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Teshima E, Brunetto MA, Teixeira FA, Gomes MDOS, Lucas SRR, Pereira GT, Carciofi AC. Influence of type of starch and feeding management on glycaemic control in diabetic dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:1192-1202. [PMID: 33904623 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of two diets with different starch sources and two feeding methods on the glycaemic control in dogs with diabetes mellitus. The diets had similar nutrient contents (40% starch and 16% dietary fibre), one formulated with 46% of broken rice and the other with 42% sorghum and 10% lentils (as-fed). Ten client-owned diabetic dogs were fed with each diet for 2 months, in a crossover design. Five dogs received NPH human insulin and food every 12 h (feeding method 1), and the other five received insulin every 12 h but were fed three times a day (feeding method 2). In feeding method 2, morning insulin was higher than the evening dose and dogs received the second meal after 4 to 5 h of the morning insulin and meal. Parameters evaluated included insulin dosage, 12- and 8-h glycaemic curves, complete blood count, biochemical profile and urinalysis. Glycaemic curves were analysed by ANOVA with repeated measures. Glycaemic control parameters (fasting, mean, minimum and maximum glycaemia and serum fructosamine) and glucose area under the curve (AUC) were calculated and analysed by paired t test (p < 0.05). In feeding method 1, dogs fed the sorghum-based diet presented lower mean (p = 0.04) and minimum blood glucose concentrations (p = 0.03), and a tendency to lower maximum blood glucose (p = 0.06) and glucose AUC (p = 0.08) than when fed the rice-based diet. When food was provided twice a day, the ingestion of the rice-based diet resulted in higher post-prandial glucose response than the diet with sorghum and lentil. In feeding method 2, there was no effect of diet on the assessed parameters (p > 0.05). No differences in insulin dosage were observed between groups or feeding methods (p > 0.05). Providing two meals a day followed by insulin administration associated with the sorghum- and lentil-based diet improved glycaemic control in diabetic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Teshima
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.,Farmina Pet Foods, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Alves Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Regina Ricci Lucas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gener Tadeu Pereira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Zeugswetter FK, Beer R, Schwendenwein I. Evaluation of fructosamine concentration as an index marker for glycaemic control in diabetic dogs. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e244. [PMID: 33870504 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although fructosamine is a commonly used surrogate marker to assess glycaemic control in diabetic dogs, its diagnostic accuracy has been questioned. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of fructosamine measurements to diagnose well and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM), using continuous glucose monitoring as a gold standard. METHODS Twenty-four dogs with treated DM and continuous glucose monitoring for mean (±SD) 13.1 (±1.7) days were retrospectively analysed. Two assessment strategies were applied to categorize glycaemic control, and fructosamine concentrations were determined shortly after sensor cessation using a colorimetric assay. RESULTS Correlations of individual fructosamine concentrations with mean glucose as well as percentage of measurements > 15 mmol/L were not significant (p = 0.372, p = 0.129). Fructosamine did not differ between dogs with and without hypoglycaemic episodes (p = 0.64). Receiver operating characteristic analysis for fructosamine to diagnose either good or poor glycaemic control revealed AUC values of 0.71 (p = 0.025) indicating moderate accuracy, and 0.7 (p = 0.135) indicating AUC is non-discriminatory, respectively. The respective positive likelihood ratios for the optimal cutoffs to identify good (<396 μmol/L) and poor control (>449 μmol/L) were three. CONCLUSIONS Fructosamine measurement is an imperfect surrogate marker for classifying glycaemic control in diabetic dogs and can only complement serial glucose measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian K Zeugswetter
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphael Beer
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Department of Pathobiology, Central Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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53
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Ward CR, Christiansen K, Li J, Bryson WL, Jerrentrup KA, Kroh C. Field efficacy and safety of protamine zinc recombinant human insulin in 276 dogs with diabetes mellitus. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 75:106575. [PMID: 33186842 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Twice-daily (BID) insulin injections are a major deterrence to owners treating dogs with diabetes mellitus (DM). The hypothesis for this study was that Protamine Zinc Recombinant Human Insulin (PZIR) is safe and efficacious as a once-daily (SID) treatment for canine DM. This was a prospective, baseline-controlled, multi-center study over 182 ± 5 d. Two hundred seventy-six client-owned dogs with naturally occurring DM (naïve or pre-treated with insulin) were enrolled in the study. Enrollment was based upon demonstration of hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ≥1 diabetic clinical sign (polyuria (PU), polydipsia (PD), or weight loss). Insulin treatment was initiated at 0.5-1.0 IU/kg SID. An improvement in at least one lab parameter related to DM (mean BG, min BG, Fructosamine) and one clinical parameter (PU/PD, body weight) was achieved in 72% of dogs (80% of naive, 62% of pre-treated). Dogs treated SID and BID showed improvement in 71% and 74% of cases, respectively. In naïve dogs, mean and minimum BG and fructosamine were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by d 7 and 21, respectively, and in pre-treated dogs by d 63. By d 84, PU/PD improved in 90% and 88% of dogs, respectively, and the mean successful insulin dose was 1.4 IU/kg/d. Safety parameters were measured in 276 dogs for up to 182 d; clinical hypoglycemia occurred in 8.9% of dogs. We conclude that PZIR safely and effectively improved glycemic parameters and clinical signs in naïve and pre-treated diabetic dogs. The significant percentage of dogs on SID treatment with improvement in hyperglycemia and clinical signs confirms the prolonged action of PZIR in many dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Ward
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
| | - K Christiansen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Ltd., St. Joseph, MO
| | - J Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Ltd., St. Joseph, MO
| | - W L Bryson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Ltd., St. Joseph, MO
| | - K A Jerrentrup
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - C Kroh
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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54
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Quimby J, Gowland S, Carney HC, DePorter T, Plummer P, Westropp J. 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:211-233. [PMID: 33627003 PMCID: PMC10812130 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x21993657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The guidelines, authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine, are an update and extension of the AAFP-AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines published in 2010. The guidelines are published simultaneously in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (volume 23, issue 3, pages 211-233, DOI: 10.1177/1098612X21993657) and the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (volume 57, issue 2, pages 51-72, DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7189). A noteworthy change from the earlier guidelines is the division of the cat's lifespan into a five-stage grouping with four distinct age-related stages (kitten, young adult, mature adult, and senior) as well as an end-of-life stage, instead of the previous six. This simplified grouping is consistent with how pet owners generally perceive their cat's maturation and aging process, and provides a readily understood basis for an evolving, individualized, lifelong feline healthcare strategy. The guidelines include a comprehensive table on the components of a feline wellness visit that provides a framework for systematically implementing an individualized life stage approach to feline healthcare. Included are recommendations for managing the most critical health-related factors in relation to a cat's life stage. These recommendations are further explained in the following categories: behavior and environmental needs; elimination; life stage nutrition and weight management; oral health; parasite control; vaccination; zoonoses and human safety; and recommended diagnostics based on life stage. A discussion on overcoming barriers to veterinary visits by cat owners offers practical advice on one of the most challenging aspects of delivering regular feline healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quimby
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Gowland
- DVM, DABVP, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force OVC Smith Lane Animal Hospital, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hazel C Carney
- DVM, MS, DABVP, WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, Idaho, USA
| | - Theresa DePorter
- DVM, MRCVS, DACVB, DECAWBM, Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA
| | - Paula Plummer
- LVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM), Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jodi Westropp
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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55
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Quimby J, Gowland S, Carney HC, DePorter T, Plummer P, Westropp J. 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021. [PMID: 33627003 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The guidelines, authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine, are an update and extension of the AAFP-AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines published in 2010. The guidelines are published simultaneously in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (volume 23, issue 3, pages 211-233, DOI: 10.1177/1098612X21993657) and the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (volume 57, issue 2, pages 51-72, DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7189). A noteworthy change from the earlier guidelines is the division of the cat's lifespan into a five-stage grouping with four distinct age-related stages (kitten, young adult, mature adult, and senior) as well as an end-of-life stage, instead of the previous six. This simplified grouping is consistent with how pet owners generally perceive their cat's maturation and aging process, and provides a readily understood basis for an evolving, individualized, lifelong feline healthcare strategy. The guidelines include a comprehensive table on the components of a feline wellness visit that provides a framework for systematically implementing an individualized life stage approach to feline healthcare. Included are recommendations for managing the most critical health-related factors in relation to a cat's life stage. These recommendations are further explained in the following categories: behavior and environmental needs; elimination; life stage nutrition and weight management; oral health; parasite control; vaccination; zoonoses and human safety; and recommended diagnostics based on life stage. A discussion on overcoming barriers to veterinary visits by cat owners offers practical advice on one of the most challenging aspects of delivering regular feline healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quimby
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Gowland
- DVM, DABVP, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force OVC Smith Lane Animal Hospital, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hazel C Carney
- DVM, MS, DABVP, WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, Idaho, USA
| | - Theresa DePorter
- DVM, MRCVS, DACVB, DECAWBM, Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA
| | - Paula Plummer
- LVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM), Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jodi Westropp
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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56
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Friesen SL, Upchurch DA, Hollenbeck DL, Roush JK. Clinical findings for dogs undergoing elective and nonelective cholecystectomies for gall bladder mucoceles. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:547-553. [PMID: 33587301 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to describe elective and nonelective post-cholecystectomy complications and mortality rates in dogs with a gall bladder mucocele. The secondary purpose was to report complications and mortality rates for different methods of common bile duct catheterisation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multi-institutional retrospective case series was performed to identify dogs with a gall bladder mucocele between 2004 and 2018 that underwent a cholecystectomy. Dogs were classified into nonelective or elective based on the presence or absence, respectively, of gall bladder rupture, biliary duct distension, clinical signs or hyperbilirubinemia. Each cholecystectomy was classified into three groups: duodenotomy and retrograde catheterisation, normograde catheterisation or no catheterisation. Complications were divided into four grades based on increasing severity and mortality rates were assessed for each. RESULTS The mortality rate was 2 (6%) out of 31 for dogs undergoing an elective cholecystectomy and 21 (23%) out of 90 for dogs undergoing a nonelective cholecystectomy. The complication rate was 52% for the elective cholecystectomy and 50% for nonelective cholecystectomy. The majority of the complications in the elective category were grade 1 (mild). Post-operative hyperthermia developed in 35% of dogs that had a duodenotomy and retrograde common bile duct catheterisation, in 4% of dogs with a normograde common bile duct catheterisation and in 7% of dogs that did not have the common bile duct catheterised. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Elective cholecystectomy in dogs with a gall bladder mucocele in this study carried a low mortality rate and a relatively high frequency of minor complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Friesen
- Department of Clinical Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - D A Upchurch
- Department of Clinical Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - D L Hollenbeck
- Department of Clinical Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - J K Roush
- Department of Clinical Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
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57
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Genetics of canine diabetes mellitus part 1: Phenotypes of disease. Vet J 2021; 270:105611. [PMID: 33641807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This two-part article discusses the mechanisms by which genetic variation can influence the risk of complex diseases, with a focus on canine diabetes mellitus. In Part 1, presented here, the importance of accurate methods for classifying different types of diabetes will be discussed, since this underpins the selection of cases and controls for genetic studies. Part 2 will focus on our current understanding of the genes involved in diabetes risk, and the way in which new genome sequencing technologies are poised to reveal new diabetes genes in veterinary species.
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58
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Costa PB, Ricarti ML, Augustavo CAA, Santos LS, Crivellenti LZ, Borin-Crivellenti S. Transoperative glycemia in pets: validating old ones, and presenting lip mucosa as new sampling site. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106540. [PMID: 32916522 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the viability and validity of blood sampling from the upper lip mucosa in healthy dogs and cats for monitoring transoperative glycemia and compare the results with those obtained from samples taken from previously described blood sampling sites for determination of glycemia using a glucose meter. Blood glucose (BG) levels were determined in samples taken from the upper lip mucosa of 24 dogs and 31 cats undergoing neutering or spaying surgeries. These values were compared to those of samples obtained from other sites previously described for capillary blood glucose monitoring (marginal ear vein, carpal pad in dogs, metacarpal pad in cats) using a glucose meter. Additionally, BG from peripheral venous blood was determined using a glucose meter, and the gold standard enzymatic colorimetric assay. The clinical reliability of BG values taken from lip mucosa and from all the other BG values measured by the glucose meter was evaluated using the error grid analysis modified by Parkes et al (2000). The upper lip mucosa was an easily accessible site for the obtainment of appropriate blood samples, and glucose levels read in these samples correlated positively with glycemic values read in blood samples from all other sites in dogs and cats. All BG made using glucose meters taken from all sites were within the clinically acceptable range when compared with enzymatic colorimetric assay (gold standard), and were analytically accurate according to the error grid (zones A and B). All blood sampling sites described in this work can be used to assess transoperative glycemia. The upper lip mucosa is a viable blood sampling site for precise monitoring of transoperative glycemia in healthy dogs and cats and shows promise for alternative blood glucose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Costa
- Campus Glória - Bloco 1CCG SALA 211A, BR-050, KM 78, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38410-337, Brazil; Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M L Ricarti
- Campus Glória - Bloco 1CCG SALA 211A, BR-050, KM 78, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38410-337, Brazil; College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C A A Augustavo
- Campus Glória - Bloco 1CCG SALA 211A, BR-050, KM 78, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38410-337, Brazil; College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L S Santos
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Hospital (HV-UFU), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L Z Crivellenti
- Campus Glória - Bloco 1CCG SALA 211A, BR-050, KM 78, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38410-337, Brazil; College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S Borin-Crivellenti
- Campus Glória - Bloco 1CCG SALA 211A, BR-050, KM 78, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38410-337, Brazil; Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Cook AK, Evans JB. Feline comorbidities: Recognition, diagnosis and management of the cushingoid diabetic. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:4-16. [PMID: 33403912 PMCID: PMC11163885 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20979507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common feline endocrinopathy, and is often driven by underlying insulin resistance with associated pancreatic beta (β)-cell dysfunction. Although spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) with hypercortisolemia (hypercortisolism) is relatively uncommon in cats, it is a well-established cause of insulin resistance and is routinely associated with DM in this species. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Many of the clinical signs associated with feline HAC are subtle and may be attributed to concurrent DM or the aging process. Failure to recognize HAC in the diabetic cat can impact patient wellbeing and predispose the patient to progressive compromise. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to establish a diagnosis of HAC, as test results may be influenced by poor diabetic regulation, and protocols are different to those used in canine patients. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, and often require careful, ongoing assessment and modulation of both adrenal function and insulin requirements. However, various approaches have been shown to either improve glycemic control in cats with sustained insulin dependence, or facilitate diabetic remission. EVIDENCE BASE This review summarizes the current literature on feline HAC, with a particular focus on cats with concurrent DM. The clinical findings that suggest HAC are discussed, along with an outline of diagnostic options and their limitations. Published outcomes for various medical options, surgical procedures and radiation therapy are provided. The authors also share their thoughts on the safe and effective management of cats with HAC and DM, with an emphasis on the anticipation and recognition of changing insulin requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey K Cook
- BVM&S, MSc Vet Ed, MRCVS, Dip ACVIM-SAIM, Dip ECVIM-CA, Dip ABVP (Feline)
| | - Jeremy B Evans
- DVM, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Jotha-Mattos L, Vieira AB, Castelo MDSM, Queiroz ASDM, de Souza HJM, de Alencar NX, Lima LMTR. Amyloidogenesis of feline amylin and plasma levels in cats with diabetes mellitus or pancreatitis. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106532. [PMID: 32841886 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amylin is a pancreatic hormone cosecreted along with insulin and involved in pancreatic amyloidosis and β-cell apoptosis in diabetic cats and humans. Amylin is usually elevated in early stages of type 2 diabetes but recently was found to be increased in acute and chronic pancreatitis in humans. Currently, there are little data about feline amylin propensity to fibrillate and no information on circulating levels of this hormone during feline pancreatitis. We compared 4 amylin analogues and found cat amylin to be more prone to amyloid fibrillation than human amylin, the triple-proline analogue pramlintide and rat amylin. We also measured plasma amylin levels in healthy lean cats, diabetic cats, and cats with pancreatitis. Plasma amylin was higher in diabetic cats compared with healthy lean cats (P < 0.001). Interestingly, amylin levels during pancreatitis were higher than those of both lean cats (P < 0.0001) and diabetic cats without pancreatitis (P < 0.005). These data support evidence of feline amylin being more prone to aggregation than human amylin in vitro, which may influence diabetes mellitus progression and β-cell failure in vivo. Furthermore, our data show an increase in amylin levels during feline pancreatitis and the need for future research on the role of this hormone in the pathogenesis of pancreatic inflammation associated to feline diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jotha-Mattos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A B Vieira
- Biomedical Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.
| | - M da S M Castelo
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade de Veterinária, R. Vital Brazil Filho, 64 - Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil
| | - A S de M Queiroz
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade de Veterinária, R. Vital Brazil Filho, 64 - Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil
| | - H J M de Souza
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - N X de Alencar
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade de Veterinária, R. Vital Brazil Filho, 64 - Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil
| | - L M T R Lima
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory for Macromolecules, (LAMAC-DIMAV), National Institute for Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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61
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Delicano RA, Hammar U, Egenvall A, Westgarth C, Mubanga M, Byberg L, Fall T, Kennedy B. The shared risk of diabetes between dog and cat owners and their pets: register based cohort study. BMJ 2020; 371:m4337. [PMID: 33303475 PMCID: PMC7726310 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m4337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether dog and cat owners and their pets share a risk of developing diabetes. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Register based longitudinal study, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS 208 980 owner-dog pairs and 123 566 owner-cat pairs identified during a baseline assessment period (1 January 2004 to 31 December 2006). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Type 2 diabetes events in dog and cat owners and diabetes events in their pets, including date of diagnosis during the follow-up period (1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012). Owners with type 2 diabetes were identified by combining information from the National Patient Register, the Cause of Death Register, and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. Information on diabetes in the pets was extracted from veterinary care insurance data. Multi-state models were used to assess the hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals and to adjust for possible shared risk factors, including personal and socioeconomic circumstances. RESULTS The incidence of type 2 diabetes during follow-up was 7.7 cases per 1000 person years at risk in dog owners and 7.9 cases per 1000 person years at risk in cat owners. The incidence of diabetes in the pets was 1.3 cases per 1000 dog years at risk and 2.2 cases per 1000 cat years at risk. The crude hazard ratio for type 2 diabetes in owners of a dog with diabetes compared with owners of a dog without diabetes was 1.38 (95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.74), with a multivariable adjusted hazard ratio of 1.32 (1.04 to 1.68). Having an owner with type 2 diabetes was associated with an increased hazard of diabetes in the dog (crude hazard ratio 1.28, 1.01 to 1.63), which was attenuated after adjusting for owner's age, with the confidence interval crossing the null (1.11, 0.87 to 1.42). No association was found between type 2 diabetes in cat owners and diabetes in their cats (crude hazard ratio 0.99, 0.74 to 1.34, and 1.00, 0.78 to 1.28, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Data indicated that owners of a dog with diabetes were more likely to develop type 2 diabetes during follow-up than owners of a dog without diabetes. It is possible that dogs with diabetes could serve as a sentinel for shared diabetogenic health behaviours and environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ann Delicano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hammar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carri Westgarth
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mwenya Mubanga
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liisa Byberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Kennedy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Denyer AL, Massey JP, Davison LJ, Ollier WER, Catchpole B, Kennedy LJ. Dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) class II haplotypes and risk of canine diabetes mellitus in specific dog breeds. Canine Med Genet 2020; 7:15. [PMID: 33292601 PMCID: PMC7603736 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-020-00093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease in domestic dogs. A number of pathological mechanisms are thought to contribute to the aetiopathogenesis of relative or absolute insulin deficiency, including immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. DM risk varies considerably between different dog breeds, suggesting that genetic factors are involved and contribute susceptibility or protection. Associations of particular dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) class II haplotypes with DM have been identified, but investigations to date have only considered all breeds pooled together. The aim of this study was to analyse an expanded data set so as to identify breed-specific diabetes-associated DLA haplotypes. Methods The 12 most highly represented breeds in the UK Canine Diabetes Register were selected for study. DLA-typing data from 646 diabetic dogs and 912 breed-matched non-diabetic controls were analysed to enable breed-specific analysis of the DLA. Dogs were genotyped for allelic variation at DLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1 loci using DNA sequence-based typing. Genotypes from all three loci were combined to reveal three-locus DLA class II haplotypes, which were evaluated for statistical associations with DM. This was performed for each breed individually and for all breeds pooled together. Results Five dog breeds were identified as having one or more DLA haplotype associated with DM susceptibility or protection. Four DM-associated haplotypes were identified in the Cocker Spaniel breed, of which one haplotype was shared with Border Terriers. In the three breeds known to be at highest risk of DM included in the study (Samoyed, Tibetan Terrier and Cairn Terrier), no DLA haplotypes were found to be associated with DM. Conclusions Novel DLA associations with DM in specific dog breeds provide further evidence that immune response genes contribute susceptibility to this disease in some cases. It is also apparent that DLA may not be contributing obvious or strong risk for DM in some breeds, including the seven breeds analysed for which no associations were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Denyer
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - J P Massey
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - L J Davison
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - W E R Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - B Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - L J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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63
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Zeugswetter FK, Sellner A. Flash glucose monitoring in diabetic dogs: a feasible method for evaluating glycemic control. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2020; 48:330-338. [PMID: 33086409 DOI: 10.1055/a-1239-4739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To alleviate clinical signs and avoid life-threatening complications in dogs with diabetes mellitus, individualized treatment plans and frequent reassessments are necessary. Performing blood glucose profiles every 7-14 days following insulin adjustments and monthly thereafter, is recommended. In 2016, a factory calibrated continuous blood glucose monitoring system was presented as a possible alternative to glucometer readings. The objectives of this study were to summarize the experiences with this new technology and to show, that in combination with simple rules, already the first measurement period can improve glycemic control. MATERIAL AND METHODS The electronic database of the endocrine unit of the clinic was retrospectively searched for diabetic dogs with flash glucose monitoring. In case of repeated sensor implantations, only the first sensor was considered. The recordings of day A (starting at midnight after sensor placement) were compared to the measurements of day B (day before sensor failure) and all owners were contacted to fill in a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS The final study population consisted of 24 dogs weighing 3.4 to 36 kg. Although the clicking noise during sensor placement irritated most dogs, the application was considered easy and painless. Waiting for disinfectant evaporation and fixation of the sensor disc with forceps helped to avoid sensor detachment when removing the application device. Although transient mild to moderate skin irritations were observed in 80 % of the dogs, 95 % of the owners were highly satisfied with this new monitoring technology. Mean and maximum glucose (p = 0.043, p = 0.003) as well as glucose readings ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (p = 0.032) decreased from day A to B, whereas markers of glycemic variability did not change. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Flash glucose monitoring is a feasible, safe method with high user satisfaction and offers a possibility to improve glycemic control in diabetic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian K Zeugswetter
- Diabetes mellitus, sensorbasiertes Glukosemonitoring, glykämische Variabilität, MAGE
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64
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Yadav SN, Ahmed N, Nath AJ, Mahanta D, Kalita MK. Urinalysis in dog and cat: A review. Vet World 2020; 13:2133-2141. [PMID: 33281347 PMCID: PMC7704312 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2133-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinalysis is the examination of normal and abnormal constituents of urine. It is an easy, cheap, and vital initial diagnostic test for veterinarians. Complete urinalysis includes the examination of color, odor, turbidity, volume, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells, casts, crystal, and organisms. Semi-quantitative urine analysis with urine dipsticks, as well as an automatic analyzer, provides multiple biochemical data. Contamination is almost entirely avoided if the protocols for ensuring a proper sample have been followed, as mentioned still consideration must be given to the likelihood of contamination, even if the sample is correctly obtained. Interpretation of urinalysis will be doubtful if the knowledge of the interference is limited. Well-standardized urinalysis, when correlated in the context of history, clinical findings, and other diagnostic test results, can identify both renal and non-renal disease. This paper reviews significance of different components of urinalysis of dog and cat, such as collection, storage, examination, interpretation, and common causes of error in the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - N Ahmed
- Department of Animal Reproduction Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - A J Nath
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - D Mahanta
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - M K Kalita
- Department of Animal Reproduction Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
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65
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Fleeman L, Gostelow R. Updates in Feline Diabetes Mellitus and Hypersomatotropism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:1085-1105. [PMID: 32680669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Flash glucose monitoring is a novel, noninvasive monitoring technique that is increasingly used in the management of small animal diabetes. This article provides guidance on the use of flash glucose monitoring in cats and demonstrates how this technique can be used in a range of feline diabetic cases, including those where management is proving challenging. Other aspects of complicated feline diabetic care are also discussed, including management of the sick diabetic cat, potassium depletion myopathy, and treatment options for cats with hypersomatotropism-associated diabetes mellitus. The use of insulin glargine 300 U/ml as a promising new long-acting insulin for diabetic cats is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Fleeman
- Animal Diabetes Australia, 9-11 Miles Street, Mulgrave, Victoria 3170, Australia
| | - Ruth Gostelow
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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66
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Buscaglia NA, Hanley CS. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). J Med Primatol 2020; 49:332-336. [PMID: 32542742 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A 19-year-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) presented for cachexia, acute weakness, hyporexia, icterus, and polyuria. The animal was diagnosed with a hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, which is a well-recognized syndrome in diabetic humans that is rarely diagnosed in animals. This case documents an important and likely under-reported syndrome in non-human primates.
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67
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Heeley AM, O’Neill DG, Davison LJ, Church DB, Corless EK, Brodbelt DC. Diabetes mellitus in dogs attending UK primary-care practices: frequency, risk factors and survival. Canine Med Genet 2020. [PMCID: PMC7288514 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-020-00087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important endocrine disorder of dogs. The objectives of this study were to estimate prevalence and incidence of DM in dogs, and to explore risk factors for DM and the survival of DM cases in primary-care clinics in the UK. Results A case-control study nested in the cohort of dogs (n = 480,469) aged ≥3 years presenting at 430 VetCompass clinics was used to identify risk factors for DM, using multivariable logistic regression. Overall 409 new and 863 pre-existing DM cases (total 1272) were identified in 2016, giving an apparent annual prevalence of 0.26% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25–0.28%), and an annual incidence risk of 0.09% (95%CI: 0.08–0.09%) in dogs aged ≥3 years. Factors associated with increased odds for DM diagnosis were all age categories > 8 years, female entire dogs (odds ratio (OR): 3.03, 95% CI 1.69–5.44, p < 0.001) and male neutered dogs (OR: 1.99, 95% CI 1.18–3.34, p = 0.010) compared to male entire dogs, Border Terriers (OR: 3.37, 95% CI 1.04–10.98, p = 0.043) and West Highland White Terriers (WHWT) (OR: 2.88, 95% CI 1.49–5.56, p = 0.002) compared to crossbreeds. Dogs that had received previous glucocorticoid treatment (OR: 2.19, 95% CI 1.02–4.70, p = 0.044) and those with concurrent conditions (documented obese, pancreatitis, hyperadrenocorticism) also had increased odds for DM diagnosis. Cox regression modelling was used to evaluate factors associated with survival in the 409 incident DM cases in 2016. Increased hazard of death following diagnosis of DM was shown in dogs that were ≥ 10 years age, Cocker Spaniels (HR: 2.06, 95% CI 1.06–4.01, p = 0.034) compared to crossbreeds, had a blood glucose (BG) level at diagnosis > 40 mmol/L (HR: 2.73, 95% CI 1.35–5.55, p = 0.005) compared to < 20 mmol/L at diagnosis, or had received previous glucocorticoid treatment (HR: 1.86, 95% CI 1.21–2.86, p = 0.005). Dogs at reduced hazard of death included neutered dogs (HR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.42–0.79, p = 0.001), Border Collies (HR: 0.39, 95% CI 0.17–0.87, p = 0.022) and those starting insulin treatment (HR: 0.08 95% CI 0.05–0.12, p < 0.001). Conclusions Certain breeds and concurrent health conditions are associated with an increased risk of DM. In addition to certain signalment factors, a high BG level at diagnosis and prior glucocorticoid treatment were adversely associated with survival of dogs with DM.
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Albuquerque CSC, Bauman BL, Rzeznitzeck J, Caney SMA, Gunn-Moore DA. Priorities on treatment and monitoring of diabetic cats from the owners' points of view. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:506-513. [PMID: 31241424 PMCID: PMC10814342 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19858154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate: owners' perceptions and priorities on the treatment and monitoring of feline diabetes mellitus (DM); the perceived effectiveness of the communication between veterinarians and clients regarding disease management; and the impact DM has on the owners' everyday lives and human-pet bonds. METHODS An initial questionnaire, then an adapted second questionnaire, were available to owners of cats with DM on vetprofessionals.com . RESULTS A total of 748 questionnaires were completed. At diagnosis, fewer than half of veterinarians discussed how to recognise unstable diabetes (46%) or home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) (40%). Owners were disappointed that the importance of diet on diabetic remission/stabilisation and HBGM were not discussed. Only 49% of respondents were supervised by a veterinarian/veterinary nurse while first drawing up insulin and injecting their cat. Websites/online forums that owners found themselves were most useful when learning about their cat's diabetes (76% agreed). Over a third of cats (39%) were not fed a 'diabetic' diet but, impressively, 71% of owners used HBGM. Initial concerns about costs, boarding, the effect on their daily life and potential negative impact on the human-pet bond reduced significantly after initiating treatment (P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Caring for a diabetic cat requires significant owner commitment, plus support by the veterinary team for the owner and their cat. It is difficult to discuss all aspects of this complex disease with the owner in a single consultation; hence, it is important to involve the entire veterinary team in owner education and provide owners with informative material (eg, useful websites, printouts). Understanding owners' priorities, fears, and which monitoring methods have helped others, is paramount to achieve owner compliance and satisfaction, and so improve the health and welfare of diabetic cats. This study provides useful information on the management of feline DM, which can be instrumental in educating future owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina SC Albuquerque
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah MA Caney
- Vet Professionals, Midlothian Innovation Centre, Roslin, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK
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Ober RA, Geist GE. Assessment of a Noninvasive Chronic Glucose Monitoring System in Euglycemic and Diabetic Swine (Sus scrofa). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59. [PMID: 32284091 PMCID: PMC7338878 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Models of type-I diabetes are well-characterized and commonly used in the preclinical evaluation of drugs and medical devices. The diabetic minipig is an excellent example of a translational model. However, chronic glucose monitoring in this species can be challenging; frequent blood sampling can be technically difficult and poorly tolerated in conscious swine. Skin-patch continuous blood glucose monitors are FDA-approved for human use and offer a potential refinement to cageside blood collection. However, this modality has not been evaluated in pigs. In this study, young adult male STZ-induced diabetic Yucatan minipigs (n = 4) and healthy York pigs (n = 4) were implanted with a 14-d skin-patch continuous glucose monitor. Readings from continuous glucose monitors were time-matched to whole blood samples, with glucose measurements performed using point-of-care blood glucose monitors, serum chemistry or both. The aims of the study were to assess if a continuous glucose monitoring system could accurately detect glucose levels in swine, and to compare the readings toboth point-of-care glucometers and serum chemistry results. We hypothesized that a continuous glucose monitoring system would accurately detect glucose levels in swine in comparison with a validated analyzer and could serve as an animal welfarerefinement for studies of diabetes. We found that the continuous glucose monitor used in this study provided an adequateadjunct for clinical management in the stable diabetic pig and a minimally invasive and inexpensive option for colony maintenanceof chronically diabetic swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Ober
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gail E Geist
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Kuncorojakti S, Srisuwatanasagul S, Kradangnga K, Sawangmake C. Insulin-Producing Cell Transplantation Platform for Veterinary Practice. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:4. [PMID: 32118053 PMCID: PMC7028771 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a global concern in both human and veterinary medicine. Type I DM requires prolonged and consistent exogenous insulin administration to address hyperglycemia, which can increase the risk of diabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and heart disorders. Cell-based therapies have been successful in human medicine using the Edmonton protocol. These therapies help maintain the production of endogenous insulin and stabilize blood glucose levels and may possibly be adapted to veterinary clinical practice. The limited number of cadaveric pancreas donors and the long-term use of immunosuppressive agents are the main obstacles for this protocol. Over the past decade, the development of potential therapies for DM has mainly focused on the generation of effective insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from various sources of stem cells that can be transplanted into the body. Another successful application of stem cells in type I DM therapies is transplanting generated IPCs. Encapsulation can be an alternative strategy to protect IPCs from rejection by the body due to their immunoisolation properties. This review summarizes current concepts of IPCs and encapsulation technology for veterinary clinical application and proposes a potential stem-cell-based platform for veterinary diabetic regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryo Kuncorojakti
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sayamon Srisuwatanasagul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krishaporn Kradangnga
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chenphop Sawangmake
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Veterinary Clinical Stem Cell and Bioengineering Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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71
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Teixeira FA, Machado DP, Jeremias JT, Queiroz MR, Pontieri CFF, Brunetto MA. Starch sources influence lipidaemia of diabetic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:2. [PMID: 31900155 PMCID: PMC6942337 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidaemia is considered a cause of other diseases that are clinically important and potentially life threatening. Combination of pea and barley as exclusive starch sources is known to interfere with glycemic control in diabetic dogs, but their effect on lipid profile of hiperlipidaemic dogs is yet to be evaluated. Twelve adult diabetic dogs were fed three dry extruded diets with different starch sources and different fat levels: peas and barley (PB), maize (Mi), and peas, barley and rice (Ba) with 15.7, 15.6 and 9.0% of their dry matter as fat, respectively. Plasmatic cholesterol and triglycerides concentration curves over 10 h were obtained after 60 days on each diet and with the same NPH insulin dose. ANOVA test or Friedman test were used to compare the dietary effects on triglycerides and cholesterol variables among the diets. RESULTS Dogs presented lower mean (p = 0.05), fasting (p = 0.03), and time 8-h postprandial (p = 0.05) triglyceridemia after PB diet period than Ba diet period and time 4-h postprandial (p = 0.02) lower after PB than Mi diet. Cholesterolemia mean, minimum, maximum, area under the cholesterol curve and times points: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10-h postprandial, had lower values after PB ingestion in comparison to Mi, without difference to Ba diet. CONCLUSION Inclusion of pea and barley, as exclusive starch sources, in therapeutic diets for diabetic dogs can minimize plasmatic triglycerides and cholesterol concentration at fasting and at different postprandial time, compared to the maize diet or diet with lesser fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Alves Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Daniela Pedrosa Machado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Ramos Queiroz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo University, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP Brazil
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Huntley E. When your duty of care extends beyond the patient to the client. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l6475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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73
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Rankovic A, Adolphe JL, Verbrugghe A. Role of carbohydrates in the health of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 255:546-554. [PMID: 31429654 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.5.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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74
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Norris OC, Schermerhorn T. The mean cell volume difference (dMCV) reflects serum hypertonicity in diabetic dogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219864. [PMID: 31335875 PMCID: PMC6650031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum hypertonicity may develop during diabetes mellitus due to hyperglycemia and other biochemical changes. Hypertonicity may produce detrimental cellular and systemic effects and has been identified as a serum marker for some clinical disorders. In non-diabetic dogs, the mean cell volume difference, a novel erythrocyte measure, is increased by serum hypertonicity. However, it is not known whether hyperglycemic hypertonicity produces a similar change. The hypothesis that the mean cell volume difference could detect serum hypertonicity in diabetes was investigated in a group of thirty-two dogs with naturally-occurring diabetes mellitus that were prospectively recruited over a 1-year period from the outpatient population of a veterinary teaching hospital. The effect of hyperglycemia on the mean cell volume difference and the ability of the mean cell volume difference to predict serum hypertonicity were examined. Serum hyperosmolality and hypertonicity due to hyperglycemia was present in 91% and 94% of dogs, respectively. Hyperglycemia was the principal cause identified for serum hypertonicity and hyperosmolality. Using a cut-off value of ≥ 3 μm3 for the mean cell volume difference, serum hypertonicity ≥ 320 mmol/kg was identified with 79% sensitivity and 61% specificity. The dMCV correlated with changes in serum glucose, tonicity, and measured osmolality. Dogs with a mean cell volume difference ≥ 3 μm3 were at risk for serum tonicity ≥ 320 mmol/kg (risk ratio = 2.2) and serum glucose ≥ 13.9 mmol/L (risk ratio = 2.3). In conclusion, the mean cell volume difference is a useful surrogate marker for detecting serum hypertonicity in diabetic dogs and elevated mean cell volume difference is associated with increased risks for clinically relevant serum hypertonicity and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga C. Norris
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Schermerhorn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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75
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Cartwright JA, Cobb M, Dunning MD. Pilot study evaluating the monitoring of canine diabetes mellitus in primary care practice. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000250. [PMID: 31205722 PMCID: PMC6541103 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to describe how canine diabetes mellitus (CDM) is monitored in primary care practice (PCP) and to report outcomes. Design Retrospective case review. Setting PCP. Participants 40 dogs of 22 different pedigrees and five crossbreeds. Median age at diagnosis was nine years and six months (eight years six months to 10 years five months). Dogs were diagnosed with CDM between January 1, 2008 and December 30, 2012 and remained with the practice to the study end or until death. Primary and secondary outcome measures Stability achievement and death or euthanasia. Consultations for each dog were identified and recorded through records collected from the PCP (January 1, 2008 to December 30, 2012). Results A median of three consultations per dog occurred in the first month, subsequently falling to a median of one consultation every 19 days thereafter. After the first month postdiagnosis, weight and single blood glucose concentrations were most frequently recorded at 66.8 and 42 per cent of consultations respectively and a blood glucose curve was performed infrequently (17.4 per cent). Serum biochemistry was measured at 8 per cent of consultations and urine culture at only 0.8 per cent. Median survival time (MST) for all dogs was eight months (2–21 months). Eighteen dogs stabilised within three months of diagnosis and their MST was 20.5 months, (10.25–25.75 months), significantly longer than the 22 dogs not achieving stability within three months (MST 2.5 months, 0–5.5 months) (P<0.001). Those dogs not surviving beyond the first month had significantly fewer consultations than those still alive (P<0.005). Conclusions This pilot study indicates dogs with CDM managed solely in PCP experience limited monitoring tests and have lower MST than reported in the literature. Recruitment of a larger cohort of CDM cases from a larger number of PCP will help determine whether these results accurately represent this demographic and verify if infrequent testing is associated with a poor outcome. Importantly, prospective evaluation of decision-making around monitoring CDM in PCP is required, to help determine the effectiveness and feasibility of more frequent monitoring strategies, such as those recommended by the American Animal Hospital Association, particularly to influence MST.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malcolm Cobb
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark D Dunning
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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Use of the turbidimetric method for determining hemoglobin (A1C) in diabetic and nondiabetic dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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