1101
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Krzymińska S, Mokracka J, Koczura R, Cwiertnia A, Kaznowski A. Aeromonas spp.-mediated cell-contact cytotoxicity is associated with the presence of type III secretion system. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 101:243-51. [PMID: 21809027 PMCID: PMC3261397 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the study we examined the production of cytotonic and cytotoxic toxins and the presence of a type III secretion system (TTSS) in 64 Aeromonas spp. strains isolated from fecal specimens of patients with gastroenteritis. We observed that contact of the bacteria with host epithelial cells is a prerequisite for their cytotoxicity at 3 h incubation. Cell-contact cytotoxic activity of the strains was strongly associated with the presence of the TTSS. Culture supernatants of the strains induced low cytotoxicity effects at the same time of incubation. Cell-free supernatants of 61 (95%) isolates expressed cytotoxic activity which caused the destruction of HEp-2 cells at 24 h. Moreover, 44% strains were cytotonic towards CHO cells and 46% of strains invaded epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Krzymińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology A. Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, Poznan, Poland.
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1102
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Nagar V, Bandekar JR. Effectiveness of radiation processing in elimination of Aeromonas from food. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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1103
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Gastrointestinal colonization rates for human clinical isolates of Aeromonas veronii using a mouse model. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:332-6. [PMID: 21779939 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A variety of environment-associated gastrointestinal infections have been associated with the Aeromonas group of bacteria which contain both non-virulent strains as well as virulent strains within a particular species. This study monitors the colonization rates of colon tissue in a mouse-streptomycin dose/response model involving isolates of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria obtained from human clinical specimens. The ability to successfully colonize mouse colon tissues by the human clinical isolates was then compared with the rates achieved in a previous study of Aeromonas isolates obtained from environmental drinking water samples. Results suggest that strains of Aeromonas isolated from drinking water environmental samples contain pathogenic and virulence capabilities similar to those seen in Aeromonas veronii clinical isolates from human infections.
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1104
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Molecular basis of sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance in fish-pathogenic Aeromonas isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7147-50. [PMID: 21764945 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00560-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamide-trimethoprim-resistant Aeromonas salmonicida and motile Aeromonas spp. from diseased fish of the GERM-Vet study carried the sul1 gene together with mostly cassette-borne trimethoprim resistance genes, including the novel gene dfrA28. The seven dfrA and dfrB genes identified were located mostly in class 1 integrons which commonly harbored other gene cassettes.
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1105
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Behera B, Bhoriwal S, Mathur P, Sagar S, Singhal M, Misra MC. Post-traumatic skin and soft tissue infection due to Aeromonas hydrophila. Indian J Crit Care Med 2011; 15:49-51. [PMID: 21633548 PMCID: PMC3097544 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.78228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of posttraumatic skin and soft tissue infection in a patient who sustained laceration after being hit by a water tanker. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from pus and was identified to the species level by Vitek 2 and a battery of biochemical tests. The patient responded to thorough drainage, debridement of wound and 2 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. The patient was taken up for split skin grafting of the raw area. She was discharged with satisfactory graft uptake after 1 week without any further antibiotics advice. Follow-up after 3 weeks was satisfactory with healthy cover on the raw area and normal weight bearing on the left leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijayini Behera
- Department of Microbiology, JPNA Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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1106
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Molero R, Wilhelms M, Infanzón B, Tomás JM, Merino S. Aeromonas hydrophila motY is essential for polar flagellum function, and requires coordinate expression of motX and Pom proteins. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:2772-2784. [PMID: 21737499 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
By the analysis of the Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC7966(T) genome we identified A. hydrophila AH-3 MotY. A. hydrophila MotY, like MotX, is essential for the polar flagellum function energized by an electrochemical potential of Na(+) as coupling ion, but is not involved in lateral flagella function energized by the proton motive force. Thus, the A. hydrophila polar flagellum stator is a complex integrated by two essential proteins, MotX and MotY, which interact with one of two redundant pairs of proteins, PomAB and PomA(2)B(2). In an A. hydrophila motX mutant, polar flagellum motility is restored by motX complementation, but the ability of the A. hydrophila motY mutant to swim is not restored by introduction of the wild-type motY alone. However, its polar flagellum motility is restored when motX and -Y are expressed together from the same plasmid promoter. Finally, even though both the redundant A. hydrophila polar flagellum stators, PomAB and PomA(2)B(2), are energized by the Na(+) ion, they cannot be exchanged. Furthermore, Vibrio parahaemolyticus PomAB and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MotAB or MotCD are unable to restore swimming motility in A. hydrophila polar flagellum stator mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Molero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Wilhelms
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Infanzón
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Tomás
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Merino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain
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1107
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Krzymińska S, Tańska A, Kaznowski A. Aeromonas spp. induce apoptosis of epithelial cells through an oxidant-dependent activation of the mitochondrial pathway. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:889-898. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.030833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Krzymińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Tańska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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1108
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Kumar H, Rangrez AY, Dayananda KM, Atre AN, Patole MS, Shouche YS. Lactobacillus plantarum (VR1) isolated from an ayurvedic medicine (Kutajarista) ameliorates in vitro cellular damage caused by Aeromonas veronii. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:152. [PMID: 21707995 PMCID: PMC3145568 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus plantarum is considered as a safe and effective probiotic microorganism. Among various sources of isolation, traditionally fermented foods are considered to be rich in Lactobacillus spp., which can be exploited for their probiotic attribute. Antibacterial property of L. plantarum has been demonstrated against various enteric pathogens in both in vitro and in vivo systems. This study was aimed at characterizing L. plantarum isolated from Kutajarista, an ayurvedic fermented biomedicine, and assessing its antagonistic property against a common enteropathogen Aeromonas veronii. Results We report the isolation of L. plantarum (VR1) from Kutajarista, and efficacy of its cell free supernatant (CFS) in amelioration of cytotoxicity caused by Aeromonas veronii. On the part of probiotic attributes, VR1 was tolerant to pH 2, 0.3% bile salts and simulated gastric juice. Additionally, VR1 also exhibited adhesive property to human intestinal HT-29 cell line. Furthermore, CFS of VR1 was antibacterial to enteric pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas veronii and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Detailed study regarding the effect of VR1 CFS on A. veronii cytotoxicity showed a significant decrease in vacuole formation and detrimental cellular changes in Vero cells. On the other hand, A. veronii CFS caused disruption of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and actin in MDCK cell line, which was prevented by pre-incubation with CFS of VR1. Conclusions This is the first study to report isolation of L. plantarum (VR1) from Kutajarista and characterisation for its probiotic attributes. Our study demonstrates the antagonistic property of VR1 to A. veronii and effect of VR1 CFS in reduction of cellular damage caused by A. veronii in both Vero and MDCK cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kumar
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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1109
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Determination of microbial diversity of Aeromonas strains on the basis of multilocus sequence typing, phenotype, and presence of putative virulence genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4986-5000. [PMID: 21642403 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00708-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas has been described as comprising several species associated with the aquatic environment, which represents their principal reservoir. Aeromonas spp. are commonly isolated from diseased and healthy fish, but the involvement of such bacteria in human infection and gastroenteritis has frequently been reported. The primary challenge in establishing an unequivocal link between the Aeromonas genus and pathogenesis in humans is the extremely complicated taxonomy. With the aim of clarifying taxonomic relationships among the strains and phenotypes, a multilocus sequencing approach was developed and applied to characterize 23 type and reference strains of Aeromonas spp. and a collection of 77 field strains isolated from fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. All strains were also screened for putative determinants of virulence by PCR (ast, ahh1, act, asa1, eno, ascV, and aexT) and the production of acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs). In addition, the phenotypic fingerprinting obtained from 29 biochemical tests was submitted to the nonparametric combination (NPC) test methodology to define the statistical differences among the identified genetic clusters. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) achieved precise strain genotyping, and the phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences delineated the relationship among the taxa belonging to the genus Aeromonas, providing a powerful tool for outbreak traceability, host range diffusion, and ecological studies. The NPC test showed the feasibility of phenotypic differentiation among the majority of the MLST clusters by using a selection of tests or the entire biochemical fingerprinting. A Web-based MLST sequence database (http://pubmlst.org/aeromonas) specific for the Aeromonas genus was developed and implemented with all the results.
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1110
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Pablos M, Huys G, Cnockaert M, Rodríguez-Calleja J, Otero A, Santos J, García-López M. Identification and epidemiological relationships of Aeromonas isolates from patients with diarrhea, drinking water and foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 147:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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1111
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Osteomyelitis associated to CTX-M-15-producing Aeromonas hydrophila: first description in the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 70:420-2. [PMID: 21546197 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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1112
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Martinez-Murcia AJ, Monera A, Saavedra MJ, Oncina R, Lopez-Alvarez M, Lara E, Figueras MJ. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas. Syst Appl Microbiol 2011; 34:189-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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1113
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Figueras MJ, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Senderovich Y, Laviad S, Halpern M. Re-identification of Aeromonas isolates from chironomid egg masses as the potential pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas aquariorum. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2011; 3:239-244. [PMID: 23761256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Egg masses of the non-biting midge Chironomous sp. have recently been found to serve as a reservoir for Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas species. These insects are widely distributed in freshwater and evidence suggests that they may disseminate pathogenic bacteria species into drinking water systems. In the current study the taxonomy of 26 Aeromonas isolates, previously recovered from chironomid egg masses, was re-evaluated. It was found that 23 isolates, which had previously been identified as Aeromonas caviae, could belong to the recently described species Aeromonas aquariorum by their biochemical traits. To date, A. aquariorum has been found in ornamental fish and also in human extra-intestinal infections. ERIC-PCR genotyping differentiated 11 strains within the 23 A. aquariorum isolates, whose identity was confirmed by their rpoD gene sequences. Strains were found to possess the following virulence-associated genes: alt (90.9%), ahpB (81.8%), pla/lip/lipH3/apl-1/lip (54.5%), fla (27.3%), act/hylA/aerA (27.3%), ascF-ascG (81.8%) and aexT (9%) encoding for the cytotonic heat-labile enterotoxin, elastase, lipase, flagella, cytotoxic enterotoxins, the Type III Secretion System and the AexT toxin delivered by this system respectively. These findings indicate that chironomid egg masses harbour strains of A. aquariorum, which bear an important number of virulence genes, and that this species was misidentified originally as A. caviae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciènces Médiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina I Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
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1114
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Phylogenetic identification of Aeromonas from pigs slaughtered for consumption in slaughterhouses at the North of Portugal. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 146:118-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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1115
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Complex evolutionary history of the Aeromonas veronii group revealed by host interaction and DNA sequence data. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16751. [PMID: 21359176 PMCID: PMC3040217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria, Aeromonas veronii biovar veronii, and Aeromonas allosaccharophila are a closely related group of organisms, the Aeromonas veronii Group, that inhabit a wide range of host animals as a symbiont or pathogen. In this study, the ability of various strains to colonize the medicinal leech as a model for beneficial symbiosis and to kill wax worm larvae as a model for virulence was determined. Isolates cultured from the leech out-competed other strains in the leech model, while most strains were virulent in the wax worms. Three housekeeping genes, recA, dnaJ and gyrB, the gene encoding chitinase, chiA, and four loci associated with the type three secretion system, ascV, ascFG, aexT, and aexU were sequenced. The phylogenetic reconstruction failed to produce one consensus tree that was compatible with most of the individual genes. The Approximately Unbiased test and the Genetic Algorithm for Recombination Detection both provided further support for differing evolutionary histories among this group of genes. Two contrasting tests detected recombination within aexU, ascFG, ascV, dnaJ, and gyrB but not in aexT or chiA. Quartet decomposition analysis indicated a complex recent evolutionary history for these strains with a high frequency of horizontal gene transfer between several but not among all strains. In this study we demonstrate that at least for some strains, horizontal gene transfer occurs at a sufficient frequency to blur the signal from vertically inherited genes, despite strains being adapted to distinct niches. Simply increasing the number of genes included in the analysis is unlikely to overcome this challenge in organisms that occupy multiple niches and can exchange DNA between strains specialized to different niches. Instead, the detection of genes critical in the adaptation to specific niches may help to reveal the physiological specialization of these strains.
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1116
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Li J, Ni X, Liu Y, Lu C. Detection of three virulence genes alt, ahp and aerA in Aeromonas hydrophila and their relationship with actual virulence to zebrafish. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:823-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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1117
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Figueras MJ, Alperi A, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Stackebrandt E, Brambilla E, Monera A, Martínez-Murcia AJ. Aeromonas rivuli sp. nov., isolated from the upstream region of a karst water rivulet. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:242-248. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.016139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two freshwater isolates (WB4.1-19T and WB4.4-101), sharing 99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, were highly related to Aeromonas sobria (99.7 % similarity; 6 bp differences). A phylogenetic tree derived from a multi-locus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the concatenated sequences of five housekeeping genes (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ and gyrA; 3684 bp) revealed that both strains clustered as an independent phylogenetic line next to members of Aeromonas molluscorum and Aeromonas bivalvium. The DNA–DNA reassociation value between the two new isolates was 89.3 %. Strain WB4.1-19T had a DNA–DNA relatedness value of <70 % with the type strains of the other species tested. Phenotypic characterization differentiated the two novel strains from all other type strains of species of the genus Aeromonas. It is concluded that the two new strains represent a novel species of the genus Aeromonas, for which the name Aeromonas rivuli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain WB4.1-19T (=CECT 7518T=DSM 22539T=MDC 2511T).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. IISPV. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - A. Alperi
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. IISPV. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - R. Beaz-Hidalgo
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. IISPV. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - E. Stackebrandt
- DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - E. Brambilla
- DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A. Monera
- Molecular Diagnostics Center and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
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1118
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Xiong X, Bromley EHC, Oelschlaeger P, Woolfson DN, Spencer J. Structural insights into quinolone antibiotic resistance mediated by pentapeptide repeat proteins: conserved surface loops direct the activity of a Qnr protein from a gram-negative bacterium. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:3917-27. [PMID: 21227918 PMCID: PMC3089455 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones inhibit bacterial type II DNA topoisomerases (e.g. DNA gyrase) and are among the most important antibiotics in current use. However, their efficacy is now being threatened by various plasmid-mediated resistance determinants. Of these, the pentapeptide repeat-containing (PRP) Qnr proteins are believed to act as DNA mimics and are particularly prevalent in Gram-negative bacteria. Predicted Qnr-like proteins are also present in numerous environmental bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that one such, Aeromonas hydrophila AhQnr, is soluble, stable, and relieves quinolone inhibition of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase, thus providing an appropriate model system for Gram-negative Qnr proteins. The AhQnr crystal structure, the first for any Gram-negative Qnr, reveals two prominent loops (1 and 2) that project from the PRP structure. Deletion mutagenesis demonstrates that both contribute to protection of E. coli DNA gyrase from quinolones. Sequence comparisons indicate that these are likely to be present across the full range of Gram-negative Qnr proteins. On this basis we present a model for the AhQnr:DNA gyrase interaction where loop1 interacts with the gyrase A ‘tower’ and loop2 with the gyrase B TOPRIM domains. We propose this to be a general mechanism directing the interactions of Qnr proteins with DNA gyrase in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xiong
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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1119
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Aminoglycoside-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila as part of a polymicrobial infection following a traumatic fall into freshwater. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1169-70. [PMID: 21209173 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01949-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amikacin is a first-line treatment for Aeromonas infection due to high efficacy. There are few reports of aminoglycoside-resistant Aeromonas spp. We report a soft tissue infection containing multiple pathogens, including a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila resistant to amikacin, tobramycin, and multiple cephalosporins.
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1120
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Morinaga Y, Yanagihara K, Araki N, Harada Y, Yamada K, Akamatsu N, Matsuda J, Nishino T, Hasegawa H, Izumikawa K, Kakeya H, Yamamoto Y, Yasuoka A, Kohno S, Kamihira S. Clinical Characteristics of Seven Patients with Aeromonas Septicemia in a Japanese Hospital. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2011; 225:81-4. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.225.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Morinaga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Nobuko Araki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Yosuke Harada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Koichi Yamada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Norihiko Akamatsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Junichi Matsuda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomoya Nishino
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Hiroshi Kakeya
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Akira Yasuoka
- Nagasaki University Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Global COE Program, Nagasaki University
| | - Shimeru Kamihira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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1121
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Ottaviani D, Parlani C, Citterio B, Masini L, Leoni F, Canonico C, Sabatini L, Bruscolini F, Pianetti A. Putative virulence properties of Aeromonas strains isolated from food, environmental and clinical sources in Italy: A comparative study. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 144:538-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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1122
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Aguilera-Arreola MG, Martínez AAC, Castro-Escarpulli G. An in-house multiplex pcr method to detect of putative virulence factors in aeromonas species. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1314-20. [PMID: 24031758 PMCID: PMC3768746 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110004000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A pentaplex PCR was developed and optimised to detect the genes that encode the five most important putative virulence factors in Aeromonas isolates. It seems to be more efficient than previously reported techniques and promises to be a powerful tool for more accurate risk assessments and for monitoring pathogenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Graciela Castro-Escarpulli
- Corresponding Author. Mailing address: Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Microbiology Department. ENCB-IPN. Esq. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n Col. Plutarco Elías Calles. Del. Miguel Hidalgo. CP 11340. Mexico D.F.; Tel. (+-52–55) 57 29 63 00 ext. 62374 Fax. (+-52–55) 57 29 62 07.; E-mail:
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1123
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Noonin C, Jiravanichpaisal P, Söderhäll I, Merino S, Tomás JM, Söderhäll K. Melanization and pathogenicity in the insect, Tenebrio molitor, and the crustacean, Pacifastacus leniusculus, by Aeromonas hydrophila AH-3. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15728. [PMID: 21206752 PMCID: PMC3012084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is the most common Aeromonas species causing infections in human and other animals such as amphibians, reptiles, fish and crustaceans. Pathogenesis of Aeromonas species have been reported to be associated with virulence factors such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), bacterial toxins, bacterial secretion systems, flagella, and other surface molecules. Several mutant strains of A. hydrophila AH-3 were initially used to study their virulence in two animal species, Pacifastacus leniusculus (crayfish) and Tenebrio molitor larvae (mealworm). The AH-3 strains used in this study have mutations in genes involving the synthesis of flagella, LPS structures, secretion systems, and some other factors, which have been reported to be involved in A. hydrophila pathogenicity. Our study shows that the LPS (O-antigen and external core) is the most determinant A. hydrophila AH-3 virulence factor in both animals. Furthermore, we studied the immune responses of these hosts to infection of virulent or non-virulent strains of A. hydrophila AH-3. The AH-3 wild type (WT) containing the complete LPS core is highly virulent and this bacterium strongly stimulated the prophenoloxidase activating system resulting in melanization in both crayfish and mealworm. In contrast, the ΔwaaE mutant which has LPS without O-antigen and external core was non-virulent and lost ability to stimulate this system and melanization in these two animals. The high phenoloxidase activity found in WT infected crayfish appears to result from a low expression of pacifastin, a prophenoloxidase activating enzyme inhibitor, and this gene expression was not changed in the ΔwaaE mutant infected animal and consequently phenoloxidase activity was not altered as compared to non-infected animals. Therefore we show that the virulence factors of A. hydrophila are the same regardless whether an insect or a crustacean is infected and the O-antigen and external core is essential for activation of the proPO system and as virulence factors for this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pikul Jiravanichpaisal
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susana Merino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M. Tomás
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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1124
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Abstract
Aeromonas caviae is a Gram-negative, motile and rod-shaped facultative anaerobe that is increasingly being recognized as a cause of diarrhea in children. Here we present the first genome sequence of an A. caviae strain that was isolated as the sole pathogen from a child with profuse diarrhea.
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1125
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Takahashi E, Kobayashi H, Yamanaka H, Nair GB, Takeda Y, Arimoto S, Negishi T, Okamoto K. Inhibition of biosynthesis of metalloprotease of Aeromonas sobria by sodium chloride in the medium. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 55:60-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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1126
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Parker JL, Shaw JG. Aeromonas spp. clinical microbiology and disease. J Infect 2010; 62:109-18. [PMID: 21163298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Members of the genus Aeromonas inhabit various aquatic environments and are responsible for, and are implicated in, a number of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans as well as other animals. This review focuses on invasive human infection and disease and summarizes available findings regarding the microbiology and detection of Aeromonas spp., with emphasis on successful identification and diagnosis, and the control of disease in the population. Antimicrobial resistance and therapy of Aeromonas spp. is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Parker
- Academic Unit of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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1127
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New perspectives in monitoring drinking water microbial quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:4179-202. [PMID: 21318002 PMCID: PMC3037048 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7124179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The safety of drinking water is evaluated by the results obtained from faecal indicators during the stipulated controls fixed by the legislation. However, drinking-water related illness outbreaks are still occurring worldwide. The failures that lead to these outbreaks are relatively common and typically involve preceding heavy rain and inadequate disinfection processes. The role that classical faecal indicators have played in the protection of public health is reviewed and the turning points expected for the future explored. The legislation for protecting the quality of drinking water in Europe is under revision, and the planned modifications include an update of current indicators and methods as well as the introduction of Water Safety Plans (WSPs), in line with WHO recommendations. The principles of the WSP approach and the advances signified by the introduction of these preventive measures in the future improvement of dinking water quality are presented. The expected impact that climate change will have in the quality of drinking water is also critically evaluated.
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1128
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Hochedez P, Hope-Rapp E, Olive C, Nicolas M, Beaucaire G, Cabié A. Bacteremia caused by Aeromonas species [corrected] complex in the Caribbean Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:1123-7. [PMID: 21036850 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas species are Gram-negative bacilli of the water environment whose survival appears facilitated by warm climates. There have been no reports on Aeromonas species in the [corrected] Caribbean to date. Our aim was to describe clinical and bacteriological features in patients presenting with such bacteremia in Martinique and Guadeloupe. During a 14-year period, we retrospectively identified 37 patients. The mean age was 55 years and in 89% of cases underlying disease such as digestive diseases, cutaneous wounds, and malignancy were identified. One case was related to severe strongyloidiasis and one with snake bite. Polymicrobial bacteremia was identified in 38%, essentially with Enterobacteriaceae. All Aeromonas isolates were resistant to amoxicillin but extended-spectrum beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone were active against more than 95%. During hospitalization 10 patients died (27%). Older age, occurrence of multiorgan failure, and impaired renal function were associated with in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hochedez
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Fort de France Teaching Hospital, Martinique, France.
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1129
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The type II secretion system is essential for erythrocyte lysis and gut colonization by the leech digestive tract symbiont Aeromonas veronii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:597-603. [PMID: 21097598 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01621-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolysin and the type II secretion system (T2SS) have been shown to be important for virulence in many pathogens, but very few studies have shown their importance in beneficial microbes. Here, we investigated the importance of the type II secretion pathway in the beneficial digestive-tract association of Aeromonas veronii and the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana and revealed a critical role for the hemolysis of erythrocytes. A mutant with a miniTn5 insertion in exeM, which is involved in forming the inner membrane platform in the T2SS, was isolated by screening mutants for loss of hemolysis on blood agar plates. A hemolysis assay was used to quantify the mutant's deficiency in lysing sheep erythrocytes and revealed a 99.9% decrease compared to the parent strain. The importance of the T2SS in the colonization of the symbiotic host was assessed. Colonization assays revealed that the T2SS is critical for initial colonization of the leech gut. The defect was tied to the loss of hemolysin production by performing a colonization assay with blood containing lysed erythrocytes. This restored the colonization defect in the mutant. Complementation of the mutant using the promoter region and exeMN revealed that the T2SS is responsible for secreting hemolysin into the extracellular space and that both the T2SS and hemolysin export by the T2SS are critical for initial establishment of A. veronii in the leech gut.
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1130
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Gugliandolo C, Lentini V, Spanò A, Maugeri T. Conventional and molecular methods to detect bacterial pathogens in mussels. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 52:15-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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1131
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McCoy AJ, Koizumi Y, Higa N, Suzuki T. Differential Regulation of Caspase-1 Activation via NLRP3/NLRC4 Inflammasomes Mediated by Aerolysin and Type III Secretion System during Aeromonas veronii Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7077-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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1132
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Valério E, Chaves S, Tenreiro R. Diversity and impact of prokaryotic toxins on aquatic environments: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2359-410. [PMID: 22069558 PMCID: PMC3153167 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in all habitats and are recognized by their metabolic versatility and ability to produce many bioactive compounds, including toxins. Some of the most common toxins present in water are produced by several cyanobacterial species. As a result, their blooms create major threats to animal and human health, tourism, recreation and aquaculture. Quite a few cyanobacterial toxins have been described, including hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins and dermatotoxins. These toxins are secondary metabolites, presenting a vast diversity of structures and variants. Most of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites are peptides or have peptidic substructures and are assumed to be synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS), involving peptide synthetases, or NRPS/PKS, involving peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases hybrid pathways. Besides cyanobacteria, other bacteria associated with aquatic environments are recognized as significant toxin producers, representing important issues in food safety, public health, and human and animal well being. Vibrio species are one of the most representative groups of aquatic toxin producers, commonly associated with seafood-born infections. Some enterotoxins and hemolysins have been identified as fundamental for V. cholerae and V. vulnificus pathogenesis, but there is evidence for the existence of other potential toxins. Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli are also water contaminants and are able to produce important toxins after infecting their hosts. Other bacteria associated with aquatic environments are emerging as toxin producers, namely Legionella pneumophila and Aeromonas hydrophila, described as responsible for the synthesis of several exotoxins, enterotoxins and cytotoxins. Furthermore, several Clostridium species can produce potent neurotoxins. Although not considered aquatic microorganisms, they are ubiquitous in the environment and can easily contaminate drinking and irrigation water. Clostridium members are also spore-forming bacteria and can persist in hostile environmental conditions for long periods of time, contributing to their hazard grade. Similarly, Pseudomonas species are widespread in the environment. Since P. aeruginosa is an emergent opportunistic pathogen, its toxins may represent new hazards for humans and animals. This review presents an overview of the diversity of toxins produced by prokaryotic microorganisms associated with aquatic habitats and their impact on environment, life and health of humans and other animals. Moreover, important issues like the availability of these toxins in the environment, contamination sources and pathways, genes involved in their biosynthesis and molecular mechanisms of some representative toxins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Valério
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Sandra Chaves
- Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Integrativa e Funcional (BioFIG), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio ICAT, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Rogério Tenreiro
- Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Integrativa e Funcional (BioFIG), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio ICAT, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
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1133
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Liao KC, Yen PT, Liu C. Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Inconspicuous Infection of Aeromonas hydrophila in an Immunocompromised Host. J Surg Case Rep 2010; 2010:2. [PMID: 24946336 PMCID: PMC3649141 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/2010.7.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of serious necrotizing fasciitis due to Aeromonas hydrophila without a suggestive history of routes of pathogen invasion in a 60-year-old male. Despite prompt broad-spectrum antibiotic and extensive surgical therapies, the patient died within 72 hours following initial presentation. Our experience suggests clinicians be highly alert to the disease when an immunocompromised patient featured fulminant soft-tissue infection in the endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheng Liu
- Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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1134
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Tichoniuk M, Gwiazdowska D, Ligaj M, Filipiak M. Electrochemical detection of foodborne pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila by DNA hybridization biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1618-23. [PMID: 20829023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes an electrochemical DNA biosensor used for the detection of Aeromonas hydrophila. This opportunistic pathogen is recognized as an emerging foodborne hazard and is associated with a variety of virulence factors including production of cytotoxic enterotoxin aerolysin. The genosensor recognition layer was prepared using mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) consisting of thiolated single-stranded DNA probe (ssDNA) and diluent molecules--mercaptoalcohol: mercaptoethanol (MCE) or mercaptohexanol (MCH) or mercaptononanol (MCN). The voltammetric examination of double-layer capacitance of biosensor recognition interface supported by chronocoulometric quantitation of DNA present on the electrode surface showed that mixed ssDNA and MCH monolayer revealed the lowest defectiveness. Its double-layer capacitance equaled 4.0 μF cm(-2) and ssDNA probe surface coverage reached 8.5×10(11) molecules cm(-2) of gold electrode surface. Chronocoulometric quantitation of DNA and square wave voltammetry (SWV) measurements of electroactive indicator, methylene blue (MB) were performed to investigate the influence of hybridization reaction time, concentration of target DNA fragments, and presence of non-complementary DNA on the electrochemical response of genosensor recognition interface. The biosensor enabled distinction between the DNA samples isolated from A. hydrophila (present at the concentration of 2.5 μg cm(-3)) and other microbial DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tichoniuk
- Poznan University of Economics, Al. Niepodleglosci 10, 61-875 Poznan, Poland.
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1135
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McCoy AJ, Koizumi Y, Toma C, Higa N, Dixit V, Taniguchi S, Tschopp J, Suzuki T. Cytotoxins of the human pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila trigger, via the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1 activation in macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2797-803. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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