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Liu Y, Lou X. Type 2 diabetes mellitus-related environmental factors and the gut microbiota: emerging evidence and challenges. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1277. [PMID: 31939557 PMCID: PMC6945290 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a group of over 38 trillion bacterial cells in the human microbiota that plays an important role in the regulation of human metabolism through its symbiotic relationship with the host. Changes in the gut microbial ecosystem are associated with increased susceptibility to metabolic disease in humans. However, the composition of the gut microbiota in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases is not well understood. This article reviews the relationship between environmental factors and the gut microbiota in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, we discuss the goal of treating type 2 diabetes mellitus by modifying the gut microbiota and the challenges that remain in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Liu
- Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Department of Endocrinology Jinhua, 321000, China
| | - Xueyong Lou
- Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Department of Endocrinology Jinhua, 321000, China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Short-term impact of sucralose consumption on the metabolic response and gut microbiome of healthy adults. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:856-862. [PMID: 31258108 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sucralose is an artificial non-nutritive sweetener used in foods aimed to reduce sugar and energy intake. While thought to be inert, the impact of sucralose on metabolic control has shown to be the opposite. The gut microbiome has emerged as a factor shaping metabolic responses after sweetener consumption. We examined the short-term effect of sucralose consumption on glucose homeostasis and gut microbiome of healthy male volunteers. We performed a randomised, double-blind study in thirty-four subjects divided into two groups, one that was administered sucralose capsules (780 mg/d for 7 d; n 17) and a control group receiving placebo (n 17). Before and after the intervention, glycaemic and insulinaemic responses were assessed with a standard oral glucose load (75 g). Insulin resistance was determined using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and Matsuda indexes. The gut microbiome was evaluated before and after the intervention by 16S rRNA sequencing. During the study, body weight remained constant in both groups. Glycaemic control and insulin resistance were not affected during the 7-d period. At the phylum level, gut microbiome was not modified in any group. We classified subjects according to their change in insulinaemia after the intervention, to compare the microbiome of responders and non-responders. Independent of consuming sucralose or placebo, individuals with a higher insulinaemic response after the intervention had lower Bacteroidetes and higher Firmicutes abundances. In conclusion, consumption of high doses of sucralose for 7 d does not alter glycaemic control, insulin resistance, or gut microbiome in healthy individuals. However, it highlights the need to address individual responses to sucralose.
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Sánchez-Alcoholado L, Gutiérrez-Repiso C, Gómez-Pérez AM, García-Fuentes E, Tinahones FJ, Moreno-Indias I. Gut microbiota adaptation after weight loss by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgeries. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019; 15:1888-1895. [PMID: 31648978 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.08.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota could be involved in the metabolic improvement after surgery. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the short-term evolution of the gut microbiome after different bariatric surgery procedures and their functionality and relate it with obesity resolution. SETTING University hospital, Spain. METHODS We studied 28 patients with severe obesity; 14 underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and 14 underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG). All patients were examined before and 3 months after the correspondent bariatric surgery. Gut microbiome profile was assessed by the sequencing of amplicons from the 16S rDNA gene by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS Gut microbiota profiles significantly differed between surgical procedures. RYGB suffered the largest changes in the microbiota population. SG and RYGB differed in their profiles with higher levels of Akkermansia, Eubacterium, Haemophilus, and Blautia for SG, while Veillonella, Slackia, Granucatiella, and Acidaminococcus occurred with greater levels in RYGB. RYGB microbiota changes were reflected also at the level of functionality, especially in pathways related to environmental adaptation. A biomarker discovery analysis revealed the genus Blautia as characteristic in SG, while Veillonella was of RYGB. CONCLUSION Our study shows a shift of the gut microbiome after a bariatric surgery in a procedure-related manner. Gut microbiome changes are related to the adaptation to the changing gut environment and could be related to the pH fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sánchez-Alcoholado
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN CB06/003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez-Repiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN CB06/003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Gómez-Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN CB06/003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN CB06/003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA) and University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN CB06/003), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex microbial community that plays a key role in human health. Diet is an important factor dictating gut microbiome composition. This is mediated by multiple microbe-microbe interactions that result in the fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates and the production of short-chain fatty acids. Certain species play key metabolic roles in the microbiome, and their disappearance could result in dysbiosis. In this work, a synthetic consortium of 14 gut microbes was studied during the utilization of prebiotic inulin in batch bioreactors. Fermentations were repeated leaving one species out every time, in order to evaluate the impact of their elimination on the system. Substrate consumption, microbial composition, and metabolite production were determined. Single deletions never resulted in a complete loss of bacterial growth or inulin consumption, suggesting functional redundancy. Deletions of Bacteroides dorei and Lachnoclostridium clostridioforme resulted in lower biomass and higher residual inulin. The absence of B. dorei impacted the abundance of the other 10 species negatively. Lachnoclostridium symbiosum, a butyrate producer, appeared to be the most sensitive species to deletions, being stimulated by the presence of Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. dorei, and Lactobacillus plantarum Conversely, bioreactors without these species did not show butyrate production. L. clostridioforme was observed to be essential for propionate production, and B. dorei for lactate production. Our analysis identified specific members that were essential for the function of the consortium. In conclusion, species deletions from microbial consortia could be a useful approach to identify relevant interactions between microorganisms and defining metabolic roles in the gut microbiome.IMPORTANCE Gut microbes associate, compete for, and specialize in specific metabolic tasks. These interactions are dictated by the cross-feeding of degradation or fermentation products. However, the individual contribution of microbes to the function of the gut microbiome is difficult to evaluate. It is essential to understand the complexity of microbial interactions and how the presence or absence of specific microorganisms affects the stability and functioning of the gut microbiome. The experimental approach of this study could be used for identifying keystone species, in addition to redundant functions and conditions that contribute to community stability. Redundancy is an important feature of the microbiome, and its reduction could be useful for the design of microbial consortia with desired metabolic properties enhancing the tasks of the keystone species.
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Longitudinal changes of microbiome composition and microbial metabolomics after surgical weight loss in individuals with obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019; 15:1367-1373. [PMID: 31296445 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some of the metabolic effects of bariatric surgery may be mediated by the gut microbiome. OBJECTIVES To study the effect of bariatric surgery on changes to gut microbiota composition and bacterial pathways, and their relation to metabolic parameters after bariatric surgery. SETTINGS University hospitals in the United States and Spain. METHODS Microbial diversity and composition by 16 S rRNA sequencing, putative bacterial pathways, and targeted circulating metabolites were studied in 26 individuals with severe obesity, with and without type 2 diabetes, before and at 3, 6, and 12 months after either gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy. RESULTS Bariatric surgery tended to increase alpha diversity, and significantly altered beta diversity, microbiota composition, and function up to 6 months after surgery, but these changes tend to regress to presurgery levels by 12 months. Twelve of 15 bacterial pathways enriched after surgery also regressed to presurgery levels at 12 months. Network analysis identified groups of bacteria significantly correlated with levels of circulating metabolites over time. There were no differences between study sites, surgery type, or diabetes status in terms of microbial diversity and composition at baseline and after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The association among changes in microbiome with decreased circulating biomarkers of inflammation, increased bile acids, and products of choline metabolism and other bacterial pathways suggest that the microbiome partially mediates improvement of metabolism during the first year after bariatric surgery.
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Zhang BB, Liu YM, Hu AL, Xu SF, Fan LD, Cheng ML, Li C, Wei LX, Liu J. HgS and Zuotai differ from HgCl 2 and methyl mercury in intestinal Hg absorption, transporter expression and gut microbiome in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114615. [PMID: 31175882 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is generally considered as a toxic metal; yet the biological outcomes of Hg-containing compounds are highly dependent upon their chemical forms. We hypothesize that mercury sulfide (HgS) is different from HgCl2 and methylmercury (MeHg) in producing intestinal Hg absorption and disruption of gut microbiome. To test this hypothesis, mice were given orally with HgS (α-HgS, 30 mg/kg), Zuotai (β-HgS, 30 mg/kg), HgCl2 (33.6 mg/kg, equivalent Hg as HgS), or MeHg (3.1 mg/kg, 1/10 Hg as HgS) for 7 days. Accumulation of Hg in the duodenum and ileum after HgCl2 (30-40 fold) and MeHg (10-15 fold) was higher than HgS and Zuotai (~2-fold). HgCl2 and MeHg decreased intestinal intake peptide transporter-1 and Ost-β, and increased ileal bile acid binding protein and equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1. The efflux transporters ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member-4 (Abcc4), Abcg2, Abcg5/8, and Abcb1b were increased by HgCl2 and to a lesser extent by MeHg, while HgS and Zuotai had minimal effects. Bacterial DNA was extracted and subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) results showed that among the 10 phyla, HgS increased Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, while HgCl2 increased Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and decreased Firmicutes; among the 79 families, HgS increased Rikenellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Helicobacteraceae, and decreased Prevotellaceae, while HgCl2 increased Odoribacteraceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and decreased Lactobacillaceae; among the 232 genus/species, HgS and Zuotai affected gut microbiome quite differently from HgCl2 and MeHg. qPCR analysis with 16S rRNA confirmed sequencing results. Thus, chemical forms of mercury are a major determinant for intestinal Hg accumulation, alterations in transporters and disruption of microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhang
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, No. 4 Beijing Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - An-Ling Hu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Li-Da Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, No. 4 Beijing Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Ming-Liang Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, No. 4 Beijing Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Cen Li
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Li Y, Guan W, Ma S, Lin S, Yang N, Liu R, Liang H, Zhou H. Lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines levels decreased after sleeve gastrectomy in Chinese adults with obesity. Endocr J 2019; 66:337-347. [PMID: 30799316 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is linked to a low-grade systemic inflammation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key factor. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) can significantly cause weight loss, but few reports have looked into the changes of LPS and inflammatory cytokines after surgery. To explore the potential short-term impact of SG on LPS and inflammatory cytokines and their relationship to early metabolic changes in obesity. 30 Chinese adults with obesity (BMI 39.37 ± 8.22 kg/m2, 25 female) receiving SG were included in this study. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and 30 days after SG. Serum LPS markedly reduced from 336.50 (73.54, 500) pg/mL to 5.00 (5.00, 5.24) pg/mL at 1 month after SG (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in plasma IL-6, IL-8, and serum CRP after SG (all p < 0.05). Insulin resistance improved remarkably after surgery as displayed by reductions in fasting insulin level (FINS, p < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (p < 0.001). In addition, visceral fat area (VFA) decreased from 209.70 ± 39.96 cm2 to 193.28 ± 43.68 cm2 after SG (p < 0.001). LPS was positively correlated with FINS (r = 0.391, p = 0.033) and HOMA-IR (r = 0.38, p = 0.038) before SG. Meanwhile, VFA was positively associated with CRP (r = 0.388, p = 0.034) before surgery. When assessing 30-days postoperative changes, a positive correlation was found between the variations of LPS, IL-8 and the reduction of VFA. After multivariate analyses, only the reduced IL-8 level was independently associated with the reduction of VFA (p = 0.015). In conclusion, SG can significantly relieve the inflammation in obesity in the short term and LPS might be an earlier predictor of inflammatory changes after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shibo Lin
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ningli Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Hallberg SJ, Gershuni VM, Hazbun TL, Athinarayanan SJ. Reversing Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Evidence. Nutrients 2019; 11:E766. [PMID: 30939855 PMCID: PMC6520897 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has long been identified as an incurable chronic disease based on traditional means of treatment. Research now exists that suggests reversal is possible through other means that have only recently been embraced in the guidelines. This narrative review examines the evidence for T2D reversal using each of the three methods, including advantages and limitations for each. METHODS A literature search was performed, and a total of 99 original articles containing information pertaining to diabetes reversal or remission were included. RESULTS Evidence exists that T2D reversal is achievable using bariatric surgery, low-calorie diets (LCD), or carbohydrate restriction (LC). Bariatric surgery has been recommended for the treatment of T2D since 2016 by an international diabetes consensus group. Both the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) now recommend a LC eating pattern and support the short-term use of LCD for weight loss. However, only T2D treatment, not reversal, is discussed in their guidelines. CONCLUSION Given the state of evidence for T2D reversal, healthcare providers need to be educated on reversal options so they can actively engage in counseling patients who may desire this approach to their disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hallberg
- Virta Health, 535 Mission Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
- Indiana University Health Arnett, Lafayette, IN 47904, USA.
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202 IN, USA.
| | - Victoria M Gershuni
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Tamara L Hazbun
- Indiana University Health Arnett, Lafayette, IN 47904, USA.
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202 IN, USA.
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Villanueva-Millán MJ, Pérez-Matute P, Recio-Fernández E, Lezana Rosales JM, Oteo JA. Characterization of gut microbiota composition in HIV-infected patients with metabolic syndrome. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:299-309. [PMID: 30924020 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) per se or its separated components in HIV-infected patients contributes to an accelerated aging and increased cardiovascular risk. Gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has been linked with chronic inflammation associated with MS in a general non-infected population. However, no studies concerning GM have been performed in HIV-infected patients with MS. The aim of this study was to analyze bacterial translocation, inflammation, and GM composition in HIV-infected patients with and without MS. A total of 51 HIV-infected patients were recruited and classified according to the presence of MS (40 patients without MS and 11 with MS). Markers of bacterial translocation, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk were measured and GM was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing. No differences were observed among both HIV-infected groups in the bacterial translocation markers LBP and sCD14. A tendency to increase the inflammatory markers IL-6 (p = 0.069) and MCP-1 (p = 0.067) was observed in those patients suffering from MS. An increase in the cardiovascular risk markers PAI-1 (p = 0.007) and triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio (p < 0.0001) was also found in the MS group. No significant changes were observed at phylum level although a decrease in the abundance of seven genera and seven bacterial species, including some anti-inflammatory bacteria, was observed in HIV-infected patients with MS. To summarize, the presence of MS was not accompanied by major changes in GM, although the reduction observed in some anti-inflammatory bacteria may be clinically useful to develop strategies to minimize inflammation and its future deleterious consequences in these HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Villanueva-Millán
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Matute
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - Emma Recio-Fernández
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - José-Miguel Lezana Rosales
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Oteo
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario San Pedro, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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Lee P, Yacyshyn BR, Yacyshyn MB. Gut microbiota and obesity: An opportunity to alter obesity through faecal microbiota transplant (FMT). Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:479-490. [PMID: 30328245 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global pandemic with immense health consequences for individuals and societies. Multiple factors, including environmental influences and genetic predispositions, are known to affect the development of obesity. Despite an increasing understanding of the factors driving the obesity epidemic, therapeutic interventions to prevent or reverse obesity are limited in their impact. Manipulation of the human gut microbiome provides a new potential therapeutic approach in the fight against obesity. Specific gut bacteria and their metabolites are known to affect host metabolism and feeding behaviour, and dysbiosis of this biosystem may lead to metabolic syndrome. Potential therapies to alter the gut microbiota to treat obesity include dietary changes, supplementation of the diet with probiotic organisms and prebiotic compounds that influence bacterial growth, and the use of faecal microbiota transplant, in which gut microbiota from healthy individuals are introduced into the gut. In this review, we examine the growing scientific evidence supporting the mechanisms by which the human gut microbiota may influence carbohydrate metabolism and obesity, and the various possible therapies that may utilize the gut microbiota to help correct metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lee
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bruce R Yacyshyn
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mary B Yacyshyn
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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61
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Davies NK, O'Sullivan JM, Plank LD, Murphy R. Altered gut microbiome after bariatric surgery and its association with metabolic benefits: A systematic review. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019; 15:656-665. [PMID: 30824335 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the recommended therapy for significant weight reduction and remission of type 2 diabetes. Different types of bariatric surgery result in dramatic changes to gut bacteria but the contribution of such changes to the metabolic benefits achieved is still unclear. This systematic review of 14 clinical studies, incorporating 222 participants (146 patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 25 with sleeve gastrectomy, 30 with biliointestinal bypass, 7 with vertical banded gastroplasty, and 14 with an adjustable gastric band) reveals generally increased microbial diversity and gene richness after surgery. Major species-level changes include a decrease in the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and increase in Escherichia coli. Decreases in the relative abundance of Firmicutes after sleeve gastrectomy and increases in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were seen. Microbial changes after surgery are discussed in the context of potential confounding effects of baseline diet, medications, and type 2 diabetes, with recommendations to consider these factors in future studies, to identify potentially causal associations with observed metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi K Davies
- University of Auckland, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin M O'Sullivan
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lindsay D Plank
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rinki Murphy
- University of Auckland, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Peri-operative, intravenous clindamycin may improve the resolution rate of hypertension after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in morbidly obese patients. Surg Endosc 2019; 33:3984-3989. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-06687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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63
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Pucci A, Batterham RL. Mechanisms underlying the weight loss effects of RYGB and SG: similar, yet different. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:117-128. [PMID: 29730732 PMCID: PMC6394763 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic continues unabated, adversely impacting upon global health and economies. People with severe obesity suffer the greatest adverse health consequences with reduced life expectancy. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for people with severe obesity, resulting in marked sustained weight loss, improved obesity-associated comorbidities and reduced mortality. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), the most common bariatric procedures undertaken globally, engender weight loss and metabolic improvements by mechanisms other than restriction and malabsorption. It is now clear that a plethora of gastrointestinal (GI) tract-derived signals plays a critical role in energy and glucose regulation. SG and RYGB, which alter GI anatomy and nutrient flow, impact upon these GI signals ultimately leading to weight loss and metabolic improvements. However, whilst highly effective overall, at individual level, post-operative outcomes are highly variable, with a proportion of patients experiencing poor long-term weight loss outcome and gaining little health benefit. RYGB and SG are markedly different anatomically and thus differentially impact upon GI signalling and bodyweight regulation. Here, we review the mechanisms proposed to cause weight loss following RYGB and SG. We highlight similarities and differences between these two procedures with a focus on gut hormones, bile acids and gut microbiota. A greater understanding of these procedure-related mechanisms will allow surgical procedure choice to be tailored to the individual to maximise post-surgery health outcomes and will facilitate the discovery of non-surgical treatments for people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pucci
- Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital Bariatric, London, UK
| | - R L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital Bariatric, London, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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Wang FG, Bai RX, Yan WM, Yan M, Dong LY, Song MM. Differential composition of gut microbiota among healthy volunteers, morbidly obese patients and post-bariatric surgery patients. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2268-2278. [PMID: 30867711 PMCID: PMC6395995 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of the gut microbiota was recently deemed one of the mechanisms responsible for the excellent outcomes of bariatric surgery. However, to date, only few studies have assessed this, and they have high heterogeneity. In the present study, next-generation 16S ribosomal DNA amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the gut microbiota of healthy volunteers, as well as patients prior to and after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Significant differences in α diversity, β diversity and species were identified between the different groups/time-points. The results demonstrated excellent outcomes of SG and RYGB. The β diversity was lower in healthy volunteers compared with that in morbidly obese patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. At 3 months after SG, the α diversity was increased and the β diversity was decreased. The abundance of certain species changed significantly after SG and RYGB. It was also revealed that the abundance of certain microbes was significantly correlated with the body mass index, fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin. It may be concluded that bariatric surgery may cause obvious alterations in the gut microbiota and compared with healthy volunteers and obese patients without bariatric surgery, the microbiota composition of post-bariatric surgery has unique characteristics. However, studies with a larger cohort and longer follow-up may be required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Gang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ri-Xing Bai
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Mao Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Yue Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Mao-Min Song
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Medina DA, Li T, Thomson P, Artacho A, Pérez-Brocal V, Moya A. Cross-Regional View of Functional and Taxonomic Microbiota Composition in Obesity and Post-obesity Treatment Shows Country Specific Microbial Contribution. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2346. [PMID: 31681211 PMCID: PMC6812679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been shown to have an important influence on host health. The microbial composition of the human gut microbiota is modulated by diet and other lifestyle habits and it has been reported that microbial diversity is altered in obese people. Obesity is a worldwide health problem that negatively impacts the quality of life. Currently, the widespread treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery. Interestingly, gut microbiota has been shown to be a relevant factor in effective weight loss after bariatric surgery. Since that the human gut microbiota of normal subjects differs between geographic regions, it is possible that rearrangements of the gut microbiota in dysbiosis context are also region-specific. To better understand how gut microbiota contribute to obesity, this study compared the composition of the human gut microbiota of obese and lean people from six different regions and showed that the microbiota compositions in the context of obesity were specific to each studied geographic location. Furthermore, we analyzed the functional patterns using shotgun DNA metagenomic sequencing and compared the results with other obesity-related metagenomic studies, we observed that microbial contribution to functional pathways were country-specific. Nevertheless, our study showed that although microbial composition of obese patients was country-specific, the overall metabolic functions appeared to be the same between countries, indicating that different microbiota components contribute to similar metabolic outcomes to yield functional redundancy. Furthermore, we studied the microbiota functional changes of obese patients after bariatric surgery, by shotgun metagenomics sequencing and observed that changes in functional pathways were specific to the type of obesity treatment. In all, our study provides new insights into the differences and similarities of obese gut microbiota in relation to geographic location and obesity treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Medina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
- *Correspondence: Daniel A. Medina,
| | - Tianlu Li
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela Thomson
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Genomics and Health Area, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO)-Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Genomics and Health Area, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO)-Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Genomics and Health Area, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO)-Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain
- Integrative Systems Biology Institute, University of Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
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Aminian A. Sleeve Gastrectomy: Metabolic Surgical Procedure of Choice? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:531-534. [PMID: 29804898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are fairly similar in terms of their long-term effects on excess body weight, cardiometabolic risk factors, and quality of life. However, SG appears to be a safer procedure with distinct metabolic advantages, which can be even better than gastric bypass in some aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aminian
- Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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A comparison of rodent models of vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2018; 14:1471-1479. [PMID: 30093310 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is fashioned in humans by applying multiple staple loads, rodent VSG is generally created through a single-staple load application. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of a 2-staple load VSG rat model more closely resembling the multistaple load operation done in humans on weight, metabolic outcomes, and the microbiome and how these compare with those obtained with the standard one-staple load model. SETTING University research facility, United States. METHODS High-fat diet-induced obese male rats were randomized to single-staple load VSG (VSG1), 2-staple load VSG (VSG2), or sham operation (Sham). Outcomes included weight and composition, food intake, glucose metabolism, lipids, bile acids, and intestinal microbiome. Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance. RESULTS Both procedures resulted in substantial weight and body fat loss compared with Sham-treated animals. Weight loss was modestly greater for VSG2 compared with VSG1. Food intake was reduced in both procedures and accounted for the observed weight reduction. Glucose tolerance and plasma and hepatic lipid profiles were improved comparably in VSG1 and VSG2 relative to Sham. Bile acids were higher for VSG2 compared with Sham but not significantly different between VSG1 and VSG2. Neither procedure impacted intestinal microbiome richness and diversity compared with Sham across multiple intestinal sections. Colonic Actinobacteria was more abundant in VSG2 than in Sham. Relative abundances of bacterial phyla did not differ among VSG1, VSG2, and Sham across the remaining intestinal sections. CONCLUSIONS Although VSG1 or VSG2 offer effective and overall comparable platforms for the study of obesity, VSG2 resulted in superior weight loss.
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Taco-Masias AA, Fernandez-Aristi AR. Letter to the Editor: Influence of Intestinal Microbiota on Body Weight Gain: a Narrative Review of the Literature. Obes Surg 2018; 28:1136-1137. [PMID: 29352752 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-3109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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69
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Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in an Obese Rat Model. Obes Surg 2017; 28:1532-1539. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-3052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ryan PM, Stanton C, Caplice NM. Bile acids at the cross-roads of gut microbiome-host cardiometabolic interactions. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017; 9:102. [PMID: 29299069 PMCID: PMC5745752 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-017-0299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While basic and clinical research over the last several decades has recognized a number of modifiable risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disease progression, additional and alternative biological perspectives may offer novel targets for prevention and treatment of this disease set. There is mounting preclinical and emerging clinical evidence indicating that the mass of metabolically diverse microorganisms which inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract may be implicated in initiation and modulation of cardiovascular and metabolic disease outcomes. The following review will discuss this gut microbiome-host metabolism axis and address newly proposed bile-mediated signaling pathways through which dysregulation of this homeostatic axis may influence host cardiovascular risk. With a central focus on the major nuclear and membrane-bound bile acid receptor ligands, we aim to review the putative impact of microbial bile acid modification on several major phenotypes of metabolic syndrome, from obesity to heart failure. Finally, attempting to synthesize several separate but complementary hypotheses, we will review current directions in preclinical and clinical investigation in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Ryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel M. Caplice
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
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