Current landscape of exosomal non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer: Modulators and biomarkers

Prostate cancer (PCa) has the highest frequency of diagnosis among solid tumors and ranks second as the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs, frequently exhibit dysregulation and substantially impact the biological behavior of PCa. Compared with circulating ncRNAs, ncRNAs loaded into exosomes are more stable because of protection by the lipid bilayer. Furthermore, exosomal ncRNAs facilitate the intercellular transfer of molecules and information. Increasing evidence suggests that exosomal ncRNAs hold promising potential in the progression, diagnosis and prognosis of PCa. This review aims to discuss the functions of exosomal ncRNAs in PCa, evaluate their possible applications as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and provide a comprehensive overview of the ncRNAs regulatory network in PCa. We also identified ncRNAs that can be utilized as biomarkers for diagnosis, staging, grading and prognosis assessment in PCa. This review offers researchers a fresh perspective on the functions of exosomal ncRNAs in PCa and provides additional options for its diagnosis, progression monitoring, and prognostic prediction.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment confers resistance to neonatal ischemia and hypoxia: effects on neurobehavioral phenotypes

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00031/figure1/v/2024-04-08T165401Z/r/image-tiff Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is the main cause of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Currently, there are few effective clinical treatments for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective and molecular mechanisms of exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which can protect against hypoxic injury in adulthood, in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. In this study, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 30 minutes before surgery and every 24 hours thereafter. The results showed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment improved body weight, brain structure, adenosine triphosphate levels, oxidative damage, neurobehavioral test outcomes, and seizure threshold in experimental mice. Tandem mass tag proteomics revealed that numerous proteins were altered after nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury mice. Parallel reaction monitoring and western blotting confirmed changes in the expression levels of proteins including serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3N, fibronectin 1, 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IA, microtubule associated protein 2, and complexin 2. Proteomics analyses showed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ameliorated hypoxic-ischemic injury through inflammation-related signaling pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B). These findings suggest that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment can improve neurobehavioral phenotypes in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury mice through inflammation-related pathways.

Outer membrane vesicles from genetically engineered Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium presenting Helicobacter pylori antigens UreB and CagA induce protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice

Helicobacter pylori causes globally prevalent infections that are highly related to chronic gastritis and even development of gastric carcinomas. With the increase of antibiotic resistance, scientists have begun to search for better vaccine design strategies to eradicate H. pylori colonization. However, while current strategies prefer to formulate vaccines with a single H. pylori antigen, their potential has not yet been fully realized. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are a potential platform since they could deliver multiple antigens. In this study, we engineered three crucial H. pylori antigen proteins (UreB, CagA, and VacA) onto the surface of OMVs derived from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) mutant strains using the hemoglobin protease (Hbp) autotransporter system. In various knockout strategies, we found that OMVs isolated from the ΔrfbP ΔfliC ΔfljB ΔompA mutants could cause distinct increases in immunoglobulin G (IgG) and A (IgA) levels and effectively trigger T helper 1- and 17-biased cellular immune responses, which perform a vital role in protecting against H. pylori. Next, OMVs derived from ΔrfbP ΔfliC ΔfljB ΔompA mutants were used as a vector to deliver different combinations of H. pylori antigens. The antibody and cytokine levels and challenge experiments in mice model indicated that co-delivering UreB and CagA could protect against H. pylori and antigen-specific T cell responses. In summary, OMVs derived from the S. Typhimurium ΔrfbP ΔfliC ΔfljB ΔompA mutant strain as the vector while importing H. pylori UreB and CagA as antigenic proteins using the Hbp autotransporter system would greatly benefit controlling H. pylori infection.

Myofibroblast-derived exosomes enhance macrophages to myofibroblasts transition and kidney fibrosis

A critical event in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis is the transition of macrophages into myofibroblasts (MMT). Exosomes play an important role in crosstalk among cells in the kidney and the development of renal fibrosis. However, the role of myofibroblast-derived exosomes in the process of MMT and renal fibrosis progression remains unknown. Here, we examined the role of myofibroblast-derived exosomes in MMT and kidney fibrogenesis. In vitro, transforming growth factor-β1 stimulated the differentiation of kidney fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and promoted exosome release from myofibroblasts. RAW264.7 cells were treated with exosomes derived from myofibroblasts. We found purified exosomes from myofibroblasts trigger the MMT. By contrast, inhibition of exosome production with GW4869 or exosome depletion from the conditioned media abolished the ability of myofibroblasts to induce MMT. Mice treatment with myofibroblast-derived exosomes (Myo-Exo) exhibited severe fibrotic lesion and more abundant MMT cells in kidneys with folic acid (FA) injury, which was negated by TANK-banding kinase-1 inhibitor. Furthermore, suppression of exosome production reduced collagen deposition, extracellular matrix protein accumulation, and MMT in FA nephropathy. Collectively, Myo-Exo enhances the MMT and kidney fibrosis. Blockade of exosomes mediated myofibroblasts-macrophages communication may provide a novel therapeutic target for kidney fibrosis.

Current targeting strategies and advanced nanoplatforms for atherosclerosis therapy

Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of death worldwide, and it is closely related to many cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, myocardial infraction and angina. Although traditional surgical and pharmacological interventions can effectively retard or slow down the progression of atherosclerosis, it is very difficult to prevent or even reverse this disease. In recent years, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, various nanoagents have been designed and applied to different diseases including atherosclerosis. The unique atherosclerotic microenvironment with signature biological components allows nanoplatforms to distinguish atherosclerotic lesions from normal tissue and to approach plaques specifically. Based on the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation, this review summarises the nanodrug delivery strategies for atherosclerotic therapy, trying to provide help for researchers to understand the existing atherosclerosis management approaches as well as challenges and to reasonably design anti-atherosclerotic nanoplatforms.

Isolation of three different sizes of exosomes in an Asian population with different retinal diseases before and after treatment: preliminary results

Exosomes are membranous structures measuring between 40-120 nm that are secreted by various cells of the human body into the body fluid system. Exosomes contain proteins, mRNA, miRNA, and signaling molecules, and physiologically they assist in the intercellular transport of proteins and RNA molecules. In this study, we used an immunoaffinity filter paper platform combined with scanning electron microscopy and microfluidic systems to detect the size of exosomes within the aqueous humor. Eight aqueous humor samples showed three distinct sizes of exosomes that were significantly different on scanning electron microscopy(P < 0.01). We further used nanoparticle tracking analysis to assess the size distribution of exosomes within the aqueous humor. We found significantly different distributions of exosomes between patients with three different ocular diseases and patients with normal cataracts as controls. An obvious peak of exomeres(size around 35 nm)was found in the patients with central retinal vein occlusion and vitreous hemorrhage. Flare-ups of large exosomes(size 90-120 nm)were found in the patients with the inflammatory ocular disease pars planitis. No obvious peaks in exomeres or large exosomes were found in the control group. There was a high association between the distribution of exosomes and the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. After intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment, the aqueous humor from the patients with neovascular diseases showed a significant reduction in exosomes in nanoparticle tracking analysis. These findings suggest that at least three distinct sizes of exosomes exist in the aqueous humor:(1)exomeres:<35 nm;(2)small exosomes:60-80 nm; and (3)large exosomes:90-120 nm. Different sizes of exosomes may have different implications in normal or diseased eyes.

Hypoxia-related Y RNA fragments as a novel potential biomarker for distinguishing metastatic oral melanoma from non-metastatic oral melanoma in dogs

Hypoxia may promote tumor progression, and hypoxically altered noncoding RNA (ncRNA) expression may play a role in metastasis. Canine oral melanoma (COM) frequently metastasizes, and ncRNA expression under hypoxia may be clinically significant. We aimed to elucidate ncRNA fragments whose expression is altered by hypoxia in COM-derived primary KMeC and metastatic LMeC cell lines using next-generation sequencing to validate these results in qRT-PCR, and then compare expression between metastatic and non-metastatic COM. The NGS analysis and subsequent qRT-PCR validation were performed using hypoxic and normoxic KMeC and LMeC cells, and clinical samples [tumor tissue, plasma, and plasma-derived extracellular vesicles] obtained from dogs with metastatic or non-metastatic melanoma were analyzed with qRT-PCR. Y RNA was significantly decreased in metastatic LMeC cells versus primary KMeC cells in hypoxic and normoxic conditions. The expression of Y RNA was decreased in dogs with metastatic melanoma versus those with non-metastatic melanoma for all clinical sample types, reflecting the pattern found with hypoxia. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that Y RNA level is a promising biomarker for discriminating metastatic from non-metastatic melanoma in plasma [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.993, p < 0.0001] and plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (AUC = 0.981, p = 0.0002). Overall, Y RNA may be more resistant to hypoxic stress in the metastatic than the non-metastatic state for COM. However, further investigation is required to elucidate the biological functions of Y RNA under hypoxic conditions.

Targeted reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages for overcoming glioblastoma resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy

The resistance of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) to standard chemotherapy is primarily attributed to the existence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the GBM microenvironment, particularly the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Targeted modulation of M2-TAMs is emerging as a promising strategy to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy. However, combination TAM-targeted therapy with chemotherapy faces substantial challenges, notably in terms of delivery efficiency and targeting specificity. In this study, we designed a pH-responsive hierarchical brain-targeting micelleplex loaded with temozolomide (TMZ) and resiquimod (R848) for combination chemo-immunotherapy against GBM. This delivery system, termed PCPA&PPM@TR, features a primary Angiopep-2 decoration on the outer layer via a pH-cleavable linker and a secondary mannose analogue (MAN) on the middle layer. This pH-responsive hierarchical targeting strategy enables effective BBB permeability while simultaneous GBM- and TAMs-targeting delivery. GBM-targeted delivery of TMZ induces alkylation and triggers an anti-GBM immune response. Concurrently, TAM-targeted delivery of R848 reprograms their phenotype from M2 to pro-inflammatory M1, thereby diminishing GBM resistance to TMZ and amplifying the immune response. In vivo studies demonstrated that targeted modulation of TAMs using PCPA&PPM@TR significantly enhanced anti-GBM efficacy. In summary, this study proposes a promising brain-targeting delivery system for the targeted modulation of TAMs to combat GBM.

Potential Mechanism and Perspectives of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: A Review

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as a stem cell type with multiple differentiation potentials and immune regulatory abilities, have shown broad prospects in the treatment of ischemic stroke in recent years. The main characteristics of MSCs include their self-renewal ability, differentiation potential for different types of cells, and the ability to secrete various bioactive factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, which play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration. In the treatment of ischemic stroke, MSCs exert therapeutic effects through various mechanisms, including promoting vascular regeneration of damaged brain tissue, reducing inflammatory responses, and protecting neurons from damage caused by apoptosis. Research have shown that MSCs can promote the repair of ischemic areas by releasing neurotrophic factors and angiogenic factors, while inhibiting immune responses triggered by ischemia, thereby improving neurological function. With the in-depth study of its biological mechanism, MSCs have gradually shown good safety and effectiveness in clinical applications. Therefore, fully exploring and utilizing the potential of MSCs in the treatment of ischemic stroke may provide new ideas and solutions for future neural repair and regenerative medicine.

Multi-omics analysis identified extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases

Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising non-invasive liquid biopsy technique due to their accessibility and their ability to encapsulate and transport diverse biomolecules. EVs have garnered substantial research interest, notably in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), where their roles in pathophysiology and as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are increasingly recognized. This review provides a comprehensive overview of EVs, starting with their origins, followed by the techniques used for their isolation and characterization. We explore the diverse cargo of EVs, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, highlighting their roles in intercellular communication and as potential biomarkers. We then delve into the application of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in the analysis of EVs, particularly within the context of CVDs. Finally, we discuss how integrated multi-omics approaches are unveiling novel biomarkers, offering fresh insights into the diagnosis and prognosis of CVDs. This review underscores the growing importance of EVs in clinical diagnostics and the potential of multi-omics to propel future advancements in CVD biomarker discovery.

Liquid biopsy: paving a new avenue for cancer research

The current constraints associated with cancer diagnosis and molecular profiling, which rely on invasive tissue biopsies or clinical imaging, have spurred the emergence of the liquid biopsy field. Liquid biopsy involves the extraction of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating free or circulating tumor DNA (cfDNA or ctDNA), circulating cell-free RNA (cfRNA), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) from bodily fluid samples. Subsequently, these components undergo molecular characterization to identify biomarkers that are critical for early cancer detection, prognosis, therapeutic assessment, and post-treatment monitoring. These innovative biosources exhibit characteristics analogous to those of the primary tumor from which they originate or interact. This review comprehensively explores the diverse technologies and methodologies employed for processing these biosources, along with their principal clinical applications.

Unraveling the role of long non-coding RNAs in therapeutic resistance in acute myeloid leukemia: New prospects & challenges

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a fatal hematological disease characterized by the unchecked proliferation of immature myeloid blasts in different tissues developed by various mutations in hematopoiesis. Despite intense chemotherapeutic regimens, patients often experience poor outcomes, leading to substandard remission rates. In recent years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have increasingly become important prognostic and therapeutic hotspots, due to their contributions to dysregulating many functional epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms leading to alterations in cell expressions, resulting in increased chemoresistance and reduced apoptosis in leukemic cells. Through this review, I highlight and discuss the latest advances in understanding the major mechanisms through which lncRNAs confer therapy resistance in AML. In addition, I also provide perspective on the current strategies to target lncRNA expressions. A better knowledge of the critical role that lncRNAs play in controlling treatment outcomes in AML will help improve existing medications and devise new ones.

Genetically surface-modified Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles targeting MUC1 antigen in cancer cells

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), non-replicating spherical liposomes derived from Gram-negative bacteria, are a promising vaccine platform and multifunctional delivery systems. Their ability to be modified via genetic engineering for the incorporation and display of heterologous proteins enhances their functionality. In this study, we demonstrated a bio-ligation approach to display single-chain variable fragments (scFv) on the OMV surface using the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system. SpyTag-fused scFv, expressed by mammalian cells, bound to OMVs with SpyCatcher-fused Lpp'OmpA after a simple incubation. Biophysical analysis indicated that the conjugated OMVs maintained their physicochemical properties. We used an scFv targeting mucin 1 protein (MUC1) for specific cell targeting. Confocal microscopy revealed that conjugated OMVs specifically bound to and were internalized by MUC1-presenting cells, but not by MUC1-deficient cells. In conclusion, this rapid and efficient bio-ligation system facilitates the display of functional scFv on OMV surfaces, offering a promising approach for targeted delivery to MUC1-expressing cancer cells.

Single-cell RNA sequencing in diabetic kidney disease: a literature review

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and its pathogenesis has not been clarified. Current research suggests that DKD involves multiple cell types and extra-renal factors, and it is particularly important to clarify the pathogenesis and identify new therapeutic targets. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology is high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptomes of individual cells at the single-cell level, which is an effective technology for exploring the development of diseases by comparing genetic information, reflecting the differences in genetic information between cells, and identifying different cell subpopulations. Accumulating evidence supports the role of scRNA-seq in revealing the pathogenesis of diabetes and strengthening our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of DKD. We reviewed the scRNA-seq data this time. Then, we analyzed and discussed the applications of scRNA-seq technology in DKD research, including annotation of cell types, identification of novel cell types (or subtypes), identification of intercellular communication, analysis of cell differentiation trajectories, gene expression detection, and analysis of gene regulatory networks, and lastly, we explored the future perspectives of scRNA-seq technology in DKD research.

Dissolvable microneedle-based wound dressing transdermally and continuously delivers anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic exosomes for diabetic wound treatment

Due to overactive inflammation and hindered angiogenesis, self-healing of diabetic wounds (DW) remains challenging in the clinic. Platelet-derived exosomes (PLT-Exos), a novel exosome capable of anti-inflammation and pro-angiogenesis, show great potential in DW treatment. However, previous administration of exosomes into skin wounds is topical daub or intradermal injection, which cannot intradermally deliver PLT-Exos into the dermis layer, thus impeding its long-term efficacy in anti-inflammation and pro-angiogenesis. Herein, a dissolvable microneedle-based wound dressing (PLT-Exos@ADMMA-MN) was developed for transdermal and long-term delivery of PLT-Exos. Firstly, a photo-crosslinking methacrylated acellular dermal matrix-based hydrogel (ADMMA-GEL), showing physiochemical tailorability, fast-gelling performance, excellent biocompatibility, and pro-angiogenic capacities, was synthesized as a base material of our dressing. For endowing the dressing with anti-inflammation and pro-angiogenesis, PLT-Exos were encapsulated into ADMMA-GEL with a minimum effective concentration determined by our in-vitro experiments. Then, in-vitro results show that this dressing exhibits excellent properties in anti-inflammation and pro-angiogenesis. Lastly, in-vivo experiments showed that this dressing could continuously and transdermally deliver PLT-Exos into skin wounds to switch local macrophage into M2 phenotype while stimulating neovascularization, thus proving a low-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic microenvironment for DW healing. Collectively, this study provides a novel wound dressing capable of suppressing inflammation and stimulating vascularization for DW treatment.

The potential utilization of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles in clinical treatment

Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are released by platelets in the blood circulation, which carry a rich bio-molecular cargo influential in intercellular communications. PEVs can enter the lymph, bone marrow, and synovial fluid as nano-sized particles, while platelets cannot cross tissue barriers. Considering the advantages of PEVs such as low immunogenicity, high regulation of signal transduction, and easy obtainment, PEVs may be promising therapeutic tools for medical applications. The exceptional functional roles played by PEVs explain the recent interest in exploring new cell-free therapies that could address needs in angiogenesis, regenerative medicine, and targeted drug delivery. The review takes a critical look at the main advances of PEVs in the treatment of diseases by presenting the latest knowledge from the performed studies, in order to enhance the further translation of the PEVs research into feasible therapeutic applications.

Omonijo F, A Ganai N, M. Ibeagha-Awemu E, Mudasir Ahmad S. Immunotherapy in mastitis: state of knowledge, research gaps and way forward

Mastitis is an inflammatory condition that affects dairy cow's mammary glands. Traditional treatment approaches with antibiotics are increasingly leading to challenging scenarios such as antimicrobial resistance. In order to mitigate the unwanted side effects of antibiotics, alternative strategies such as those that harness the host immune system response, also known as immunotherapy, have been implemented. Immunotherapy approaches to treat bovine mastitis aims to enhance the cow's immune response against pathogens by promoting pathogen clearance, and facilitating tissue repair. Various studies have demonstrated the potential of immunotherapy for reducing the incidence, duration and severity of mastitis. Nevertheless, majority of reported therapies are lacking in specificity hampering their broad application to treat mastitis. Meanwhile, advancements in mastitis immunotherapy hold great promise for the dairy industry, with potential to provide effective and sustainable alternatives to traditional antibiotic-based approaches. This review synthesizes immunotherapy strategies, their current understanding and potential future perspectives. The future perspectives should focus on the development of precision immunotherapies tailored to address individual pathogens/group of pathogens, development of combination therapies to address antimicrobial resistance, and the integration of nano- and omics technologies. By addressing research gaps, the field of mastitis immunotherapy can make significant strides in the control, treatment and prevention of mastitis, ultimately benefiting both animal and human health/welfare, and environment health.

Bacterial extracellular vesicle: A non-negligible component in biofilm life cycle and challenges in biofilm treatments

Bacterial biofilms, especially those formed by pathogens, have been increasingly impacting human health. Bacterial extracellular vesicle (bEV), a kind of spherical membranous structure released by bacteria, has not only been reported to be a component of the biofilm matrix but also plays a non-negligible role in the biofilm life cycle. Nevertheless, a comprehensive overview of the bEVs functions in biofilms remains elusive. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and distinctive features characterizing bEVs, and consolidate the current literature on their functions and proposed mechanisms in the biofilm life cycle. Furthermore, we emphasize the formidable challenges associated with vesicle interference in biofilm treatments. The primary objective of this review is to raise awareness regarding the functions of bEVs in the biofilm life cycle and lay the groundwork for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to control or even eliminate bacterial biofilms.

Glandular cell products in adult cestode: A new tale of tapeworm interaction with fish innate immune response

The caryophyllidean tapeworm Caryophyllaeus brachycollis (Janiszewska, 1953) is indigenous to the Lake Blidinje in the west-central part of Bosnia-Herzegovina where it infects chub Squalius tenellus (Heckel, 1843). Of 22 chubs examined, 45% were infected with C. brachycollis and a total of 912 specimens of this worm were counted. Histopathological and ultrastructural investigations were conducted on interface region between chub intestine and cestode scolex. Different sizes of lipid droplets in cestode tegument, in interface region and in chub enterocytes were observed. C. brachycollis lacks any specialized attachment organs and with an expanded, flattened scolex goes deep in mucosal folds and firmly attaches to them. In the epithelium of fish intestine, near the site of worm attachment, a high number of mucous cells and several rodlet cells were noticed. Indeed, within the intestinal tunica propria-submucosa, beneath the site of scolex attachment, numerous neutrophils and mast cells were encountered. Transmission electron microscopy of the apical part of the scolex of C. brachycollis showed the occurrence of a multicellular, syncytial glandular complex, the scolex produced membrane-bound secretory granules and their fibrillar contents discharged by merocrine and apocrine secretion onto the host-parasite interface. Our results are among the first to provide evidence on the sophisticated relationship between fish intestine and amorphous-undefinable substance produced by scolex glandular complex.

Multiple delivery strategies of nanocarriers for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: current strategies and future prospective

Acute myocardial infarction, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, has now become a serious health hazard for human beings. Conventional surgical interventions to restore blood flow can rapidly relieve acute myocardial ischemia, but the ensuing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI) and subsequent heart failure have become medical challenges that researchers have been trying to overcome. The pathogenesis of MI/RI involves several mechanisms, including overproduction of reactive oxygen species, abnormal mitochondrial function, calcium overload, and other factors that induce cell death and inflammatory responses. These mechanisms have led to the exploration of antioxidant and inflammation-modulating therapies, as well as the development of myocardial protective factors and stem cell therapies. However, the short half-life, low bioavailability, and lack of targeting of these drugs that modulate these pathological mechanisms, combined with liver and spleen sequestration and continuous washout of blood flow from myocardial sites, severely compromise the expected efficacy of clinical drugs. To address these issues, employing conventional nanocarriers and integrating them with contemporary biomimetic nanocarriers, which rely on passive targeting and active targeting through precise modifications, can effectively prolong the duration of therapeutic agents within the body, enhance their bioavailability, and augment their retention at the injured myocardium. Consequently, these approaches significantly enhance therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing toxic side effects. This article reviews current drug delivery systems used for MI/RI, aiming to offer a fresh perspective on treating this disease.

Oyster mantle-derived exosomes alleviate osteoporosis by regulating bone homeostasis

Osteoporosis is a major public health problem with an urgent need for safe and effective therapeutic interventions. The process of shell formation in oysters is similar to that of bone formation in mammals, and oyster extracts have been proven to exert osteoprotective effects. Oyster mantle is the most crucial organ regulating shell formation, in which exosomes play an important role. However, the effects of oyster mantle-derived exosomes (OMEs) on mammalian osteoporosis and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The OMEs investigated herein was found to carry abundant osteogenic cargos. They could also survive hostile gastrointestinal conditions and accumulate in the bones following oral administration. Moreover, they promoted osteoblastic differentiation and inhibited osteoclastic differentiation simultaneously. Further mechanistic examination revealed that OMEs likely promoted osteogenic activity by activating PI3K/Akt/β-catenin pathway in osteoblasts and blunted osteoclastic activity by inhibiting NF-κB pathway in osteoclasts. These favorable pro-osteogenic effects of OMEs were also corroborated in a rat femur defect model. Importantly, oral administration of OMEs effectively attenuated bone loss and improved the bone microstructure in ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic mice, and demonstrating excellent biosafety. The mechanistic insights from our data support that OMEs possess promising therapeutic potential against osteoporosis.

CRISPR-based dual-aptamer proximity ligation coupled hybridization chain reaction for precise detection of tumor extracellular vesicles and cancer diagnosis

Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) contain numerous cellular molecules and are considered potential biomarkers for non-invasive liquid biopsy. However, due to the low abundance of TEVs secreted by tumor cells and their phenotypic heterogeneity, there is a lack of sensitive and specific methods to quantify TEVs. Here, we developed a dual-aptamer proximity ligation-coupled hybridization chain reaction (HCR) method for tracing TEVs, exploiting CRISPR to achieve highly sensitive detection. Taking advantage of the high binding affinity of aptamers, the two aptamers (AptEpCAM, AptHER2) exhibited the high selectivity for TEVs recognition. HCR generated long-repeated sequence containing multiple crRNA targetable barcodes, and the signals were further amplified by CRISPR upon recognizing the HCR sequences, thereby enhancing the sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, the developed method demonstrated a favorable linear relationship in the range of 2 × 103-107 particles/μL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.3 × 102 particles/μL. We directly applied our assay to clinical plasma analysis, achieving 100 % accuracy in cancer diagnosis, thus demonstrating the potential clinical applications of TEVs. Due to its simplicity and rapidity, excellent sensitivity and specificity, this method has broad applications in clinical medicine.

Involvement of selected circulating ncRNAs in the regulation of cognitive dysfunction induced by anesthesia

Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) refers to the functional impairment of the nervous system caused by prolonged exposure to anesthetics. It is known that prolonged exposure to anesthetics may increase the risk for the development of several cognitive impairments. The drugs used to induce general anesthesia are generally safe, owing to the CNS's direct and/or indirect self-protective activity against drug-induced damages. Non-coding RNAs have recently started to gain attention to better understand the mechanism of gene regulation correlated to cellular physiology and pathology. In order to provide new insights for the neuroprotective function of highly expressed ncRNAs in the central nervous system, we investigated their expression profile in the circulating exosomes of patients exposed to anesthesia vs healthy controls. The experimental design envisaged the recruitment of 30 adult patients undergoing general anesthesia and healthy controls. The effects of anesthetics have been evaluated on miR-34a and miR-124, on the lncRNAs MALAT-1, HOTAIR, GAS5, BLACAT1, HULC, PANDA, and on YRNAs. NcRNAs miR-34a, miR-124, MALAT-1, HOTAIR, GAS5, BLACAT1, and YRNA1 are significantly overexpressed following anesthesia, while YRNA5 is significantly down regulated. Some of them have neuroprotective function, while other correlate with neurological dysfunctions. Our data suggests that, during anesthesia, the toxic action of some non-coding RNAs could be compensated by other non-coding RNAs, both synthesized by the CNS or also transported into neurons from other tissues. It is reasonable to suppose a mutual action of these molecules likely to secure the CNS from anesthetics, that drive a convoluted cascade of ncRNA-dependent biological counter-responses. Our findings are novel in the field of brain dysfunction, indicating that some of the analyzed ncRNAs, although several of their functions still need to be addressed, could be suggested as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in post-operative cognitive dysfunction-related processes.

Cell-based glycoengineering of extracellular vesicles through precise genome editing

Engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs) towards more efficient targeting and uptake to specific cells has large potentials for their application as therapeutics. Carbohydrates play key roles in various biological interactions and are essential for EV biology. The extent to which glycan modification of EVs can be achieved through genetic glycoengineering of their parental cells has not been explored yet. Here we introduce targeted glycan modification of EVs through cell-based glycoengineering via modification of various enzymes in the glycosylation machinery. In a "simple cell" strategy, we modified major glycosylation pathways by knocking-out (KO) essential genes for N-glycosylation (MGAT1), O-GalNAc glycosylation (C1GALT1C1), glycosphingolipids (B4GALT5/6), glycosaminoglycans (B4GALT7) and sialylation (GNE) involved in the elongation or biosynthesis of the glycans in HEK293F cells. The gene editing led to corresponding glycan changes on the cells as demonstrated by differential lectin staining. Small EVs (sEVs) isolated from the cells showed overall corresponding glycan changes, but also some unexpected differences to their parental cell including enrichment preference for certain glycan structures and absence of other glycan types. The genetic glycoengineering did not significantly impact sEVs production, size distribution, or syntenin-1 biomarker expression, while a clonal influence on sEVs production yields was observed. Our findings demonstrate the successful implementation of sEVs glycoengineering via genetic modification of the parental cell and a stable source for generation of glycoengineered sEVs. The utilization of glycoengineered sEVs offers a promising opportunity to study the role of glycosylation in EV biology, as well as to facilitate the optimization of sEVs for therapeutic purposes.

Bacterial membrane vesicles from swine farm microbial communities harboring and safeguarding diverse functional genes promoting horizontal gene transfer

Antibiotic resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge, with swine farms recognized as major reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Recently, bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have emerged as novel carriers mediating horizontal gene transfer. However, little is known about the ARGs carried by BMVs in swine farm environments and their transfer potential. This study investigated the distribution, sources, and microbiological origins of BMVs in three key microbial habitats of swine farms (feces, soil, and fecal wastewater), along with the ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) they harbor. Characterization of BMVs revealed particle sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm and concentrations from 108 to 1012 particles/g, containing DNA and proteins. Metagenomic sequencing identified BMVs predominantly composed of members of the Proteobacteria phyla, including Pseudomonadaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae, carrying diverse functional genes encompassing resistance to 14 common antibiotics and 74,340 virulence genes. Notably, multidrug resistance, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol resistance genes were particularly abundant. Furthermore, BMVs harbored various MGEs, primarily plasmids, and demonstrated the ability to protect their DNA cargo from degradation and facilitate horizontal gene transfer, including the transmission of resistance genes. In conclusion, this study reveals widespread presence of BMVs carrying ARGs and potential virulence genes in swine farm feces, soil, and fecal wastewater. These findings not only provide new insights into the role of extracellular DNA in the environment but also highlight concerns regarding the gene transfer potential mediated by BMVs and associated health risks.

Differential lncRNA profiles of blood plasma-derived exosomes from systemic lupus erythematosus

INTRODUCTION

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) dysregulation is key in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the role of exosomal lncRNAs in SLE has not been well studied. We elucidated the profiles of plasma exosomal lncRNAs expression in patients with SLE and predictd their potential clinical significance in SLE.

METHODS

In the screening stage, six newly diagnosed and untreated patients with SLE and six healthy controls were examined by high-throughput sequencing technology, and differential exosomal lncRNA profiles were constructed. In the validation phase, two differentially selected exosomal lncRNAs from 20 patients each with active and stable SLE and 20 healthy controls were verified with RT-qPCR. The correlation between the selected exosomal lncRNAs and SLE clinical indicators was examined. The diagnostic value of the selected exosomal lncRNAs in SLE was analyzed by the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.

RESULTS

Exosomes were successfully extracted from the patients and controls. Sequencing-phase sequencing demonstrated 528 upregulated lncRNAs and 7491 downregulated lncRNAs. In the validation stage, exosomal LINC00667 and DANCR were significantly upregulated in the patients, and positively correlated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2 K). Exosomal DANCR expression between the active and stable SLE patients was different. The area under the curve(AUC) of exosomal LINC00667 and DANCR for SLE diagnosis was 0.815 and 0.759, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Exosomal LINC00667 and DANCR were upregulated in SLE, and might be new biomarkers thereof. Exosomal DANCR was associated with SLE activity.

Characterization of the components in plasma EVs unveiling the link between EVs-derived complement C3 with the severity and initial treatment response of profound sudden sensorineural hearing loss

BACKGROUND

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is characterized by rapid, unexplained loss of hearing within a 72-hour period and exhibits a high incidence globally. Despite this, the outcomes of therapeutic interventions remain largely unpredictable, especially for those with profound hearing loss. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nano-sized entities containing biological materials, are implicated in the development of numerous diseases. The specific relationship between EVs and both the severity and treatment effectiveness of SSNHL, however, is not well understood.

METHODS

This study involved the analysis of medical records from the Department of Otolaryngology (September 1, 2020 - December 31, 2022) of patients diagnosed with SSNHL according to the 2015 Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Sudden Deafness in China. Peripheral blood samples from patients with various types of SSNHL before and after treatment were collected, alongside samples from healthy volunteers serving as controls. Plasma EVs were isolated using gel rejection chromatography and analyzed for concentration, marker presence, and morphology using Nanosight, Western blot, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Proteomics and miRNA assessments were conducted to identify differentially expressed proteins and miRNAs in the plasma EVs of SSNHL patients and healthy volunteers. Key proteins were further validated through Western blot analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to determine the levels of complement C3 in plasma EVs, and correlation analyses were performed with audiological data pre- and post-treatment.

RESULTS

Plasma from SSNHL patients of varying types was collected and their EVs were successfully isolated and characterized. Proteomic analysis revealed that complement C3 levels in the plasma EVs of patients with profound SSNHL were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. Differential expression of miRNAs in plasma EVs and their related functions were also identified. The study found that the level of complement C3 in plasma EVs, but not the total plasma complement C3, positively correlated with the severity of SSNHL in patients exhibiting positive therapeutic responses, particularly in those with initially lower levels of EV-associated complement C3. After treatment, complement C3 level was decreased in patients with initially higher levels of EV-associated complement C3. No significant correlation was observed between changes in plasma EV-derived complement C3 levels and the degree of hearing loss in either responders or non-responders among patients with profound SSNHL.

CONCLUSION

Differential profiles of proteins and miRNAs were identified in patients with profound SSNHL. Notably, plasma EV-derived complement C3 was linked to both the severity and early treatment effectiveness of patients with profound SSNHL.

The association between toenail metals and extracellular MicroRNAs (ex-miRNAs) among the participants of the Normative Aging study (NAS)

BACKGROUND

Mechanistic studies of the effects of environmental risk factors have been exploring the potential role of microRNA(miRNAs) as a possible pathway to clinical disease. In this study we examine whether levels of toenail metals are associated with changes in extracellular miRNA(ex-miRNA) expression.

METHODS

We used data derived from the Normative Aging Study from 1996 to 2014 to conduct our analyses. We looked at associations between measured toenail metals: arsenic, cadmium, lead, manganese, and mercury and 282 ex-miRNAs in this population using canonical correlation analyses (CCAs) and longitudinal median regression. We adjusted for covariates such as age, education, body mass index, drinking and smoking behaviors, diabetes, and where available, seafood consumption. The p-values obtained from regression analyses were corrected for multiple comparisons. Ex-miRNAs identified to be associated with toenail metal levels were further examined using pathway analyses.

RESULTS

Our dataset included 937 observations from 589 men with an average age of 72.9 years at baseline. Both our correlation and regression analyses identified lead and cadmium as exposures most strongly associated with ex-miRNA expression. Numerous ex-miRNAs were identified as being associated with toenail metal levels. miR-27b-3p, in particular, was found to have high correlation with the first canonical dimension in the CCA and was significantly associated with cadmium in the regression analysis. Pathway analyses revealed messenger RNA (mRNA) targets for the ex-miRNAs that were associated with a number of clinical disorders including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders, etc. CONCLUSION: Toenail metals were associated with changes in ex-miRNA levels in both correlational and regression analyses. The ex-miRNAs identified can be linked to a variety of clinical disorders. Further studies are required to validate these findings.

UBE2I regulates the nuclear translocation of hnRNPA2B1 by contributing to SUMO modification in osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive condition affecting the joints that lacking effective therapy. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully clarified.

METHODS

A model of OA was established in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats through intra-articularly injected with monoiodoacetate (MIA). Western blot analysis was used to identify the levels of UBE2I and hnRNPA2B1 in articular cartilage. Overexpression and siRNA vectors for UBE2I were constructed and transfected into rat chondrocytes. CCK-8, TUNEL and transwell assay were utilized to assess the cell viability, apoptosis and migration ability. Western blot analysis was used to determine the levels of chondrogenic-specific genes including SOX9, COL2A1, Aggrecan, and PRG4. Then, molecular interactions were confirmed by immunoprecipitation.

RESULTS

We observed significant upregulation of UBE2I and hnRNPA2B1 expression in articular cartilage samples of OA. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive correlation between UBE2I and hnRNPA2B1 levels. Functional experiments showed that increased UBE2I expression significantly suppressed cell growth, migration, and reduced the expression of chondrogenic-specific genes, while decreasing UBE2I levels had the opposite effects. Molecular interactions between UBE2I and hnRNPA2B1were determined via co-localization and immunoprecipitation. SUMO1 and SUMO3 proteins were enriched by immunoprecipitation using hnRNPA2B1 antibodies. Rescue experiments were performed using SUMOylation inhibitor (2-D08) and SUMOylation activator (N106). Overexpression of UBE2I increased the expression of hnRNPA2B1 in the cytoplasm and decreased the level in the nucleus, which was reversed by the treatment of 2-D08. Conversely, UBE2I knockdown and N106 treatment had the opposite effect.

CONCLUSIONS

UBE2I modulated the nuclear translocation of hnRNPA2B1 by promoting SUMOylation in OA.

Extracellular heat shock protein 90 alpha (eHsp90α)'s role in cancer progression and the development of therapeutic strategies

Heat shock protein 90 alpha (Hsp90α) is an abundantly expressed and evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperone. Hsp90α is the inducible Hsp90 isoform, and its expression and secretion extracellularly (eHsp90α) can be triggered in response to a variety of cellular stresses to protect/activate client proteins and to facilitate cellular adjustment to the stress. As a result, cancers often have high expression levels of intracellular and extracellular (plasma) Hsp90α, allowing them to support their oncogenesis and progression. In fact, (e)Hsp90α has been implicated in regulating processes such as cell signaling transduction, DNA repair, promotion of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), promotion of angiogenesis, immune response, and cell migration. Hsp90α levels have been correlated with cancer progression and severity in several cancers, indicating that it may be a useful biomarker or drug-target for cancer. To date, the development of intracellular Hsp90α-targeted therapies include standard N-terminal ATP-competitive inhibitors and allosteric regulators that bind to Hsp90α's middle or C-terminal domain. On-target toxicities and dosing complications as a result of Hsp90α inhibition has driven the development of eHsp90α-targeted therapies. Examples include anti-Hsp90α monoclonal antibodies and cell-impermeable Hsp90α small molecule inhibitors. This review aims to discuss the many roles Hsp90α plays in cancer progression with a focus on the current development of Hsp90α-targeted therapies.

Nanoscale single-vesicle analysis: High-throughput approaches through AI-enhanced super-resolution image analysis

The analysis of membrane vesicles at the nanoscale level is crucial for advancing the understanding of intercellular communication and its implications for health and disease. Despite their significance, the nanoscale analysis of vesicles at the single particle level faces challenges owing to their small size and the complexity of biological fluids. This new vesicle analysis tool leverages the single-molecule sensitivity of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) and the high-throughput analysis capability of deep-learning algorithms. By comparing classical clustering methods (k-means, DBSCAN, and SR-Tesseler) with deep-learning-based approaches (YOLO, DETR, Deformable DETR, and Faster R-CNN) for the analysis of super-resolution fluorescence images of exosomes, we identified the deep-learning algorithm, Deformable DETR, as the most effective. It showed superior accuracy and a reduced processing time for detecting individual vesicles from SRM images. Our findings demonstrate that image-based deep-learning-enhanced methods from SRM images significantly outperform traditional coordinate-based clustering techniques in identifying individual vesicles and resolving the challenges related to misidentification and computational demands. Moreover, the application of the combined Deformable DETR and ConvNeXt-S algorithms to differently labeled exosomes revealed its capability to differentiate between them, indicating its potential to dissect the heterogeneity of vesicle populations. This breakthrough in vesicle analysis suggests a paradigm shift towards the integration of AI into super-resolution imaging, which is promising for unlocking new frontiers in vesicle biology, disease diagnostics, and the development of vesicle-based therapeutics.

Bacterial membrane vesicles combined with nanoparticles for bacterial vaccines and cancer immunotherapy

Similar to mammalian cells, most bacteria can release nano-sized membrane vesicles (MVs) into the extracellular environment. MVs contain lipids, bioactive proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, and play important roles in microbial physiology. MVs have great potential for immunotherapeutic applications, such as bacterial vaccines and cancer immunotherapy. However, because of the diversity in content and heterogeneity in size of MVs, the clinical application of MVs has been limited. Recently, the use of MVs combined with nanoparticles (NPs) has been shown to be effective in improving the homogeneity, stability and function of MVs. In this review, we focus on studies of MVs combined with NPs (MV-NPs) and describe the use of these MV-NPs in biotechnology, especially in bacterial vaccine and cancer immunotherapy.

Effect of tumor-derived extracellular vesicle-shuttled lncRNA MALAT1 on proliferation, invasion and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer by regulating macrophage M2 polarization via the POSTN/Hippo/YAP axis

OBJECTIVES

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the deadliest subtype of breast cancer (BC). Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) trigger tumor progression by promoting M2 polarization. Some lncRNAs can be encapsulated into EVs for intercellular communication. Herein, we investigated the mechanism of TNBC-derived EV-shuttled lncRNA MALAT1 on macrophage polarization/tumorigenesis.

METHODS

BC-associated targeted EV-derived lncRNAs were screened. Tumor tissues/tissues adjacent to cancer of TNBC patients, and blood samples of all subjects were collected. MALAT1/POSTN mRNA levels in tumor tissues/tissues adjacent to cancer, and MALAT1 expression in EVs and its correlation with TNBC patient overall survival were assessed by RT-qPCR/Kaplan-Meier survival analysis/log-rank test. TNBC patient M2 infiltration was detected by flow cytometry. MALAT1/POSTN levels in EVs/macrophages were regulated by transfection. Hippo/YAP activation was determined by Western blot. Nude mouse xenograft model was established and metastasis was detected by H&E staining.

RESULTS

MALAT1/POSTN were up-regulated and correlated with M2 infiltration/poor prognosis in TNBC patients. TNBC-derived EVs induced M2 polarization. MALAT1 was highly expressed in TNBC-derived EVs and could be transferred to macrophages via EVs to induce M2 polarization. POSTN overexpression diminished the inhibitory effect of MALAT1 knockdown on M2 markers. EVs activated the Hippo/YAP pathway in macrophages. The Hippo/YAP pathway inhibition abrogated the effect of POSTN overexpression on M2 marker expression. TNBC-EV-derived MALAT1 facilitated M2 polarization, and thus promoting occurrence and metastasis of TNBC in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

TNBC-EV-derived MALAT1 activated the Hippo/YAP axis by up-regulating POSTN, thereby inducing M2 polarization to promote TNBC occurrence and metastasis in vivo.

Preliminary exploration of the expression of acetylcholinesterase in normal human T lymphocytes and leukemic Jurkat T cells

The classic enzymatic function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh) in the neuronal synapse. However, AChE is also present in nonneuronal cells such as lymphocytes. Various studies have proposed the participation of AChE in the development of cancer. The ACHE gene produces three mRNAs (T, H and R). AChE-T encodes amphiphilic monomers, dimers, tetramers (G1 A, G2 A and G4 A) and hydrophilic tetramers (G4 H). AChE-H encodes amphiphilic monomers and dimers (G1 A and G2 A). AChE-R encodes a hydrophilic monomer (G1 H). The present study considered the differences in the mRNA expression (T, H and R) and protein levels of AChE, as well as the molecular forms of AChE, the glycosylation pattern and the enzymatic activity of AChE present in normal T lymphocytes and leukemic Jurkat E6-1 cells. The results revealed that AChE enzymatic activity was higher in normal T lymphocytes than in Jurkat cells. Normal T cells expressed AChE-H transcripts, whereas Jurkat cells expressed AChE-H and AChE-T. The molecular forms identified in normal T cells were G2 A (5.2 S) and G1 A (3.5 S), whereas those in Jurkat cells were G2 A (5.2 S), G1 A (3.5 S) and G4 H (10.6S). AChE in Jurkat cells showed altered posttranslational maturation since a decrease in the incorporation of galactose and sialic acid into its structure was observed. In conclusion, the content and composition of AChE were altered in Jurkat cells compared with those in normal T lymphocytes. The present study opened new avenues for exploring the development of novel therapeutic strategies against T-cell leukemia and for identifying potential molecular targets for the early detection of this type of cancer.

Advances in preparation and engineering of plant-derived extracellular vesicles for nutrition intervention

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PLEVs), as a type of naturally occurring lipid bilayer membrane structure, represent an emerging delivery vehicle with immense potential due to their ability to encapsulate hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, shield them from external environmental stresses, control release, exhibit biocompatibility, and demonstrate biodegradability. This comprehensive review analyzes engineering preparation strategies for natural vesicles, focusing on PLEVs and their purification and surface engineering. Furthermore, it encompasses the latest advancements in utilizing PLEVs to transport active components, serving as a nanotherapeutic system. The prospects and potential development of PLEVs are also discussed. It is anticipated that this work will not only address existing knowledge gaps concerning PLEVs but also provide valuable guidance for researchers in the fields of food science and biomedical studies, stimulating novel breakthroughs in plant-based therapeutic options.

Treatment of Parkinson's disease model with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded with BDNF

AIMS

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that has received widespread attention; however, current clinical treatments can only relieve its symptoms, and do not effectively protect dopaminergic neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF-EXO) on PD models and to explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects.

MAIN METHODS

6-Hydroxydopamine was used to establish in vivo and in vitro PD models. Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the effects of BDNF-EXO on apoptosis and ferroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The in vivo biological distribution of BDNF-EXO was detected using a small animal imaging system, and dopaminergic neuron improvements in brain tissue were detected using western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Nissl and Prussian blue staining.

KEY FINDINGS

BDNF-EXO effectively suppressed 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Following intravenous administration, BDNF-EXO crossed the blood-brain barrier to reach afflicted brain regions in mice, leading to a notable enhancement in neuronal survival. Furthermore, BDNF-EXO modulated microtubule-associated protein 2 and phosphorylated tau expression, thereby promoting neuronal cytoskeletal stability. Additionally, BDNF-EXO bolstered cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms through the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway, thereby conferring neuroprotection against damage.

SIGNIFICANCE

The novel drug delivery system, BDNF-EXO, had substantial therapeutic effects in both in vivo and in vitro PD models, and may represent a new treatment strategy for PD.

A MEPS-UHPLC-MS/MS analytical platform to detect isoprostanoids and specialized pro-resolving mediators in the urinary extracellular vesicles of mountain ultramarathon runners

Oxylipins are powerful signalling compounds derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and involved in regulating the immune system response. A mass spectrometry-based method was developed and validated for the targeted profiling of 52 oxylipins (e.g., isoprostanoids, prostaglandins, epoxy- and hydroxy-fatty acids, specialized pro-resolving mediators) and 4 PUFAs in small urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs). Ultrasound-assisted extraction using a 50:50 v/v MeOH:H2O mixture ensured optimal analytical performances. Limits of detection ranged between 10 and 400 pg/mL for oxylipins and 0.10-3 ng/mL for PUFAs. Satisfactory recoveries (85-116 %) and good intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD ≤15 %) were obtained for all the analytes. The reliability of the procedure was tested in a real case scenario by monitoring ultramarathon runners during the world Tor des Géants® (TDG) race. Both F2- and E2-isoprostanes were detected in small uEVs of the ultramarathon runners, suggesting the onset of an oxidant insult. 5-F2t-IsoP exhibited significant pre- to post-race variations, thus potentially representing a non-invasive marker of in-vivo lipid peroxidation. The presence of specialized pro-resolving mediators suggests the activation of pro-resolution signalling cascade resolving inflammation. These outcomes may help manage post-exercise recovery and improve training.

Exploring the protective potential of NRF2 overexpressed neural extracellular vesicles against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity via NRF2/ARE pathway

Neurotoxicity is characterized by the accumulation of harmful chemicals such as heavy metals and drugs in neural tissue, resulting in subsequent neuronal death. Among chemicals platinum-based cancer drugs are frequently used due to their antineoplastic effects, but this drug is also known to cause a wide range of toxicities, such as neurotoxicity. The nuclear-factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) is crucial in combating oxidative stress and maintaining cellular homeostasis. This study thoroughly explores the protective effects of extracellular vesicles derived from NRF2 gene overexpressed neural progenitor cells (NEVs) on cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, extracellular vesicles derived from neural progenitor cells were isolated and characterized. The Cisplatin neurotoxicity dose was 75 µM in mature, post-mitotic neurons. 1.25 µM of tert-butyl hydroquinone that induces NRF2/ARE pathway was used as the positive control. The effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) were investigated using functional and molecular assays such as PCR and protein-based assays. Here, we observed that NEVs dose-dependently protected post-mitotic neuron cells in response to cisplatin. The study also examined whether the effect was EV-induced by limiting EV biogenesis. The molecular basis of preventive treatment was established. When pre-administered, 1×108 particles/ml of NEVs maintained antioxidant and detoxifying gene and protein expression levels similar to control cell levels. Furthermore, NEVs reduced both cellular and mitochondrial ROS levels and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, Catalase and SOD levels were found higher in NEV-treated cells compared to cisplatin control. The findings in NRF2-based protection of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity may provide further evidence for the relationship between EVs and inhibition of neuronal stress through the NRF2/ARE pathway, increasing the understanding of neuroprotective responses and the development of gene-engineered EV therapy options for peripheral neuropathy or other neurodegenerative diseases. This is the first study in the literature to investigate the neutralizing potency of NRF2 overexpressed neural EVs against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity.

CCL4/CCR5 regulates chondrocyte biology and OA progression

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation. This study aimed to investigate the role of CCL4/CCR5 in regulating chondrocyte apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in OA progression.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis was employed to identify CCL4 as the target gene, following which primary chondrocytes were treated with varying concentrations of CCL4. Apoptosis rate of chondrocytes and ROS levels were assessed using flow cytometry. The mechanism by which CCL4 regulated the extracellular matrix was investigated through Western blot and Immunofluorescence analyses. Additionally, maraviroc, a CCR5 inhibitor, was administered to chondrocytes in order to explore the potential signaling pathway of CCL4/CCR5.

RESULTS

Our study found that CCL4 was predominantly up-regulated among the top 10 hub genes identified in RNA-sequencing analysis. Validation through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) confirmed elevated CCL4 expression in patients with Hip joint osteoarthritis, knee joint osteoarthritis, and facet joint osteoarthritis. The upregulation of CCL4 was associated with an increase in chondrocyte apoptosis and ROS levels. Mechanistically, CCL4, upon binding to its receptor CCR5, triggered the downstream phosphorylation of P65 in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In vitro experiments demonstrated that treatment with maraviroc mitigated chondrocyte apoptosis, reduced intracellular ROS levels, and attenuated extracellular matrix degradation.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights the critical role of CCL4/CCR5 in modulating chondrocyte apoptosis and ROS levels in OA progression. Targeting this pathway may offer promising therapeutic interventions for mitigating the pathogenic mechanisms associated with OA.

Injectable immunoregulatory hydrogels sequentially drive phenotypic polarization of macrophages for infected wound healing

Regulating macrophage phenotypes to reconcile the conflict between bacterial suppression and tissue regeneration is ideal for treating infectious skin wounds. Here, an injectable immunoregulatory hydrogel (SrmE20) that sequentially drives macrophage phenotypic polarization (M0 to M1, then to M2) was constructed by integrating anti-inflammatory components and proinflammatory solvents. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the proinflammatory solvent ethanol stabilized the hydrogel structure, maintained the phenolic hydroxyl group activity, and achieved macrophages' proinflammatory transition (M0 to M1) to enhance antibacterial effects. With ethanol depletion, the hydrogel's cations and phenolic hydroxyl groups synergistically regulated macrophages' anti-inflammatory transition (M1 to M2) to initiate regeneration. In the anti-contraction full-thickness wound model with infection, this hydrogel effectively eliminated bacteria and even achieved anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage accumulation at three days post-surgery, accelerated angiogenesis and collagen deposition. By sequentially driving macrophage phenotypic polarization, this injectable immunoregulatory hydrogel will bring new guidance for the care and treatment of infected wounds.

Emerging strategies for nerve repair and regeneration in ischemic stroke: neural stem cell therapy

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited treatment options available in clinical practice. The emergence of stem cell therapy has provided new hope to the field of stroke treatment via the restoration of brain neuron function. Exogenous neural stem cells are beneficial not only in cell replacement but also through the bystander effect. Neural stem cells regulate multiple physiological responses, including nerve repair, endogenous regeneration, immune function, and blood-brain barrier permeability, through the secretion of bioactive substances, including extracellular vesicles/exosomes. However, due to the complex microenvironment of ischemic cerebrovascular events and the low survival rate of neural stem cells following transplantation, limitations in the treatment effect remain unresolved. In this paper, we provide a detailed summary of the potential mechanisms of neural stem cell therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke, review current neural stem cell therapeutic strategies and clinical trial results, and summarize the latest advancements in neural stem cell engineering to improve the survival rate of neural stem cells. We hope that this review could help provide insight into the therapeutic potential of neural stem cells and guide future scientific endeavors on neural stem cells.

Food-derived vesicles as immunomodulatory drivers: Current knowledge, gaps, and perspectives

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound membrane vesicles released from cells, containing active compounds, which can be found in different foods. In this review, the role of food-derived vesicles (FDVs) as immunomodulatory drivers is summarized, with a focus on sources, isolation techniques and yields, as well as bioavailability and potential health implications. In addition, gaps and perspectives detected in this research field have been highlighted. FDVs have been efficiently extracted from different sources, and differential ultracentrifugation seems to be the most adequate isolation technique, with yields ranging from 108 to 1014 EV particles/mL. Animal studies show promising results in how these FDVs might regulate different pathways related to inflammation. Further investigation on the production of stable components in a cost-effective way, as well as human studies demonstrating safety and health-promoting properties, since scarce information has been reported until now, in the context of modulating the immune system are needed.

Engineered exosome therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases

An increase in life expectancy comes with a higher risk for age-related neurological and cognitive dysfunctions. Given the psycho-socioeconomic burden due to unhealthy aging in the coming decades, the United Nations has declared 2021-2030 as a decade of healthy aging. In this line, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapeutics received special interest from the research community. Based on decades of research on cell therapy, a consensus has emerged that the therapeutic effects of cell therapy are due to the paracrine mechanisms rather than cell replacement. Exosomes, a constituent of the secretome, are nano-sized vesicles that have been a focus of intense research in recent years as a possible therapeutic agent or as a cargo to deliver drugs of interest into the central nervous system to induce neurogenesis, reduce neuroinflammation, confer neuroregeneration/neuroprotection, and improve cognitive and motor functions. In this review, we have discussed the neuroprotective properties of exosomes derived from adult mesenchymal stem cells, with a special focus on the role of exosomal miRNAs. We also reviewed various strategies to improve exosome production and their content for better therapeutic effects. Further, we discussed the utilization of ectomesenchymal stem cells like dental pulp stem cells and their exosomes in treating neurodegenerative diseases.

BV2-derived extracellular vesicles modulate microglia inflammatory profile, neuronal plasticity, and behavioural performances in late adult mice

BACKGROUND

During aging, both the brain and the immune system undergo a progressive impairment of physiological functions. Microglia, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system, shift towards a chronic mild inflammatory state that impacts brain homeostasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by microglia transport packages of molecular information that mirror the inflammatory status of donor cells and modulate the inflammatory phenotype of recipient microglia and other cell types.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that intranasal administration of EVs derived from microglial-like BV2 cells to late adult mice (16-20 months of age) shifts microglia toward a "juvenile" morphology affecting their inflammatory profile. Mice treated with BV2-derived EVs have a reduction of anxiety-like behavior and an increased spatial learning, with sex-dependent differences. Further, BV2-derived EVs increased neuronal plasticity both in male and female mice. These findings suggest the involvement of microglial cells in vesicles-mediated anti-aging effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicate that BV2-derived EVs could represent a resource to slow down age-dependent inflammation in the mouse brain.

Traumatic brain injury: Advances in coagulopathy (Review)

Trauma is a prevalent cause of coagulopathy, with traumatic brain injury (TBI) accompanied by coagulation disorders particularly linked to adverse outcomes. TBI is distinguished by minimal bleeding volume and unique injury sites, which precipitate complex coagulation disturbances. Historically, research into trauma-induced coagulopathy has primarily concentrated on the molecular biology and pathophysiology of endogenous anticoagulation and inflammation. Nonetheless, recognizing that cells are the fundamental units of structure and function in all living organisms, the present review aimed to distill our understanding of coagulopathy post-TBI by elucidating the intricate cellular mechanisms involving endothelial cells, neutrophils and platelets. Additionally, this study evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of various diagnostic tools and discusses the characteristics of pharmacological treatments and potential therapies for patients with TBI and coagulation disorders. The aim of this review is to amalgamate recent updates in mechanistic research and innovative diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies, thereby fostering the progression of precision medicine within this specialized domain.

Insights into degradation and targeting of the photoreceptor channelrhodopsin-1

In Chlamydomonas, the directly light-gated, plasma membrane-localized cation channels channelrhodopsins ChR1 and ChR2 are the primary photoreceptors for phototaxis. Their targeting and abundance is essential for optimal movement responses. However, our knowledge how Chlamydomonas achieves this is still at its infancy. Here we show that ChR1 internalization occurs via light-stimulated endocytosis. Prior or during endocytosis ChR1 is modified and forms high molecular mass complexes. These are the solely detectable ChR1 forms in extracellular vesicles and their abundance therein dynamically changes upon illumination. The ChR1-containing extracellular vesicles are secreted via the plasma membrane and/or the ciliary base. In line with this, ciliogenesis mutants exhibit increased ChR1 degradation rates. Further, we establish involvement of the cysteine protease CEP1, a member of the papain-type C1A subfamily. ΔCEP1-knockout strains lack light-induced ChR1 degradation, whereas ChR2 degradation was unaffected. Low light stimulates CEP1 expression, which is regulated via phototropin, a SPA1 E3 ubiquitin ligase and cyclic AMP. Further, mutant and inhibitor analyses revealed involvement of the small GTPase ARL11 and SUMOylation in ChR1 targeting to the eyespot and cilia. Our study thus defines the degradation pathway of this central photoreceptor of Chlamydomonas and identifies novel elements involved in its homoeostasis and targeting.

Comprehensive multi-omics profiling identifies novel molecular subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer, a highly fatal malignancy, is predicted to rank as the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the next decade. This highlights the urgent need for new insights into personalized diagnosis and treatment. Although molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer were well established in genomics and transcriptomics, few known molecular classifications are translated to guide clinical strategies and require a paradigm shift. Notably, chronically developing and continuously improving high-throughput technologies and systems serve as an important driving force to further portray the molecular landscape of pancreatic cancer in terms of epigenomics, proteomics, metabonomics, and metagenomics. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of molecular classifications at multiple levels using an integrated multi-omics approach holds great promise to exploit more potential therapeutic options. In this review, we recapitulated the molecular spectrum from different omics levels, discussed various subtypes on multi-omics means to move one step forward towards bench-to-beside translation of pancreatic cancer with clinical impact, and proposed some methodological and scientific challenges in store.

An updated review on the development of a nanomaterial-based field-effect transistor-type biosensors to detect exosomes for cancer diagnosis

Cancer, a life-threatening genetic disease caused by abnormalities in normal cell growth regulatory functions, poses a significant challenge that current medical technologies cannot fully overcome. The current desired breakthrough is to diagnose cancer as early as possible and increase survival rates through treatments tailored to the prognosis and appropriate follow-up. From a perspective that reflects this contemporary paradigm of cancer diagnostics, exosomes are emerging as promising biomarkers. Exosomes, serving as mobile biological information repositories of cancer cells, have been known to create a microtumor environment in surrounding cells, and significant insight into the clinical significance of cancer diagnosis targeting them has been reported. Therefore, there are growing interests in constructing a system that enables continuous screening with a focus on patient-friendly and flexible diagnosis, aiming to improve cancer screening rates through exosome detection. This review focuses on a proposed exosome-embedded biological information-detecting platform employing a field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor that leverages portability, cost-effectiveness, and rapidity to minimize the stages of sacrifice attributable to cancer. The FET-applied biosensing technique, stemming from variations in an electric field, is considered an early detection system, offering high sensitivity and a prompt response frequency for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biomolecules. Hence, an in-depth discussion was conducted on the understanding of various exosome-based cancer biomarkers and the clinical significance of recent studies on FET-based biosensors applying them.

Promotion of osteochondral repair through immune microenvironment regulation and activation of endogenous chondrogenesis via the release of apoptotic vesicles from donor MSCs

Utilizing transplanted human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) for cartilage defects yielded advanced tissue regeneration, but the underlying mechanism remain elucidated. Early after HUMSCs delivery to the defects, we observed substantial apoptosis. The released apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) of HUMSCs promoted cartilage regeneration by alleviating the chondro-immune microenvironment. ApoVs triggered M2 polarization in macrophages while simultaneously facilitating the chondrogenic differentiation of endogenous MSCs. Mechanistically, in macrophages, miR-100-5p delivered by apoVs activated the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway to promote M2 polarization. In MSCs, let-7i-5p delivered by apoVs promoted chondrogenic differentiation by targeting the eEF2K/p38 MAPK axis. Consequently, a cell-free cartilage regeneration strategy using apoVs combined with a decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix (DCM) scaffold effectively promoted the regeneration of osteochondral defects. Overall, new mechanisms of cartilage regeneration by transplanted MSCs were unconcealed in this study. Moreover, we provided a novel experimental basis for cell-free tissue engineering-based cartilage regeneration utilizing apoVs.

Augmenting osteoporotic bone regeneration through a hydrogel-based rejuvenating microenvironment

Osteoporotic bone defects pose a significant challenge for bone regeneration as they exhibit impaired healing capacity and delayed healing period. To address this issue, this study introduces a hydrogel that creates a rejuvenating microenvironment, thereby facilitating efficient bone repair during the initial two weeks following bone defect surgery. The hydrogel, named GelHFS, was created through host-guest polymerization of gelatin and acrylated β-cyclodextrin. Incorporation of the human fetal mesenchymal stem cell secretome (HFS) formed GelHFS hydrogel aimed at mimicking a rejuvenated stem cell niche. Our results demonstrated that GelHFS hydrogel promotes cell stellate spreading and osteogenic differentiation via integrin β1-induced focal adhesion pathway. Implantation of GelHFS hydrogel in an osteoporotic bone defect rat model recruited endogenous integrin β1-expressing cells and enhanced new bone formation and bone strength. Our findings reveal that GelHFS hydrogel provides a rejuvenating niche for endogenous MSCs and enhances bone regeneration in osteoporotic bone defect. These findings highlight the potential of GelHFS hydrogel as an effective therapeutic strategy for addressing challenging bone healing such as osteoporotic bone regeneration.