951
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Zavras PD, Wang Y, Gandhi A, Lontos K, Delgoffe GM. Evaluating tisagenlecleucel and its potential in the treatment of relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma: evidence to date. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4543-4554. [PMID: 31354288 PMCID: PMC6572744 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s177844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have changed the treatment landscape of relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma. This review focuses on the biology of tisagenlecleucel and the clinical data that support its use in this setting. In addition, we discuss how it compares to other CAR T products, the financial implications for payers, and ongoing trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Zavras
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - A Gandhi
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K Lontos
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G M Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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952
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Abstract
Introduction: Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Antibodies, antibody drug conjugates, and bispecific antibodies have improved outcomes in various cancers especially lymphomas. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) is a step forward in the immunotherapy paradigm for the treatment of Lymphomas. Recently, two CAR-T products, Tisagenlecleucel and Axicabtagene ciloleucel, were approved by the US FDA. While it is exciting to have such novel treatment available, the challenges of production, administration, related toxicity, and cost remain. Specific toxicities related to CAR-T like Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) and Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS) could be fatal and need close monitoring and prompt treatment to avoid mortality and improve efficacy of the treatment. Areas covered: In this article, the authors discuss receptor constructs, administration, toxicities, efficacy and reimbursement of CAR-T treatment. Expert opinion: Since approval of CAR-T treatment, cost of therapy and reimbursement have been a big challenge in implementation of CAR-T. This has triggered cost-effective analysis and nationwide discussions about the reimbursement process of such treatment. In spite of these challenges, CAR-T treatment is a huge step forward with a very bright future. Novel CAR-T targeting a variety of antigens in different cancers seems promising in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kelly Anderson
- a Hematology and Oncology fellow, Department of Hematology and Oncology , University of Alabama , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Amitkumar Mehta
- b Department of Hematology and Oncology , University of Alabama , Birmingham , AL , USA
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953
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A multitude of new drug and cell therapy approvals for lymphoma has prompted questions about the role of allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). We sought to review the latest evidence examining the role of allo-BMT for lymphoma in this evolving landscape. RECENT FINDINGS Despite several new drug classes, there remains a large unmet need, particularly in hard to treat subtypes of lymphoma and for patients with relapsed/refractory disease. Allo-BMT can provide an opportunity for cure due to a potent graft vs lymphoma effect in high-risk relapse/refractory follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and aggressive T cell lymphomas. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy and checkpoint blockers have improved outcomes for patients with relapsed /aggressive B cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphoma respectively; the role of allo-BMT consolidation in the treatment algorithm for responders to these therapies is an evolving topic. Expanded donor availability including haploidentical relatives has improved access to allo-BMT. Non-myeloablative conditioning regimens and post-transplant cyclophosphamide prophylaxis have improved early transplant-related morbidity and rates of graft versus host disease and translated into long-term survival for patients with lymphoid malignancies. Patient selection remains key, but allo-BMT remains the only modality able to deliver durable long-term remissions across different types of lymphoma.
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954
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Chavez JC, Jain MD, Kharfan-Dabaja MA. Cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicities associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: A comprehensive review of emerging grading models. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2019; 13:1-6. [PMID: 31202671 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the fields of immuno-oncology and T-cell engineering have brought autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) therapies from the bench to the bedside. At present, two CART products that target CD19 are commercially available: tisagenlecleucel and axicabtagene ciloleucel. They have demonstrated remarkable efficacy for their particular indications. One challenge is to compare the safety among commercially available and clinical trial CART treatments due to the use of different grading models to assess the severity of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. An unmet need exists to harmonize current grading models in order to develop uniform treatment strategies to manage these toxicities. Here, we attempt to summarize the evolution of the various grading systems for cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity and also highlight the major differences among them, whenever applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Chavez
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Jain
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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955
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Lin JK, Muffly LS, Spinner MA, Barnes JI, Owens DK, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. Cost Effectiveness of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Multiply Relapsed or Refractory Adult Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:2105-2119. [PMID: 31157579 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Two anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies are approved for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) and tisagenlecleucel; each costs $373,000. We evaluated their cost effectiveness. METHODS We used a decision analytic Markov model informed by recent multicenter, single-arm trials to evaluate axi-cel and tisagenlecleucel in multiply relapsed/refractory, adult, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma from a US health payer perspective over a lifetime horizon. Under a range of plausible long-term effectiveness assumptions, each therapy was compared with salvage chemoimmunotherapy regimens and stem-cell transplantation. Main outcomes were undiscounted life years, discounted lifetime costs, discounted quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (3% annual discount rate). Sensitivity analyses explored uncertainty. RESULTS In an optimistic scenario, assuming a 40% 5-year progression-free survival (PFS), axi-cel increased life expectancy by 8.2 years at $129,000/QALY gained (95% uncertainty interval, $90,000 to $219,000). At a 30% 5-year PFS, improvements in life expectancy were more modest (6.4 years) and expensive ($159,000/QALY gained [95% uncertainty interval, $105,000 to $284,000]). In an optimistic scenario, assuming a 35% 5-year PFS, tisagenlecleucel increased life expectancy by 4.6 years at $168,000/QALY gained (95% uncertainty interval, $105,000 to $414,000/QALY). At a 25% 5-year PFS, improvements in life expectancy were smaller (3.4 years) and more expensive ($223,000/QALY gained [95% uncertainty interval, $123,000 to $1,170,000/QALY]). Administering CAR-T to all indicated patients would increase US health care costs by approximately $10 billion over 5 years. Price reductions to $250,000 and $200,000, respectively, or payment only for initial complete response (at current prices) would allow axi-cel and tisagenlecleucel to cost less than $150,000/QALY, even at 25% PFS. CONCLUSION At 2018 prices, it is possible that both CAR-T therapies meet a less than $150,000/QALY threshold. This depends on long-term outcomes compared with chemoimmunotherapy and stem-cell transplantation, which are uncertain. Widespread adoption would substantially increase non-Hodgkin lymphoma health care costs. Price reductions or payment for initial response would improve cost effectiveness, even with modest long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Lin
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA.,2Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Lori S Muffly
- 3Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - James I Barnes
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA.,2Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Douglas K Owens
- 1Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA.,2Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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956
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Drummond MF, Neumann PJ, Sullivan SD, Fricke FU, Tunis S, Dabbous O, Toumi M. Analytic Considerations in Applying a General Economic Evaluation Reference Case to Gene Therapy. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2019; 22:661-668. [PMID: 31198183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a reference case, first proposed by the US Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, has been used to specify the required methodological features of economic evaluations of healthcare interventions. In the case of gene therapy, there is a difference of opinion on whether a specific methodological reference case is required. The aim of this article was to provide a more detailed analysis of the characteristics of gene therapy and the extent to which these characteristics warrant modifications to the methods suggested in general reference cases for economic evaluation. We argue that a completely new reference case is not required, but propose a tailored checklist that can be used by analysts and decision makers to determine which aspects of economic evaluation should be considered further, given the unique nature of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Neumann
- Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean D Sullivan
- CHOICE Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frank-Ulrich Fricke
- Fakultät Betriebswirtschaft, Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Sean Tunis
- Center for Medical Technology Policy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Mondher Toumi
- Public Health Department, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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957
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Functionally Defective T Cells After Chemotherapy of B-Cell Malignancies Can Be Activated by the Tetravalent Bispecific CD19/CD3 Antibody AFM11. J Immunother 2019; 42:180-188. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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958
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El-Galaly TC, Cheah CY, Villa D. Real world data as a key element in precision medicine for lymphoid malignancies: potentials and pitfalls. Br J Haematol 2019; 186:409-419. [PMID: 31140600 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular genetic studies of lymphoma have led to refinements in disease classification in the most recent World Health Organization update. Nevertheless, a 'one-size-fits-most' treatment strategy based on morphology remains widely used for lymphoma despite significant molecular heterogeneity within histopathologically-defined subtypes. Precision medicine aims to improve patient outcomes by leveraging disease- and patient-specific information to optimise treatment strategies, but implementation of precision medicine strategies is challenged by the biological diversity and rarity of lymphomas. In this review, we explore existing and emerging real-world data sources that can be used to facilitate the development of precision medicine strategies in lymphoma. We provide illustrative examples of the use of real-world analyses to refine treatment strategies, provide comparators for clinical trials, improve risk-stratification to identify patients with unmet clinical needs and describe long-term and rare toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarec C El-Galaly
- Department of Haematology, Clinical Cancer Research Centre, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Chan Y Cheah
- Department of Haematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Diego Villa
- Division of Medical Oncology and Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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959
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Schubert ML, Schmitt A, Sellner L, Neuber B, Kunz J, Wuchter P, Kunz A, Gern U, Michels B, Hofmann S, Hückelhoven-Krauss A, Kulozik A, Ho AD, Müller-Tidow C, Dreger P, Schmitt M. Treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory CD19+ lymphoid disease with T lymphocytes transduced by RV-SFG.CD19.CD28.4-1BBzeta retroviral vector: a unicentre phase I/II clinical trial protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026644. [PMID: 31110096 PMCID: PMC6530404 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells spark hope for patients with CD19+ B cell neoplasia, including relapsed or refractory (r/r) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) or r/r non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Published studies have mostly used second-generation CARs with 4-1BB or CD28 as costimulatory domains. Preclinical results of third-generation CARs incorporating both elements have shown superiority concerning longevity and proliferation. The University Hospital of Heidelberg is the first institution to run an investigator-initiated trial (IIT) CAR T cell trial (Heidelberg Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell Trial number 1 [HD-CAR-1]) in Germany with third-generation CD19-directed CAR T cells. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Adult patients with r/r ALL (stratum I), r/r NHL including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma or mantle cell lymphoma (stratum II) as well as paediatric patients with r/r ALL (stratum III) will be treated with autologous T-lymphocytes transduced by third-generation RV-SFG.CD19.CD28.4-1BB zeta retroviral vector (CD19.CAR T cells). The main purpose of this study is to evaluate safety and feasibility of escalating CD19.CAR T cell doses (1-20×106 transduced cells/m2) after lymphodepletion with fludarabine (flu) and cyclophosphamide (cyc). Patients will be monitored for cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurotoxicity, i.e. CAR-T-cell-related encephalopathy syndrome (CRES) and/or other toxicities (primary objectives). Secondary objectives include evaluation of in vivo function and survival of CD19.CAR T cells and assessment of CD19.CAR T cell antitumour efficacy.HD-CAR-1 as a prospective, monocentric trial aims to make CAR T cell therapy accessible to patients in Europe. Currently, HD-CAR-1 is the first and only CAR T cell IIT in Germany. A third-generation Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) grade retroviral vector, a broad spectrum of NHL, treatment of paediatric and adult ALL patients and inclusion of patients even after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) make this trial unique. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval and approvals from the local and federal competent authorities were granted. Trial results will be reported via peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences and scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Eudra CT 2016-004808-60; NCT03676504; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Schubert
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anita Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leopold Sellner
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Centre for Tumour Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Neuber
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kunz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Kunz
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Gern
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Michels
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony D. Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Centre for Tumour Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Centre for Tumour Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Dreger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Centre for Tumour Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Centre for Tumour Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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960
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Crombie JL, Armand P. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma: Genetic Classification and Its Implications for Prognosis and Treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2019; 33:575-585. [PMID: 31229155 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is characterized by both clinical and molecular heterogeneity. Despite efforts to tailor therapy for individual patients, treatment remains uniform and a subset of patients have poor outcomes. The past decade has witnessed a dramatic expansion of our understanding of the genomic underpinnings of this disease, especially with the application of next-generation sequencing. In this review, the authors highlight the current genomic landscape of DLBCL and how this information provides a potential molecular framework for precision medicine-based strategies in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Crombie
- Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Philippe Armand
- Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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961
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Abramson JS, Lunning M, Palomba ML. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies for Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas: Current and Future State of the Art. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39:446-453. [PMID: 31099671 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_238693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive B-cell lymphomas that are primary refractory to, or relapse after, frontline chemoimmunotherapy have a low cure rate with conventional therapies. Although high-dose chemotherapy remains the standard of care at first relapse for sufficiently young and fit patients, fewer than one-quarter of patients with relapsed/refractory disease are cured with this approach. Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have emerged as an effective therapy in patients with multiple relapsed/refractory disease, capable of inducing durable remissions in patients with chemotherapy-refractory disease. Three anti-CD19 CAR T cells for aggressive B-cell lymphoma (axicabtagene ciloleucel, tisagenlecleucel, and lisocabtagene ciloleucel) are either U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved or in late-stage development. All three CAR T cells produce durable remissions in 33%-40% of treated patients. Differences among these products include the specific CAR constructs, costimulatory domains, manufacturing process, dose, and eligibility criteria for their pivotal trials. Notable toxicities include cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicities, which are usually treatable and reversible, as well as cytopenias and hypogammaglobulinemia. Incidences of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity differ across CAR T-cell products, related in part to the type of costimulatory domain. Potential mechanisms of resistance include CAR T-cell exhaustion and immune evasion, CD19 antigen loss, and a lack of persistence. Rational combination strategies with CAR T cells are under evaluation, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Novel cell products are also being developed and include CAR T cells that target multiple tumor antigens, cytokine-secreting CAR T cells, and gene-edited CAR T cells, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Lia Palomba
- 3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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962
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Wang L, Lam H, Shou Y, Galaznik A. Meta-analytical methods for estimating outcomes from overall response rate in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3285-3293. [PMID: 31143374 PMCID: PMC6524929 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is highly heterogeneous and current trials are investigating new approaches to improve outcomes. Limited data on response endpoints can confound estimation of a treatment effect when designing studies of novel agents in this setting, which can hinder study sample size calculations, especially if a net estimate is required for a ‘physician’s choice’ comparator arm. Here we estimate complete response rate (CRR), overall response rate (ORR), and extrapolate durable response rates (DRR; CR/partial response lasting ≥16 weeks) for such a comparator arm from published ORRs in DLBCL. CRR, ORR, and DRR (if reported) were obtained from published clinical trials for approved single-agent therapies in patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma after ≥2 prior therapies. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate CRR, ORR, and DRR based on ORR data reported from these studies. Published data from studies of eight monotherapies were included. Meta-analyses using fixed and random effects models showed a pooled estimate for a CRR of 12% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9−15) and 11% (95% CI: 8−15), respectively, an ORR of 30% (95% CI: 25−35) and 30% (95% CI: 24−36), respectively, and a DRR of 14% (95% CI: 11−18; same for fixed and random effects models). Bayesian meta-analysis estimated a pooled DRR of 14% (95% credible interval: 11−19). CRR estimates for a physician’s choice comparator arm in patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL were 11−12%; DRR estimates were 14% regardless of methodology. Lack of consistency in reported data and choice of endpoints can be addressed using meta-analytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Currently employed at Pfizer, Inc
| | - Hung Lam
- MMS Holdings Inc., Canton, MI, USA
| | - Yaping Shou
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Currently employed at Trillium Therapeutics Inc
| | - Aaron Galaznik
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Currently employed at SHYFT Analytics, a Medidata Company
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963
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Hunter BD, Chen YB, Jacobson CA. Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2019; 33:687-705. [PMID: 31229163 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the myriad of available treatments, a substantial subset of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are not able to achieve a prolonged disease-free interval with conventional chemotherapy or targeted agents. For these patients, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains an option for consolidative or curative treatment. Additionally, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has emerged for patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphomas. Published studies vary widely in their selected approach to transplant and cellular therapies. This review summarizes available data related to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Hunter
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, 0 Emerson Place, Suite 118, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Yi-Bin Chen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 0 Emerson Place, Suite 118, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Caron A Jacobson
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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964
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Gormsen LC, Vendelbo MH, Pedersen MA, Haraldsen A, Hjorthaug K, Bogsrud TV, Petersen LJ, Jensen KJ, Brøndum R, El-Galaly TC. A comparative study of standardized quantitative and visual assessment for predicting tumor volume and outcome in newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma staged with 18F-FDG PET/CT. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:36. [PMID: 31054023 PMCID: PMC6499846 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Semi-automated quantitative measurement of metabolic tumor volume (MTV) for prognosis in diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has gained considerable interest lately. However, simple tumor volume measures may be inadequate for assessment of prognosis in DLBCL as other characteristics such as growth pattern and metabolic heterogeneity may be just as important. In addition, MTV measurements require delineation of tumor lesions by semi-automated software, which can be time-consuming. We hypothesized that a simple visual assessment of tumor volume performs as well as standardized MTV measurements in DLBCL prognostication. Materials and methods Quantitative and visual analyses of pre-therapy 18F-FDG PET/CT scans in 118 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL were conducted. Quantitative analyses were performed using Hermes TumourFinder® to obtain MTV2.5 (SUV 2.5 cut-off) and MTV41 (41% SUVmax isocontour cut-off). Visual assessments included a binary prediction (good/poor prognosis) as well as tumor burden based on a visual analog scale (MTVVAS) and an estimated volume (eMTV). Three experienced nuclear medicine physicians who were blinded to clinical outcome performed visual evaluations. Progression-free survival was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test. Inter-observer variability was evaluated by Fleiss’ kappa for multiple observers. Results In the quantitative analysis, a ROC-determined MTV2.5 cut-off (log-rank p = 0.11) seemed to outperform MTV41 (log-rank p = 0.76) for PFS prediction. TLG2.5 (log-rank p = 0.14) and TLG41 (log-rank p = 0.34) were not associated with outcomes. By visual analysis, all three reviewers were able to stratify patients into good/poor prognosis (reviewer A log-rank p = 0.002, reviewer B log-rank p = 0.016, and reviewer C log-rank p = 0.012) with fair inter-observer agreement (Fleiss’ kappa 0.47). MTVVAS and eMTV were not consistently correlated with the outcome. Conclusion Predictions of outcome after first-line treatment for DLBCL were surprisingly good when left to the unsupervised, subjective judgment of experienced readers of lymphoma 18F-FDG-PET/CT. The study highlights the importance of non-standardized clinical judgments and shows potential loss of valuable prognostic information when relying solely on semi-automated MTV measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel H Vendelbo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Abildgaard Pedersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ate Haraldsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Hjorthaug
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trond Velde Bogsrud
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark.,PET Centre, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Lars J Petersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Karen Juul Jensen
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Brøndum
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Tarec C El-Galaly
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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965
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Liu Y, Barta SK. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:604-616. [PMID: 30859597 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma originating from the germinal center, and it represents a heterogeneous group of diseases with variable outcomes that are differentially characterized by clinical features, cell of origin (COO), molecular features, and most recently, frequently recurring mutations. DIAGNOSIS DLBCL is ideally diagnosed from an excisional biopsy of a suspicious lymph node, which shows sheets of large cells that disrupt the underlying structural integrity of the follicle center and stain positive for pan-B-cell antigens, such as CD20 and CD79a. COO is determined by immunohistochemical stains, while molecular features such as double-hit or triple-hit disease are determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. Commercial tests for frequently recurring mutations are currently not routinely used to inform treatment. RISK STRATIFICATION Clinical prognostic systems for DLBCL, including the rituximab International Prognostic Index, age-adjusted IPI, and NCCN-IPI, use clinical factors for the risk stratification of patients, although this does not affect the treatment approach. Furthermore, DLBCL patients with non-germinal center B-cell (GCB)-like DLBCL (activated B-cell like and unclassifiable) have a poorer response to up-front chemoimmunotherapy (CI) compared to patients with GCB-like DLBCL. Those with c-MYC-altered disease alone and in combination with translocations in BCL2 and/or BCL6 (particularly when the MYC translocation partner is immunoglobulin) respond poorly to up-front CI and salvage autologous stem cell transplant at relapse. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY This review will focus on differential treatment of DLBCL up-front and at the time of relapse by COO and molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Department of Hematology and Oncology Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Stefan Klaus Barta
- Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Division Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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966
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McDermott K, Spendley L. Anti-CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy for Adult Patients With Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Adv Pract Oncol 2019; 10:11-20. [PMID: 33520342 PMCID: PMC7521124 DOI: 10.6004/jadpro.2019.10.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies represent a new paradigm in targeted cancer therapy. T cells play a key role in immune surveillance, but tumors have developed multiple mechanisms for evading that surveillance. CAR T-cell technology aims to enhance the innate ability of the body to fight foreign invaders, and in this way, effectively fight cancer and potentially reduce the number of treatments required. In fact, many patients have had long-lasting clinical responses to therapy with a single treatment. The journey to receiving CAR T-cell therapy involves a number of steps prior to infusion, including an initial consultation and workup, apheresis, bridging therapy, and lymphodepletion. Patients are then closely monitored after infusion. Successful treatment requires collaboration between the patient, caregivers, and the multidisciplinary team. Here we discuss the biology of CAR T-cell technology, clinical trial data, and the path to accessing this revolutionary and potentially curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen McDermott
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Spendley
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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967
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Levin A, Shah NN. Chimeric antigen receptor modified T cell therapy in B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:S18-S23. [PMID: 30652353 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor modified T (CAR-T) cell therapy against the CD19 antigen has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape for patients with relapsed, refractory B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Currently, there are two FDA approved products (axicabtagene ciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel) for B cell NHL, with several other constructs under clinical investigation. This review will focus on the clinical outcomes, toxicity profile, and differences among candidate CD19 CAR-T cell products for major subtypes of B cell NHL including diffuse large B cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. Lastly, we will describe novel CAR-T constructs currently under exploration in B cell NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Levin
- Division of Hematology & OncologyMedical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | - Nirav N. Shah
- Division of Hematology & OncologyMedical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin
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968
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Chavez JC, Bachmeier C, Kharfan-Dabaja MA. CAR T-cell therapy for B-cell lymphomas: clinical trial results of available products. Ther Adv Hematol 2019; 10:2040620719841581. [PMID: 31019670 PMCID: PMC6466472 DOI: 10.1177/2040620719841581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell has changed the treatment landscape of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), especially for aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Single-center and multicenter clinical trials with anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy have shown great activity and long-term remissions in poor-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) when no other effective treatment options are available. Two CAR T-cell products [axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) and tisagenlecleucel] have obtained US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of refractory DLBCL after two lines of therapy. A third product, liso-cel, is currently being evaluated in clinical trials and preliminary results appear very promising. CAR T-cell-related toxicity with cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity remain important potential complications of this therapy. Here, we review the s biology, structure, clinical trial results and toxicity of two commercially approved CAR T-cell products and others currently being studied in multicenter clinical trials in B-cell NHLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Chavez
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Christina Bachmeier
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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969
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Mochel JP, Ekker SC, Johannes CM, Jergens AE, Allenspach K, Bourgois-Mochel A, Knouse M, Benzekry S, Wierson W, LeBlanc AK, Kenderian SS. CAR T Cell Immunotherapy in Human and Veterinary Oncology: Changing the Odds Against Hematological Malignancies. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:50. [PMID: 30963322 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of the genome editing era brings forth the promise of adoptive cell transfer using engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for targeted cancer therapy. CAR T cell immunotherapy is probably one of the most encouraging developments for the treatment of hematological malignancies. In 2017, two CAR T cell therapies were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration: one for the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the other for adult patients with advanced lymphomas. However, despite significant progress in the area, CAR T cell therapy is still in its early days and faces significant challenges, including the complexity and costs associated with the technology. B cell lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic cancer in dogs, with an incidence approaching 0.1% and a total of 20-100 cases per 100,000 individuals. It is a widely accepted naturally occurring model for human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Current treatment is with combination chemotherapy protocols, which prolong life for less than a year in canines and are associated with severe dose-limiting side effects, such as gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity. To date, one canine study generated CAR T cells by transfection of mRNA for CAR domain expression. While this was shown to provide a transient anti-tumor activity, results were modest, indicating that stable, genomic integration of CAR modules is required in order to achieve lasting therapeutic benefit. This commentary summarizes the current state of knowledge on CAR T cell immunotherapy in human medicine and its potential applications in animal health, while discussing the potential of the canine model as a translational system for immuno-oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA. .,Iowa State University College of Vet. Medicine, 2448 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr., Ames, Iowa, 50011-1250, USA.
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Michael Knouse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Sebastien Benzekry
- Team MONC, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wesley Wierson
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Amy K LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Saad S Kenderian
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Division of Hematology, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
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970
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Aljoundi AK, Agoni C, Olotu FA, Soliman MES. Turning to Computer-aided Drug Design in the Treatment of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma: Has it been Helpful? Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:1325-1339. [PMID: 30950356 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190405111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amidst the numerous effective therapeutic options available for the treatment of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), about 30-40% of patients treated with first-line chemoimmunotherapy still experience a relapse or refractory DLBCL. This has necessitated a continuous search for new therapeutic agents to augment the existing therapeutic arsenal. METHODS The dawn of Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) in the drug discovery process has accounted for persistency in the application of computational approaches either alone or in combinatorial strategies with experimental methods towards the identification of potential hit compounds with high therapeutic efficacy in abrogating DLBCL. RESULTS This review showcases the interventions of structure-based and ligand-based computational approaches which have led to the identification of numerous small molecule inhibitors against implicated targets in DLBCL therapy, even though many of these potential inhibitors are piled-up awaiting further experimental validation and exploration. CONCLUSION We conclude that a successful and a conscious amalgamation of CADD and experimental approaches could pave the way for the discovery of the next generation potential leads in DLBCL therapy with improved activities and minimal toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Aljoundi
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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971
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Lamure S, Carles C, Aquereburu Q, Quittet P, Tchernonog E, Paul F, Jourdan E, Waultier A, Defez C, Belhadj I, Sanhes L, Burcheri S, Donadio D, Exbrayat C, Saad A, Labourey JL, Baldi I, Cartron G, Fabbro-Peray P. Association of Occupational Pesticide Exposure With Immunochemotherapy Response and Survival Among Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e192093. [PMID: 31002318 PMCID: PMC6481431 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Professional use of pesticides is a risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The main biological mechanisms of pesticides and chemotherapy are genotoxicity and reactive oxygen species generation. Cellular adaptation among patients exposed to low doses of genotoxic and oxidative compounds might hinder chemotherapy efficiency in patients with lymphoma. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of occupational exposure to pesticides with immunochemotherapy response and survival among patients treated for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study assessed patients treated from July 1, 2010, to May 31, 2015, for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, with a 2-year follow-up. The study took place at 6 university and nonuniversity hospitals in Languedoc-Roussillon, France. A total of 404 patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with anthracycline-based immunochemotherapy were included before the study began. Occupational history was reconstructed for 244 patients and analyzed with the PESTIPOP French job-exposure matrix to determine likelihood of occupational exposure to pesticides. Analysis of the data was performed from July 15, 2017, to July 15, 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Treatment failure (ie, partial response, stable disease, disease progression, or interruption for toxic effects) rate, 2-year event-free survival, and overall survival between exposed and nonexposed patients after adjustment for confounding factors. RESULTS A total of 244 patients (mean [SD] age, 61.3 [15.2] years; 153 [62.7%] male) had complete occupational data. Of these patients, 67 (27.4%) had occupational exposure to pesticides, with 38 exposed through agricultural occupations. Occupational exposure was not associated with clinical and biological characteristics at diagnosis. Occupationally exposed patients had a significantly higher treatment failure rate (22.4% vs 11.3%; P = .03; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for confounding factors, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3-6.9); this difference was higher among patients with exposing agricultural occupations compared with other patients (29.0% vs 11.7%; AOR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.0-12.8). Two-year event-free survival was 70% in the occupationally exposed group vs 82% in the unexposed group (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] for confounding factors, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.9). Among patients with exposing agricultural occupations compared with other patients, the difference was more pronounced (2-year event-free survival, 56% vs 83%; AHR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.9-6.5). Similarly, 2-year overall survival was lower in the group of patients with exposing agricultural occupations compared with other patients (81% vs 92%; AHR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.5-10.0). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This retrospective study showed that agricultural occupational exposure to pesticides was associated with treatment failure, event-free survival, and overall survival among patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lamure
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Hematology Federation of University Hospitals of Montpellier and Nîmes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Carles
- Institute of Public Health, Epidemiology, and Development, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Quam Aquereburu
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Quittet
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Hematology Federation of University Hospitals of Montpellier and Nîmes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Tchernonog
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Hematology Federation of University Hospitals of Montpellier and Nîmes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Franciane Paul
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Hematology Federation of University Hospitals of Montpellier and Nîmes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Jourdan
- Hematology Federation of University Hospitals of Montpellier and Nîmes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Gard Institute of Cancer, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Agathe Waultier
- Hematology Federation of University Hospitals of Montpellier and Nîmes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Gard Institute of Cancer, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Christine Defez
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Clinique du Parc, Castelneau-Le-Lez, Montpellier, France
| | - Ihssen Belhadj
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Sanhes
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Perpignan General Hospital, Perpignan, France
| | - Sara Burcheri
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Perpignan General Hospital, Perpignan, France
| | - Daniel Donadio
- Clinique du Parc, Castelneau-Le-Lez, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Alain Saad
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Béziers General Hospital, Béziers, France
| | - Jean-Luc Labourey
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Carcassonne General Hospital, Carcassonne, France
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- Institute of Public Health, Epidemiology, and Development, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Hematology Federation of University Hospitals of Montpellier and Nîmes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascale Fabbro-Peray
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory of Biostatistics Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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972
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Coutinho R, Lobato J, Esteves S, Cabeçadas J, Gomes da Silva M. Clinical risk scores do not accurately identify a very high risk population with diffuse large B cell lymphoma-an analysis of 386 Portuguese patients. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:1937-1946. [PMID: 30949752 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The identification of high-risk patients deserving alternative first-line treatments to R-CHOP is a research priority in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Despite the increasing recognition of biological features underlying aggressive behavior, clinical scores remain the basis for prognostic evaluation and treatment stratification in DLBCL. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with DLBCL uniformly treated with immunochemotherapy with the aim of assessing the discriminative power of the NCCN international prognostic index (IPI) and the GELTAMO-IPI scores in risk group stratification and compared them with the IPI. Additionally, we investigated if bulky disease, gender, beta-2 microglobulin (β2m), body mass index, and B-symptoms have independent prognostic impact. We confirmed the discriminative ability of the three prognostic scores in terms of progression-free survival and overall survival and found that the NCCN-IPI performs better in the identification of a high-risk population compared to the IPI and the GELTAMO scores. In an attempt to improve the prognostic power of the NCCN-IPI we analyzed additional clinical variables. Bulky disease and elevated β2m were found to be independent predictors of prognosis when controlling for the NCCN-IPI risk groups. However, they seem to bring no incremental power to the latter in the identification of poor outcome patients. We support the use of the NCCN-IPI for the clinical identification of high-risk patients in DLBCL. Future studies to unravel the biological heterogeneity within NCCN-IPI groups are needed to improve risk prediction and design targeted therapies for poor prognosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Coutinho
- Department of Hematology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Hematology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Esteves
- Clinical Research Unit, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Cabeçadas
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Gomes da Silva
- Department of Hematology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
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973
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Broccoli A, Casadei B, Chiappella A, Visco C, Tani M, Cascavilla N, Conconi A, Balzarotti M, Cox MC, Marino D, Goldaniga MC, Marasca R, Tecchio C, Patti C, Musuraca G, Devizzi L, Monaco F, Romano A, Fama A, Zancanella M, Paolini R, Rigacci L, Castellino C, Gaudio F, Argnani L, Zinzani PL. Lenalidomide in Pretreated Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: An Italian Observational Multicenter Retrospective Study in Daily Clinical Practice. Oncologist 2019; 24:1246-1252. [PMID: 30940746 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtype, and approximately 50% of the patients are >60 years of age. Patients with relapsed/refractory (rr) disease have a poor prognosis with currently available treatments. Lenalidomide is available in Italy for patients with rrDLBCL based on a local disposition of the Italian Drug Agency. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS An observational retrospective study was conducted in 24 Italian hematology centers with the aim to improve information on effectiveness and safety of lenalidomide use for rrDLBCL in real practice. RESULTS One hundred fifty-three patients received lenalidomide for 21/28 days with a median of four cycles. At the end of therapy, there were 36 complete responses (23.5%) and 9 partial responses with an overall response rate (ORR) of 29.4%. In the elderly (>65 years) subset, the ORR was 33.6%. With a median follow-up of 36 months, median overall survival was reached at 12 months and median disease-free survival was not reached at 62 months. At the latest available follow-up, 29 patients are still in response out of therapy. Median progression-free survivals differ significantly according to age (2.5 months vs. 9.5 in the younger vs. elderly group, respectively) and to disease status at the latest previous therapy (15 months for relapsed patients vs. 3.5 for refractory subjects). Toxicities were manageable, even if 30 of them led to an early drug discontinuation. CONCLUSION Lenalidomide therapy for patients with rrDLBCL is effective and tolerable even in a real-life context, especially for elderly patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and approximately 50% of the patients are >60 years of age. Patients with relapsed/refractory (rr) disease have a poor prognosis, reflected by the remarkably short life expectancy of 12 months with currently available treatments. The rrDLBCL therapeutic algorithm is not so well established because data in the everyday clinical practice are still poor. Lenalidomide for patients with rrDLBCL is effective and tolerable even in a real-life context, especially for elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annalisa Chiappella
- Hematology, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital and University, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Visco
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Monica Tani
- Hematology Unit, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicola Cascavilla
- Hematology Department, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, IRCCS - Italy
| | - Annarita Conconi
- Hematology Division, Ospedale degli Infermi di Biella, Ponderano, Italy
| | - Monica Balzarotti
- Departmento of Medical Oncology and Hematology Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano-Milan, Italy
| | | | - Dario Marino
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Clinica e Sperimentale, Oncologia Medica 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Marasca
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Tecchio
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Verona University, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Patti
- Department of Hematology Azienda Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia- Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gerardo Musuraca
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Liliana Devizzi
- Division of Hematology, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Monaco
- Hematology Unit, SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Division of Hematology, AOU Policlinico-OVE, Department of Surgery and Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luigi Rigacci
- Hematology, AOU Careggi, Firenze, Italy
- Hematology Azienda San Camillo Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Castellino
- Azienda Ospedaliera S. Croce e Carle - Hematology Department and BMT Unit, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Francesco Gaudio
- Unit of Hematology with Transplantation Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lisa Argnani
- Institute of Hematology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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974
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Bartlett NL, Wilson WH, Jung SH, Hsi ED, Maurer MJ, Pederson LD, Polley MYC, Pitcher BN, Cheson BD, Kahl BS, Friedberg JW, Staudt LM, Wagner-Johnston ND, Blum KA, Abramson JS, Reddy NM, Winter JN, Chang JE, Gopal AK, Chadburn A, Mathew S, Fisher RI, Richards KL, Schöder H, Zelenetz AD, Leonard JP. Dose-Adjusted EPOCH-R Compared With R-CHOP as Frontline Therapy for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Clinical Outcomes of the Phase III Intergroup Trial Alliance/CALGB 50303. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:1790-1799. [PMID: 30939090 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Alliance/CALGB 50303 (NCT00118209), an intergroup, phase III study, compared dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and rituximab (DA-EPOCH-R) with standard rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) as frontline therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received six cycles of DA-EPOCH-R or R-CHOP. The primary objective was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary clinical objectives included response rate, overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS Between 2005 and 2013, 524 patients were registered; 491 eligible patients were included in the final analysis. Most patients (74%) had stage III or IV disease; International Prognostic Index (IPI) risk groups included 26% IPI 0 to 1, 37% IPI 2, 25% IPI 3, and 12% IPI 4 to 5. At a median follow-up of 5 years, PFS was not statistically different between the arms (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.27; P = .65), with a 2-year PFS rate of 78.9% (95% CI, 73.8% to 84.2%) for DA-EPOCH-R and 75.5% (95% CI, 70.2% to 81.1%) for R-CHOP. OS was not different (hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.59; P = .64), with a 2-year OS rate of 86.5% (95% CI, 82.3% to 91%) for DA-EPOCH-R and 85.7% (95% CI, 81.4% to 90.2%) for R-CHOP. Grade 3 and 4 adverse events were more common (P < .001) in the DA-EPOCH-R arm than the R-CHOP arm, including infection (16.9% v 10.7%, respectively), febrile neutropenia (35.0% v 17.7%, respectively), mucositis (8.4% v 2.1%, respectively), and neuropathy (18.6% v 3.3%, respectively). Five treatment-related deaths (2.1%) occurred in each arm. CONCLUSION In the 50303 study population, the more intensive, infusional DA-EPOCH-R was more toxic and did not improve PFS or OS compared with R-CHOP. The more favorable results with R-CHOP compared with historical controls suggest a potential patient selection bias and may preclude generalizability of results to specific risk subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wyndham H Wilson
- 2 National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruce D Cheson
- 6 MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Brad S Kahl
- 1 Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Louis M Staudt
- 2 National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Kristie A Blum
- 8 The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Chadburn
- 14 Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Susan Mathew
- 14 Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Heiko Schöder
- 17 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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975
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Smith SD, Reddy P, Sokolova A, Chow VA, Lynch RC, Shadman MA, Till BG, Shustov AR, Warren EH, Ujjani CS, Menon MP, Tseng YD, Gopal AK. Eligibility for CAR T-cell therapy: An analysis of selection criteria and survival outcomes in chemorefractory DLBCL. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:E117-E116. [PMID: 30663774 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Prathima Reddy
- CHI Franciscan Health, Franciscan Inpatient Services Federal Way Washington, DC
| | - Alexandra Sokolova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Victor A. Chow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Ryan C. Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Mazyar A. Shadman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Brian G. Till
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Andrei R. Shustov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Edus H. Warren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Chaitra S. Ujjani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Manoj P. Menon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Yolanda D. Tseng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
| | - Ajay K. Gopal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington, DC
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976
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Morschhauser F, Flinn IW, Advani R, Sehn LH, Diefenbach C, Kolibaba K, Press OW, Salles G, Tilly H, Chen AI, Assouline S, Cheson BD, Dreyling M, Hagenbeek A, Zinzani PL, Jones S, Cheng J, Lu D, Penuel E, Hirata J, Wenger M, Chu YW, Sharman J. Polatuzumab vedotin or pinatuzumab vedotin plus rituximab in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final results from a phase 2 randomised study (ROMULUS). LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2019; 6:e254-e265. [PMID: 30935953 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(19)30026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) polatuzumab vedotin (pola) and pinatuzumab vedotin (pina) showed clinical activity and tolerability in phase 1 trials. The aim of this multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study was to compare rituximab plus pola (R-pola) or pina (R-pina) in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. METHODS In this phase 2 randomised study at 39 investigational sites in six countries, patients were randomly assigned (1:1), by use of a dynamic hierarchical randomisation scheme, to receive R-pola or R-pina (375 mg/m2 rituximab plus 2·4 mg/kg ADCs) every 21 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity up to 1 year. Treatment allocations were not masked to the investigator, patients or sponsor after the patients were enrolled and randomly assigned. The primary objectives were safety and tolerability, and antitumour response. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01691898, and is closed to accrual. FINDINGS 81 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 42 with follicular lymphoma were recruited between Sept 27, 2012, and Oct 10, 2013, and were assigned to treatment. 81 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 41 patients with follicular lymphoma were eligible for analysis. Of the 42 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who received R-pina, 25 (60%, 95% CI 43-74) achieved an objective response and 11 (26%, 95% CI 14-42) achieved a complete response. Of the 39 patients in this cohort who received R-pola, 21 (54%, 95% CI 37-70) achieved an objective response, and eight (21%, 95% CI 9-36) achieved a complete response. Of the 21 patients in the follicular lymphoma cohort who received R-pina, 13 (62%, 95% CI 38-82) achieved an objective response, and one (5%, 95% CI 0·1-24) achieved a complete response. Of the 20 patients in this cohort who received R-pola, 14 (70%, 95% CI 46-88) achieved an objective response, and nine (45%, 95% CI 23-68) achieved a complete response. In the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cohort, grade 3-5 adverse events occurred in 33 (79%) of 42 patients receiving R-pina (most common were neutropenia [29%] and hyperglycaemia [10%]; nine [21%] grade 5 adverse events, five of which were infection-related), and in 30 (77%) of 39 patients receiving R-pola (most common were neutropenia [23%], anaemia [8%] and diarrhoea [8%]; no grade 5 adverse events). In the follicular lymphoma cohort, grade 3-5 adverse events occurred in 13 (62%) of 21 patients receiving R-pina (most common were neutropenia [29%] and hyperglycaemia [14%]; no grade 5 adverse events) and in ten (50%) of 20 patients receiving R-pola (most common were neutropenia [15%] and diarrhoea [10%]; one grade 5 adverse event). INTERPRETATION R-pina and R-pola are potential treatment options in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Pola was selected by the study funder for further development in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, partly because of longer durations of response than pina, and an overall benefit-risk favouring R-pola. FUNDING F Hoffmann-La Roche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Morschhauser
- Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, EA 7365, Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Lille, France.
| | - Ian W Flinn
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Laurie H Sehn
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Oliver W Press
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Andy I Chen
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Dreyling
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ji Cheng
- Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dan Lu
- Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Sharman
- US Oncology and Willamette Valley Cancer Institute, Springfield, OR, USA
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977
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Strati P, Neelapu SS. Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Engineered T Cell Therapy in Lymphoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2019; 21:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-019-0789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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978
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PD-L1 gene alterations identify a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma harboring a T-cell-inflamed phenotype. Blood 2019; 133:2279-2290. [PMID: 30910787 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-10-879015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on malignant cells is a dominant immune escape mechanism across a variety of human cancers. A unique genetic mechanism underlying PD-L1 upregulation has been uncovered in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), in which copy gains of the chromosomal region (9p24.1) containing the programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are recurrently observed. While chromosome 9p24.1 copy-number alterations are ubiquitous in cHL, they also occur in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), albeit with a lower incidence. Here, fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to identify DLBCLs harboring PD-L1 gene alterations, thereby enabling a characterization of the immunogenomic landscape of these lymphomas. Among 105 DLBCL cases analyzed, PD-L1 alterations were identified in 27%. PD-L1 alterations were highly enriched among non-germinal center DLBCLs and exhibited robust PD-L1 protein expression. These lymphomas were heavily infiltrated by clonally restricted T cells and frequently downregulated human leukocyte antigen expression. RNA sequencing of PD-L1-altered DLBCLs revealed upregulation of genes involved in negative T-cell regulation and NF-κB pathway activation, while whole-exome sequencing identified frequent mutations in genes involved in antigen presentation and T-cell costimulation. Many of these findings were validated in a large external data set. Interestingly, DLBCL patients with PD-L1 alterations had inferior progression-free survival following front-line chemoimmunotherapy; however, in the relapsed/refractory setting, PD-L1 alterations were associated with response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Collectively, our results indicate that PD-L1 alterations identify a unique biological subset of DLBCL in which an endogenous antilymphoma immune response has been activated, and that is associated with responsiveness to PD-1 blockade therapy.
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979
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Viardot A, Wais V, Sala E, Koerper S. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy as a treatment option for patients with B-cell lymphomas: perspectives on the therapeutic potential of Axicabtagene ciloleucel. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:2393-2404. [PMID: 31114317 PMCID: PMC6489634 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s163225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Axicabtagene lisoleucel (Axi-cel) is the second approved gene-alterating cancer treatment and the first in aggressive lymphoma using the "chimeric antigen receptor" (CAR) technology. T-cells from patients were transfected with CARs and reinfused after a lymphodepleting chemotherapy. CAR T-cells are "living drugs" with the ability to persist and expand after a single infusion. Axi-cel is a "second generation" CAR product characterized by the use of a retroviral gene vector transfer and by CD28 as costimulatory domain. In a phase II trial with heavily pretreated patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma, the overall response rate was 82% with an ongoing complete response rate of 40% after 6 months - with expectations of long-term remissions and cure, even though follow-up data are still limited. There are some prominent side effects like cytokine release syndrome (Grade 3-5: 13%) and neurotoxicity (Grade 3-5: 28%). Novel strategies for prediction, prevention and treatment of these critical side effects are warranted. There are new concepts to enhance the efficacy and prevent resistance in lymphomas. CAR T-cells represent an extremely evolving field with an inestimable potential in general and particularly in aggressive lymphoma. However, we are still learning how to use Axi-cel and other CAR-T cells compounds effectively to optimize the long-term results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Viardot
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Verena Wais
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisa Sala
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sixten Koerper
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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980
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Wang QM, Lian GY, Song Y, Huang YF, Gong Y. LncRNA MALAT1 promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape of diffuse large B cell lymphoma by sponging miR-195. Life Sci 2019; 231:116335. [PMID: 30898647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD-L1 enhanced the tumorigenesis and immune escape abilities of cancers. The upstream mechanisms of PD-L1 in regulating tumorigenesis and immune escape of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remained unclear. METHODS Human DLBCL cell line OCI-Ly10 and DLBCL patient samples were used in this study. MALAT1 was knocked down by shRNA. MiR-195 was inhibited by miR-195 inhibitor. Levels of MALAT1, PD-L1, miR-195 and CD8 were detected by RT-qPCR. Protein levels of PD-L1, Ras, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, Slug, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin were detected by western blotting. The interaction between MALAT1 and miR-195, miR-195 and PD-L1 were detected by luciferase assay. OCI-Ly10 cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by MTT and Annexin V/PI assays, respectively. Migration was detected by transwell assay. Cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells was detected by LDH cytotoxicity kit. Proliferation and apoptosis of CD8+ T cell co-cultured with OCI-Ly10 cells were analyzed by CFSE and Annexin V/PI staining. RESULTS MALAT1, PD-L1 and CD8 were up-regulated in DLBCL tissues while miR-195 was down-regulated. MiR-195 was negatively correlated with MALAT1 and PD-L1. MALAT1 could sponge miR-195 to regulate the expression of PD-L1. shMALAT1 treatment increased miR-195 level and decreased PD-L1 level. It also inhibited cell proliferation, migration and immune escape ability while increased apoptosis ratio of OCI-Ly10 cells. shMALAT1 treatment in OCI-Ly10 cells also promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of CD8+ T cells. Knocking down of MALAT1 also suppressed EMT-like process via Ras/ERK signaling pathway. These effects were all rescued by miR-195 inhibitor. CONCLUSION Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 sponged miR-195 to regulate proliferation, apoptosis and migration and immune escape abilities of DLBCL by regulation of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
| | - Guang-Yu Lian
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Song
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Fang Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
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981
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982
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Purdum A, Tieu R, Reddy SR, Broder MS. Direct Costs Associated with Relapsed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Therapies. Oncologist 2019; 24:1229-1236. [PMID: 30850561 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About one third of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) relapse after receiving first-line (1L) treatment of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). Relapsed patients may then be eligible for second-line (2L) therapy. The study's objective was to examine health care use and costs among treated patients with DLBCL receiving 2L therapy versus those without relapse. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed Truven Health MarketScan® claims data between 2006 and 2015. Patients (≥18 years of age) had ≥1 DLBCL claim from 1 year before to 90 days after beginning 1L therapy, and comprised those without 2L treatment for ≥2 years (cured controls) versus those who initiated non-R-CHOP chemotherapy after discontinuing 1L therapy (2L cohort). 2L patients were further subgrouped: hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT [yes/no]) and time of relapse (months between 1L and 2L): early (≤3), mid (4-12), and late (>12) relapse. The primary outcome was 1- and 2-year health care costs. Hospitalization rate and length of stay were also measured. RESULTS A total of 1,374 patients with DLBCL received R-CHOP and fulfilled all criteria: 1,157 cured controls and 217 2L patients (87 early-relapse, 66 mid-relapse, 64 late-relapse). Twenty-eight percent of 2L patients received HSCT. Charlson Comorbidity Index/mortality risk was higher for 2L patients (4.2 [SD: 3.0]) versus controls (3.8 [2.6]; p = .039), as were yearly costs (Year 1: $210,488 [$172,851] vs. $25,044 [$32,441]; p < .001 and Year 2: $267,770 [$266,536] vs. $42,272 [$49,281]; p < .001). HSCT and chemotherapy were each significant contributors of cost among 2L patients. CONCLUSION DLBCL is resource intensive, particularly for 2L patients. Great need exists for newer, effective therapies for DLBCL that may save lives and reduce costs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This study identified multiple important drivers of cost in the understudied population of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) receiving second-line (2L) treatment. Such drivers included hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and chemotherapy. Even though HSCT is currently the only curative therapy for DLBCL, less than one third of patients receiving 2L and subsequent treatment underwent transplant, which indicates potential underuse. The variation in chemotherapy regimens suggested a lack of consensus for best practices. Further research focusing on newer and more effective treatment options for DLBCL has the potential to decrease mortality, in addition to reducing the extensive costs related to therapy options such as transplant.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/economics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/economics
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cyclophosphamide/economics
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Doxorubicin/economics
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/economics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/epidemiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/economics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Prednisone/economics
- Prednisone/therapeutic use
- Prognosis
- Rituximab/economics
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Treatment Outcome
- Vincristine/economics
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Purdum
- Kite Pharma, Inc., Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Ryan Tieu
- Partnership for Health Analytic Research, LLC, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | - Sheila R Reddy
- Partnership for Health Analytic Research, LLC, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | - Michael S Broder
- Partnership for Health Analytic Research, LLC, Beverly Hills, California, USA
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983
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CAR-T Cell Therapy in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma: Hype and Hope. Hemasphere 2019; 3:e185. [PMID: 31723824 PMCID: PMC6746029 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) resistant to standard therapies have a dismal prognosis. The outcome is even poorer in patients relapsing after autologous stem cell transplantation. Most of these patients do not qualify for an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) due to refractory disease, lack of a suitable allogeneic donor, higher age, or cumulative toxicity of previous chemotherapy. Despite patients undergoing allogeneic HCT normally profit from a graft-versus-lymphoma effect, overall survival in patients with NHL after HCT remains short. Therefore, novel treatment modalities are urgently needed. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, a new class of cellular immunotherapy involving ex vivo genetic modification of T cells to incorporate an engineered CAR have been used in clinical trials. In the majority of studies, B cell malignancies treated with CD19 targeting CAR-T cells have been analyzed. Recently, results from 2 CD19 directed CAR-T cell trials with an increased follow-up of patients led to Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency approval of tisagenlecleucel and axicabtagene ciloleucel. Common adverse events (AEs) include cytokine release syndrome and neurological toxicity, which may require admission to an intensive care unit, B cell aplasia and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. These AEs are manageable when treated by an appropriately trained team following established algorithm. In this review, we summarize the results of 3 large phase II CD19 CAR-T cell trials and focus on AEs. We also provide a perspective of ongoing activity in this field with the intend to improve the potency of this emerging novel therapy.
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984
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Bansal A, Sullivan SD, Lin VW, Purdum AG, Navale L, Cheng P, Ramsey SD. Estimating Long-Term Survival for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy: A Comparison of Standard and Mixture Cure Models. Med Decis Making 2019; 39:294-298. [PMID: 30819038 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x18820535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients treated with anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have shown either sustained remission or rapid progression. Traditional survival modeling may underestimate outcomes in these situations, by assuming the same mortality rate for all patients. To illustrate this issue, we compare standard parametric models to mixture cure models for estimating long-term overall survival in patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel). Compared to standard models without cure proportions, mixture cure models have similar fit, but substantially different extrapolated survival. Standard models (Weibull and generalized gamma) estimate mean survival of 2.0 years (95% CI (1.5, 3.0)) and 3.0 years (95% CI (1.7, 5.6)), respectively, compared to 15.7 years (95% CI (9.3, 21.1)) and 17.5 yrs (12.0, 22.8) from mixture cure models (using Weibull and generalized gamme distributions). For cancer therapies where substantial fractions achieve long term remission, our results suggest that assumptions of the modeling approach should be considered. Given sufficient follow-up, mixture cure models may provide a more accurate estimate of long-term overall survival compared with standard models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasthaa Bansal
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean D Sullivan
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Lynn Navale
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Ramsey
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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985
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Makita S, Imaizumi K, Kurosawa S, Tobinai K. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: opportunities and challenges. Drugs Context 2019; 8:212567. [PMID: 30815024 PMCID: PMC6385623 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most frequent hematologic malignancy. Despite the refinement of chemoimmunotherapy, a substantial number of patients experience chemorefractory disease. Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is considered the most promising and effective therapy to overcome chemorefractory B-cell NHL. Based on the promising results obtained from pivotal trials, the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency approved anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Nonetheless, there remain several controversial issues and problems awaiting solutions, including optimal management of toxicities, overcoming relapsed/refractory disease after CAR T-cell therapy, and improving CAR-T manufacturing platform. Definite unmet medical needs among patients with chemorefractory B-cell NHL still exist. CAR T-cell therapy might be a game changer that can defeat chemorefractory B-cell NHL, and further clinical development is warranted. In this review, we summarize the recent clinical developments, clinical implications, and perspectives of CAR T-cell therapy, focusing on B-cell NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Makita
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Imaizumi
- Clinical Trial Coordination Office, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Saiko Kurosawa
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kensei Tobinai
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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986
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Długosz-Danecka M, Hus I, Puła B, Jurczyszyn A, Chojnacki T, Blajer-Olszewska B, Drozd-Sokołowska J, Raźny M, Romejko-Jarosińska J, Taszner M, Jurczak W. Pixantrone, etoposide, bendamustine, rituximab (P[R]EBEN) as an effective salvage regimen for relapsed/refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma-Polish Lymphoma Research Group real-life analysis. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:473-477. [PMID: 31003160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a significant improvement in treatment outcomes, 30-40% of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) patients are refractory or relapse after the first line therapy. Half of them are not eligible to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) due to failure of platinum-based salvage regimens. Pixantrone is conditionally approved in Europe in patients with R/R aggressive NHL failing at least 2 previous lines of therapy. Polish Lymphoma Research Group (PLRG) evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of P[R]EBEN combining pixantrone, etoposide, bendamustine with or without rituximab), a new regimen developed recently by Francesco d'Amore, in real-life experience. METHODS In this retrospective audit, we analyzed the data of consecutive 25 R/R NHL cases, treated with P[R]EBEN regimen in 9 PLRG centers. Safety and efficacy data, including adverse reactions (AE), response rates, progression-free and overall survival (PFS and OS) were collected. RESULTS Overall response rate (ORR) to P[R]EBEN regimen was 68% (40% CR and 28% PR). Most patients responded, relatively early, by second cycle of therapy. P[R]EBEN was effective in 8 out of 15 patients (53%) refractory to previous platinum-based salvage regimens. In 4 patients (16%) stabilization of disease (SD) during therapy was observed and further 4 patients (16%) progressed during the treatment (PD). Response rates were higher in patients, chemosensitive to their prior regimen (ORR - 87.5%, including 50% CR). At the median follow-up of 7.5 months (range 1-16) the median PFS and OS were not reached. Projected PFS and OS at 12 months are 68% and 78% respectively. The P[R]EBEN regimen was well tolerated and most of patients received it as out-patients. AEs grade ≥3 occurred in 17 patients (68%). Most common grade 3-4 AEs were due to hematological toxicity with febrile neutropenia observed in 5 patients (20%). There were no episodes of septic deaths. Six patients (24%) died during treatment and follow-up period, all of them due to lymphoma progression. CONCLUSION Our data suggest good efficiency and tolerability of P[R]EBEN regimen as a rescue therapy in patients with R/R aggressive NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwona Hus
- Department of Clinical Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Puła
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Artur Jurczyszyn
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Chojnacki
- Department of Hematology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Drozd-Sokołowska
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Raźny
- Department of Hematology, Rydygier Memorial Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Romejko-Jarosińska
- Department of Lymphoproliferative Diseases, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Centre of Oncology and Institute, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michał Taszner
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jurczak
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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987
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Subklewe M, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Humpe A. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells: A Race to Revolutionize Cancer Therapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:15-24. [PMID: 31244578 PMCID: PMC6558337 DOI: 10.1159/000496870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, cancer treatment was dominated by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. New insights into genetic characteristics of leukemic cells have initiated the development of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. This type of adoptive cell immunotherapy has been a breakthrough in the treatment of aggressive B-cell lymphoma and B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In August 2018, the European Commission has approved the first CAR T-cell products - tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah®, Novartis) and axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta®, Gilead) - for hematological neoplasms in Europe. As CAR T cells are a living drug, its benefits can last for many years. The administration of CAR T cells is a complex and costly endeavor involving cell manufacture, shipping of apheresis products, and management of novel and severe adverse reactions. The most common toxicities observed after CAR T-cell therapy are cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Current research focuses on improved safety and efficacy in hematological malignancies as well as the translation of CAR T-cell therapy to solid tumors. This review covers the development and current status of CAR T-cell therapy in a clinical setting with focus on challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Translational Cancer Immunology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Humpe
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapy and Hemostasiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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988
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Whittington MD, McQueen RB, Ollendorf DA, Kumar VM, Chapman RH, Tice JA, Pearson SD, Campbell JD. Long-term Survival and Cost-effectiveness Associated With Axicabtagene Ciloleucel vs Chemotherapy for Treatment of B-Cell Lymphoma. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e190035. [PMID: 30794298 PMCID: PMC6484589 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Axicabtagene ciloleucel, a chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, represents a new and potentially curative treatment option for B-cell lymphoma. It is expected to have long-term survival benefits; however, long-term survival data are limited. Objective To estimate the long-term survival and cost-effectiveness of axicabtagene ciloleucel for treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma. Design, Setting, and Participants Economic evaluation study using a survival analysis that digitized and extrapolated survival curves published in the ZUMA-1 trial (Safety and Efficacy of KTE-C19 in Adults With Refractory Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma), which enrolled patients between November 2015 and September 2016 and had a maximum follow-up of 24 months. Five different survival models (standard parametric, flexible parametric, 2 mixture cure models, and a flexible parametric mixture model) were used to extrapolate the survival curves to a lifetime horizon from January through June 2018. A cost-effectiveness analysis, from both a trial-based and lifetime horizon, was also conducted to inform the value of this novel therapy. The model was based on data from 111 patients with B-cell lymphoma who were enrolled in the ZUMA-1 trial. Interventions One-time administration of axicabtagene ciloleucel compared with chemotherapy. Main Outcomes and Measures Undiscounted and discounted life-years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), total costs, and incremental costs per LY and QALY gained. Results The modeled cohort of 111 patients started at 58 years of age. At the end of the trial, treatment with axicabtagene ciloleucel resulted in 0.48 more LYs and 0.34 more QALYs than chemotherapy, producing a cost-effectiveness estimate of $896 600 per QALY for public payers and $1 615 000 per QALY for commercial payers. Extrapolated long-term survival for patients treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel ranged from 2.83 to 9.19 discounted LYs and from 2.07 to 7.62 discounted QALYs. Incrementally, treatment with axicabtagene ciloleucel was associated with 1.89 to 5.82 discounted LYs and 1.52 to 4.90 discounted QALYs vs chemotherapy. With the use of these incremental estimates of survival, cost-effectiveness estimates ranged from $82 400 to $230 900 per QALY gained for public payers and from $100 400 to $289 000 per QALY gained for commercial payers. Conclusions and Relevance Treatment with axicabtagene ciloleucel appears to be associated with incremental gains in survival over chemotherapy. The range in projected long-term survival was wide and reflected uncertainty owing to limited follow-up data. Cost-effectiveness is associated with long-term survival, with further evidence needed to reduce uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D. Whittington
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - R. Brett McQueen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | | | - Varun M. Kumar
- Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Tice
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Jonathan D. Campbell
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
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989
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Salles GA, Pettengell R, Cordoba R, Długosz-Danecka M, Jurczak W, Tilly H. Treatment of aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma beyond frontline therapy in patients not eligible for stem cell transplantation: a structured review. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:1610-1625. [PMID: 30702000 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1564828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (aNHL) accounts for ∼50% of all NHL cases. The only potentially curative, broadly available treatment for patients with relapse, failing frontline treatment, is high-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT); patients ineligible for/who have failed ASCT have limited standard-of-care options. We conducted a structured review of treatments for relapsed/refractory patients with aNHL based on literature published between 2006 and 2017. Of the 22 publications identified for inclusion, most described phase II, single-arm trials (N = 25-217), and only three were randomized studies (phase II [N = 96], phase II/III [N = 111] and phase III [N = 338]). The majority of treatments evaluated resulted in only modest efficacy (median progression-free survival, 2.1-20.0 months) and ultimately poor health outcomes (median overall survival, 25 weeks-15.5 months). In conclusion, there is an unmet need for novel, effective, and tolerable treatments for patients with relapsed/refractory aNHL who are ineligible for/have failed ASCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles A Salles
- a Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d'Hématologie, Université Lyon-1 , Lyon , France
| | | | - Raul Cordoba
- c Lymphoma Unit , Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Wojciech Jurczak
- d Department of Hematology , Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland
| | - Hervé Tilly
- e Department of Haematology , Université de Rouen , Rouen , France
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990
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Multi-omics dataset to decipher the complexity of drug resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:895. [PMID: 30696890 PMCID: PMC6351558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains unsatisfactory and, despite major advances in genomic studies, the biological mechanisms underlying chemoresistance are still poorly understood. We conducted for the first time a large-scale differential multi-omics investigation on DLBCL patient’s samples in order to identify new biomarkers that could early identify patients at risk of R/R disease and to identify new targets that could determine chemorefractoriness. We compared a well-characterized cohort of R/R versus chemosensitive DLBCL patients by combining label-free quantitative proteomics and targeted RNA sequencing performed on the same tissues samples. The cross-section of both data levels allowed extracting a sub-list of 22 transcripts/proteins pairs whose expression levels significantly differed between the two groups of patients. In particular, we identified significant targets related to tumor metabolism (Hexokinase 3), microenvironment (IDO1, CXCL13), cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion (S100 proteins) or BCR signaling pathway (CD79B). Overall, this study revealed several extremely promising biomarker candidates related to DLBCL chemorefractoriness and highlighted some new potential therapeutic drug targets. The complete datasets have been made publically available and should constitute a valuable resource for the future research.
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991
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Sakarou M, Eisele L, Dührsen U, Hüttmann A. Efficacy of the GMALL‐B‐ALL/NHL2002 protocol in Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma and aggressive non‐Hodgkin‐lymphomas with or without CNS involvement. Eur J Haematol 2019; 102:241-250. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sakarou
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Ulrich Dührsen
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Andreas Hüttmann
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
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992
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Ansell SM, Minnema MC, Johnson P, Timmerman JM, Armand P, Shipp MA, Rodig SJ, Ligon AH, Roemer MGM, Reddy N, Cohen JB, Assouline S, Poon M, Sharma M, Kato K, Samakoglu S, Sumbul A, Grigg A. Nivolumab for Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in Patients Ineligible for or Having Failed Autologous Transplantation: A Single-Arm, Phase II Study. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:481-489. [PMID: 30620669 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment options are limited for patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Tumor cells can exploit the programmed death-1 checkpoint pathway to evade immune surveillance. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of programmed death-1 blockade by nivolumab in patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL. METHODS In this phase II, open-label study, patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL who were ineligible for autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT) or who had experienced failure with auto-HCT received nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks. We assessed the efficacy and safety of nivolumab as well as genetic alterations of 9p24.1. RESULTS Among 121 treated patients, patients in the auto-HCT-failed cohort (n = 87) received a median of four nivolumab doses and a median of three doses were administered to those in the auto-HCT-ineligible cohort (n = 34). At a median follow-up of 9 months in the auto-HCT-failed cohort and 6 months in the auto-HCT-ineligible cohort, independently assessed objective response rates were 10% and 3%, and median durations of response were 11 and 8 months, respectively. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 1.9 and 12.2 months in the auto-HCT-failed cohort and 1.4 and 5.8 months in the auto-HCT-ineligible cohort respectively. All three patients with complete remission-3% of the auto-HCT-failed cohort-had durable response (11 or more, 14 or more, and 17 months). Treatment-related grade 3 and 4 adverse events were reported in 24% of patients. The most common were neutropenia (4%), thrombocytopenia (3%), and increased lipase (3%). Of all evaluable samples for 9p24.1 analysis, 16% exhibited low-level copy gain and 3% had amplification. CONCLUSION Nivolumab monotherapy is associated with a favorable safety profile but a low overall response rate among patients with DLBCL who are ineligible for auto-HCT or who experienced failure with auto-HCT. Genetic alterations of 9p24.1 are infrequent in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique C Minnema
- 2 University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands, on behalf of the Lunenburg Lymphoma Phase I/II Consortium-HOVON/LLPC
| | - Peter Johnson
- 3 University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Scott J Rodig
- 5 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,6 Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michelle Poon
- 10 National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Grigg
- 12 Austin Hospital and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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993
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Schuster SJ, Bishop MR, Tam CS, Waller EK, Borchmann P, McGuirk JP, Jäger U, Jaglowski S, Andreadis C, Westin JR, Fleury I, Bachanova V, Foley SR, Ho PJ, Mielke S, Magenau JM, Holte H, Pantano S, Pacaud LB, Awasthi R, Chu J, Anak Ö, Salles G, Maziarz RT. Tisagenlecleucel in Adult Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:45-56. [PMID: 30501490 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1804980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2543] [Impact Index Per Article: 508.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that is refractory to primary and second-line therapies or that has relapsed after stem-cell transplantation have a poor prognosis. The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy tisagenlecleucel targets and eliminates CD19-expressing B cells and showed efficacy against B-cell lymphomas in a single-center, phase 2a study. METHODS We conducted an international, phase 2, pivotal study of centrally manufactured tisagenlecleucel involving adult patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who were ineligible for or had disease progression after autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. The primary end point was the best overall response rate (i.e., the percentage of patients who had a complete or partial response), as judged by an independent review committee. RESULTS A total of 93 patients received an infusion and were included in the evaluation of efficacy. The median time from infusion to data cutoff was 14 months (range, 0.1 to 26). The best overall response rate was 52% (95% confidence interval, 41 to 62); 40% of the patients had complete responses, and 12% had partial responses. Response rates were consistent across prognostic subgroups. At 12 months after the initial response, the rate of relapse-free survival was estimated to be 65% (79% among patients with a complete response). The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events of special interest included cytokine release syndrome (22%), neurologic events (12%), cytopenias lasting more than 28 days (32%), infections (20%), and febrile neutropenia (14%). Three patients died from disease progression within 30 days after infusion. No deaths were attributed to tisagenlecleucel, cytokine release syndrome, or cerebral edema. No differences between response groups in tumor expression of CD19 or immune checkpoint-related proteins were found. CONCLUSIONS In this international study of CAR T-cell therapy in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in adults, high rates of durable responses were produced with the use of tisagenlecleucel. (Funded by Novartis; JULIET ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02445248 .).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Progression-Free Survival
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/therapeutic use
- Recurrence
- Survival Analysis
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Schuster
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Michael R Bishop
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Constantine S Tam
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Edmund K Waller
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Peter Borchmann
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Joseph P McGuirk
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Samantha Jaglowski
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Charalambos Andreadis
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Jason R Westin
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Isabelle Fleury
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Veronika Bachanova
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - S Ronan Foley
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - P Joy Ho
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Stephan Mielke
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - John M Magenau
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Harald Holte
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Serafino Pantano
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Lida B Pacaud
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Rakesh Awasthi
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Jufen Chu
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Özlem Anak
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Gilles Salles
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
| | - Richard T Maziarz
- From the Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.J.S.); the Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (M.R.B.); Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (C.S.T.), and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney (P.J.H.) - both in Australia; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplant Center, Atlanta (E.K.W.); the Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (P.B.), and the Würzburg University Medical Center, Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg (S.M.) - both in Germany; the Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City (J.P.M.); the Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (U.J.); James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (S.J.); the Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.A.); the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (J.R.W.); Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal (I.F.), and the Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (S.R.F.) - both in Canada; the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (V.B.); Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Stockholm (S.M.); University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.M.M.); the Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (H.H.); Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (S.P., O.A.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals (L.B.P., J.C.) and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (R.A.), East Hanover, NJ; the Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France (G.S.); and the Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland (R.T.M.)
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994
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Phase 2 Study of Daratumumab in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle-Cell Lymphoma, Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, and Follicular Lymphoma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2019; 19:275-284. [PMID: 30795996 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daratumumab is a CD38 monoclonal antibody approved for treating relapsed/refractory and newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Preclinical daratumumab studies demonstrated cytotoxic activity and reduced tumor growth in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL). PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a phase 2, open-label, multicenter, 2-stage trial. Patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL, FL, or MCL with ≥ 50% CD38 expression were eligible for stage 1. Daratumumab (16 mg/kg; 28-day cycles) was administered intravenously weekly for 2 cycles, every 2 weeks for 4 cycles, and every 4 weeks thereafter. Overall response rate was the primary end point. Pharmacokinetic and safety were also evaluated. Stage 2 was planned to further assess daratumumab in larger populations of NHL subtypes if futility criteria were not met. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02413489). RESULTS The trial screened 138 patients resulting in accrual of 15 patients with DLBCL, 16 with FL, and 5 with MCL. Median CD38 expression across treated patients was 70%. Overall response rate was 6.7%, 12.5%, and not evaluable in DLBCL, FL, and MCL cohorts, respectively. The most common grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse event was thrombocytopenia (11.1%), and 4 (11.1%) patients discontinued treatment because of treatment-emergent adverse events. Infusion-related reactions occurred in 72.2% of patients (3 patients with grade 3; no grade 4). CONCLUSION In NHL, the safety and pharmacokinetics of daratumumab were consistent with myeloma studies. Screen-fail rates were high, prespecified futility thresholds were met in 2 cohorts, and the study was terminated. Studies in other hematologic malignancies and amyloidosis are ongoing.
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995
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Jurczak W, Długosz-Danecka M, Rivas Navarro F. The rationale for combination therapy in patients with aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: ten questions. Future Oncol 2019; 15:305-317. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone immunochemotherapy remains standard of care for first-line treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). High-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation is offered to most relapsing/refractory patients who respond to salvage therapy. This Q&A review evaluates recommended management strategies for second and subsequent lines of therapy in patients with DLBCL, outlining the relative efficacies of currently available options including novel agents such as ibrutinib and CAR-T cells. The combination of pixantrone and rituximab is currently under investigation as a second-line treatment for patients ineligible for stem cell transplantation, while pixantrone monotherapy is the only therapeutic option approved for multiply relapsed and refractory DLBCL beyond the second line at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Jurczak
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 31-501, Poland
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996
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Umakanthan JM, Iqbal J, Batlevi CL, Bouska A, Smith LM, Shostrom V, Nutsch H, William BM, Gregory Bociek R, Lunning M, Bierman P, Younes A, Armitage JO, Vose JM. Phase I/II study of dasatinib and exploratory genomic analysis in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2018; 184:744-752. [PMID: 30520026 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) often carry poor prognosis and pose management challenges. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of dasatinib, a broad-spectrum multi-kinase inhibitor in relapsed/refractory NHL with correlative genomic analysis in a Phase I/II trial. The study included 33 patients with various sub-types of NHL who had received at least one prior therapy. The most common sub-types were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (24%), follicular lymphoma, grade 1/2 (21%) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS; 21%). Most patients were heavily pre-treated, including 42% with more than four prior therapies, 67% with rituximab exposure and 24% with prior autologous transplant. In this cohort, dasatinib showed modest activity in evaluable patients with an objective response rate of 29% (7/24) and clinical benefit rate of 71% (17/24). In 32 patients with outcome data, median progression-free survival was 3 months and median overall survival was 22·4 months. There were two patients with sustained complete responses, both with PTCL-NOS histology. The side effect profile was consistent with prior studies, with pleural effusion being the most common non-haematological toxicity. Exploratory genomic analysis showed two cases of PTCL-NOS with sustained response had a common mutation in LRRK2 and high prevalence of FOXO1 mutation in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayadev M Umakanthan
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Javeed Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Connie L Batlevi
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Bouska
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Valerie Shostrom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Heather Nutsch
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Basem M William
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (OSUCCC-James), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R Gregory Bociek
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew Lunning
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Philip Bierman
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anas Younes
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James O Armitage
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Julie M Vose
- Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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997
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Salzman R, Cook F, Hunt T, Malech HL, Reilly P, Foss-Campbell B, Barrett D. Addressing the Value of Gene Therapy and Enhancing Patient Access to Transformative Treatments. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2717-2726. [PMID: 30414722 PMCID: PMC6277509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although high upfront costs for the high value of gene therapy have resulted in concerns about sufficient reimbursement to allow patient access to these therapies, the significant benefits of gene therapies will not be realized unless patients have access to them. Stakeholders are discussing these issues, and the payment models being developed for the newly approved gene therapies provide an early indication of the flexibility that will be needed from treatment manufacturers, payers, and policy makers to optimize patient access. Maximizing patient access to effective gene therapies is one integral part of the overall mission of the American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, along with maximizing the quality of therapies and minimizing their costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Salzman
- ALD Connect, Middleton, MA, USA; American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, Value Initiative Workgroup, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Francesca Cook
- REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD, USA; American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, Value Initiative Workgroup, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Timothy Hunt
- Editas Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA; American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, Value Initiative Workgroup, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Harry L Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, Value Initiative Workgroup, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Philip Reilly
- Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA, USA; American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, Value Initiative Workgroup, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - David Barrett
- American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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998
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Beck J, Birtel M, Reidenbach D, Salomon N, Diken M. CIMT 2018: Pushing frontiers in cancer immunotherapy — Report on the 16 th Annual Meeting of the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2864-2873. [PMID: 30111232 PMCID: PMC6343606 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1504526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The 16th Annual Meeting of the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy (CIMT), Europe’s largest meeting series of its kind, took place in Mainz, Germany from 15–17 May, 2018. Cutting-edge advancements in cancer immunotherapy were discussed among more than 700 scientists under the motto “Pushing Frontiers in Cancer Immunotherapy”. This meeting report is a summary of some of the CIMT 2018 highlights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Beck
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Birtel
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Reidenbach
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadja Salomon
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
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999
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Locke FL, Ghobadi A, Jacobson CA, Miklos DB, Lekakis LJ, Oluwole OO, Lin Y, Braunschweig I, Hill BT, Timmerman JM, Deol A, Reagan PM, Stiff P, Flinn IW, Farooq U, Goy A, McSweeney PA, Munoz J, Siddiqi T, Chavez JC, Herrera AF, Bartlett NL, Wiezorek JS, Navale L, Xue A, Jiang Y, Bot A, Rossi JM, Kim JJ, Go WY, Neelapu SS. Long-term safety and activity of axicabtagene ciloleucel in refractory large B-cell lymphoma (ZUMA-1): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 1-2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2018; 20:31-42. [PMID: 30518502 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1481] [Impact Index Per Article: 246.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axicabtagene ciloleucel is an autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. In the previous analysis of the ZUMA-1 registrational study, with a median follow-up of 15·4 months (IQR 13·7-17·3), 89 (82%) of 108 assessable patients with refractory large B-cell lymphoma treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel achieved an objective response, and complete responses were noted in 63 (58%) patients. Here we report long-term activity and safety outcomes of the ZUMA-1 study. METHODS ZUMA-1 is a single-arm, multicentre, registrational trial at 22 sites in the USA and Israel. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older, and had histologically confirmed large B-cell lymphoma-including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, and transformed follicular lymphoma-according to the 2008 WHO Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissue; refractory disease or relapsed after autologous stem-cell transplantation; an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1; and had previously received an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody containing-regimen and an anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. Participants received one dose of axicabtagene ciloleucel on day 0 at a target dose of 2 × 106 CAR T cells per kg of bodyweight after conditioning chemotherapy with intravenous fludarabine (30 mg/m2 body-surface area) and cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2 body-surface area) on days -5, -4, and -3. The primary endpoints were safety for phase 1 and the proportion of patients achieving an objective response for phase 2, and key secondary endpoints were overall survival, progression-free survival, and duration of response. Pre-planned activity and safety analyses were done per protocol. ZUMA-1 is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02348216. Although the registrational cohorts are closed, the trial remains open, and recruitment to extension cohorts with alternative endpoints is underway. FINDINGS Between May 19, 2015, and Sept 15, 2016, 119 patients were enrolled and 108 received axicabtagene ciloleucel across phases 1 and 2. As of the cutoff date of Aug 11, 2018, 101 patients assessable for activity in phase 2 were followed up for a median of 27·1 months (IQR 25·7-28·8), 84 (83%) had an objective response, and 59 (58%) had a complete response. The median duration of response was 11·1 months (4·2-not estimable). The median overall survival was not reached (12·8-not estimable), and the median progression-free survival was 5·9 months (95% CI 3·3-15·0). 52 (48%) of 108 patients assessable for safety in phases 1 and 2 had grade 3 or worse serious adverse events. Grade 3 or worse cytokine release syndrome occurred in 12 (11%) patients, and grade 3 or worse neurological events in 35 (32%). Since the previous analysis at 1 year, additional serious adverse events were reported in four patients (grade 3 mental status changes, grade 4 myelodysplastic syndrome, grade 3 lung infection, and two episodes of grade 3 bacteraemia), none of which were judged to be treatment related. Two treatment-related deaths (due to haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and cardiac arrest) were previously reported, but no new treatment-related deaths occurred during the additional follow-up. INTERPRETATION These 2-year follow-up data from ZUMA-1 suggest that axicabtagene ciloleucel can induce durable responses and a median overall survival of greater than 2 years, and has a manageable long-term safety profile in patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma. FUNDING Kite and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Therapy Acceleration Program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Ghobadi
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - David B Miklos
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lazaros J Lekakis
- University of Miami Health System, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Yi Lin
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ira Braunschweig
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Abhinav Deol
- Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Patrick Stiff
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ian W Flinn
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Andre Goy
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | | | - Javier Munoz
- Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA
| | - Tanya Siddiqi
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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1000
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Tisi MC, Paolini R, Piazza F, Ravelli E, Tecchio C, Sartori R, Famengo B, D'Amore ESG, Carli G, Perbellini O, Di Bona E, Ruggeri M, Visco C. Rituximab, bendamustine and cytarabine (R-BAC) in patients with relapsed-refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:E386-E389. [PMID: 30184246 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Oncohematology; Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital; Rovigo Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tecchio
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Roberto Sartori
- Hematology Department; San Giacomo Hospital; Castelfranco Veneto Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Carli
- Cell Therapy and Hematology; San Bortolo Hospital; Vicenza Italy
| | - Omar Perbellini
- Cell Therapy and Hematology; San Bortolo Hospital; Vicenza Italy
| | - Eros Di Bona
- Cell Therapy and Hematology; San Bortolo Hospital; Vicenza Italy
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Cell Therapy and Hematology; San Bortolo Hospital; Vicenza Italy
| | - Carlo Visco
- Cell Therapy and Hematology; San Bortolo Hospital; Vicenza Italy
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