3+). The impact of tested indicators on the achieved pathologic response among other clinical-pathological variables was particularized. Additionally, the prognosticating eventuality of labeled T lymphocytes for survival was elaborated using Log-rank and Cox regression. RESULTS We selected fifty rectal patients who had negative surgical margins following preoperative chemo-radiation for clinical T3-T4 or any T stage with nodal involvement. The higher expressions of CD8+ and CD8+/FOXP3+, and the reduced FOXP3+incursion were interrelated with the lack of nodal and lympho-vascular invasion alongside accentuated pathologic response. Additionally, the augmented densities of FOXP3+ ≥ 120, the reduced CD8+/FOXP3+ ratio < 0.96, and the nodal incursion were considerably linked with the worsened OS [hazard ratio (HR) 2.37 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.38-11.27), 2.41 (95% CI, 2.14-7.12), and 2.63 (95% CI, 2.81-5.32)], and dismal DFS [HR 2.61 (95% CI, 1.58-6.12), 3.12 (95% CI, 2.15-7.24), and 3.32 (95% CI, 2.47-9.24)], respectively. CONCLUSION The augmented expressions of CD8+ and C8+/FOXP3+ together with the reduced densities of FOXP3+ exhibited a substantial contribution to the attained pathological response and were linked to improved clinical-pathological characteristics of cancer rectum patients treated with chemo-radiation preceding mesorectal excision. Additionally, they can be authorized as reliable individual prognosticators of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Zaghloul
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Abbas
- Surgical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Abdulah
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Yang X, Tian J, Ma B, Cao Q, Wu L, Chen J, Yang S, Su C, Duan X. Long-term aspirin intervention can inhibit TIGIT, regulating T cells to reverse damage to intestines. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111028. [PMID: 33378943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin is one of the most commonly prescribed medications. Evidence shows that it can even treat and prevent intestinal tumors. However, it has also caused a great deal of controversy due to its intestinal side effects. We therefore explored whether aspirin was beneficial or harmful to the intestines. We used aspirin continuously interfered with C57BL/6 J mice for 48 weeks, examining their intestinal tissues at 13, 26 and 48 weeks to determine the drug's effect on the intestines. In addition, we used flow cytometry (FCM) used to detect T cells and expression of T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin (Ig)- and tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT) on their surfaces to determine aspirin's immunomodulatory effects. The results showed that long-term aspirin intervention could reverse damage to the intestines, an effect related to the drug's significant inhibitory effect on TIGIT. The change in TIGIT level could regulate T-cell subsets, so that counts of Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4)+/chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3)+ T-helper 1 (Th1) cells and CD4+/interleukin-4 (IL-4)+ Th2 cells increased, while those of CD4+/C-C chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6)+ Th17 cells and CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) decreased. In summary, we demonstrated that long-term aspirin intervention could inhibit TIGIT, regulating T cells to reverse damage to the intestines. Furthermore, aspirin is a potential therapy for diseases related to an increase in TIGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Department of Laboratory Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Graduated School Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Jinghua Tian
- College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Department of Laboratory Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Graduated School Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Qian Cao
- College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Department of Laboratory Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Graduated School Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lihua Wu
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Guolonghospital, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shaoqi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Chunxia Su
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Xiangguo Duan
- College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Department of Laboratory Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Bartolini I, Risaliti M, Ringressi MN, Melli F, Nannini G, Amedei A, Muiesan P, Taddei A. Role of gut microbiota-immunity axis in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer: Focus on short and long-term outcomes. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2498-2513. [PMID: 32523307 PMCID: PMC7265137 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i20.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human body is colonized by a huge amount of microorganisms mostly located in the gastrointestinal tract. These dynamic communities, the environment and their metabolites constitute the microbiota. Growing data suggests a causal role of a dysbiotic microbiota in several pathologies, such as metabolic and neurological disorders, immunity dysregulations and cancer, especially the well-studied colorectal cancer development. However, many were preclinical studies and a complete knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms in humans is still absent. The gut microbiota can exert direct or indirect effects in different phases of colorectal cancer genesis. For example, Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes cancer through cellular proliferation and some strains of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis produce genotoxins. However, dysbiosis may also cause a pro-inflammatory state and the stimulation of a Th17 response with IL-17 and IL-22 secretion that have a pro-oncogenic activity, as demonstrated for Fusobacterium nucleatum. Microbiota has a crucial role in several stages of postoperative course; dysbiosis in fact seems related with surgical site infections and Enterococcus faecalis (and other collagenase-producers microbes) are suggested as a cause of anastomotic leak. Consequently, unbalanced presence of some species, together with altered immune response may also have a prognostic role. Microbiota has also a substantial role in effectiveness of chemotherapy, chemoresistance and in the related side effects. In other words, a complete knowledge of the fine pathological mechanisms of gut microbiota may provide a wide range of new diagnostic tools other than therapeutic targets in the light of tailored medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Bartolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Matteo Risaliti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Ringressi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Filippo Melli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Giulia Nannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Antonio Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
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5
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Liang M, Liwen Z, Bingfang C, Yanbo D, Jianping C. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with multiple serous membrane effusion as the first sign: a case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520917274. [PMID: 32321384 PMCID: PMC7180310 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520917274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple serous membrane effusion (MSSE) as the first sign of eosinophilic gastroenteritis is extremely rare, and its clinical features and treatment methods have not been well described. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment methods of MSSE in a 44-year-old woman were retrospectively reviewed. Laboratory testing revealed an elevated eosinophil count and serum immunoglobulin E level. The levels of all tumor markers were normal, but the CA125 level in serum and ascitic fluid was significantly increased. Ultrasonography showed a large amount of ascites and a moderate amount of pleural effusion. Echocardiography showed a small amount of pericardial effusion. Chest and abdominal computed tomography showed gastrointestinal wall thickening. Moreover, eosinophilic infiltration was detected in duodenal and rectal biopsy samples that had been collected during endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal system. The patient was treated with 30 mg of prednisolone, and seafood was excluded from her diet for 4 weeks. The prednisolone was tapered over 8 weeks and continued at 5 mg prednisolone daily thereafter. The MSSE and peripheral eosinophilia showed a dramatic response to the steroid treatment. This case indicates that we should be highly aware of MSSE as the first clinical manifestation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Liang
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First People’s Hospital of
Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou,
Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang Liwen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second People’s Hospital of
Changzhou, Affiliate Hospital of NanJing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu,
China
| | - Chen Bingfang
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First People’s Hospital of
Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou,
Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding Yanbo
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First People’s Hospital of
Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou,
Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Jianping
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First People’s Hospital of
Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou,
Jiangsu, China
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6
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Wieczorska K, Stolarek M, Stec R. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer: Where Are We? Where Are We Going? Clin Colorectal Cancer 2020; 19:5-12. [PMID: 31678050 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome (microbiota) is a community of all microorganisms inhabiting a specific site of the body, including pathogens, which distinguishes it from the physiological microflora. Intestinal dysbiosis plays a key role in the development of colorectal cancer. In the process of carcinogenesis, inflammation, immune response, and toxic metabolites play a significant role. Specific species of bacteria might affect the risk of colorectal cancer and growth of tumor already present. Assessment of changes in the intestinal microbiome during the development and progression of colorectal cancer might create a simple diagnostic tool, a useful biomarker, or might influence treatment strategies in colorectal cancer patients. Analysis of the gut microbiome provides the potential to develop noninvasive diagnostic tests that would be useful as new protective markers of colorectal cancer, prognostic markers in already present colorectal cancer, and predictive markers of response to treatment, especially immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafał Stec
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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7
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Barrenas F, Raehtz K, Xu C, Law L, Green RR, Silvestri G, Bosinger SE, Nishida A, Li Q, Lu W, Zhang J, Thomas MJ, Chang J, Smith E, Weiss JM, Dawoud RA, Richter GH, Trichel A, Ma D, Peng X, Komorowski J, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Gale M. Macrophage-associated wound healing contributes to African green monkey SIV pathogenesis control. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5101. [PMID: 31704931 PMCID: PMC6841668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) avoid AIDS despite lifelong infection. Here, we examined how this outcome is achieved by comparing a natural SIV host, African green monkey (AGM) to an AIDS susceptible species, rhesus macaque (RM). To asses gene expression profiles from acutely SIV infected AGMs and RMs, we developed a systems biology approach termed Conserved Gene Signature Analysis (CGSA), which compared RNA sequencing data from rectal AGM and RM tissues to various other species. We found that AGMs rapidly activate, and then maintain, evolutionarily conserved regenerative wound healing mechanisms in mucosal tissue. The wound healing protein fibronectin shows distinct tissue distribution and abundance kinetics in AGMs. Furthermore, AGM monocytes exhibit an embryonic development and repair/regeneration signature featuring TGF-β and concomitant reduced expression of inflammatory genes compared to RMs. This regenerative wound healing process likely preserves mucosal integrity and prevents inflammatory insults that underlie immune exhaustion in RMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Barrenas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kevin Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lynn Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard R Green
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Nishida
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Wuxun Lu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jianshui Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Matthew J Thomas
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean Chang
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elise Smith
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reem A Dawoud
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - George H Richter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anita Trichel
- Divison of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinxia Peng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Computer Science, PAN, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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8
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Gonzalez-Nieto L, Castro IM, Bischof GF, Shin YC, Ricciardi MJ, Bailey VK, Dang CM, Pedreño-Lopez N, Magnani DM, Ejima K, Allison DB, Gil HM, Evans DT, Rakasz EG, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC, Martins MA. Vaccine protection against rectal acquisition of SIVmac239 in rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008015. [PMID: 31568531 PMCID: PMC6791558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A prophylactic vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a top priority in biomedical research. Given the failure of conventional immunization protocols to confer robust protection against HIV, new and unconventional approaches may be needed to generate protective anti-HIV immunity. Here we vaccinated rhesus macaques (RMs) with a recombinant (r)DNA prime (without any exogenous adjuvant), followed by a booster with rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV)-a herpesvirus that establishes persistent infection in RMs (Group 1). Both the rDNA and rRRV vectors encoded a near-full-length simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVnfl) genome that assembles noninfectious SIV particles and expresses all nine SIV gene products. This rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl vaccine regimen induced persistent anti-Env antibodies and CD8+ T-cell responses against the entire SIV proteome. Vaccine efficacy was assessed by repeated, marginal-dose, intrarectal challenges with SIVmac239. Encouragingly, vaccinees in Group 1 acquired SIVmac239 infection at a significantly delayed rate compared to unvaccinated controls (Group 3). In an attempt to improve upon this outcome, a separate group of rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl-vaccinated RMs (Group 2) was treated with a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)-blocking monoclonal antibody during the vaccine phase and then challenged in parallel with Groups 1 and 3. Surprisingly, Group 2 was not significantly protected against SIVmac239 infection. In sum, SIVnfl vaccination can protect RMs against rigorous mucosal challenges with SIVmac239, a feat that until now had only been accomplished by live-attenuated strains of SIV. Further work is needed to identify the minimal requirements for this protection and whether SIVnfl vaccine efficacy can be improved by means other than anti-CTLA-4 adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Isabelle M. Castro
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Georg F. Bischof
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Young C. Shin
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Varian K. Bailey
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Dang
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David B. Allison
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Yang ZH, Dang YQ, Ji G. Role of epigenetics in transformation of inflammation into colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2863-2877. [PMID: 31249445 PMCID: PMC6589733 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i23.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms associated with inflammation-promoted tumorigenesis have become an important topic in cancer research. Various abnormal epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and noncoding RNA regulation, occur during the transformation of chronic inflammation into colorectal cancer (CRC). These changes not only accelerate transformation but also lead to cancer progression and metastasis by activating carcinogenic signaling pathways. The NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways play a particularly important role in the transformation of inflammation into CRC, and both are critical to cellular signal transduction and constantly activated in cancer by various abnormal changes including epigenetics. The NF-κB and STAT3 signals contribute to the microenvironment for tumorigenesis through secretion of a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their crosstalk in the nucleus makes it even more difficult to treat CRC. Compared with gene mutation that is irreversible, epigenetic inheritance is reversible or can be altered by the intervention. Therefore, understanding the role of epigenetic inheritance in the inflammation-cancer transformation may elucidate the pathogenesis of CRC and promote the development of innovative drugs targeting transformation to prevent and treat this malignancy. This review summarizes the literature on the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in the occurrence and development of inflammation-induced CRC. Exploring the role of epigenetics in the transformation of inflammation into CRC may help stimulate futures studies on the role of molecular therapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Yang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
- Digestive Endoscopy Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Qi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Carballo-Dieguez A, Giguere R, Lentz C, Dolezal C, Fuchs EJ, Hendrix CW. Rectal Douching Practices Associated with Anal Intercourse: Implications for the Development of a Behaviorally Congruent HIV-Prevention Rectal Microbicide Douche. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:1484-1493. [PMID: 30415431 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir administration via rectal douching results in higher rectal-mucosa drug concentration than oral administration. Many who engage in receptive anal intercourse (RAI) use cleansing rectal douches. To inform development of a behaviorally-congruent tenofovir douche, 4751 individuals ≥ 18 years-old, born male, from all US states/territories, who engaged in anal intercourse responded to an online survey. Of those who reported RAI in the prior 3 months, 80% douched beforehand, 82% within 1 h, mean 2.9 consecutive applications; 27% douched afterwards, 83% within 1 h, mean 1.7 consecutive applications. Among multidose users, 78% applied doses within 2 min, and 76% retained liquid < 1 min. Most used tap water (89%) in an enema bottle (50%) or rubber bulb (43%), and douched for cleanliness (97%), to avoid smelling bad (65%), and to enhance pleasure (24%). 98% reported high likelihood of using an HIV-prevention douche. An ideal product will protect within a user's typical number of applications, within 1 h, and be dissolvable in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Carballo-Dieguez
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rebecca Giguere
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Cody Lentz
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Curtis Dolezal
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Edward J Fuchs
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig W Hendrix
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Hensley-McBain T, Wu MC, Manuzak JA, Cheu RK, Gustin A, Driscoll CB, Zevin AS, Miller CJ, Coronado E, Smith E, Chang J, Gale M, Somsouk M, Burgener AD, Hunt PW, Hope TJ, Collier AC, Klatt NR. Increased mucosal neutrophil survival is associated with altered microbiota in HIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007672. [PMID: 30973942 PMCID: PMC6459500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal dysfunction predicts and likely contributes to non-infectious comorbidities and mortality in HIV infection and persists despite antiretroviral therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying this dysfunction remain incompletely understood. Neutrophils are important for containment of pathogens but can also contribute to tissue damage due to their release of reactive oxygen species and other potentially harmful effector molecules. Here we used a flow cytometry approach to investigate increased neutrophil lifespan as a mechanism for GI neutrophil accumulation in chronic, treated HIV infection and a potential role for gastrointestinal dysbiosis. We report that increased neutrophil survival contributes to neutrophil accumulation in colorectal biopsy tissue, thus implicating neutrophil lifespan as a new therapeutic target for mucosal inflammation in HIV infection. Additionally, we characterized the intestinal microbiome of colorectal biopsies using 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that a reduced Lactobacillus: Prevotella ratio associated with neutrophil survival, suggesting that intestinal bacteria may contribute to GI neutrophil accumulation in treated HIV infection. Finally, we provide evidence that Lactobacillus species uniquely decrease neutrophil survival and neutrophil frequency in vitro, which could have important therapeutic implications for reducing neutrophil-driven inflammation in HIV and other chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Hensley-McBain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Wu
- Biostatistics and Biomathematics Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Manuzak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Ryan K. Cheu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Andrew Gustin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Connor B. Driscoll
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Alexander S. Zevin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Charlene J. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Coronado
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Elise Smith
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jean Chang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Burgener
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ann C. Collier
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
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12
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Perciani CT, Jaoko W, Farah B, Ostrowski MA, Anzala O, MacDonald KS. αEβ7, α4β7 and α4β1 integrin contributions to T cell distribution in blood, cervix and rectal tissues: Potential implications for HIV transmission. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192482. [PMID: 29420608 PMCID: PMC5805330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface expression of α4β7, α4β1 and αEβ7 integrins play a key role in T cell distribution. Understanding the contribution of integrins to the density and ratios of CD4+: CD4negT cell at the portals of entry for HIV is of fundamental importance for the advance of more effective HIV prevention strategies. We therefore set out to characterize and compare the expression of α4β7, α4β1 and αEβ7 integrins on systemic, cervical and rectal CD4+ and CD4negT cells isolated from a cohort of healthy Kenyan women at low risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI) (n = 45). Here we show that blood and cervix were enriched in α4+β1+CD4+T cells and α4+β7hiCD4+T cells, whereas the rectum had an equal frequency of α4+β7hiCD4+T cells and αE+β7hiCD4+T cells. Most cervical and rectal αE+β7hiCD4+T cells expressed CCR5 as well as CD69. Interestingly, αEβ7 was the predominant integrin expressed by CD4negT cells in both mucosal sites, outnumbering αE+β7hiCD4+T cells approximately 2-fold in the cervix and 7-fold in the rectum. The majority of αE+β7hiCD4negT cells expressed CD69 at the mucosa. Taken together, our results show unique tissue-specific patterns of integrin expression. These results can help in guiding vaccine design and also the use of therapeutically targeting integrin adhesion as a means to preventing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia T. Perciani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walter Jaoko
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bashir Farah
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mario A. Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kelly S. MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - for the KAVI-ICR Team
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
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13
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Gerassy-Vainberg S, Blatt A, Danin-Poleg Y, Gershovich K, Sabo E, Nevelsky A, Daniel S, Dahan A, Ziv O, Dheer R, Abreu MT, Koren O, Kashi Y, Chowers Y. Radiation induces proinflammatory dysbiosis: transmission of inflammatory susceptibility by host cytokine induction. Gut 2018; 67:97-107. [PMID: 28438965 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiation proctitis (RP) is a complication of pelvic radiotherapy which affects both the host and microbiota. Herein we assessed the radiation effect on microbiota and its relationship to tissue damage using a rectal radiation mouse model. DESIGN We evaluated luminal and mucosa-associated dysbiosis in irradiated and control mice at two postradiation time points and correlated it with clinical and immunological parameters. Epithelial cytokine response was evaluated using bacterial-epithelial co-cultures. Subsequently, germ-free (GF) mice were colonised with postradiation microbiota and controls and exposed to radiation, or dextran sulfate-sodium (DSS). Interleukin (IL)-1β correlated with tissue damage and was induced by dysbiosis. Therefore, we tested its direct role in radiation-induced damage by IL-1 receptor antagonist administration to irradiated mice. RESULTS A postradiation shift in microbiota was observed. A unique microbial signature correlated with histopathology. Increased colonic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression was observed at two different time points. Adherent microbiota from RP differed from those in uninvolved segments and was associated with tissue damage. Using bacterial-epithelial co-cultures, postradiation microbiota enhanced IL-1β and TNFα expression compared with naïve microbiota. GF mice colonisation by irradiated microbiota versus controls predisposed mice to both radiation injury and DSS-induced colitis. IL-1 receptor antagonist administration ameliorated intestinal radiation injury. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that rectal radiation induces dysbiosis, which transmits radiation and inflammatory susceptibility and provide evidence that microbial-induced radiation tissue damage is at least in part mediated by IL-1β. Environmental factors may affect the host via modifications of the microbiome and potentially allow for novel interventional approaches via its manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Gerassy-Vainberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alexandra Blatt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Danin-Poleg
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Katya Gershovich
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edmond Sabo
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alex Nevelsky
- Radiation Unit, Department of Oncology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shahar Daniel
- Radiation Unit, Department of Oncology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aviva Dahan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oren Ziv
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Rishu Dheer
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Omry Koren
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Kashi
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehuda Chowers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Hussan H, Clinton SK, Roberts K, Bailey MT. Fusobacterium's link to colorectal neoplasia sequenced: A systematic review and future insights. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:8626-8650. [PMID: 29358871 PMCID: PMC5752723 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i48.8626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To critically evaluate previous scientific evidence on Fusobacterium's role in colorectal neoplasia development. METHODS Two independent investigators systematically reviewed all original scientific articles published between January, 2000, and July, 2017, using PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. A total of 355 articles were screened at the abstract level. Of these, only original scientific human, animal, and in vitro studies investigating Fusobacterium and its relationship with colorectal cancer (CRC) were included in the analysis. Abstracts, review articles, studies investigating other colonic diseases, and studies written in other languages than English were excluded from our analysis. Ninety articles were included after removing duplicates, resolving disagreements between the two reviewers, and applying the above criteria. RESULTS Studies have consistently identified positive associations between Fusobacterium, especially Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), and CRC. Stronger associations were seen in CRCs proximal to the splenic flexure and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-high CRCs. There was evidence of temporality and a biological gradient, with increased F. nucleatum DNA detection and quantity along the traditional adenoma-carcinoma sequence and in CIMP-high CRC precursors. Diet may have a differential impact on colonic F. nucleatum enrichment; evidence suggests that high fiber diet may reduce the risk of a subset of CRCs that are F. nucleatum DNA-positive. Data also suggest shorter CRC and disease-specific survival with increased amount of F. nucleatum DNA in CRC tissue. The pathophysiology of enrichment of F. nucleatum and other Fusobacterium species in colonic tissue is unclear; however, the virulence factors and changes to the local colonic environment with disruption of the protective mucus layer may contribute. The presence of a host lectin (Gal-GalNAc) in the colonic epithelium may also mediate F. nucleatum attachment to CRC and precursors through interaction with an F. nucleatum protein, fibroblast activation protein 2 (FAP2). The clinical significance of detection or enrichment of Fusobacterium in colorectal neoplasia is ambiguous, but data suggest a procarcinogenic effect of F. nucleatum, likely due to activation of oncogenic and inflammatory pathways and modulation of the tumor immune environment. This is hypothesized to be mediated by certain F. nucleatum strains carrying invasive properties and virulence factors such as FadA and FAP. CONCLUSION Evidence suggests a potential active role of Fusobacterium, specifically F. nucleatum, in CRC. Future prospective and experimental human studies would fill an important gap in this literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Hussan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Kristen Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics, OSU College of Medicine And Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
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15
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Bruxelle JF, Mizrahi A, Hoÿs S, Collignon A, Janoir C, Péchiné S. Clostridium difficile flagellin FliC: Evaluation as adjuvant and use in a mucosal vaccine against Clostridium difficile. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187212. [PMID: 29176760 PMCID: PMC5703446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of bacterial flagellin has been reported in different studies. By its close interaction with the immune system, the flagellin represents an interesting adjuvant and vaccine candidate. Salmonella Typhimurium flagellin has already been tested as adjuvant to stimulate mucosal immunity. Here, we assessed the ability of Clostridium difficile flagellin FliC to act as a mucosal adjuvant, first combined with ovalbumin as antigen and second with a C. difficile surface protein, the precursor of the S-layer proteins SlpA. Using ovalbumin as antigen, we compared the gut mucosal adjuvanticity of FliC to Salmonella Typhimurium flagellin and cholera toxin. Two routes of immunization were tested in a mouse model: intra-rectal and intra-peritoneal, following which, gut mucosal and systemic antibody responses against ovalbumin (Immunoglobulins G and Immunoglobulins A) were analyzed by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay in intestinal contents and in sera. In addition, ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin producing cells were detected in the intestinal lamina propria by Enzyme-Linked Immunospot. Results showed that FliC as adjuvant for immunization targeting ovalbumin was able to stimulate a gut mucosal and systemic antibody response independently of the immunization route. In order to develop a mucosal vaccine to prevent C. difficile intestinal colonization, we assessed in a mouse model the efficacy of FliC as adjuvant compared with cholera toxin co-administrated with the C. difficile S-layer precursor SlpA as antigen. After challenge, a significant decrease of C. difficile intestinal colonization was observed in immunized groups compared to the control group. Our results showed that C. difficile FliC could be used as adjuvant in mucosal vaccination strategy against C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bruxelle
- EA4043 Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Assaf Mizrahi
- EA4043 Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
- Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Hoÿs
- EA4043 Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Anne Collignon
- EA4043 Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Claire Janoir
- EA4043 Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Séverine Péchiné
- EA4043 Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé (UBaPS), Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Martins MA, Shin YC, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Domingues A, Gutman MJ, Maxwell HS, Castro I, Magnani DM, Ricciardi M, Pedreño-Lopez N, Bailey V, Betancourt D, Altman JD, Pauthner M, Burton DR, von Bredow B, Evans DT, Yuan M, Parks CL, Ejima K, Allison DB, Rakasz E, Barber GN, Capuano S, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC, Watkins DI. Vaccine-induced immune responses against both Gag and Env improve control of simian immunodeficiency virus replication in rectally challenged rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006529. [PMID: 28732035 PMCID: PMC5540612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to control lentivirus replication may be determined, in part, by the extent to which individual viral proteins are targeted by the immune system. Consequently, defining the antigens that elicit the most protective immune responses may facilitate the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Here we vaccinated four groups of rhesus macaques with a heterologous vector prime/boost/boost/boost (PBBB) regimen expressing the following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) genes: env, gag, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 1); env, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 2); gag, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 3); or vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 4). Following repeated intrarectal challenges with a marginal dose of the neutralization-resistant SIVmac239 clone, vaccinees in Groups 1–3 became infected at similar rates compared to control animals. Unexpectedly, vaccinees in Group 4 became infected at a slower pace than the other animals, although this difference was not statistically significant. Group 1 exhibited the best post-acquisition virologic control of SIV infection, with significant reductions in both peak and chronic phase viremia. Indeed, 5/8 Group 1 vaccinees had viral loads of less than 2,000 vRNA copies/mL of plasma in the chronic phase. Vaccine regimens that did not contain gag (Group 2), env (Group 3), or both of these inserts (Group 4) were largely ineffective at decreasing viremia. Thus, vaccine-induced immune responses against both Gag and Env appeared to maximize control of immunodeficiency virus replication. Collectively, these findings are relevant for HIV-1 vaccine design as they provide additional insights into which of the lentiviral proteins might serve as the best vaccine immunogens. There is still some uncertainty as to which HIV-1 proteins should be targeted by vaccine-induced immune responses. Indeed, studies of primary HIV-1 and SIV infections have reported that T-cell responses against different viral proteins can influence viral replication levels. To understand which antigens elicit the antiviral responses best able to control viral replication, we vaccinated rhesus macaques with different combinations of SIV antigens and then challenged them intrarectally with a pathogenic SIV clone using a regimen intended to mimic physiologically relevant human exposures to HIV-1. Vaccination with Env, Gag, Vif, Rev, Tat, and Nef did not prevent infection but resulted in substantial control of viremia in 5/8 infected vaccinees. Importantly, vaccine-induced immune responses against Env and Gag were required for this outcome. Curiously, macaques vaccinated with Rev, Tat, Nef, and Vif acquired infection at a slower rate than did the control group, although this difference was not statistically significant. Together, these results suggest that expanding the number of vaccine-encoded antigens beyond Env and Gag might improve control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Young C. Shin
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Aline Domingues
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Gutman
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Helen S. Maxwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Iris Castro
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Varian Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dillon Betancourt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - John D. Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin von Bredow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maoli Yuan
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Parks
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David B. Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Eva Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Glen N. Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Kannanganat S, Wyatt LS, Gangadhara S, Chamcha V, Chea LS, Kozlowski PA, LaBranche CC, Chennareddi L, Lawson B, Reddy PBJ, Styles TM, Vanderford TH, Montefiori DC, Moss B, Robinson HL, Amara RR. High Doses of GM-CSF Inhibit Antibody Responses in Rectal Secretions and Diminish Modified Vaccinia Ankara/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Protection in TRIM5α-Restrictive Macaques. J Immunol 2016; 197:3586-3596. [PMID: 27683750 PMCID: PMC5101171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We tested, in rhesus macaques, the effects of a 500-fold range of an admixed recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing rhesus GM-CSF (MVA/GM-CSF) on the immunogenicity and protection elicited by an MVA/SIV macaque 239 vaccine. High doses of MVA/GM-CSF did not affect the levels of systemic envelope (Env)-specific Ab, but it did decrease the expression of the gut-homing receptor α4β7 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (p < 0.01) and the magnitudes of Env-specific IgA (p = 0.01) and IgG (p < 0.05) in rectal secretions. The protective effect of the vaccine was evaluated using 12 weekly rectal challenges in rhesus macaques subgrouped by tripartite motif-containing protein 5α (TRIM5α) genotypes that are restrictive or permissive for infection by the challenge virus SIVsmE660. Eight of nine TRIM5α-restrictive animals receiving no or the lowest dose (1 × 105 PFU) of MVA/GM-CSF resisted all 12 challenges. In the comparable TRIM5α-permissive group, only 1 of 12 animals resisted all 12 challenges. In the TRIM5α-restrictive animals, but not in the TRIM5α-permissive animals, the number of challenges to infection directly correlated with the magnitudes of Env-specific rectal IgG (r = +0.6) and IgA (r = +0.6), the avidity of Env-specific serum IgG (r = +0.5), and Ab dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (r = +0.6). Titers of neutralizing Ab did not correlate with protection. We conclude that 1) protection elicited by MVA/SIVmac239 is strongly dependent on the presence of TRIM5α restriction, 2) nonneutralizing Ab responses contribute to protection against SIVsmE660 in TRIM5α-restrictive animals, and 3) high doses of codelivered MVA/GM-CSF inhibit mucosal Ab responses and the protection elicited by MVA expressing noninfectious SIV macaque 239 virus-like particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kannanganat
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Linda S Wyatt
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Venkatesarlu Chamcha
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Lynette S Chea
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705; and
| | - Lakshmi Chennareddi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Benton Lawson
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Pradeep B J Reddy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705; and
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
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Ryan ES, Micci L, Fromentin R, Paganini S, McGary CS, Easley K, Chomont N, Paiardini M. Loss of Function of Intestinal IL-17 and IL-22 Producing Cells Contributes to Inflammation and Viral Persistence in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005412. [PMID: 26829644 PMCID: PMC4735119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In HIV/SIV-infected humans and rhesus macaques (RMs), a severe depletion of intestinal CD4(+) T-cells producing interleukin IL-17 and IL-22 associates with loss of mucosal integrity and chronic immune activation. However, little is known about the function of IL-17 and IL-22 producing cells during lentiviral infections. Here, we longitudinally determined the levels and functions of IL-17, IL-22 and IL-17/IL-22 producing CD4(+) T-cells in blood, lymph node and colorectum of SIV-infected RMs, as well as how they recover during effective ART and are affected by ART interruption. Intestinal IL-17 and IL-22 producing CD4(+) T-cells are polyfunctional in SIV-uninfected RMs, with the large majority of cells producing four or five cytokines. SIV infection induced a severe dysfunction of colorectal IL-17, IL-22 and IL-17/IL-22 producing CD4(+) T-cells, the extent of which associated with the levels of immune activation (HLA-DR(+)CD38(+)), proliferation (Ki-67+) and CD4(+) T-cell counts before and during ART. Additionally, Th17 cell function during ART negatively correlated with residual plasma viremia and levels of sCD163, a soluble marker of inflammation and disease progression. Furthermore, IL-17 and IL-22 producing cell frequency and function at various pre, on, and off-ART experimental points associated with and predicted total SIV-DNA content in the colorectum and blood. While ART restored Th22 cell function to levels similar to pre-infection, it did not fully restore Th17 cell function, and all cell types were rapidly and severely affected--both quantitatively and qualitatively--after ART interruption. In conclusion, intestinal IL-17 producing cell function is severely impaired by SIV infection, not fully normalized despite effective ART, and strongly associates with inflammation as well as SIV persistence off and on ART. As such, strategies able to preserve and/or regenerate the functions of these CD4(+) T-cells central for mucosal immunity are critically needed in future HIV cure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Ryan
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sara Paganini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Colleen S. McGary
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirk Easley
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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19
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Zick SM, Turgeon DK, Ren J, Ruffin MT, Wright BD, Sen A, Djuric Z, Brenner DE. Pilot clinical study of the effects of ginger root extract on eicosanoids in colonic mucosa of subjects at increased risk for colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:908-15. [PMID: 24760534 PMCID: PMC4208969 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant cause of mortality. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) and thus prostaglandin E2, are promising CRC preventives, but have significant toxicities. Ginger has been shown to inhibit COX, to decrease the incidence and multiplicity of adenomas, and decrease PGE2 concentrations in subjects at normal risk for CRC. This study was conducted to determine the effects of 2.0 g/d of ginger given orally on the levels of PGE2, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids, and 5-, 12-, & 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, in the colonic mucosa of subjects at increased risk for CRC. We randomized 20 subjects to 2.0 g/d ginger or placebo for 28 d. At baseline and Day 28, a flexible sigmoidoscopy was used to obtain colon biopsies. A liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method was used to determine eicosanoid levels in the biopsies, and levels were expressed per amount of protein or free arachidonic acid (AA). There was a significant decrease in AA between baseline and Day 28 (P = 0.05) and significant increase in LTB4 (P = 0.04) when normalized to protein, in subjects treated with ginger versus placebo. No other changes in eicosanoids were observed. There was no difference between the groups in total adverse events (AE; P = 0.06). Ginger lacks the ability to decrease eicosanoid levels in people at increased risk for CRC. Ginger did appear to be both tolerable and safe; and could have chemopreventive effects through other mechanisms. Further investigation should focus on other markers of CRC risk in those at increased CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna M Zick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Micihgan School of Public Health Department of Enviromental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - D Kim Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mack T Ruffin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Benjamin D Wright
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ananda Sen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- University of Micihgan School of Public Health Department of Enviromental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dean E Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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20
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Joffe IV, Usachev SN. [IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN THE EARLY POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING SURGERY FOR COMPLEX FORMS OF ACUTE PARAPROCTITIS]. Klin Khir 2015:25-28. [PMID: 26521461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The optimal time to fulfill the second (plastic) phase delayed early radical surgery in patients over the complicated forms of acute paraproctitis. On the 7th day after the opening of an abscess in a smear from the surface layer of the wound inflammatory regenerative cytogram type was observed in 66.8% of patients, early regenerative type--at 33.2%. On the 10th day was observed regenerative cytogram type. The dynamics of the concentration of cytokines in wound fluid on the 7th day showed a favorable course of wound healing process, without increasing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which allowed to perform the second stage of early delayed surgery in 7-10 days.
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21
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Maeda Y, Ohtsuka K, Kudo SE, Wakamura K, Mori Y, Ogata N, Wada Y, Misawa M, Yamauchi A, Hayashi S, Kudo T, Hayashi T, Miyachi H, Yamamura F, Ishida F, Inoue H, Hamatani S. Endocytoscopic narrow-band imaging efficiency for evaluation of inflammatory activity in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2108-2115. [PMID: 25717245 PMCID: PMC4326147 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i7.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the efficacy of endocytoscopic narrow-band imaging (EC-NBI) for evaluating the severity of inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC).
METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at a single tertiary care referral center. We included UC patients who underwent colonoscopy with endocytoscopy from July 2010 to December 2013. EC-NBI was performed, and the images were evaluated by assessing visibility, increased vascularization, and the increased calibers of capillaries and were classified as Obscure, Visible or Dilated. Obscure was indicative of inactive disease, while Visible and Dilated were indicative of acute inflammation. This study received Institutional Review Board approval. The primary outcome measures included the diagnostic ability of EC-NBI to distinguish between active and inactive UC on the basis of histological activity. The conventional endoscopic images were classified according to the Mayo endoscopic score. A score of 0 or 1 indicated inactive disease, whereas a score of 2 indicated active disease.
RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were enrolled. There was a strong correlation between the EC-NBI findings and the histological assessment (r = 0.871, P < 0.01). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of EC-NBI for diagnosing acute inflammation were 84.0%, 100%, 87.1%, 100%, and 92.3%, respectively, while those for the Mayo endoscopic score were 100%, 40.7%, 100%, 61.0%, and 69.2%, respectively. Compared with conventional endoscopy, EC-NBI was superior in diagnostic specificity, negative predictive value, and accuracy (P < 0.001, P = 0.001 and P = 0.047, respectively).
CONCLUSION: The EC-NBI finding of capillaries in the rectal mucosa was strongly correlated with histological inflammation and aided in the differential diagnosis between active and inactive UC.
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22
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Thomas MA, Tuero I, Demberg T, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Musich T, Xiao P, Venzon D, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, DiPasquale J, Reed SG, DeVico A, Fouts T, Lewis GK, Gallo RC, Robert-Guroff M. HIV-1 CD4-induced (CD4i) gp120 epitope vaccines promote B and T-cell responses that contribute to reduced viral loads in rhesus macaques. Virology 2014; 471-473:81-92. [PMID: 25461534 PMCID: PMC4312258 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To target the HIV CD4i envelope epitope, we primed rhesus macaques with replicating Ad-rhFLSC (HIV-1BaLgp120 linked to macaque CD4 D1 and D2), with or without Ad-SIVgag and Ad-SIVnef. Macaques were boosted with rhFLSC protein. Memory T-cells in PBMC, bronchoalveolar lavage and rectal tissue, antibodies with neutralizing and ADCC activity, and Env-specific secretory IgA in rectal secretions were elicited. Although protective neutralizing antibody levels were induced, SHIVSF162P4 acquisition following rectal challenge was not prevented. Rapid declines in serum ADCC activity, Env-specific memory B cells in PBMC and bone marrow, and systemic and mucosal memory T cells were observed immediately post-challenge together with delayed anamnestic responses. Innate immune signaling resulting from persisting Ad replication and the TLR-4 booster adjuvant may have been in conflict and reoriented adaptive immunity. A different adjuvant paired with replicating Ad, or a longer post-prime interval allowing vector clearance before boosting might foster persistent T- and B-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Thomas
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Iskra Tuero
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thomas Musich
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Peng Xiao
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | | | - Janet DiPasquale
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, United States
| | - Anthony DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Fouts
- Profectus BioSciences, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - George K Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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23
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Kwak DH, Moussavou G, Lee JH, Heo SY, Ko K, Hwang KA, Jekal SJ, Choo YK. Growth suppression of colorectal cancer by plant-derived multiple mAb CO17-1A × BR55 via inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21105-19. [PMID: 25405740 PMCID: PMC4264215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated the transgenic Tabaco plants expressing multiple monoclonal antibody (mAb) CO7-1A × BR55 by cross-pollinating with mAb CO17-1A and mAb BR55. We have demonstrated the anti-cancer effect of plant-derived multiple mAb CO17-1A × BR55. We find that co-treatment of colorectal mAbs (anti-epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM), plant-derived monoclonal antibody (mAb(P)) CO17-1A and mAb(P) CO17-1A × BR55) with RAW264.7 cells significantly inhibited the cell growth in SW620 cancer cells. In particular, multi mAb(P) CO17-1A × BR55 significantly and efficiently suppressed the growth of SW620 cancer cells compared to another mAbs. Apoptotic death-positive cells were significantly increased in the mAb(P) CO17-1A × BR55-treated. The mAb(P) CO17-1A × BR55 treatment significantly decreased the expression of B-Cell lymphoma-2 (BCl-2), but the expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and cleaved caspase-3 were markedly increased. In vivo, the mAb(P) CO17-1A × BR55 significantly and efficiently inhibited the growth of colon tumors compared to another mAbs. The apoptotic cell death and inhibition of pro-apoptotic proteins expression were highest by treatment with mAb(P) CO17-1A × BR55. In addition, the mAb(P) CO17-1A × BR55 significantly inhibited the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in cancer cells and tumors. Therefore, this study results suggest that multiple mAb(P) CO17-1A × BR55 has a significant effect on apoptosis-mediated anticancer by suppression of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in colon cancer compared to another mAbs. In light of these results, further clinical investigation should be conducted on mAb(P) CO17-1A × BR55 to determine its possible chemopreventive and/or therapeutic efficacy against human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Kwak
- Institute of Glycoscience, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea.
| | - Ghislain Moussavou
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea.
| | - Ju Hyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea.
| | - Sung Youn Heo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea.
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-ro 84, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.
| | - Seung-Joo Jekal
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan zipcode, Korea.
| | - Young-Kug Choo
- Institute of Glycoscience, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea.
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Romas LM, Hasselrot K, Aboud LG, Birse KD, Ball TB, Broliden K, Burgener AD. A comparative proteomic analysis of the soluble immune factor environment of rectal and oral mucosa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100820. [PMID: 24978053 PMCID: PMC4076261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Sexual transmission of HIV occurs across a mucosal surface, which contains many soluble immune factors important for HIV immunity. Although the composition of mucosal fluids in the vaginal and oral compartments has been studied extensively, the knowledge of the expression of these factors in the rectal mucosa has been understudied and is very limited. This has particular relevance given that the highest rates of HIV acquisition occur via the rectal tract. To further our understanding of rectal mucosa, this study uses a proteomics approach to characterize immune factor components of rectal fluid, using saliva as a comparison, and evaluates its antiviral activity against HIV. Methods Paired salivary fluid (n = 10) and rectal lavage fluid (n = 10) samples were collected from healthy, HIV seronegative individuals. Samples were analyzed by label-free tandem mass spectrometry to comprehensively identify and quantify mucosal immune protein abundance differences between saliva and rectal fluids. The HIV inhibitory capacity of these fluids was further assessed using a TZM-bl reporter cell line. Results Of the 315 proteins identified in rectal lavage fluid, 72 had known immune functions, many of which have described anti-HIV activity, including cathelicidin, serpins, cystatins and antileukoproteinase. The majority of immune factors were similarly expressed between fluids, with only 21 differentially abundant (p<0.05, multiple comparison corrected). Notably, rectal mucosa had a high abundance of mucosal immunoglobulins and antiproteases relative to saliva, Rectal lavage limited HIV infection by 40–50% in vitro (p<0.05), which is lower than the potent anti-HIV effect of oral mucosal fluid (70–80% inhibition, p<0.005). Conclusions This study reveals that rectal mucosa contains many innate immune factors important for host immunity to HIV and can limit viral replication in vitro. This indicates an important role for this fluid as the first line of defense against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Romas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Klara Hasselrot
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine Solna, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lindsay G. Aboud
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kenzie D. Birse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - T. Blake Ball
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kristina Broliden
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Adam D. Burgener
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- National Laboratory for HIV Immunology, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Demberg T, Mohanram V, Venzon D, Robert-Guroff M. Phenotypes and distribution of mucosal memory B-cell populations in the SIV/SHIV rhesus macaque model. Clin Immunol 2014; 153:264-76. [PMID: 24814239 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As vaccine-elicited antibodies have now been associated with HIV protective efficacy, a thorough understanding of mucosal and systemic B-cell development and maturation is needed. We phenotyped mucosal memory B-cells, investigated isotype expression and homing patterns, and defined plasmablasts and plasma cells at three mucosal sites (duodenum, jejunum and rectum) in rhesus macaques, the commonly used animal model for pre-clinical vaccine studies. Unlike humans, macaque mucosal memory B-cells lacked CD27 expression; only two sub-populations were present: naïve (CD21(+)CD27(-)) and tissue-like (CD21(-)CD27(-)) memory. Similar to humans, IgA was the dominant isotype expressed. The homing markers CXCR4, CCR6, CCR9 and α4β7 were differentially expressed between naïve and tissue-like memory B-cells. Mucosal plasmablasts were identified as CD19(+)CD20(+/-)HLA-DR(+)Ki-67(+)IRF4(+)CD138(+/-) and mucosal plasma cells as CD19(+)CD20(-)HLA-DR(-)Ki-67(-)IRF4(+)CD138(+). Both populations were CD39(+/-)CD27(-). Plasma cell phenotype was confirmed by spontaneous IgA secretion by ELISpot of positively-selected cells and J-chain expression by real-time PCR. Duodenal, jejunal and rectal samples were similar in B-cell memory phenotype, isotype expression, homing receptors and plasmablast/plasma cell distribution among the three tissues. Thus rectal biopsies adequately monitor B-cell dynamics in the gut mucosa, and provide a critical view of mucosal B-cell events associated with development of vaccine-elicited protective immune responses and SIV/SHIV pathogenesis and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Tebas P, Stein D, Tang WW, Frank I, Wang SQ, Lee G, Spratt SK, Surosky RT, Giedlin MA, Nichol G, Holmes MC, Gregory PD, Ando DG, Kalos M, Collman RG, Binder-Scholl G, Plesa G, Hwang WT, Levine BL, June CH. Gene editing of CCR5 in autologous CD4 T cells of persons infected with HIV. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:901-10. [PMID: 24597865 PMCID: PMC4084652 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1300662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 987] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCR5 is the major coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We investigated whether site-specific modification of the gene ("gene editing")--in this case, the infusion of autologous CD4 T cells in which the CCR5 gene was rendered permanently dysfunctional by a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)--is safe. METHODS We enrolled 12 patients in an open-label, nonrandomized, uncontrolled study of a single dose of ZFN-modified autologous CD4 T cells. The patients had chronic aviremic HIV infection while they were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Six of them underwent an interruption in antiretroviral treatment 4 weeks after the infusion of 10 billion autologous CD4 T cells, 11 to 28% of which were genetically modified with the ZFN. The primary outcome was safety as assessed by treatment-related adverse events. Secondary outcomes included measures of immune reconstitution and HIV resistance. RESULTS One serious adverse event was associated with infusion of the ZFN-modified autologous CD4 T cells and was attributed to a transfusion reaction. The median CD4 T-cell count was 1517 per cubic millimeter at week 1, a significant increase from the preinfusion count of 448 per cubic millimeter (P<0.001). The median concentration of CCR5-modified CD4 T cells at 1 week was 250 cells per cubic millimeter. This constituted 8.8% of circulating peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and 13.9% of circulating CD4 T cells. Modified cells had an estimated mean half-life of 48 weeks. During treatment interruption and the resultant viremia, the decline in circulating CCR5-modified cells (-1.81 cells per day) was significantly less than the decline in unmodified cells (-7.25 cells per day) (P=0.02). HIV RNA became undetectable in one of four patients who could be evaluated. The blood level of HIV DNA decreased in most patients. CONCLUSIONS CCR5-modified autologous CD4 T-cell infusions are safe within the limits of this study. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00842634.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Tebas
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (P.T., I.F., M.K., R.G.C., G.B.-S., G.P., W.-T.H., B.L.L., C.H.J.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (D.S.); and Sangamo BioSciences, Richmond, CA (W.W.T., S.Q.W., G.L., S.K.S., R.T.S., M.A.G., G.N., M.C.H., P.D.G., D.G.A.)
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27
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Edin S, Wikberg ML, Dahlin AM, Rutegård J, Öberg Å, Oldenborg PA, Palmqvist R. The distribution of macrophages with a M1 or M2 phenotype in relation to prognosis and the molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47045. [PMID: 23077543 PMCID: PMC3471949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High macrophage infiltration has been correlated to improved survival in colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play complex roles in tumorigenesis since they are believed to hold both tumor preventing (M1 macrophages) and tumor promoting (M2 macrophages) activities. Here we have applied an immunohistochemical approach to determine the degree of infiltrating macrophages with a M1 or M2 phenotype in clinical specimens of CRC in relation to prognosis, both in CRC in general but also in subgroups of CRC defined by microsatellite instability (MSI) screening status and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). A total of 485 consecutive CRC specimens were stained for nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) (also denoted iNOS) as a marker for the M1 macrophage phenotype and the scavenger receptor CD163 as a marker for the M2 macrophage phenotype. The average infiltration of NOS2 and CD163 expressing macrophages along the invasive tumor front was semi-quantitatively evaluated using a four-graded scale. Two subtypes of macrophages, displaying M1 (NOS2+) or M2 (CD163+) phenotypes, were recognized. We observed a significant correlation between the amount of NOS2+ and CD163+ cells (P<0.0001). A strong inverse correlation to tumor stage was found for both NOS2 (P<0.0001) and CD163 (P<0.0001) infiltration. Furthermore, patients harbouring tumors highly infiltrated by NOS2+ cells had a significantly better prognosis than those infiltrated by few NOS2+ cells, and this was found to be independent of MSI screening status and CIMP status. No significant difference was found on cancer-specific survival in groups of CRC with different NOS2/CD163 ratios. In conclusion, an increased infiltration of macrophages with a M1 phenotype at the tumor front is accompanied by a concomitant increase in macrophages with a M2 phenotype, and in a stage dependent manner correlated to a better prognosis in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Edin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Lokesh J, Fernandes JMO, Korsnes K, Bergh O, Brinchmann MF, Kiron V. Transcriptional regulation of cytokines in the intestine of Atlantic cod fed yeast derived mannan oligosaccharide or β-glucan and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 33:626-31. [PMID: 22771966 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory feed additives are expected to exert their primary influence at the intestinal level through the expression of cytokines, which in turn affect the immune responses in fish. In two separate experiments a yeast-derived mannan oligosaccharide product (YM) or a purified β-glucan (BG) product were fed to Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) for 5 weeks, after which they were bath-challenged with a bacterial pathogen--Vibrio anguillarum. The transcription of selected cytokines (proinflammatory--il1b, il8, ifng; anti-inflammatory--il10) in different intestinal segments was analysed using qPCR. In the case of YM study, the effect of the compound was observed in both the posterior intestine and rectum of Atlantic cod, upon challenge with the pathogen. iIl1b expression in the posterior intestine and rectum of post-challenge fish was significantly higher than that of pre-challenge fish. In the case of il8 the difference was confined to rectum. The expression of ifng was altered only in the anterior intestine upon YM feeding. In the BG trial, the additive had a differential effect on the expression of the cytokine genes. In anterior intestine and rectum, the purified β-glucan additive significantly elevated the expression of il1b when challenged with V. anguillarum. An effect of BG on the anti-inflammatory cytokine il10 was visible in the rectum after the pathogen challenge. The differential responses of cytokines in the intestine of fish upon exposure to V. anguillarum suggest that both mannan oligosaccharides and β-glucans impact the ability of Atlantic cod to respond to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jep Lokesh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
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29
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Lai L, Kwa SF, Kozlowski PA, Montefiori DC, Nolen TL, Hudgens MG, Johnson WE, Ferrari G, Hirsch VM, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Earl PL, Moss B, Amara RR, Robinson HL. SIVmac239 MVA vaccine with and without a DNA prime, similar prevention of infection by a repeated dose SIVsmE660 challenge despite different immune responses. Vaccine 2012; 30:1737-45. [PMID: 22178526 PMCID: PMC3278564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine regimens using different agents for priming and boosting have become popular for enhancing T cell and Ab responses elicited by candidate HIV/AIDS vaccines. Here we use a simian model to evaluate immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine in the presence and absence of a recombinant DNA prime. The simian vaccines and regimens represent prototypes for candidate HIV vaccines currently undergoing clinical testing. METHOD Recombinant DNA and MVA immunogens expressed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239 Gag, PR, RT, and Env sequences. Vaccine schedules tested inoculations of MVA at months 0, 2, and 6 (MMM regimen) or priming with DNA at months 0 and 2 and boosting with MVA at months 4 and 6 (DDMM regimen). Twelve weekly rectal challenges with the heterologous SIV smE660 were initiated at 6 months following the last immunization. RESULTS Both regimens elicited similar 61-64% reductions in the per challenge risk of SIVsmE660 transmission despite raising different patterns of immune responses. The DDMM regimen elicited higher magnitudes of CD4 T cells whereas the MMM regimen elicited higher titers and greater avidity Env-specific IgG and more frequent and higher titer SIV-specific IgA in rectal secretions. Both regimens elicited similar magnitudes of CD8 T cells. Magnitudes of T cell responses, specific activities of rectal IgA Ab, and the tested specificities for neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity did not correlate with risk of infection. However, the avidity of Env-specific IgG had a strong correlation with the per challenge risk of acquisition, but only for the DDMM group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that for the tested immunogens in rhesus macaques, the simpler MMM regimen is as protective as the more complex DDMM regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Lai
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
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30
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Dagleish MP, Finlayson J, Steele PJ, Pang Y, Hamilton S, Eaton SL, Sales J, González L, Chianini F. Immunophenotype of cells within cervine rectoanal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and mesenteric lymph nodes. J Comp Pathol 2011; 146:365-71. [PMID: 22000034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rectoanal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) is a part of the lymphoid system that can be sampled easily in live animals, especially ruminants. RAMALT biopsy is useful for the diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, including scrapie in sheep and goats and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids. Diagnosis is reliant on detection of abnormal prion protein (PrP(d)), which is associated with lymphoid follicles. For enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) detecting PrP(d) it is necessary to ensure that lymphoid follicles are present in biopsy samples to avoid false-negative results. Monoclonal antibodies known to recognize specific immune cell subsets present in lymphoid tissues of sheep were tested for cross-reactivity with cervine RAMALT and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) preserved in zinc salts fixative. The distribution of cells expressing CD3, CD4, CD79, CD21 and class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex was determined in these tissues. Cells of each immunophenotype had similar distributions in RAMALT and MLNs and these distributions were similar to those reported previously for sheep and cattle. The identification and validation of cervine lymphoid follicle cell markers (CD79 and CD21) may allow reduction in false-negative results during diagnosis of CWD by ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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31
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Vanderford TH, Bleckwehl C, Engram JC, Dunham RM, Klatt NR, Feinberg MB, Garber DA, Betts MR, Silvestri G. Viral CTL escape mutants are generated in lymph nodes and subsequently become fixed in plasma and rectal mucosa during acute SIV infection of macaques. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002048. [PMID: 21625590 PMCID: PMC3098234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SIVmac239 infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) results in AIDS despite the generation of a strong antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, possibly due to the emergence of viral escape mutants that prevent recognition of infected cells by CTLs. To determine the anatomic origin of these SIV mutants, we longitudinally assessed the presence of CTL escape variants in two MamuA*01-restricted immunodominant epitopes (Tat-SL8 and Gag-CM9) in the plasma, PBMCs, lymph nodes (LN), and rectal biopsies (RB) of fifteen SIVmac239-infected RMs. As expected, Gag-CM9 did not exhibit signs of escape before day 84 post infection. In contrast, Tat-SL8 escape mutants were apparent in all tissues by day 14 post infection. Interestingly LNs and plasma exhibited the highest level of escape at day 14 and day 28 post infection, respectively, with the rate of escape in the RB remaining lower throughout the acute infection. The possibility that CTL escape occurs in LNs before RBs is confirmed by the observation that the specific mutants found at high frequency in LNs at day 14 post infection became dominant at day 28 post infection in plasma, PBMC, and RB. Finally, the frequency of escape mutants in plasma at day 28 post infection correlated strongly with the level Tat-SL8-specific CD8 T cells in the LN and PBMC at day 14 post infection. These results indicate that LNs represent the primary source of CTL escape mutants during the acute phase of SIVmac239 infection, suggesting that LNs are the main anatomic sites of virus replication and/or the tissues in which CTL pressure is most effective in selecting SIV escape variants. Strong antiviral CD8+ T lymphocytes limit SIV replication by recognizing short pathogen-derived peptide epitopes. The cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses specific for this highly mutable virus can select for viruses bearing mutations that prevent CD8+ T cell recognition of cells infected with these escape mutants. To determine the anatomic origin of these escape mutants, we tracked a particular escape mutant in multiple tissues (plasma virus, lymph nodes, rectal mucosa, and peripheral blood immune cells) during the early, acute phase of SIVmac239 infection of rhesus macaques. We found that escape mutants first reach high frequency in lymph nodes 2 weeks after infection, and the particular mutants generated in lymph nodes disseminate to other tissues by week 4. Furthermore, we found that epitope-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses in the lymph nodes and peripheral blood, but not the gut mucosa, are significantly correlated with the frequency of escape mutants in the plasma virus at week 4. This suggests that lymph nodes, and not the gut, are the primary site of anti-SIV CD8+ T cell responses and/or SIV replication during the acute phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Vanderford
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Bleckwehl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica C. Engram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Dunham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark B. Feinberg
- Merck Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David A. Garber
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Strbo N, Vaccari M, Pahwa S, Kolber MA, Fisher E, Gonzalez L, Doster MN, Hryniewicz A, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Franchini G, Podack ER. Gp96 SIV Ig immunization induces potent polyepitope specific, multifunctional memory responses in rectal and vaginal mucosa. Vaccine 2011; 29:2619-25. [PMID: 21277409 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ER-resident chaperone gp96, when released by cell lysis, induces an immunogenic chemokine signature and causes innate immune activation of DC and NK cells. Here we show that intraperitoneal immunization with a genetically engineered, secreted form of gp96, gp96-Ig chaperoning SIV antigens, induces high levels of antigen specific CD8 CTL in the rectal and vaginal mucosa of Rhesus macaques. The frequency of SIV Gag- and SIV Tat-tetramer positive CD8 CTL in the intestinal mucosa reached 30-50% after the third immunization. Tetramer positive CD8 CTL expressed appropriate functional (granzyme B) and migration markers (CD103). The polyepitope specificity of the mucosal CD8 and CD4 response is evident from a strong, multifunctional cytokine response upon stimulation with peptides covering the gag, tat and env proteins. Induction of powerful mucosal effector CD8 CTL responses by cell-based gp96(SIV)-Ig immunization may provide a pathway to the development of safe and effective SIV/HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Hwang SD, Shin JS, Ku KB, Kim HS, Cho SW, Seo SH. Protection of pregnant mice, fetuses and neonates from lethality of H5N1 influenza viruses by maternal vaccination. Vaccine 2010; 28:2957-64. [PMID: 20188684 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses are one of candidates for the next pandemic. Information on protective immunity for pregnant animals by vaccination against the H5N1 influenza virus is limited. Here, we show that the immunization of pregnant mice with inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccine protects them, their fetuses, and their infant mice from H5N1 influenza viruses. Pregnant mice immunized with two doses of H5N1 influenza vaccine were protected from homologous infections of H5N1 influenza viruses with no viruses detected in fetuses, and that they were protected upto 30% from heterologous infections of H5N1 influenza viruses with viruses detected in fetuses. The infant mice born to mothers immunized with H5N1 influenza vaccine were fully protected from infections of H5N1 influenza viruses for upto 4 weeks of age. The protection of infant mice was closely related to the presence of IgG2a antibody in lung, heart, and rectum tissues. Our results suggest that maternal vaccination may be critical for protecting pregnant animals, their fetuses, and their infant mice from lethal infections of H5N1 influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Do Hwang
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Inami M, Taverne-Thiele AJ, Schrøder MB, Kiron V, Rombout JHWM. Immunological differences in intestine and rectum of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009; 26:751-759. [PMID: 19332137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The defence system of the distal gut (hindgut and rectum) of Atlantic cod, (Gadus morhua L.) was studied using (immuno)histochemical, electron microscopical and real-time quantitative PCR techniques. The uptake and transport of macromolecules in the intestinal epithelium was also investigated. In this study we observed that cod has many and large goblet cells in its intestinal epithelium and that IgM(+) cells are present in the lamina propria and their number is considerably higher in the rectum than in the intestine. Myeloperoxidase staining revealed low numbers of granulocytes in and under the epithelium of the distal intestine, whereas high numbers were found clustered in the submucosa of the rectum. Electron microscopy not only confirmed these observations, but also revealed the presence of lymphoid cells and macrophages within the intestinal epithelium. Acid phosphatase staining demonstrated more positive macrophage-like cells in the rectum than in the distal intestine. Antigen uptake studies showed a diffused absorption of horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and LTB-GFP, whereas ferritin uptake could not be detected. Basal gene expression of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8 and IL-10) and immune relevant molecules (hepcidin and BPI/LPB) were compared in both the intestine and rectum and revealed approximately 2-9 times higher expression in the rectum, of which IL-1beta expression showed the most prominent difference. The present results clearly indicate that intestinal immunity is very prominent in the rectum of cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inami
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø University College, 8049 Bodø, Norway
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Tincati C, Biasin M, Bandera A, Violin M, Marchetti G, Piacentini L, Vago GL, Balotta C, Moroni M, Franzetti F, Clerici M, Gori A. Early initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy fails to reverse immunovirological abnormalities in gut-associated lymphoid tissue induced by acute HIV infection. Antivir Ther 2009; 14:321-330. [PMID: 19474466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the acute phase of HIV infection, large CD4+ T-cell depletion occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. The kinetics of CD4+ T-cell decrease and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-mediated immune reconstitution were evaluated. METHODS Rectosigmoid colonic (RSC) biopsies and blood samples of nine patients with acute HIV infection were collected. CD4+ T-cell count, HIV RNA, intracellular HIV DNA and messenger RNA cytokine expression were evaluated before and after 6 months of HAART. RESULTS All nine patients presented symptomatic retroviral infection. Early HAART was associated with a sustained and comparable reduction of HIV RNA in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and RSC biopsies. HIV DNA decreased in PBMCs, but was only marginally reduced in RSC biopsies. Comparisons between reduction rates of HIV DNA in these two compartments confirmed that HIV DNA clearance was less efficient in RSC biopsies compared with PBMCs. Assessment of immunological profiles in PBMCs and RSC biopsies showed that the T-helper (Th)1-like/Th2-like ratio was sharply decreased in RSC biopsies and increased in PBMCs throughout the study period. A persistent Th2-like profile was detected in RSC biopsies. Efficient clearing of HIV DNA observed in PBMCs correlated with the establishment of a more favourable Th1-like profile. CONCLUSIONS A less efficient clearance of intracellular HIV DNA following early introduction of HAART is associated with persistent immunological impairment in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), which is reflected by the skewed expression of cytokines in this reservoir. The present study shows that early initiation of HAART, in the short-term, is not effective in containing the establishment of HIV infection and in reversing associated immunological GALT abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tincati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Wang Y, Bergmeier LA, Stebbings R, Seidl T, Whittall T, Singh M, Berry N, Almond N, Lehner T. Mucosal immunization in macaques upregulates the innate APOBEC 3G anti-viral factor in CD4(+) memory T cells. Vaccine 2008; 27:870-81. [PMID: 19084567 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
APOBEC3G is an innate intracellular anti-viral factor which deaminates retroviral cytidine to uridine. In vivo studies of APOBEC3G (A3G) were carried out in rhesus macaques, following mucosal immunization with SIV antigens and CCR5 peptides, linked to the 70kDa heat shock protein. A progressive increase in A3G mRNA was elicited in PBMC after each immunization (p<0.0002 to p< or =0.02), which was maintained for at least 17 weeks. Analysis of memory T cells showed a significant increase in A3G mRNA and protein in CD4(+)CCR5(+) memory T cells in circulating (p=0.0001), splenic (p=0.0001), iliac lymph nodes (p=0.002) and rectal (p=0.01) cells of the immunized compared with unimmunized macaques. Mucosal challenge with SIVmac 251 showed a significant increase in A3G mRNA in the CD4(+)CCR5(+) circulating cells (p<0.01) and the draining iliac lymph node cells (p<0.05) in the immunized uninfected macaques, consistent with a protective effect exerted by A3G. The results suggest that mucosal immunization in a non-human primate can induce features of a memory response to an innate anti-viral factor in CCR5(+)CD4(+) memory and CD4(+)CD95(+)CCR7(-) effector memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Kings College London at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, England, UK
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Critchfield JW, Young DH, Hayes TL, Braun JV, Garcia JC, Pollard RB, Shacklett BL. Magnitude and complexity of rectal mucosa HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell responses during chronic infection reflect clinical status. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3577. [PMID: 18974782 PMCID: PMC2570490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal mucosa displays robust virus replication and pronounced CD4+ T-cell loss during acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The ability of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells to modulate disease course has prompted intensive study, yet the significance of virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in mucosal sites remains unclear. Methods and Findings We evaluated five distinct effector functions of HIVgag-specific CD8+ T-cells in rectal mucosa and blood, individually and in combination, in relationship to clinical status and antiretroviral therapy (ART). In subjects not on ART, the percentage of rectal Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells capable of 3, 4 or 5 simultaneous effector functions was significantly related to blood CD4 count and inversely related to plasma viral load (PVL) (p<0.05). Polyfunctional rectal CD8+ T-cells expressed higher levels of MIP-1β and CD107a on a per cell basis than mono- or bifunctional cells. The production of TNFα, IFN-γ, and CD107a by Gag-specific rectal CD8+ T-cells each correlated inversely (p<0.05) with PVL, and MIP-1β expression revealed a similar trend. CD107a and IFN-γ production were positively related to blood CD4 count (p<0.05), with MIP-1β showing a similar trend. IL-2 production by rectal CD8+ T-cells was highly variable and generally low, and showed no relationship to viral load or blood CD4 count. Conclusions The polyfunctionality of rectal Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells appears to be related to blood CD4 count and inversely related to PVL. The extent to which these associations reflect causality remains to be determined; nevertheless, our data suggest a potentially important role for mucosal T-cells in limiting virus replication during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. William Critchfield
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
| | - Delandy H. Young
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
| | - Timothy L. Hayes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
| | - Jerome V. Braun
- Department of Statistics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
| | - Juan C. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Pollard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of Amerca
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Muratov V, Ulfgren AK, Engström M, Elvin K, Winqvist O, Löfberg R, Lundahl J. Decreased numbers of FoxP3-positive and TLR-2-positive cells in intestinal mucosa are associated with improvement in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease following selective leukocyte apheresis. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:277-82. [PMID: 18458843 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-007-2156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired immunological tolerance to commensal enteric flora is considered one possible pathogenic mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Given that regulatory T cells and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-positive cells are key actors in mucosal immune regulation, we aimed to identify the dynamics of these actors in the intestinal mucosa in relation to clinical improvement following selective leukapheresis treatment. METHODS Ten patients with active IBD despite treatment with corticosteroids, immunomodulators, or anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy were assessed by immunohistochemical staining of colorectal mucosal biopsies obtained before and after five sessions (week 7) of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GCAP). The presence of FoxP3-positive regulatory T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and TLR-2 and-4 positive cells was determined in relation to short-(week 7) and long-term (week 52) clinical outcome data. RESULTS Following GCAP, the number of FoxP3-(P = 0.012) and TLR-2 (P = 0.008)-positive cells significantly decreased in biopsies after 7 weeks, in parallel with both clinical improvement at week 7 and a longstanding response after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of FoxP3 and TLR-2 cells in the colorectal mucosa mirrors both short-and long-term improvement in patients with active IBD responding to GCAP. This observation suggests a potential role of these cells in the pathogenesis of IBD and the induction of immunological tolerance in the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislaw Muratov
- Unit of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, s-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shiva D, Matsumoto T, Kremenik MJ, Kato Y, Yano H. High dose of lipopolysaccharide pre-treatment prevents OVA-induced anaphylactic decreases in rectal temperature in the immunized mice. Immunol Lett 2008; 118:59-64. [PMID: 18433880 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pre-treatment, which prevents Th2-type responses via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), inhibits anaphylaxis. To determine the dose-dependent effects of LPS pre-treatment on anaphylactic decreases in rectal temperature caused by ovalbumin (OVA) re-exposure in immunized mice, C3H/HeN mice were divided into vehicle/OVA (0 mg/kg LPS), L-LPS/OVA (0.5 mg/kg LPS), M-LPS/OVA (1.0 mg/kg LPS) and H-LPS/OVA (3.0 mg/kg LPS) groups. After receiving these treatments, the mice were systemically immunized with OVA. Negative control mice were not immunized with OVA (N-OVA). After measuring the serum levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies, the mice were examined for changes in their rectal temperature and plasma histamine concentration after OVA re-exposure. The allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 concentrations in sera from L-LPS/OVA, M-LPS/OVA and H-LPS/OVA mice were significantly lower than those in sera from vehicle/OVA mice despite OVA immunization. However, the antibody levels in all OVA-immunized mice, with the exception of the IgG1 levels in H-LPS/OVA mice, were significantly higher than those in N-OVA mice. Interestingly, H-LPS/OVA mice were the only group that did not exhibit a decrease in rectal temperature, since the rectal temperatures in vehicle/OVA, L-LPS/OVA and M-LPS/OVA mice were significantly decreased by OVA re-exposure. Furthermore, the decrease in rectal temperature after OVA re-exposure in L-LPS/OVA mice, which did not exhibit an increase in the plasma histamine concentration, was significantly prevented by treatment with a platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist alone. Taken together, the present results indicate that high-dose LPS pre-treatment may prevent anaphylaxis in OVA-immunized mice, and that this mechanism may depend on inhibition of the IgG-PAF pathway rather than the IgE-histamine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Shiva
- Division in Health Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
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Chan CHF, Camacho-Leal P, Stanners CP. Colorectal hyperplasia and dysplasia due to human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family member expression in transgenic mice. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1353. [PMID: 18159236 PMCID: PMC2131779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CEA and CEACAM6 are immunoglobulin family intercellular adhesion molecules that are up-regulated without structural mutations in approximately 70% of human cancers. Results in in vitro systems showing tumorigenic effects for these molecules suggest that this correlation could indicate an instrumental role in tumorigenesis. To test whether this applies in vivo, transgenic mice harboring 187 kb of the human genome containing four CEA family member genes including the CEA and CEACAM6 genes were created and their copy numbers increased by mating until colonocyte expression levels reached levels seen in human colorectal carcinomas. The colonocyte surface level of integrin alpha5 and the activation of AKT increased progressively with the expression levels of CEA/CEACAM6. Colonic crypts showed a progressive increase in colonocyte proliferation, an increase in crypt fission, and a strong inhibition of both differentiation and anoikis/apoptosis. All transgenic mice showed massively enlarged colons comprising a continuous mosaic of severe hyperplasia, dysplasia and serrated adenomatous morphology. These results suggest that up-regulated non-mutated adhesion molecules could have a significant instrumental role in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H. F. Chan
- McGill Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (CC); (CS)
| | - Pilar Camacho-Leal
- McGill Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Clifford P. Stanners
- McGill Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (CC); (CS)
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Lai L, Vödrös D, Kozlowski PA, Montefiori DC, Wilson RL, Akerstrom VL, Chennareddi L, Yu T, Kannanganat S, Ofielu L, Villinger F, Wyatt LS, Moss B, Amara RR, Robinson HL. GM-CSF DNA: an adjuvant for higher avidity IgG, rectal IgA, and increased protection against the acute phase of a SHIV-89.6P challenge by a DNA/MVA immunodeficiency virus vaccine. Virology 2007; 369:153-67. [PMID: 17698160 PMCID: PMC2215061 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Single intradermal or intramuscular inoculations of GM-CSF DNA with the DNA prime for a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-89.6 vaccine, which consists of DNA priming followed by modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) boosting, increased protection of both the blood and intestines against the acute phase of an intrarectal SHIV-89.6P challenge. GM-CSF appeared to contribute to protection by enhancing two antibody responses: the avidity maturation of anti-Env IgG in blood (p=or<0.01) and the presence of long lasting anti-viral IgA in rectal secretions (p<0.01). The avidity of anti-Env IgG showed strong correlations with protection both pre and post challenge. Animals with the highest avidity anti-Env Ab had 1000-fold reductions in peak viremia over those with the lowest avidity anti-Env Ab. The enhanced IgA response was associated with the best protection, but did not achieve significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Lai
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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van Nieuwkoop C, Gooskens J, Smit VTHBM, Claas ECJ, van Hogezand RA, Kroes ACM, Kroon FP. Lymphogranuloma venereum proctocolitis: mucosal T cell immunity of the rectum associated with chlamydial clearance and clinical recovery. Gut 2007; 56:1476-7. [PMID: 17872578 PMCID: PMC2000237 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2007.128264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Letvin NL, Rao SS, Dang V, Buzby AP, Korioth-Schmitz B, Dombagoda D, Parvani JG, Clarke RH, Bar L, Carlson KR, Kozlowski PA, Hirsch VM, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. No evidence for consistent virus-specific immunity in simian immunodeficiency virus-exposed, uninfected rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2007; 81:12368-74. [PMID: 17686853 PMCID: PMC2169024 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00822-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the immune correlates of the protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition in individuals who are exposed to HIV-1 but do not become infected may provide important direction for the creation of an HIV-1 vaccine. We have employed the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus monkey model to determine whether monkeys can be repeatedly exposed to a primate lentivirus by a mucosal route and escape infection and whether virus-specific immune correlates of protection from infection can be identified in uninfected monkeys. Five of 18 rhesus monkeys exposed 18 times by intrarectal inoculation to SIVmac251 or SIVsmE660 were resistant to infection, indicating that the exposed/uninfected phenotype can be reproduced in a nonhuman primate AIDS model. However, routine peripheral blood lymphocyte gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), tetramer, and intracellular cytokine staining assays, as well as cytokine-augmented ELISPOT and peptide-stimulated tetramer assays, failed to define a systemic antigen-specific cellular immune correlate to this protection. Further, local cell-mediated immunity could not be demonstrated by tetramer assays of these protected monkeys, and local humoral immunity was not associated with protection against acquisition of virus in another cohort of mucosally exposed monkeys. Therefore, resistance to mucosal infection in these monkeys may not be mediated by adaptive virus-specific immune mechanisms. Rather, innate immune mechanisms or an intact epithelial barrier may be responsible for protection against mucosal infection in this population of monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Grivel JC, Elliott J, Lisco A, Biancotto A, Condack C, Shattock RJ, McGowan I, Margolis L, Anton P. HIV-1 pathogenesis differs in rectosigmoid and tonsillar tissues infected ex vivo with CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1. AIDS 2007; 21:1263-72. [PMID: 17545702 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3281864667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) has been identified as the primary target of HIV-1 infection. To investigate why GALT is especially vulnerable to HIV-1, and to determine whether the selective transmission of CCR5-using viral variants (R5) in vivo is the result of a greater susceptibility of GALT to this viral variant, we performed comparative studies of CXCR4-using (X4) and R5 HIV-1 infections of human lymphoid (tonsillar) and rectosigmoid tissues ex vivo under controlled laboratory conditions. We found that the relative level of R5 replication in rectosigmoid tissue is much greater than in tonsillar tissue. This difference is associated with the expression of the CCR5 co-receptor on approximately 70% of CD4 T cells in rectosigmoid tissue, whereas in tonsillar tissue it is expressed on fewer than 15% of CD4 T cells. Furthermore, tonsillar tissue responds to X4 HIV-1 infection by upregulating the secretion of CC-chemokines, providing a potential CCR5 blockade and further resistance to R5 infection, whereas gut tissue failed to increase such innate immune responses. Our results show that rectosigmoid tissue is more prone than tonsillar lymphoid tissue to R5 HIV-1 infection, primarily because of the high prevalence and availability of R5 cell targets and reduced chemokine blockade. The majority of CD4 T cells express CXCR4, however, and X4 HIV-1 readily replicates in both tissues, suggesting that although the differential expression of co-receptors contributes to the GALT vulnerability to R5 HIV-1, it alone cannot account for the selective R5 infection of the rectal mucosa in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Grivel
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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McNeilly TN, Naylor SW, Mitchell MC, McAteer S, Mahajan A, Smith DGE, Gally DL, Low JC, Huntley JF. Simple methods for measurement of bovine mucosal antibody responses in vivo. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 118:160-7. [PMID: 17544516 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune response serves as the first line of defence against many bacterial and viral diseases. Therefore, measurement of mucosal immune responses is important in evaluating mucosal immunisation protocols and understanding initial host/pathogen interactions. In this study we compare two methods for repeated sampling of bovine rectal mucosal secretions, namely rectal swabbing and rectal biopsies, and evaluate a simple swabbing method for sampling bovine nasal secretions. Both rectal swabs and rectal biopsies yielded similar quantities of total IgA (TIgA)/ml. However, rectal biopsies yielded five times more total IgG (TIgG)/ml than rectal swabs. Blood contamination was estimated to contribute approximately 7% of TIgG and <0.05% TIgA in rectal swab samples compared to 40% of TIgG and 4.5% of TIgA in rectal biopsy samples, indicating that rectal swabbing was more effective at sampling rectal mucosal secretions. Nasal swabs were effective at obtaining nasal secretion samples with only 1% of TIgG and <0.05% TIgA estimated to be blood derived. Furthermore, H7 flagellin-specific antibodies were detected in both nasal and rectal swab samples following either rectal immunisation with purified H7 flagellin or oral challenge with live E. coli O157:H7, indicating that both techniques are effective methods for monitoring mucosal antibody responses in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK.
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Sun Z, Denton PW, Estes JD, Othieno FA, Wei BL, Wege AK, Melkus MW, Padgett-Thomas A, Zupancic M, Haase AT, Garcia JV. Intrarectal transmission, systemic infection, and CD4+ T cell depletion in humanized mice infected with HIV-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:705-14. [PMID: 17389241 PMCID: PMC2118553 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intrarectal infection between men who have sex with men represents a predominant form of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in developed countries. Currently there are no adequate small animal models that recapitulate intrarectal HIV transmission. Here we demonstrate that human lymphocytes generated in situ from hematopoietic stem cells reconstitute the gastrointestinal tract of humanized mice with human CD4+ T cells rendering them susceptible to intrarectal HIV transmission. HIV infection after a single intrarectal inoculation results in systemic infection with depletion of CD4+ T cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and other pathologic sequela that closely mimics those observed in HIV infected humans. This novel model provides the basis for the development and evaluation of novel approaches aimed at immune reconstitution of human gut-associated lymphoid tissue and for the development, testing, and implementation of microbicides to prevent intrarectal HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Critchfield JW, Lemongello D, Walker DH, Garcia JC, Asmuth DM, Pollard RB, Shacklett BL. Multifunctional human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in rectal mucosa and peripheral blood mononuclear cells during chronic HIV type 1 infection. J Virol 2007; 81:5460-71. [PMID: 17344302 PMCID: PMC1900284 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02535-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is a lymphocyte-rich site that undergoes severe depletion of memory CD4(+) T cells within days of simian immunodeficiency virus or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. An ensuing influx of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, which persist throughout the chronic phase of infection, has also been documented in the gastrointestinal tract. However, little is known of the functionality of these effector cells or their relationship to the disease course. In this study, we measured CD8(+) T-cell responses to HIV-1 peptides in paired rectal and blood samples from chronically infected patients. In both blood and rectum, there was an immunodominant CD8(+) T-cell response to HIV Gag compared to Pol and Env (P < 0.01). In contrast, cytomegalovirus pp65 peptides elicited gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion strongly in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but weakly in rectal CD8(+) T cells (P = 0.015). Upon stimulation with HIV peptides, CD8(+) T cells from both sites were capable of mounting complex responses including degranulation (CD107 expression) and IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production. In rectal tissue, CD107 release was frequently coupled with production of IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha. In patients not on antiretroviral therapy, the magnitude of Gag-specific responses, as a percentage of CD8(+) T cells, was greater in the rectal mucosa than in PBMC (P = 0.054); however, the breakdown of responding cells into specific functional categories was similar in both sites. These findings demonstrate that rectal CD8(+) T cells are capable of robust and varied HIV-1-specific responses and therefore likely play an active role in eliminating infected cells during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William Critchfield
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Olivares D, Gisbert JP, Gamallo C, Maté-Jiménez J. Immunological changes at rectal mucosa in appendectomised subjects and inhabitants of developing countries. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 30:57-60. [PMID: 17335710 DOI: 10.1157/13099263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has been suggested that appendicitis protects against ulcerative colitis. We hypothesize that early poor hygiene protects against ulcerative colitis (UC) and predisposes to appendicitis. Our aim was to elucidate the immunological characteristics of rectal mucosa in two populations protected against UC development: appendectomised subjects and inhabitants of developing countries. METHODS this was an age-matched prospective case-control study. Each consecutive individual case appendectomised (group A) was compared to another control from a developing country (group B) and to a control from the general population (group C). Four biopsies from rectal mucosa were taken from all subjects, two for histological and two for histochemical study; specific antibodies were used for T lymphocytes CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and B lymphocytes CD20+ populations. RESULTS Mucosa samples of 45 non-smoker healthy subjects were studied, of which 15 were from group A, 15 from group B and 15 from group C. In appendectomised subjects, the proportion of CD8+ cells was higher than in the control group (p<0.001), but similar to that in B group. The proportion of CD3+ and CD20+ cells was significatively lower than in Ecuadorians, but similar to the control group. In Ecuadorians, the proportion of CD3+ and CD8+ cells was significatively higher than in the control group (p<0.001), and were similar to that of CD20+. There were no significant differences in the proportion of CD4+. CONCLUSION Appendectomy and deficient environmental hygiene are associated with an increase of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the rectal mucosa. Moreover, deficient environmental hygiene is associated with an increase of CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. The CD8+ increase is the only common significant alteration in the mucosa of both groups protected against the development of ulcerative colitis, suggesting that the factors causing changes in lamina propria lymphocytes of both groups are different.
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Nishio Y, Ando T, Maeda O, Ishiguro K, Watanabe O, Ohmiya N, Niwa Y, Kusugami K, Goto H. Pit patterns in rectal mucosa assessed by magnifying colonoscope are predictive of relapse in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Gut 2006; 55:1768-73. [PMID: 16682428 PMCID: PMC1856459 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.086900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapse of ulcerative colitis is difficult to predict by routine colonoscopy. A high-resolution video-magnifying colonoscope with chromoscopy enables the observation of colorectal mucosal pit patterns. AIMS To investigate the association of pit patterns as assessed by magnifying colonoscopy (MCS) with histological inflammation and mucosal chemokine activity in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis, and to prospectively analyse the prognostic factors that may predict exacerbations. METHODS MCS was performed in 113 patients with ulcerative colitis in remission. Pit patterns in the rectal mucosa were classified into four MCS grades on the basis of size, shape and arrangement. Mucosal interleukin (IL) 8 activity was measured in biopsy specimens of rectal mucosa and the specimens were assessed for histological disease activity. The patients were then followed until relapse or for a maximum of 12 months. Multivariate survival analysis was carried out to determine the independent predictors of clinical relapse. RESULTS A positive correlation was identified between MCS grade, histological grade (p = 0.001) and mucosal IL8 activity (p<0.001). Multivariate proportional hazard model analysis showed that MCS grade was a significant predictor of relapse (relative risk 2.06, p = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier estimate of relapse during 12 months of follow-up was found to increase with increasing MCS grade, with values of 0% for grade 1, 21% for grade 2, 43% for grade 3 and 60% for grade 4. CONCLUSION MCS grading is associated with the degree of histological inflammation and mucosal IL8 activity in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis, and may predict the probability of subsequent disease relapse in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nishio
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Abolhassani M, Lagranderie M, Caminshi I, Romain F, Balazuc AM, Wagner MC, Tanguy M, Fiette L, Sobhani I, Milon G, Marchal G. Similar functional activity of dendritic cells recruited to the mesenteric lymph nodes of newborn and adult mice after the rectal delivery of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2341-51. [PMID: 16872860 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BCG rectal administration to newborn and adult mice induced protective immune responses against tuberculosis. BCG reaches the sub-epithelial site and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and dendritic cells (DC) could be recruited to these sites. Using polarized Caco-2 epithelial cells, we showed that BCG translocates epithelial cells to basolateral compartment. Delayed in newborn BALB/c mice, an important recruitment of CD11c+ DCs, was documented in the rectal lamina propria and the MLNs during the first two weeks after rectal BCG delivery. In MLNs, two major DC subtypes were observed: conventional DCs (cDCs) (B220-) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) (B220+). CIRE, mouse DC-specific intracellular adhesion molecule 3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is predominantly expressed on pDCs and at a higher level on pDCs from the adult compared to newborn MLNs. cDCs with a higher capacity to induce the proliferation of naïve CD4+ T cells than pDCs, triggered CD4+ T cells to produce interferon-gamma whereas pDCs triggered them to release interleukin-10. Both DC subtypes equilibrates T cells as a source of microbicidal/microbiostatic signals and those acting as source of counter-inflammatory signals, preventing tissue damage and/or accelerating tissue repair. Thus, rectal delivery of BCG could be a safe and efficient route of vaccination against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abolhassani
- Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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