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Vats K, Sharma R, Kameswaran M, Satpati D, Dash A. Single vial cold kits optimized for preparation of gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-radioantagonist 68Ga-RM2 using three different 68Ge/68Ga generators. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 163:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vag T, Steiger K, Rossmann A, Keller U, Noske A, Herhaus P, Ettl J, Niemeyer M, Wester HJ, Schwaiger M. PET imaging of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in patients with primary and recurrent breast carcinoma. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:90. [PMID: 30191351 PMCID: PMC6127070 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor frequently overexpressed in invasive breast cancer that has been shown to play a major role in signaling pathways involved in metastasis. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to assess the diagnostic performance of CXCR4-directed PET imaging in patients with breast cancer using the recently introduced CXCR4-targeted PET probe 68Ga-Pentixafor. Results Thirteen patients with first diagnosis of breast cancer, four patients with recurrent disease after primary breast cancer, and one patient with axillary lymph node metastasis of unknown primary underwent CXCR4-targeted PET imaging using 68Ga-Pentixafor. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) and tumor-to-background (T/B) ratios of tumor lesions were measured and compared with pathological prognostic factors and molecular subtypes. 18F-FDG PET/CT images were available in 8/18 cases and were compared semi-quantitatively. Comparison with CXCR4 expression determined by immunohistochemistry was performed in 7/18 patients. Nine of 13 primary breast cancers were visually detectable on 68Ga-Pentixafor PET images (mean SUVmax of 3.0). The visually undetectable lesions included both cases of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and two cases of invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) without any hormone receptor and HER2 expression (triple negative). Metastases of recurrent breast cancer and unknown primary cancer were visually detectable in all five cases, exhibiting a mean SUVmax of 3.5. 18F-FDG PET demonstrated higher SUVmax in all patients compared to 68Ga-Pentixafor PET. A correlation between SUVmax obtained from 68Ga-Pentixafor PET and prognostic factors including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, proliferation index, tumor grade, or molecular subtypes was not observed. Conclusions CXCR4-directed PET imaging in patients with primary and recurrent breast cancer is feasible; however, tumor detectability is significantly lower compared to 18F-FDG PET. Moreover, we did not find any correlation between aforementioned prognostic factors of breast cancer and CXCR4-targeted tracer accumulation. Based on these results in a small patient cohort, CXCR4-targeted PET imaging does not seem to be suitable as a general diagnostic tool for imaging of breast cancer. Future CXCR4 imaging studies should investigate whether this modality might be useful in more specific applications, e.g., in therapeutic approaches especially under the view of current developments in targeted immune cell and immune checkpoint inhibitory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Vag
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Troger Strasse 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Rossmann
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- III Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Aurelia Noske
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Troger Strasse 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Herhaus
- III Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Ettl
- Clinic of Gynecology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Niemeyer
- Clinic of Gynecology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meissner Strasse 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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Choudhary G, Langen KJ, Galldiks N, McConathy J. Investigational PET tracers for high-grade gliomas. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF... 2018; 62:281-294. [PMID: 29869489 DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.18.03105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most common primary malignant tumors of the brain, with glioblastoma (GBM) constituting over 50% of all the gliomas in adults. The disease carries very high mortality, and even with optimal treatment, the median survival is 2-5 years for anaplastic tumors and 1-2 years for GBMs. Neuroimaging is critical to managing patients with HGG for diagnosis, treatment planning, response assessment, and detecting recurrent disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the cornerstone of imaging in neuro-oncology, but molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) can overcome some of the inherent limitations of MRI. Additionally, PET has the potential to target metabolic and molecular alterations in HGGs relevant to prognosis and therapy that cannot be assessed with anatomic imaging. Many classes of PET tracers have been evaluated in HGG including agents that target cell membrane biosynthesis, protein synthesis, amino acid transport, DNA synthesis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, hypoxic environments, cell surface receptors, blood flow, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGFR), and the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), among others. This chapter will provide an overview of PET tracers for HGG that have been evaluated in human subjects with a focus on tracers that are not yet in widespread use for neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Choudhary
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Galldiks
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO), Universities of Cologne and Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonathan McConathy
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA -
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Lapa C, Hänscheid H, Kircher M, Schirbel A, Wunderlich G, Werner RA, Samnick S, Kotzerke J, Einsele H, Buck AK, Wester HJ, Grigoleit GU. Feasibility of CXCR4-Directed Radioligand Therapy in Advanced Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:60-64. [PMID: 29777009 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.210997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported on our experience with C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-directed radioligand therapy (RLT) in multiple myeloma and acute leukemia. Methods: Six patients with heavily pretreated relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (3 men, 3 women; aged, 54 ± 8 y) underwent CXCR4-directed RLT in combination with conditioning chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In 2 patients, radioimmunotherapy targeting CD20 or CD66 was added to enhance antilymphoma activity. Endpoints were incidence and severity of adverse events, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Results: RLT and additional radioimmunotherapy were well tolerated, without any acute adverse events or changes in vital signs. Successful engraftment was recorded after a median of 11 d (range, 9-13 d). Of the 4 patients who were available for follow-up (one patient died of CNS aspergillosis 29 d after RLT and another of sepsis in aplasia 34 d after RLT), CXCR4-directed RLT resulted in a partial response in two (both treated with additional radioimmunotherapy) and a mixed response in the remaining two. The response duration was rather short-lived, with a median progression-free survival of 62 d (range, 29-110 d) and a median overall survival of 76 d (range, 29-334 d). Conclusion: CXCR4-directed RLT (in combination with additional radioimmunotherapy) is feasible as a conditioning regimen before allogeneic stem cell transplantation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heribert Hänscheid
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kircher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Wunderlich
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Werner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Samnick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kotzerke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Andreas K Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Götz Ulrich Grigoleit
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and
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Kepe V, Scafoglio C, Liu J, Yong WH, Bergsneider M, Huang SC, Barrio JR, Wright EM. Positron emission tomography of sodium glucose cotransport activity in high grade astrocytomas. J Neurooncol 2018. [PMID: 29525972 PMCID: PMC5999166 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel glucose transporter, the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), has been demonstrated to contribute to the demand for glucose by pancreatic and prostate tumors, and its functional activity has been imaged using a SGLT specific PET imaging probe, α-methyl-4-[F-18]fluoro-4-deoxy-d-glucopyaranoside (Me-4FDG). In this study, Me-4FDG PET was extended to evaluate patients with high-grade astrocytic tumors. Me-4FDG PET scans were performed in four patients diagnosed with WHO Grade III or IV astrocytomas and control subjects, and compared with 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose (2-FDG) PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the same subjects. Immunocytochemistry was carried out on Grade IV astrocytomas to determine the cellular location of SGLT proteins within the tumors. Me-4FDG retention was pronounced in astrocytomas in dramatic contrast to the lack of uptake into the normal brain, resulting in a high signal-to-noise ratio. Macroscopically, the distribution of Me-4FDG within the tumors overlapped with that of 2-FDG uptake and tumor definition using contrast-enhanced MRI images. Microscopically, the SGLT2 protein was found to be expressed in neoplastic glioblastoma cells and endothelial cells of the proliferating microvasculature. This preliminary study shows that Me-4FDG is a highly sensitive probe for visualization of high-grade astrocytomas by PET. The distribution of Me-4FDG within tumors overlapped that for 2-FDG, but the absence of background brain Me-4FDG resulted in superior imaging sensitivity. Furthermore, the presence of SGLT2 protein in astrocytoma cells and the proliferating microvasculature may offer a novel therapy using the SGLT2 inhibitors already approved by the FDA to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kepe
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Claudio Scafoglio
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marvin Bergsneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jorge R Barrio
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ernest M Wright
- Department of Physiology, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1751, USA.
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Werner RA, Lapa C, Ilhan H, Higuchi T, Buck AK, Lehner S, Bartenstein P, Bengel F, Schatka I, Muegge DO, Papp L, Zsótér N, Große-Ophoff T, Essler M, Bundschuh RA. Survival prediction in patients undergoing radionuclide therapy based on intratumoral somatostatin-receptor heterogeneity. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7039-7049. [PMID: 27705948 PMCID: PMC5351689 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The NETTER-1 trial demonstrated significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in neuroendocrine tumors (NET) emphasizing the high demand for response prediction in appropriate candidates. In this multicenter study, we aimed to elucidate the prognostic value of tumor heterogeneity as assessed by somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-PET/CT. 141 patients with SSTR-expressing tumors were analyzed obtaining SSTR-PET/CT before PRRT (1-6 cycles, 177Lu somatostatin analog). Using the Interview Fusion Workstation (Mediso), a total of 872 metastases were manually segmented. Conventional PET parameters as well as textural features representing intratumoral heterogeneity were computed. The prognostic ability for PFS and overall survival (OS) were examined. After performing Cox regression, independent parameters were determined by ROC analysis to obtain cut-off values to be used for Kaplan-Meier analysis. Within follow-up (median, 43.1 months), 75 patients showed disease progression (median, 22.2 m) and 54 patients died (median, 27.6 m). Cox analysis identified 8 statistically independent heterogeneity parameters for time-to-progression and time-to-death. Among them, the textural feature Entropy predicted both PFS and OS. Conventional PET parameters failed in response prediction. Imaging-based heterogeneity assessment provides prognostic information in PRRT candidates and outperformed conventional PET parameters. Its implementation in clinical practice can pave the way for individualized patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf A Werner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harun Ilhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lehner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Bengel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Imke Schatka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - László Papp
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tobias Große-Ophoff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Essler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralph A Bundschuh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Breun M, Schwerdtfeger A, Martellotta DD, Kessler AF, Perez JM, Monoranu CM, Ernestus RI, Matthies C, Löhr M, Hagemann C. CXCR4: A new player in vestibular schwannoma pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9940-9950. [PMID: 29515781 PMCID: PMC5839412 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that recruits blood stem cells and increases tumor cell growth and invasiveness. We examined CXCR4 expression in vestibular schwannomas (VS) from patients with and without neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and correlated the levels with the patients' clinical characteristics. The aim was to determine whether CXCR4 can be used as a prognostic marker and as a target for systemic therapy. RESULTS Overall, CXCR4 mRNA levels were 4.6-fold higher in VS versus control; the levels were 4.9-fold higher in NF2 patients and 4.2-fold higher in sporadic VS patients. IHC and WB showed heterogeneous protein expression, and CXCR4 was expressed mainly in S100-positive Schwann cells. There was no correlation between the CXCR4 protein levels and tumor extension. However, there was a trend towards correlation between higher expression levels and greater hearing loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS CXCR4 mRNA and protein levels were determined in VS samples (n = 60); of these, 30 samples were from patients with NF2. Healthy nerves from autopsies served as controls. CXCR4 mRNA levels were measured by PCR, and protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting (WB). Tumor extension and hearing loss were categorized according to the Hannover Classification as clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS CXCR4 mRNA was overexpressed in VS relative to healthy vestibular nerves, and there was a trend towards higher CXCR4 expression levels being correlated with greater functional impairment. Thus, CXCR4 may be a prognostic marker of VS, and CXCR4 inhibition has potential as a systemic approach for the treatment of VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Breun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Almuth F. Kessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jose M. Perez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Camelia M Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Würzburg, Institute of Pathology, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Mainfranken, Würzburg
| | - Ralf-Ingo Ernestus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagemann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Amor-Coarasa A, Kelly J, Ponnala S, Vedvyas Y, Nikolopoulou A, Williams C, Jin MM, David Warren J, Babich JW. [ 18F]RPS-544: A PET tracer for imaging the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 60:37-44. [PMID: 29544122 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CXCR4 specific [18F]-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents are needed which would enable general distribution of the radiotracer for clinical investigation. We sought to synthesize, radiolabel and evaluate [18F]RPS-544, a novel non-peptide CXCR4 antagonist as a CXCR4 specific probe. We compared [18F]RPS-544 with the previously published [18F]-3 ([18F]RPS-510 in this paper) in a bi-lateral tumor model of differential CXCR4 expression for its ability to selectively target CXCR4 expression. METHODS Radiolabeling of [18F]RPS-544 and [18F]RPS-510 was performed by aromatic substitution on a 6-nitropyridyl group using no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride under basic conditions. 18F incorporation was determined by radioHPLC. Semi-preparative HPLC was used to purify the final product prior to reformulation. Imaging and biodistribution was performed in nude mice with bilateral PC3 (CXCR4+ and WT) xenograft tumors at 1, 2 and 4 h post injection. RESULTS RPS-544 bound CXCR4 with an IC50 of 4.9 ± 0.3 nM. [18F]RPS-544 showed preferential uptake in CXCR4+ tumors, with a CXCR4/WT ratio of 3.3 ± 1.3 at 1 h p.i. and 2.3 ± 0.5 at 2 h p.i. Maximum uptake in the CXCR4+ tumors was 3.4 ± 1.2%ID/g at 1 h p.i., significantly greater (p = 0.003) than the uptake in the WT tumor. Tumor/blood ratios were 2.5 ± 0.4 and 3.6 ± 0.3 at 1 and 2 h p.i. Tumor/muscle ratios were >4 at all time-points. Tumor/lung ratios were >2 at 1 h and 2 h p.i. Substantial uptake was observed in the liver (15-25%ID/g), kidneys (25-35%ID/g), the small intestine (1-7%ID/g) and the large intestine (1-12%ID/g). Blood concentrations varied over time (0.5-2%ID/g). All other organs showed uptake of <1%ID/g at all time points studied with clearance profiles similar to blood clearance. CONCLUSIONS Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first high affinity [18F]-labeled tracer, suitable for in vivo PET imaging of CXCR4. [18F]RPS-544 displayed high affinity for CXCR4 and good tumor uptake with a maximum uptake at 1 h p.i.. CXCR4 dependent uptake was demonstrated using bilateral tumors with differential CXCR4 expression as well as pharmacological blockade using the known CXCR4 antagonist, AMD-3100. Tissue contrast as judged by tumor to normal tissue ratios was positive in several key tissues. The structural and pharmacological similarities between [18F]RPS-544 and the approved drug AMD-3465, combined with the ease of synthesis and high molar activity (>185 GBq/μmol) achieved during radiosynthesis could lead to accelerated translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Amor-Coarasa
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Kelly
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shashikanth Ponnala
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yogindra Vedvyas
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anastasia Nikolopoulou
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clarence Williams
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moonsoo M Jin
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI(3)), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J David Warren
- Milstein Chemistry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John W Babich
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Wei W, Ehlerding EB, Lan X, Luo Q, Cai W. PET and SPECT imaging of melanoma: the state of the art. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:132-150. [PMID: 29085965 PMCID: PMC5700861 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma represents the most aggressive form of skin cancer, and its incidence continues to rise worldwide. 18F-FDG PET imaging has transformed diagnostic nuclear medicine and has become an essential component in the management of melanoma, but still has its drawbacks. With the rapid growth in the field of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, a variety of promising probes that enable early diagnosis and detection of melanoma have been developed. The substantial preclinical success of melanin- and peptide-based probes has recently resulted in the translation of several radiotracers to clinical settings for noninvasive imaging and treatment of melanoma in humans. In this review, we focus on the latest developments in radiolabeled molecular imaging probes for melanoma in preclinical and clinical settings, and discuss the challenges and opportunities for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Quanyong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Fang HY, Münch NS, Schottelius M, Ingermann J, Liu H, Schauer M, Stangl S, Multhoff G, Steiger K, Gerngroß C, Jesinghaus M, Weichert W, Kühl AA, Sepulveda AR, Wester HJ, Wang TC, Quante M. CXCR4 Is a Potential Target for Diagnostic PET/CT Imaging in Barrett's Dysplasia and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:1048-1061. [PMID: 29208671 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Barrett's esophagus represents an early stage in carcinogenesis leading to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Considerable evidence supports a major role for chronic inflammation and diverse chemokine pathways in the development of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.Experimental Design: Here we utilized an IL1β transgenic mouse model of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and human patient imaging to analyze the importance of CXCR4-expressing cells during esophageal carcinogenesis.Results: IL1β overexpression induces chronic esophageal inflammation and recapitulates the progression to Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. CXCR4 expression is increased in both epithelial and immune cells during disease progression in pL2-IL1β mice and also elevated in esophageal adenocarcinoma patient biopsy samples. Specific recruitment of CXCR4-positive (CXCR4+) immune cells correlated with dysplasia progression, suggesting that this immune population may be a key contributor to esophageal carcinogenesis. Similarly, with progression to dysplasia, there were increased numbers of CXCR4+ columnar epithelial cells at the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). These findings were supported by stronger CXCR4-related signal intensity in ex vivo fluorescence imaging and autoradiography with advanced dysplasia. Pilot CXCR4-directed PET/CT imaging studies in patients with esophageal cancer demonstrate the potential utility of CXCR4 imaging for the diagnosis and staging of esophageal cancer.Conclusion: In conclusion, the recruitment of CXCR4+ immune cells and expansion of CXCR4+ epithelial cells in esophageal dysplasia and cancer highlight the potential of CXCR4 as a biomarker and molecular target for diagnostic imaging of the tumor microenvironment in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1048-61. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Fang
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Margret Schottelius
- Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Ingermann
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Haibo Liu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Schauer
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Klinik für RadioOnkologie und Strahlentherapie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Klinik für RadioOnkologie und Strahlentherapie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Gerngroß
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin/Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia R Sepulveda
- Division of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Quante
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitat München, Munich, Germany.
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Di Maro S, Di Leva FS, Trotta AM, Brancaccio D, Portella L, Aurilio M, Tomassi S, Messere A, Sementa D, Lastoria S, Carotenuto A, Novellino E, Scala S, Marinelli L. Structure–Activity Relationships and Biological Characterization of a Novel, Potent, and Serum Stable C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4) Antagonist. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9641-9652. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Di Maro
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Trotta
- Functional
Genomics Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola 52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Brancaccio
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Portella
- Functional
Genomics Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola 52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Aurilio
- Nuclear
Medicine Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiant and Metabolic
Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola
52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Tomassi
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Anna Messere
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Deborah Sementa
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Secondo Lastoria
- Nuclear
Medicine Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiant and Metabolic
Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola
52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Functional
Genomics Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Via M. Semmola 52, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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63
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Walenkamp AME, Lapa C, Herrmann K, Wester HJ. CXCR4 Ligands: The Next Big Hit? J Nucl Med 2017; 58:77S-82S. [PMID: 28864616 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.186874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled protein receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is an attractive target for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as it is overexpressed in many solid and hematologic cancers. Binding of its ligand, C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), results in receptor internalization and activation of several signal transduction pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, which are critical in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, development of metastasis, and survival. Also, the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is involved in the interaction between hematopoietic stem cells (as well as hematologic and solid tumor cells) and their protective microenvironment. This interaction can be disrupted by CXCR4 antagonists. This concept is being used clinically to harvest hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells from bone marrow and to sensitize cancer cells to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and the potential to overcome tumor microenvironment-driven immunosuppression is being explored. This review focuses on new strategies for improvement of cancer treatment by targeting of the CXCR4-CXCL12 interaction. Because of its critical role in cancer, many peptidic and nonpeptidic ligands with different modes of antagonistic activity against the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis have been developed, with some of them reaching clinical trials. Molecular imaging with recently developed radiolabeled CXCR4 ligands could facilitate the selection of patients who might benefit from directed targeted therapy, including CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; and.,Scintomics GmbH, Fuerstenfeldbruck, Germany
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64
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Schwarzenböck SM, Stenzel J, Otto T, Helldorff HV, Bergner C, Kurth J, Polei S, Lindner T, Rauer R, Hohn A, Hakenberg OW, Wester HJ, Vollmar B, Krause BJ. [ 68Ga]pentixafor for CXCR4 imaging in a PC-3 prostate cancer xenograft model - comparison with [ 18F]FDG PET/CT, MRI and ex vivo receptor expression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95606-95619. [PMID: 29221153 PMCID: PMC5707047 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim was to characterize the properties of [68Ga]Pentixafor as tracer for prostate cancer imaging in a PC-3 prostate cancer xenograft mouse model and to investigate its correlation with [18F]FDG PET/CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ex vivo analyses. Methods Static [68Ga]Pentixafor and [18F]FDG PET as well as morphological/ diffusion weighted MRI and 1H MR spectroscopy was performed. Imaging data were correlated with ex vivo biodistribution and CXCR4 expression in PC-3 tumors (immunohistochemistry (IHC), mRNA analysis). Flow cytometry was performed for evaluation of localization of CXCR4 receptors (in vitro PC-3 cell experiments). Results Tumor uptake of [68Ga]Pentixafor was significantly lower compared to [18F]FDG. Ex vivo CXCR4 mRNA expression of tumors was shown by PCR. Only faint tumor CXCR4 expression was shown by IHC (immuno reactive score of 3). Accordingly, flow cytometry of PC-3 cells revealed only a faint signal, cell membrane permeabilisation showed a slight signal increase. There was no significant correlation of [68Ga]Pentixafor tumor uptake and ex vivo receptor expression. Spectroscopy showed typical spectra of prostate cancer. Conclusion PC-3 tumor uptake of [68Ga]Pentixafor was existent but lower compared to [18F]FDG. No significant correlation of ex vivo tumor CXCR4 receptor expression and [68Ga]Pentixafor tumor uptake was shown. CXCR4 receptor expression on the surface of PC-3 cells was existent but rather low possibly explaining the limited [68Ga]Pentixafor tumor uptake; receptor localization in the interior of PC-3 cells is presumable as shown by cell membrane permeabilisation. Further studies are necessary to define the role of [68Ga]Pentixafor in prostate cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schwarzenböck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Stenzel
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Otto
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Heike V Helldorff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Carina Bergner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jens Kurth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Polei
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Lindner
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Romina Rauer
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Hohn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver W Hakenberg
- Department of Urology, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans J Wester
- Institute for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd J Krause
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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65
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Jackson IM, Scott PJ, Thompson S. Clinical Applications of Radiolabeled Peptides for PET. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:493-523. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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66
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Weiss ID, Huff LM, Evbuomwan MO, Xu X, Dang HD, Velez DS, Singh SP, Zhang HH, Gardina PJ, Lee JH, Lindenberg L, Myers TG, Paik CH, Schrump DS, Pittaluga S, Choyke PL, Fojo T, Farber JM. Screening of cancer tissue arrays identifies CXCR4 on adrenocortical carcinoma: correlates with expression and quantification on metastases using 64Cu-plerixafor PET. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73387-73406. [PMID: 29088715 PMCID: PMC5650270 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by many cancers correlates with aggressive clinical behavior. As part of the initial studies in a project whose goal was to quantify CXCR4 expression on cancers non-invasively, we examined CXCR4 expression in cancer samples by immunohistochemistry using a validated anti-CXCR4 antibody. Among solid tumors, we found expression of CXCR4 on significant percentages of major types of kidney, lung, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and, notably, on metastases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. We found particularly high expression of CXCR4 on adrenocortical cancer (ACC) metastases. Microarrays of ACC metastases revealed correlations between expression of CXCR4 and other chemokine system genes, particularly CXCR7/ACKR3, which encodes an atypical chemokine receptor that shares a ligand, CXCL12, with CXCR4. A first-in-human study using 64Cu-plerixafor for PET in an ACC patient prior to resection of metastases showed heterogeneity among metastatic nodules and good correlations among PET SUVs, CXCR4 staining, and CXCR4 mRNA. Additionally, we were able to show that CXCR4 expression correlated with the rates of growth of the pulmonary lesions in this patient. Further studies are needed to understand better the role of CXCR4 in ACC and whether targeting it may be beneficial. In this regard, non-invasive methods for assessing CXCR4 expression, such as PET using 64Cu-plerixafor, should be important investigative tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido D Weiss
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lyn M Huff
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moses O Evbuomwan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Duc Dang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Velez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Satya P Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongwei H Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul J Gardina
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liza Lindenberg
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chang H Paik
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tito Fojo
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua M Farber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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67
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Bouter C, Meller B, Sahlmann CO, Staab W, Wester HJ, Kropf S, Meller J. 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT Imaging of Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 in Chronic Infection of the Bone: First Insights. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:320-326. [PMID: 28729430 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.193854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its role in infection and inflammatory processes, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 might be a potent target in imaging of infectious and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether the CXCR4 ligand 68Ga-pentixafor is suitable for imaging chronic infection of the bone. Methods: The study comprised 14 patients with suspected infection of the skeleton who underwent 68Ga-pentixafor PET/CT between April 2015 and February 2017 in our facility. 68Ga-pentixafor PET/CT results were retrospectively evaluated against a histologic, bacteriologic, and clinical standard. The results were also compared with available bone scintigraphy, white blood cell scintigraphy, and 18F-FDG PET/CT results. Results:68Ga-pentixafor PET/CT was positive in 9 of 14 patients. Diagnoses included osteitis or osteomyelitis of peripheral bone, osteomyelitis of the maxilla, and infected endoprostheses. Target-to-background ratios were 5.1-15 (mean, 8.7). Eight of 9 cases were true-positive as confirmed by pathology, bacteriology, or clinical observation. All negative cases were confirmed as true-negative by other imaging modalities and follow-up. Conclusion: Imaging of CXCR4 expression with 68Ga-pentixafor PET/CT appears suitable for diagnosing chronic infection of the skeleton. The findings of this study reveal a possible diagnostic gain in suspected chronic infections that are difficult to diagnose by other imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bouter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Meller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten O Sahlmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wieland Staab
- Department of Radiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans J Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | | | - Johannes Meller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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68
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Schottelius M, Osl T, Poschenrieder A, Hoffmann F, Beykan S, Hänscheid H, Schirbel A, Buck AK, Kropf S, Schwaiger M, Keller U, Lassmann M, Wester HJ. [ 177Lu]pentixather: Comprehensive Preclinical Characterization of a First CXCR4-directed Endoradiotherapeutic Agent. Theranostics 2017; 7:2350-2362. [PMID: 28744319 PMCID: PMC5525741 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Based on the clinical relevance of the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) as a molecular target in cancer and on the success of [68Ga]pentixafor as an imaging probe for high-contrast visualization of CXCR4-expression, the spectrum of clinical CXCR4-targeting was expanded towards peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) by the development of [177Lu]pentixather. Experimental design: CXCR4 affinity, binding specificity, hCXCR4 selectivity and internalization efficiency of [177Lu]pentixather were evaluated using different human and murine cancer cell lines. Biodistribution studies (1, 6, 48, 96h and 7d p.i.) and in vivo metabolite analyses were performed using Daudi-lymphoma bearing SCID mice. Extrapolated organ doses were cross-validated with human dosimetry (pre-therapeutic and during [177Lu]pentixather PRRT) in a patient with multiple myeloma (MM). Results: [177Lu]pentixather binds with high affinity, specificity and selectivity to hCXCR4 and shows excellent in vivo stability. Consequently, and supported by >96% plasma protein binding and a logP=-1.76, delaying whole-body clearance of [177Lu]pentixather, tumor accumulation was high and persistent, both in the Daudi model and the MM patient. Tumor/background ratios (7d p.i.) in mice were 499±202, 33±7, 4.0±0.8 and 116±22 for blood, intestine, kidney and muscle, respectively. In the patient, high tumor/kidney and tumor/liver dose ratios of 3.1 and 6.4 were observed during [177Lu]pentixather PRRT (7.8 GBq), with the kidneys being the dose-limiting organs. Conclusions: [177Lu]pentixather shows excellent in vivo CXCR4-targeting characteristics and a suitable pharmacokinetic profile, leading to high tumor uptake and retention and thus high radiation doses to tumor tissue during PRRT, suggesting high clinical potential of this [68Ga]pentixafor/[177Lu]pentixather based CXCR4-targeted theranostic concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Schottelius
- Chair for Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meissner-Strasse 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Theresa Osl
- Chair for Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meissner-Strasse 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Poschenrieder
- Chair for Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meissner-Strasse 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Frauke Hoffmann
- Chair for Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meissner-Strasse 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Seval Beykan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universität Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heribert Hänscheid
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universität Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universität Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universität Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Kropf
- Scintomics GmbH, Lindach 4, 82256 Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK) and Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- III. Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK) and Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lassmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universität Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Chair for Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meissner-Strasse 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
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69
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Lapa C, Kircher S, Schirbel A, Rosenwald A, Kropf S, Pelzer T, Walles T, Buck AK, Weber WA, Wester HJ, Herrmann K, Lückerath K. Targeting CXCR4 with [ 68Ga]Pentixafor: a suitable theranostic approach in pleural mesothelioma? Oncotarget 2017; 8:96732-96737. [PMID: 29228566 PMCID: PMC5722518 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a key factor for tumor growth and metastasis in several types of human cancer. This study investigated the feasibility of CXCR4-directed imaging with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using [68Ga]Pentixafor in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Six patients with pleural mesothelioma underwent [68Ga]Pentixafor-PET/CT. 2′-[18F]fluoro-2′-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG)-PET/CT (4/6 patients) and immunohistochemistry obtained from biopsy or surgery (all) served as standards of reference. Additionally, 9 surgical mesothelioma samples were available for histological work-up. Whereas [18F]FDG-PET depicted active lesions in all patients, [68Ga]Pentixafor-PET/CT recorded physiologic tracer distribution and none of the 6 patients presented [68Ga]Pentixafor-positive lesions. This finding paralleled results of immunohistochemistry which also could not identify relevant CXCR4 surface expression in the samples analyzed. In contrast to past reports, our data suggest widely absence of CXCR4 expression in pleural mesothelioma. Hence, robust cell surface expression should be confirmed prior to targeting this chemokine receptor for diagnosis and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCMF), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCMF), Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Theo Pelzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Pulmonology, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Walles
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hans-Juergen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Lückerath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Lapa C, Herrmann K, Schirbel A, Hänscheid H, Lückerath K, Schottelius M, Kircher M, Werner RA, Schreder M, Samnick S, Kropf S, Knop S, Buck AK, Einsele H, Wester HJ, Kortüm KM. CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapy induces high response rates in extramedullary relapsed Multiple Myeloma. Theranostics 2017; 7:1589-1597. [PMID: 28529638 PMCID: PMC5436514 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a key factor for tumor growth and metastasis in several types of human cancer. We have recently reported promising first-in-man experience with CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapy (ERT) in multiple myeloma (MM). Eight heavily pretreated MM patients underwent a total of 10 ERT cycles (7 patients with 1 cycle and a single patient with 3 cycles). ERT was administered in combination with chemotherapy and autologous stem cell support. End points were occurrence and timing of adverse events, progression-free and overall survival. ERT was overall well tolerated without any unexpected acute adverse events or changes in vital signs. With absorbed tumor doses >30-70 Gy in intra- or extramedullary lesions, significant anti-myeloma activity was observed with 1 patient achieving complete remission and 5/8 partial remission. Directly after ERT major infectious complications were seen in one patient who died from sepsis 22 days after ERT, another patient with high tumor burden experienced lethal tumor lysis syndrome. Median progression-free survival was 54 days (range, 13-175), median overall survival was 223 days (range, 13-313). During follow-up (6 patients available), one patient died from infectious complications, 2/8 from disease progression, the remaining 3/8 patients are still alive. CXCR4-directed ERT was well-tolerated and exerted anti-myeloma activity even at very advanced stage MM with presence of extramedullary disease. Further assessment of this novel treatment option is highly warranted.
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Werner RA, Weich A, Higuchi T, Schmid JS, Schirbel A, Lassmann M, Wild V, Rudelius M, Kudlich T, Herrmann K, Scheurlen M, Buck AK, Kropf S, Wester HJ, Lapa C. Imaging of Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in Neuroendocrine Tumors - a Triple Tracer Comparative Approach. Theranostics 2017; 7:1489-1498. [PMID: 28529632 PMCID: PMC5436508 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and somatostatin receptors (SSTR) are overexpressed in gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET). In this study, we aimed to elucidate the feasibility of non-invasive CXCR4 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in GEP-NET patients using [68Ga]Pentixafor in comparison to 68Ga-DOTA-D-Phe-Tyr3-octreotide ([68Ga]DOTATOC) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG). Twelve patients with histologically proven GEP-NET (3xG1, 4xG2, 5xG3) underwent [68Ga]DOTATOC, [18F]FDG, and [68Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT for staging and planning of the therapeutic management. Scans were analyzed on a patient as well as on a lesion basis and compared to immunohistochemical staining patterns of CXCR4 and somatostatin receptors SSTR2a and SSTR5. [68Ga]Pentixafor visualized tumor lesions in 6/12 subjects, whereas [18F]FDG revealed sites of disease in 10/12 and [68Ga]DOTATOC in 11/12 patients, respectively. Regarding sensitivity, SSTR-directed PET was the superior imaging modality in all G1 and G2 NET. CXCR4-directed PET was negative in all G1 NET. In contrast, 50% of G2 and 80% of G3 patients exhibited [68Ga]Pentixafor-positive tumor lesions. Whereas CXCR4 seems to play only a limited role in detecting well-differentiated NET, increasing receptor expression could be non-invasively observed with increasing tumor grade. Thus, [68Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT might serve as non-invasive read-out for evaluating the possibility of CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapy in advanced dedifferentiated SSTR-negative tumors.
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72
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Kircher M, Lapa C. Novel Noninvasive Nuclear Medicine Imaging Techniques for Cardiac Inflammation. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2017; 10:6. [PMID: 28357026 PMCID: PMC5352761 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-017-9400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammation is a key player in a wide range of cardiovascular and myocardial diseases. Given the numerous implications of inflammatory processes in disease initiation and progression, functional imaging modalities including positron emission tomography (PET) represent valuable diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring tools in patient management. Since increased glucose metabolism is a hallmark of inflammation, PET using the radiolabeled glucose analog [18F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) is the mainstay diagnostic test for nuclear imaging of (cardiac) inflammation. Recently, new approaches using more specific tracers to overcome the limited specificity of FDG have emerged. RECENT FINDINGS PET imaging has proven its value in a number of inflammatory conditions of the heart including myocarditis, endocarditis, sarcoidosis, or reactive changes after myocardial infarction. In infection-related endocarditis, FDG-PET and white blood cell scintigraphy have been implemented in current guidelines. FDG-PET is considered as nuclear medical gold standard in myocarditis, pericarditis, or sarcoidosis. Novel strategies, including targeting of somatostatin receptors or C-X-C motif chemokine receptor CXCR4, have shown promising results in first studies. SUMMARY Nuclear medicine techniques offer valuable information in the assessment of myocardial inflammation. Given the possibility to directly visualize inflammatory activity, they represent useful tools for diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Kircher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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73
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An Overview of Multimodal Neuroimaging Using Nanoprobes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020311. [PMID: 28157157 PMCID: PMC5343847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have gained tremendous significance as contrast agents for both anatomical and functional preclinical bio-imaging. Contrary to conventional medical practices, molecular imaging plays an important role in exploring the affected cells, thus providing precision medical solutions. It has been observed that incorporating nanoprobes improves the overall efficacy of the diagnosis and treatment processes. These nano-agents and tracers are therefore often incorporated into preclinical therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Multimodal imaging approaches are well equipped with nanoprobes to explore neurological disorders, as they can display more than one type of characteristic in molecular imaging. Multimodal imaging systems are explored by researchers as they can provide both anatomical and functional details of tumors and affected tissues. In this review, we present the state-of-the-art research concerning multimodal imaging systems and nanoprobes for neuroimaging applications.
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74
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Poschenrieder A, Schottelius M, Osl T, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. [ 64Cu]NOTA-pentixather enables high resolution PET imaging of CXCR4 expression in a preclinical lymphoma model. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2017; 2:2. [PMID: 29527563 PMCID: PMC5835975 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-016-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is an important molecular target for both visualization and therapy of tumors. The aim of the present study was the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a 64Cu-labeled, CXCR4-targeting peptide for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of CXCR4 expression in vivo. METHODS For this purpose, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA), or 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-triacetic acid (NOTA) was conjugated to the highly affine CXCR4-targeting pentixather scaffold. Affinities were determined using Jurkat T-lymphocytes in competitive binding assays employing [125I]FC131 as the radioligand. Internalization and efflux studies of [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather were performed in chem-1 cells, stably transfected with hCXCR4. The stability of the tracer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Small-animal PET and biodistribution studies at different time points were performed in Daudi lymphoma-bearing severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. RESULTS [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather was rapidly radiolabeled at 60 °C with high radiochemical yields ≥90% and purities >99%. [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather offered the highest affinity of the evaluated peptides in this study (IC50 = 14.9 ± 2.1 nM), showed efficient CXCR4-targeting in vitro and was stable in blood and urine with high resistance to transchelation in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) challenge studies. Due to the enhanced lipophilicity of [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather (logP = -1.2), biodistribution studies showed some nonspecific accumulation in the liver and intestines. However, tumor accumulation (13.1 ± 1.5% ID/g, 1.5 h p.i.) was CXCR4-specific and higher than in all other organs and resulted in high resolution delineation of Daudi tumors in PET/CT images in vivo. CONCLUSIONS [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather was fast and efficiently radiolabeled, showed effective CXCR4-targeting, high stability in vitro and in vivo and resulted in high resolution PET/CT images accompanied with a suitable biodistribution profile, making [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather a promising tracer for future application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Poschenrieder
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Theresa Osl
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748 Garching, Germany
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75
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Lapa C, Lückerath K, Rudelius M, Schmid JS, Schoene A, Schirbel A, Samnick S, Pelzer T, Buck AK, Kropf S, Wester HJ, Herrmann K. [68Ga]Pentixafor-PET/CT for imaging of chemokine receptor 4 expression in small cell lung cancer--initial experience. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9288-95. [PMID: 26843617 PMCID: PMC4891040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a key factor for tumor growth and metastasis in several types of human cancer. This study investigated the feasibility of CXCR4-directed imaging of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using the radiolabelled chemokine ligand [68Ga]Pentixafor. 10 patients with primarily diagnosed (n=3) or pre-treated (n=7) SCLC (n=9) or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung (LCNEC, n=1) underwent [68Ga]Pentixafor-PET/CT. 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG, n=6) and/or somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-directed PET/CT with [68Ga]DOTATOC (n=5) and immunohistochemistry (n=10) served as standards of reference. CXCR4-PET was positive in 8/10 patients and revealed more lesions with significantly higher tumor-to-background ratios than SSTR-PET. Two patients who were positive on [18F]FDG-PET were missed by CXCR4-PET, in the remainder [68Ga]Pentixafor detected an equal (n=2) or higher (n=2) number of lesions. CXCR4 expression of tumor lesions could be confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Non-invasive imaging of CXCR4 expression in SCLC is feasible. [68Ga]Pentixafor as a novel PET tracer might serve as readout for confirmation of CXCR4 expression as prerequisite for potential CXCR4-directed treatment including receptor-radio(drug)peptide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Lückerath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute for Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Stefan Schmid
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schoene
- Department of Internal Medicine, Caritas Hospital Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Samnick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theo Pelzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lapa C, Schreder M, Schirbel A, Samnick S, Kortüm KM, Herrmann K, Kropf S, Einsele H, Buck AK, Wester HJ, Knop S, Lückerath K. [ 68Ga]Pentixafor-PET/CT for imaging of chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in multiple myeloma - Comparison to [ 18F]FDG and laboratory values. Theranostics 2017; 7:205-212. [PMID: 28042328 PMCID: PMC5196897 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a key factor for tumor growth and metastasis in several types of human cancer including multiple myeloma (MM). Proof-of-concept of CXCR4-directed radionuclide therapy in MM has recently been reported. This study assessed the diagnostic performance of the CXCR4-directed radiotracer [68Ga]Pentixafor in MM and a potential role for stratifying patients to CXCR4-directed therapies. Thirty-five patients with MM underwent [68Ga]Pentixafor-PET/CT for evaluation of eligibility for endoradiotherapy. In 19/35 cases, [18F]FDG-PET/CT for correlation was available. Scans were compared on a patient and on a lesion basis. Tracer uptake was correlated with standard clinical parameters of disease activity. [68Ga]Pentixafor-PET detected CXCR4-positive disease in 23/35 subjects (66%). CXCR4-positivity at PET was independent from myeloma subtypes, cytogenetics or any serological parameters and turned out as a negative prognostic factor. In the 19 patients in whom a comparison to [18F]FDG was available, [68Ga]Pentixafor-PET detected more lesions in 4/19 (21%) subjects, [18F]FDG proved superior in 7/19 (37%). In the remaining 8/19 (42%) patients, both tracers detected an equal number of lesions. [18F]FDG-PET positivity correlated with [68Ga]Pentixafor-PET positivity (p=0.018). [68Ga]Pentixafor-PET provides further evidence that CXCR4 expression frequently occurs in advanced multiple myeloma, representing a negative prognostic factor and a potential target for myeloma specific treatment. However, selecting patients for CXCR4 directed therapies and prognostic stratification seem to be more relevant clinical applications for this novel imaging modality, rather than diagnostic imaging of myeloma.
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Chen YP, Lv JW, Liu X, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Lin AH, Sun Y, Mao YP, Ma J. The Landscape of Clinical Trials Evaluating the Theranostic Role of PET Imaging in Oncology: Insights from an Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov Database. Theranostics 2017; 7:390-399. [PMID: 28042342 PMCID: PMC5197072 DOI: 10.7150/thno.17087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the war on cancer marked by personalized medicine, positron emission tomography (PET)-based theranostic strategy is playing an increasingly important role. Well-designed clinical trials are of great significance for validating the PET applications and ensuring evidence-based cancer care. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive landscape of the characteristics of PET clinical trials using the substantial resource of ClinicalTrials.gov database. We identified 25,599 oncology trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov in the last ten-year period (October 2005-September 2015). They were systematically reviewed to validate classification into 519 PET trials and 25,080 other oncology trials used for comparison. We found that PET trials were predominantly phase 1-2 studies (86.2%) and were more likely to be single-arm (78.9% vs. 57.9%, P <0.001) using non-randomized assignment (90.1% vs. 66.7%, P <0.001) than other oncology trials. Furthermore, PET trials were small in scale, generally enrolling fewer than 100 participants (20.3% vs. 25.7% for other oncology trials, P = 0.014), which might be too small to detect a significant theranostic effect. The funding support from industry or National Institutes of Health shrunk over time (both decreased by about 5%), and PET trials were more likely to be conducted in only one region lacking international collaboration (97.0% vs. 89.3% for other oncology trials, P <0.001). These findings raise concerns that clinical trials evaluating PET imaging in oncology are not receiving the attention or efforts necessary to generate high-quality evidence. Advancing the clinical application of PET imaging will require a concerted effort to improve the quality of trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wei Lv
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- Clinical Trials Centre, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Hua Lin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Mao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Poschenrieder A, Schottelius M, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. Preclinical evaluation of [(68)Ga]NOTA-pentixafor for PET imaging of CXCR4 expression in vivo - a comparison to [(68)Ga]pentixafor. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:70. [PMID: 27655427 PMCID: PMC5031577 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to its overexpression in a variety of tumor types, the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) represents a highly relevant diagnostic and therapeutic target in nuclear oncology. Recently, [68Ga]pentixafor has emerged as an excellent imaging agent for positron emission tomography (PET) of CXCR4 expression in vivo. In this study, the corresponding [68Ga]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-triacetic acid (NOTA) analog was preclinically evaluated and compared to the 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) parent compound [68Ga]pentixafor. Methods NOTA-pentixafor was synthesized by combining solid and solution-phase peptide synthesis. The CXCR4 receptor affinities of [68Ga]pentixafor and [68Ga]NOTA-pentixafor were determined in competitive binding assays using the leukemic CXCR4-expressing Jurkat T-cell line and [125I]FC131 as the radioligand. Internalization and cell efflux assays were performed using CXCR4-transfected Chem-1 cells. Small-animal PET and biodistribution studies were carried out using Daudi-tumor bearing SCID mice. Results [68Ga]NOTA-pentixafor showed a 1.4-fold improved affinity towards CXCR4 (IC50). However, internalization efficiency into CXCR4+-Chem-1 cells was substantially decreased compared to [68Ga]pentixafor. Accordingly, small-animal PET imaging and biodistribution studies revealed a 9.5-fold decreased uptake of [68Ga]NOTA-pentixafor in Daudi lymphoma xenografts (1.7 ± 0.4 % vs 16.2 ± 3.8 % ID/g at 90 min p.i.) and higher levels of non-specific accumulation, primarily in the excretory organs such as the liver, intestines, and kidneys (2.3 ± 0.9 % vs 2.0 ± 0.3 % ID/g, 1.9 ± 0.8 % vs 0.7 ± 0.2 % ID/g, and 2.7 ± 1.1 % vs 1.7 ± 0.9 % ID/g, respectively). Conclusions Despite enhanced CXCR4-affinity in vitro, the [68Ga]NOTA-analog of pentixafor showed reduced CXCR4 targeting efficiency in vivo. In combination with enhanced background accumulation, this resulted in significantly inferior PET imaging contrast, and thus, [68Ga]NOTA-pentixafor offers no advantages over [68Ga]pentixafor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Poschenrieder
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Werner RA, Kroiss M, Nakajo M, Mügge DO, Hahner S, Fassnacht M, Schirbel A, Bluemel C, Higuchi T, Papp L, Zsótér N, Buck AK, Bundschuh RA, Lapa C. Assessment of tumor heterogeneity in treatment-naïve adrenocortical cancer patients using (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography. Endocrine 2016; 53:791-800. [PMID: 27138903 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As an orphan malignancy, only limited treatment options are available in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Non-invasive risk assessment has not been described but may be of value to stratify patients for treatment. We aimed to evaluate the potential value of intra-individual tumor heterogeneity as assessed by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for outcome prediction in treatment-naïve ACC patients. Ten patients with primary diagnosis of ACC were included in this study. Prior to any treatment initiation, baseline (18)F-FDG PET scans were performed. Tumor staging was performed using the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENS@T). Intratumoral heterogeneity of the primary tumor was assessed by manual segmentation using conventional PET parameters (standardized uptake values and tumor-to-liver ratios) and textural features. The impact of tumoral heterogeneity based on pre-therapeutic (18)F-FDG PET to predict progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. On average, tumor recurrence or progression was detected after median of 561 days (range 71-1434 days) after the pre-therapeutic baseline PET scan. 50 % of the patients died of ACC within the follow-up period (mean 983 ± 404 days). Pre-therapeutic tumor volume was associated with PFS (r = -0.67, p = 0.05) and Ki67 index with OS (r = -0.66, p = 0.04). ENS@T tumor stage was the only parameter to correlate with both PFS and OS (r = -0.82, p = 0.001, and r = -0.72, p = 0.01, respectively). In the subgroup of patients without distant metastases (ENS@T stages II and III), age and pre-therapeutic tumor volume correlated significantly with PFS (r = 0.96, p = 0.01 and r = -0.93, p = 0.02, respectively) and OS (r = 0.95, p = 0.02 and r = -0.90, p = 0.04, respectively). None of the investigated classic or textural PET parameters predicted PFS or OS. In this pilot study in treatment-naïve ACC patients, conventional (18)F-FDG PET-derived parameters and textural tumor heterogeneity features were not suitable to identify high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf A Werner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Masatoyo Nakajo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Hahner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Bluemel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laszló Papp
- Mediso Medical Imaging Systems Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andreas K Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralph A Bundschuh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Poschenrieder A, Osl T, Schottelius M, Hoffmann F, Wirtz M, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. First 18F-Labeled Pentixafor-Based Imaging Agent for PET Imaging of CXCR4 Expression In Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:85-93. [PMID: 30042959 PMCID: PMC6024415 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2016.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo quantification of CXCR4 expression using [68Ga]pentixafor for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has gained significant clinical interest as CXCR4 plays a fundamental role in oncology and possesses potential prognostic value when overexpressed. To combine the excellent CXCR4-targeting properties of pentixafor-based tracers with the favorable radionuclide properties of 18F for high-resolution PET imaging, we developed an Al18F-labeled 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-triacetic acid (NOTA) analog of pentixather. Al18F-labeling of NOTA-pentixather was performed in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at pH = 4 (105°C, 15 minutes). CXCR4 affinities were determined in competitive binding assays, and both biodistribution and small-animal PET studies were performed in Daudi lymphoma-bearing mice. Under non-optimized conditions, [18F]AlF-NOTA-pentixather was obtained in radiochemical yields of 45.5% ± 13.3% and specific activities of up to 24.8 GBq/μmol. Compared with [natGa]pentixafor, [natF]AlF-NOTA-pentixather showed 1.4-fold higher CXCR4 affinity. [18F]AlF-NOTA-pentixather displayed high and CXCR4-specific in vivo uptake in Daudi xenografts (13.9% ± 0.8% injected dose per gram [ID/g] at 1 hour post injection [p.i.]). Because of its enhanced lipophilicity (logP = -1.4), [18F]AlF-NOTA-pentixather showed increased accumulation in the gall bladder and intestines. However, tumor/background ratios of 7.0 ± 1.2, 2.0 ± 0.3, 2.2 ± 0.4, 16.5 ± 6.5, and 29.2 ± 4 for blood, liver, small intestine, gut, and muscle, respectively, allowed for high-contrast visualization of Daudi tumors using PET (1 hour p.i.). The relatively straightforward radiosynthesis and efficient CXCR4 targeting of [18F]AlF-NOTA-pentixather demonstrate the successful implementation of 18F-complexation chemistry and pentixather-based CXCR4 targeting. Upon pharmacokinetic optimization, this class of tracers holds great promise for future application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Osl
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Germany and
| | | | - Frauke Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Germany and
| | - Martina Wirtz
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Germany and
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr, München, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Germany and
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