1151
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Coppes RP, van der Goot A, Lombaert IMA. Stem cell therapy to reduce radiation-induced normal tissue damage. Semin Radiat Oncol 2009; 19:112-21. [PMID: 19249649 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissue damage after radiotherapy is still a major problem in cancer treatment. Stem cell therapy may provide a means to reduce radiation-induced side effects and improve the quality of life of patients. This review discusses the current status in stem cell research with respect to their potential to reduce radiation toxicity. A number of different types of stem cells are being investigated for their potential to treat a variety of disorders. Their current status, localization, characterization, isolation, and potential in stem cell-based therapies are addressed. Although clinical adult stem cell research is still at an early stage, preclinical experiments show the potential these therapies may have. Based on the major advances made in this field, stem cell-based therapy has great potential to allow prevention or treatment of normal tissue damage after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob P Coppes
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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1152
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Sommer CA, Stadtfeld M, Murphy GJ, Hochedlinger K, Kotton DN, Mostoslavsky G. Induced pluripotent stem cell generation using a single lentiviral stem cell cassette. Stem Cells 2009; 27:543-9. [PMID: 19096035 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated using retroviral vectors expressing Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and cMyc. Most prior studies have required multiple retroviral vectors for reprogramming, resulting in high numbers of genomic integrations in iPS cells and limiting their use for therapeutic applications. Here we describe the use of a single lentiviral vector expressing a "stem cell cassette" composed of the four transcription factors and a combination of 2A peptide and internal ribosome entry site technology, generating iPS cells from postnatal fibroblasts. iPS cells generated in this manner display embryonic stem cell-like morphology, express stem cell markers, and exhibit in vivo pluripotency, as evidenced by their ability to differentiate in teratoma assays and their robust contribution to mouse chimeras. Combining all factors into a single transcript achieves the most efficient reprogramming system to date and allows derivation of iPS cells with a single viral integration. The use of a single lentiviral vector for reprogramming represents a powerful laboratory tool and a significant step toward the application of iPS technology for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Sommer
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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1153
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Placantonakis DG, Tomishima MJ, Lafaille F, Desbordes SC, Jia F, Socci ND, Viale A, Lee H, Harrison N, Tabar V, Studer L. BAC transgenesis in human embryonic stem cells as a novel tool to define the human neural lineage. Stem Cells 2009; 27:521-32. [PMID: 19074416 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have enormous potential for applications in basic biology and regenerative medicine. However, harnessing the potential of hESCs toward generating homogeneous populations of specialized cells remains challenging. Here we describe a novel technology for the genetic identification of defined hESC-derived neural cell types using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenesis. We generated hESC lines stably expressing Hes5::GFP, Dll1::GFP, and HB9::GFP BACs that yield green fluorescent protein (GFP)(+) neural stem cells, neuroblasts, and motor neurons, respectively. Faithful reporter expression was confirmed by cell fate analysis and appropriate transgene regulation. Prospective isolation of HB9::GFP(+) cells yielded purified human motor neurons with proper marker expression and electrophysiological activity. Global mRNA and microRNA analyses of Hes5::GFP(+) and HB9::GFP(+) populations revealed highly specific expression signatures, suggesting that BAC transgenesis will be a powerful tool for establishing expression libraries that define the human neural lineage and for accessing defined cell types in applications of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA.
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1154
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Vaags AK, Rosic-Kablar S, Gartley CJ, Zheng YZ, Chesney A, Villagómez DAF, Kruth SA, Hough MR. Derivation and characterization of canine embryonic stem cell lines with in vitro and in vivo differentiation potential. Stem Cells 2009; 27:329-40. [PMID: 19038794 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent permanent cell lines that can be maintained in an undifferentiated state. In an environment that induces differentiation, they form derivatives of the three embryonic germ layers: mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm. These characteristics give ESCs great potential for both basic research and clinical applications in the areas of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The establishment of ESCs from large animals that model human diseases is of significant importance. We describe the derivation of permanent canine cell lines from preimplantation-stage embryos. Similar to human ESCs, canine ESCs expressed OCT3/4, NANOG, SOX2, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and alkaline phosphatase, whereas they expressed very low levels of SSEA-1. They maintained a normal karyotype and morphology typical of undifferentiated ESCs after multiple in vitro passages and rounds of cryopreservation. Plating cells in the absence of a feeder layer, either in attachment or suspension culture, resulted in the formation of embryoid bodies and their differentiation to multiple cell types. In vivo, canine ESCs gave rise to teratomas comprising cell types of all three embryonic germ layers. These cells represent the first pluripotent canine ESC lines with both in vitro and in vivo differentiation potential and offer the exciting possibility of testing the efficacy and safety of ESC-based therapies in large animal models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Vaags
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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1155
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Díaz NF, Díaz-Martínez NE, Velasco I, Camacho-Arroyo I. Progesterone increases dopamine neurone number in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells. J Neuroendocrinol 2009; 21:730-6. [PMID: 19500215 PMCID: PMC2763283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone participates in the regulation of several functions in mammals, including brain differentiation and dopaminergic transmission, but the role of progesterone in dopaminergic cell differentiation is unknown. We investigated the effects of progesterone on dopaminergic differentiation of embryonic stem cells using a five-stage protocol. Cells were incubated with different progesterone concentrations during the proliferation (stage 4) or differentiation (stage 5) phases. Progesterone added at 1, 10 and 100 nm during stage 4 increased the number of dopamine neurones at stage 5 by 72%, 80% and 62%, respectively, compared to the control group. The administration of progesterone at stage 5 did not induce significant changes in the number of dopamine neurones. These actions were not mediated by the activation of intracellular progesterone receptors because RU 486 did not block the positive effects of progesterone on differentiation to dopaminergic neurones. The results obtained suggest that progesterone should prove useful with respect to producing higher proportions of dopamine neurones from embryonic stem cells in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor F. Díaz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Néstor E. Díaz-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Iván Velasco
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
- Corresponding author: Dr. Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo. Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. México D.F. 04510, México. Tel: (52) 555 622 3869. Fax: (52) 555 616 2010.
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1156
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Abstract
Supporting or even replacing diseased myocardium with in vitro engineered heart muscle may become a viable option for patients with heart failure. The key to success will be to (1) generate human heart muscle equivalents in vitro, (2) integrate the latter into a failing heart, (3) ensure long-term functional competence of the grafts, and (4) prevent unwanted effects including arrhythmias, inflammation/rejection, and tumor formation. Several promising tissue engineering technologies have already been developed and are presently being tested in animal models. The rapidly evolving field of human stem cell biology has in parallel identified unique cell sources of potential clinical relevance. Somatic cell reprogramming and nontransduced, nonembryonic pluripotent stem cells may be of particular interest to eventually provide patient-specific cells and tissues. Yet, limited cardiac differentiation and cell immaturity still restrict a broad application of any stem cell type in cardiac muscle engineering. Bioreactor technologies, transgenic "optimization," and growth factor, as well as physical conditioning, have been used to address these caveats. This review summarizes different tissue engineering modalities, speculates on potential clinical uses, provides an overview on cell sources that may ultimately facilitate a patient-specific application, and discusses limitations of tissue engineering-based myocardial repair.
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1157
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of nervous tissue and consequently loss of motor and sensory function. There is no treatment available that restores the injury-induced loss of function to a degree that an independent life can be guaranteed. Transplantation of stem cells or progenitors may support spinal cord repair. Stem cells are characterized by self-renewal and their ability to become any cell in an organism. Promising results have been obtained in experimental models of SCI. Stem cells can be directed to differentiate into neurons or glia in vitro, which can be used for replacement of neural cells lost after SCI. Neuroprotective and axon regeneration-promoting effects have also been credited to transplanted stem cells. There are still issues related to stem cell transplantation that need to be resolved, including ethical concerns. This paper reviews the current status of stem cell application for spinal cord repair.
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1158
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Nagase T, Ueno M, Matsumura M, Muguruma K, Ohgushi M, Kondo N, Kanematsu D, Kanemura Y, Sasai Y. Pericellular matrix of decidua-derived mesenchymal cells: a potent human-derived substrate for the maintenance culture of human ES cells. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1118-30. [PMID: 19384957 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In routine culture, human embryonic stem (hES) cells are maintained on either feeder cells or special culture substrates such as Matrigel. However, to expand hES cells for clinical applications, it is desirable to minimize animal-derived materials in the culture for safety reasons. In this report, we show that the pericellular matrix prepared from human decidua-derived mesenchymal cells (PCM-DM) is a potent substrate material that supports the growth and pluripotency of hES cells as efficiently as Matrigel does. This supporting activity of PCM-DM is stable and can be preserved for several months in the refrigerator. PCM-DM-based culture is compatible with non-conditioned commercial defined medium, and with the maintenance of dissociated hES cells in the presence of ROCK inhibitor. Since decidual mesenchymal cells can be prepared and expanded in a large quantity, PCM-DM is a practical human-derived substitute for the animal-derived substrates for use in clinical-grade culture of hES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nagase
- Organogenesis and Neurogenesis Group, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
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1159
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Abstract
Human stem cell research draws not only scientists' but the public's attention. Human stem cell research is considered to be able to identify the mechanism of human development and change the paradigm of medical practices. However, there are heated ethical and legal debates about human stem cell research. The core issue is that of human dignity and human life. Some prefer human adult stem cell research or iPS cell research, others hES cell research. We do not need to exclude any type of stem cell research because each has its own merits and issues, and they can facilitate the scientific revolution when working together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Won Jung
- Law School, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
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1160
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Corrigan PM, Dobbin E, Freeburn RW, Wheadon H. Patterns of Wnt/Fzd/LRP gene expression during embryonic hematopoiesis. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:759-72. [PMID: 18800919 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays several roles in hematopoiesis, promoting hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal, providing proliferative signals for immature progenitors and regulating lineage commitment. To ascertain which Wnt proteins and receptors are important during hematopoietic development, we used two systems; in vitro hematopoietic differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells and tissues isolated from sites specific for hematopoiesis during mouse embryogenesis. Initially genes involved in hematopoiesis were profiled and indicate differentiating ES cells undergo a wave of primitive hematopoiesis (Day 3.75) similar to the mouse yolk sac, followed by a wave of more definitive hematopoiesis (Day 7.75) comparable to the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) and E15.5 liver with lineage commitment by Day 15. A similar biphasic expression pattern occurred for Wnt/Fzd/LRP genes with Wnt 3, 5a, 8a, Fzd4, and LRP5 becoming upregulated during primitive hematopoiesis, followed by Wnt3a, 6, 7b, 10b, and 16 during more definitive hematopoiesis. High expression of Wnt5a, Fzd4, and LRP5 during the first phase of hematopoiesis suggests these genes are involved in early hematopoietic regulation. Wnt3a and 16 were also expressed at specific stages, with Wnt16 detected when the earliest lymphoid progenitors are formed (AGM and 2 degrees BC of ES differentiation). Wnt3a expression corresponded with the induction of definitive hematopoiesis a period, which involves rapid expansion of HSC (Day 7.75 of ES differentiation, AGM and E15.5 liver). Supplementation with Wnt3a during ES hematopoietic differentiation increased proliferation and appeared to promote stem cell expansion. Overall this study provides valuable information on the Wnt/Fzd/LRP involved in supporting embryonic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Corrigan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
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1161
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Acute ischaemic injury and chronic cardiomyopathies lead to permanent loss of cardiac tissue and ultimately heart failure. Current therapies aim largely to attenuate the pathological remodelling that occurs after injury and to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Studies in animal models indicate that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, bone-marrow-derived haematopoietic stem cells, skeletal myoblasts, or embryonic stem cells has the potential to improve the function of ventricular muscle after ischaemic injury. Clinical trials using primarily bone-marrow-derived cells and skeletal myoblasts have also produced some encouraging results. However, the current experimental evidence suggests that the benefits of cell therapy are modest, the generation of new cardiac tissue is low, and the predominant mechanisms of action of transplanted stem cells involve favourable paracrine effects on injured myocardium. Recent studies show that the adult heart possesses various pools of putative resident stem cells, raising the hope that these cells can be isolated for therapy or manipulated in vivo to improve the healing of cardiac muscle after injury. This article reviews the properties and potential of the various stem cell populations for cardiac repair and regeneration as well as the barriers that might lie ahead.
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1162
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Abstract
The discovery, over a decade ago, of endothelial progenitor cells that are able to participate in neovascularization of adult tissue has been greeted enthusiastically because of the potential for new cell-based therapies for therapeutic angiogenesis. Since that time, an ever-growing list of candidate cells has been proposed for cardiovascular regeneration. However, to date, pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating the therapeutic potential of various cell therapies have reported conflicting results, generating controversy. Key issues within the field of cell therapy research include a lack of uniform cellular definitions, as well as inadequate functional characterization of the role of putative stem/progenitor cells in angiogenesis. Given the mixed results of initial clinical studies, there is now a scientific imperative to understand better the vascular biology of candidate cells in order to better translate cell therapy to the bedside. This review will provide a translationally relevant overview of the biology of candidate stem/progenitor cells for therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Sieveking
- Heart Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Sydney
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1163
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Boudoulas KD, Hatzopoulos AK. Cardiac repair and regeneration: the Rubik's cube of cell therapy for heart disease. Dis Model Mech 2009; 2:344-58. [PMID: 19553696 PMCID: PMC2707103 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic injury and chronic cardiomyopathies damage healthy heart tissue. Dead cells are gradually replaced by a fibrotic scar, which disrupts the normal electromechanical continuum of the ventricular muscle and compromises its pumping capacity. Recent studies in animal models of ischemic cardiomyopathy suggest that transplantation of various stem cell preparations can improve heart recovery after injury. The first clinical trials in patients produced some encouraging results, showing modest benefits. Most of the positive effects are probably because of a favorable paracrine influence of stem cells on the disease microenvironment. Stem cell therapy attenuates inflammation, reduces apoptosis of surrounding cells, induces angiogenesis, and lessens the extent of fibrosis. However, little new heart tissue is formed. The current challenge is to find ways to improve the engraftment, long-term survival and appropriate differentiation of transplanted stem cells within the cardiovascular tissue. Hence, there has been a surge of interest in pluripotent stem cells with robust cardiogenic potential, as well as in the inherent repair and regenerative mechanisms of the heart. Recent discoveries on the biology of adult stem cells could have relevance for cardiac regeneration. Here, we discuss current developments in the field of cardiac repair and regeneration, and present our ideas about the future of stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos D. Boudoulas
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Antonis K. Hatzopoulos
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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1164
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Livigni A, Villegas SN, Oikonomopoulou I, Rahman A, Morrison GM, Brickman JM. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into anterior definitive endoderm. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY 2009; Chapter 1:Unit 1G.3. [PMID: 19585461 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01g03s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Anterior definitive endoderm (ADE) is both an important embryonic signaling center and a unique multipotent precursor of liver, pancreas, and other visceral organs. Here we describe a method for the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to endoderm with pronounced anterior character. ADE-containing cultures can be produced in vitro by suspension (aggregation or embryoid body) culture and in a serum-free adherent monolayer culture. Purified ES cell-derived ADE cells appear committed to endodermal fates and can undergo further differentiation in vitro towards liver and pancreas with enhanced efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Livigni
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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1165
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Multipotent progenitor cells in regenerative cardiovascular medicine. Pediatr Cardiol 2009; 30:690-8. [PMID: 19415155 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-009-9450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative therapies for heart diseases require the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern the fates and differentiation of the diverse muscle and nonmuscle cell lineages that form during heart development. During mouse cardiogenesis, the major lineages of the mature heart, cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and cardiac mesenchyme, arise from multipotent cardiovascular progenitors expressing the transcription factors Mesp1, Isl1, Nkx2-5, and Tbx18. Recent identification of stem/progenitor cells of embryonic origin with intrinsic competence to differentiate into multiple lineages of the heart offers exciting new possibilities for cardiac regeneration. When combined with new advances in nuclear reprogramming, the prospect of achieving autologous, cardiomyogenic, stem-cell-based therapy might be within reach.
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1166
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You JS, Kang JK, Seo DW, Park JH, Park JW, Lee JC, Jeon YJ, Cho EJ, Han JW. Depletion of embryonic stem cell signature by histone deacetylase inhibitor in NCCIT cells: involvement of Nanog suppression. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5716-25. [PMID: 19567677 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic stem cell-like gene expression signature has been shown to be associated with poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors and has attracted great attention as a potential target for future cancer therapies. Here, we investigate the potential of the embryonic stem cell signature as molecular target for the therapy and the strategy to suppress the embryonic stem cell signature. The core stemness gene Nanog is abnormally overexpressed in human embryonic carcinoma NCCIT cells showing gene expression profiles similar to embryonic stem cells. Down-regulation of the gene by either small interfering RNAs targeting Nanog or histone deacetylase inhibitor apicidin causes reversion of expression pattern of embryonic stem cell signature including Oct4, Sox2, and their target genes, leading to cell cycle arrest, inhibition of colony formation in soft agar, and induction of differentiation into all three germ layers. These effects are antagonized by reintroduction of Nanog. Interestingly, embryonic carcinoma cells (NCCIT, NTERA2, and P19) exhibit a higher sensitivity to apicidin in down-regulation of Nanog compared with embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, the down-regulation of Nanog expression by apicidin is mediated by a coordinated change in recruitment of epigenetic modulators and transcription factors to the promoter region. These findings indicate that overexpression of stemness gene Nanog in NCCIT cells is associated with maintaining stem cell-like phenotype and suggest that targeting Nanog might be an approach for improved therapy of poorly differentiated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueng Soo You
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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1167
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Abstract
Stem cell fate is influenced by a number of factors and interactions that require robust control for safe and effective regeneration of functional tissue. Coordinated interactions with soluble factors, other cells, and extracellular matrices define a local biochemical and mechanical niche with complex and dynamic regulation that stem cells sense. Decellularized tissue matrices and synthetic polymer niches are being used in the clinic, and they are also beginning to clarify fundamental aspects of how stem cells contribute to homeostasis and repair, for example, at sites of fibrosis. Multifaceted technologies are increasingly required to produce and interrogate cells ex vivo, to build predictive models, and, ultimately, to enhance stem cell integration in vivo for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Discher
- Biophysical Engineering and Nanobiopolymers Laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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1168
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Galić Z, Kitchen SG, Subramanian A, Bristol G, Marsden MD, Balamurugan A, Kacena A, Yang O, Zack JA. Generation of T lineage cells from human embryonic stem cells in a feeder free system. Stem Cells 2009; 27:100-7. [PMID: 18974209 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have the potential to revolutionize certain medical treatments, including T-cell-based therapies. However, optimal approaches to develop T cells from hESC are lacking. In this report, we show that T-cell progenitors can be derived from hESC cultured as embryoid bodies (EBs). These EB-derived T-cell progenitors give rise to phenotypically and functionally normal cells of the T lineage when transferred into human thymic tissue implanted in immunocompromised mice, suggesting that introduction of these progenitors into patients may also yield functional T cells. Moreover, hematopoietic progenitors demonstrating T-cell potential appeared to be CD45+/CD34+, resembling those found in normal bone marrow. In contrast to T cells developed from hESC cocultured on murine stromal cells, the EB-derived T cells also expressed normal levels of CD45. Importantly, the EB system eliminates the previous need for murine cocultures, a key impediment to developing a protocol for T-cell progenitor derivation suitable for clinical use. Furthermore, following lentiviral-mediated introduction of a vector expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein into hESC, stable transgene expression was maintained throughout differentiation, suggesting a potential for gene therapy approaches aimed at the augmentation of T-cell function or treatment of T-cell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Galić
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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1169
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Zhang XZ, Li XJ, Ji HF, Zhang HY. Impact of drug discovery on stem cell biology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 383:275-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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1170
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Madan B, Madan V, Weber O, Tropel P, Blum C, Kieffer E, Viville S, Fehling HJ. The pluripotency-associated gene Dppa4 is dispensable for embryonic stem cell identity and germ cell development but essential for embryogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:3186-203. [PMID: 19332562 PMCID: PMC2682008 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01970-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dppa4 (developmental pluripotency-associated 4) has been identified in several high-profile screens as a gene that is expressed exclusively in pluripotent cells. It encodes a nuclear protein with an SAP-like domain and appears to be associated preferentially with transcriptionally active chromatin. Its exquisite expression pattern and results of RNA interference experiments have led to speculation that Dppa4, as well as its nearby homolog Dppa2, might play essential roles in embryonic stem (ES) cell function and/or germ cell development. To rigorously assess suggested roles, we have generated Dppa4-deficient and Dppa4/Dppa2 doubly deficient ES cells, as well as mice lacking Dppa4. Contrary to predictions, we find that Dppa4 is completely dispensable for ES cell identity and germ cell development. Instead, loss of Dppa4 in mice results in late embryonic/perinatal death and striking skeletal defects with partial penetrance. Thus, surprisingly, Dppa4-deficiency affects tissues that apparently never transcribed the gene, and at least some loss-of-function defects manifest phenotypically at an embryonic stage long after physiologic Dppa4 expression has ceased. Concomitant with targeted gene inactivation, we have introduced into the Dppa4 locus a red fluorescent marker (tandem-dimer red fluorescent protein) that is compatible with green fluorescent proteins and allows noninvasive visualization of pluripotent cells and reprogramming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Madan
- Institute of Immunology, University Clinics Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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1171
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Fujita H, Shimizu K, Nagamori E. Application of a cell sheet-polymer film complex with temperature sensitivity for increased mechanical strength and cell alignment capability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:370-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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1172
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Pelosi E, Labbaye C, Testa U. MicroRNAs in normal and malignant myelopoiesis. Leuk Res 2009; 33:1584-93. [PMID: 19482355 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding protein, single-stranded RNA of 18-22 nucleotides, that exert their actions at post-transcriptional level, mostly through base pairing with the 3'-untranslated region of the target mRNA, thus leading to its translational repression and/or degradation. Recent studies have shown that miRNAs play a crucial role in normal hematopoiesis through the control of the expression of key regulators of hematopoiesis (i.e., transcription factors, growth factor receptors, chemokine receptors), involving regulatory loops that selectively operate in the various hematopoietic lineages. Extensive miRNA deregulation has been observed in leukemia and functional studies support a role for miRNAs in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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1173
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Zhu S, Wurdak H, Wang J, Lyssiotis CA, Peters EC, Cho CY, Wu X, Schultz PG. A Small Molecule Primes Embryonic Stem Cells for Differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4:416-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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1174
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Hu G, Kim J, Xu Q, Leng Y, Orkin SH, Elledge SJ. A genome-wide RNAi screen identifies a new transcriptional module required for self-renewal. Genes Dev 2009; 23:837-48. [PMID: 19339689 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1769609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We performed a genome-wide siRNA screen in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to identify genes essential for self-renewal, and found 148 genes whose down-regulation caused differentiation. Many of the identified genes function in gene regulation and/or development, and are highly expressed in ES cells and embryonic tissues. We further identified target genes of two transcription regulators Cnot3 and Trim28. We discovered that Cnot3 and Trim28 co-occupy many putative gene promoters with c-Myc and Zfx, but not other pluripotency-associated transcription factors. They form a unique module in the self-renewal transcription network, separate from the core module formed by Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2. The transcriptional targets of this module are enriched for genes involved in cell cycle, cell death, and cancer. This supports the idea that regulatory networks controlling self-renewal in stem cells may also be active in certain cancers and may represent novel anti-cancer targets. Our screen has implicated over 100 new genes in ES cell self-renewal, and illustrates the power of RNAi and forward genetics for the systematic study of self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Hu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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1175
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Tewarie RSN, Hurtado A, Bartels RH, Grotenhuis A, Oudega M. Stem cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2009; 32:105-14. [PMID: 19569457 PMCID: PMC2678281 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2009.11760761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of nervous tissue and consequently loss of motor and sensory function. There is no treatment available that restores the injury-induced loss of function to a degree that an independent life can be guaranteed. Transplantation of stem cells or progenitors may support spinal cord repair. Stem cells are characterized by self-renewal and their ability to become any cell in an organism. Promising results have been obtained in experimental models of SCI. Stem cells can be directed to differentiate into neurons or glia in vitro, which can be used for replacement of neural cells lost after SCI. Neuroprotective and axon regeneration-promoting effects have also been credited to transplanted stem cells. There are still issues related to stem cell transplantation that need to be resolved, including ethical concerns. This paper reviews the current status of stem cell application for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi S. Nandoe Tewarie
- 1Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Department of Neurosurgery, The Netherlands; 2International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland; 3Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andres Hurtado
- 1Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Department of Neurosurgery, The Netherlands; 2International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland; 3Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ronald H Bartels
- 1Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Department of Neurosurgery, The Netherlands; 2International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland; 3Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andre Grotenhuis
- 1Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Department of Neurosurgery, The Netherlands; 2International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland; 3Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin Oudega
- 1Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Department of Neurosurgery, The Netherlands; 2International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland; 3Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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1176
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Abstract
Tissue transplantation is a well-established tool for the treatment of degenerative and malignant disorders, yet its use in clinical practice is hampered by the need for human-leukocyte-antigen-compatible donors and a shortage of suitable graft tissue. The discovery of human embryonic stem cells a decade ago raised hopes that a universal resource for the cell-based treatment of various conditions would soon become available. Embryonic stem cells derived by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or parthenogenesis can provide human-leukocyte-antigen-matched cells, which may be transplanted without the need for immunosuppressive treatment. However, technical hurdles and ethical concerns about use of oocytes and involvement of embryos have limited the clinical use of these cells. An alternative approach involves adult somatic cells being reprogrammed to enter a pluripotent state. Such manipulation of these readily available cells has enabled derivation of patient-specific, pluripotent stem-cell lines, without progression through the blastocyst stage. This Review critically analyzes the currently available methods for the generation of pluripotent stem cells, and discusses prospects for their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Müller
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen Medical Center II, Tübingen, Germany
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1177
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Activin A-Induced Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Endoderm and Pancreatic Progenitors—The Influence of Differentiation Factors and Culture Conditions. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2009; 5:159-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-009-9061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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1178
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Alternative Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Characterization Criteria for In Vitro Applications. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4:198-9; author reply 202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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1179
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Müller T, Fleischmann G, Eildermann K, Mätz-Rensing K, Horn PA, Sasaki E, Behr R. A novel embryonic stem cell line derived from the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) exhibiting germ cell-like characteristics. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:1359-72. [PMID: 19251728 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonic stem cells (ESC) hold great promise for the treatment of degenerative diseases. However, before clinical application of ESC in cell replacement therapy can be achieved, the safety and feasibility must be extensively tested in animal models. The common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) is a useful preclinical non-human primate model due to its physiological similarities to human. Yet, few marmoset ESC lines exist and differences in their developmental potential remain unclear. METHODS Blastocysts were collected and immunosurgery was performed. cjes001 cells were tested for euploidy by karyotyping. The presence of markers for pluripotency was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. Histology of teratoma, in vitro differentiation and embryoid body formation revealed the differentiation potential. RESULTS cjes001 cells displayed a normal 46,XX karyotype. Alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of telomerase and the transcription factors OCT4, NANOG and SOX2 as well as the presence of stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3, SSEA-4, tumor rejection antigens (TRA)-1-60, and TRA-1-81 indicated pluripotency. Teratoma formation assay displayed derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers. Upon non-directed differentiation, the cells expressed the germ cell markers VASA, BOULE, germ cell nuclear factor and synaptonemal complex protein 3 and showed co-localization of VASA protein within individual cells with the germ line stem cell markers CD9, CD49f, SSEA-4 and protein gene product 9.5, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The cjes001 cells represent a new pluripotent ESC line with evidence for enhanced spontaneous differentiation potential into germ cells. This cjes001 line will be very valuable for comparative studies on primate ESC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Stem Cell Research Group, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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1180
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Nehlin JO, Barington T. Strategies for future histocompatible stem cell therapy. Biogerontology 2009; 10:339-76. [PMID: 19219637 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-009-9213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy based on the safe and unlimited self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells is envisioned for future use in tissue or organ replacement after injury or disease. A gradual decline of regenerative capacity has been documented among the adult stem cell population in some body organs during the aging process. Recent progress in human somatic cell nuclear transfer and inducible pluripotent stem cell technologies has shown that patient-derived nuclei or somatic cells can be reprogrammed in vitro to become pluripotent stem cells, from which the three germ layer lineages can be generated, genetically identical to the recipient. Once differentiation protocols and culture conditions can be defined and optimized, patient-histocompatible pluripotent stem cells could be directed towards virtually every cell type in the human body. Harnessing this capability to enrich for given cells within a developmental lineage, would facilitate the transplantation of organ/tissue-specific adult stem cells or terminally differentiated somatic cells to improve the function of diseased organs or tissues in an individual. Here, we present an overview of various experimental cell therapy technologies based on the use of patient-histocompatible stem cells, the pending issues needed to be dealt with before clinical trials can be initiated, evidence for the loss and/or aging of the stem cell pool and some of the possible uses of human pluripotent stem cell-derivatives aimed at curing disease and improving health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Nehlin
- Center for Stem Cell Treatment, Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
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1181
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Regulation of mouse embryonic stem cell neural differentiation by retinoic acid. Dev Biol 2009; 328:456-71. [PMID: 19217899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from the early blastocyst can differentiate in vitro into a variety of somatic cell types including lineages from all three embryonic germ layers. Protocols for ES cell neural differentiation typically involve induction by retinoic acid (RA), or by exposure to growth factors or medium conditioned by other cell types. A serum-free differentiation (SFD) medium completely lacking exogenous retinoids was devised that allows for efficient conversion of aggregated mouse ESCs into neural precursors and immature neurons. Neural cells produced in this medium express neuronal ion channels, establish polarity, and form functional excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Brief exposure to RA during the period of cell aggregation speeds neuronal maturation and suppresses cell proliferation. Differentiation without RA yields neurons and neural progenitors with apparent telencephalic identity, whereas cells differentiated with exposure to RA express markers of hindbrain and spinal cord. Transcriptional profiling indicates a substantial representation of transit amplifying neuroblasts in SFD cultures not exposed to RA.
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1182
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Roles of TGF-beta family signaling in stem cell renewal and differentiation. Cell Res 2009; 19:103-15. [PMID: 19114993 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-betas and their family members, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Nodal and activins, have been implicated in the development and maintenance of various organs, in which stem cells play important roles. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and to generate differentiated cells of a particular tissue, and are classified into embryonic and somatic stem cells. Embryonic stem (ES) cells self-renew indefinitely and contribute to derivatives of all three primary germ layers. In contrast, somatic stem cells, which can be identified in various adult organs, exhibit limited abilities for self-renewal and differentiation in most cases. The multi-lineage differentiation capacity of ES cells and somatic stem cells has opened possibilities for cell replacement therapies for genetic, malignant and degenerative diseases. In order to utilize stem cells for therapeutic applications, it is essential to understand the extrinsic and intrinsic factors regulating self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. More recently, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been generated from mouse and human fibroblasts that resemble ES cells via ectopic expression of four transcription factors. iPS cells may have an advantage in regenerative medicine, since they overcome the immunogenicity and ethical controversy of ES cells. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted the involvement of cancer stem cells during the formation and progression of various types of cancers, including leukemia, glioma, and breast cancer. Here, we illustrate the roles of TGF-beta family members in the maintenance and differentiation of ES cells, somatic stem cells, and cancer stem cells.
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1183
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Xie CQ, Jeong Y, Fu M, Bookout AL, Garcia-Barrio MT, Sun T, Kim BH, Xie Y, Root S, Zhang J, Xu RH, Chen YE, Mangelsdorf DJ. Expression profiling of nuclear receptors in human and mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:724-33. [PMID: 19196830 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate gene expression in essential biological processes including differentiation and development. Here we report the systematic profiling of NRs in human and mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines and during their early differentiation into embryoid bodies. Expression of the 48 human and mouse NRs was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. In general, expression of NRs between the two human cell lines was highly concordant, whereas in contrast, expression of NRs between human and mouse ESCs differed significantly. In particular, a number of NRs that have been implicated previously as crucial regulators of mouse ESC biology, including ERRbeta, DAX-1, and LRH-1, exhibited diametric patterns of expression, suggesting they may have distinct species-specific functions. Taken together, these results highlight the complexity of the transcriptional hierarchy that exists between species and governs early development. These data should provide a unique resource for further exploration of the species-specific roles of NRs in ESC self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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1184
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Dong J, Kislinger T, Jurisica I, Wigle DA. Lung cancer: developmental networks gone awry? Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:312-8. [PMID: 19202349 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.4.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput genomic data for both lung development and lung cancer continue to accumulate. Significant molecular intersection between these two processes has been hypothesized due to overlap in phenotypes and genomic variation. Examining the network biology of both cancer and development of the lung may shed functional light on the individual signaling modules involved. Stem cell biology may explain a portion of this network intersection and consequently studying lung organogenesis may have relevance for understanding lung cancer. This review summarizes our understanding of the potential overlapping mechanisms involved in lung development and lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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1185
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Buesen R, Genschow E, Slawik B, Visan A, Spielmann H, Luch A, Seiler A. Embryonic stem cell test remastered: comparison between the validated EST and the new molecular FACS-EST for assessing developmental toxicity in vitro. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:389-400. [PMID: 19168572 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic stem cell test (EST) represents a reliable, scientifically validated in vitro system for the detection and classification of compounds according to their teratogenic potency. However, some serious issues were frequently raised against the widespread implementation and practicability of the EST in its original version. Most importantly, the evaluation of the morphological endpoint of beating cell agglomerates requires extensive experimental experience and is prone to misjudgment. Also, the testing period of 10 days is too long and costly to be attractive for industries interested in high-throughput screening of potential drug candidates. These drawbacks prompted us to work out a new molecular approach based on analysis of the expression of certain marker proteins specific for developing heart tissue. We have previously reported that quantitative flow cytometry of marker proteins (i.e., sarcomeric myosin heavy chain and alpha-actinin) can be performed at day 7 in embryonic stem cells from mice and combined with concurrent cell viability analysis. In the present study, extensive investigations were performed in order to explore the predictive power and validity of the newly established EST, subsequently referred to as molecular fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)-EST, by applying and comparing a set of 10 well-known embryotoxicants that encompasses the full range of chemical inherent embryotoxic potencies possible. While the molecular FACS-EST offered the same sensitivity compared to the validated EST protocol, the test duration could be significantly reduced. Due to significant improvements, this new molecular method holds promise as a sensitive, more rapid and reproducible screen highly suited to predict developmental toxicity in vivo from in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Buesen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET, Berlin, Germany
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1186
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem (HES) cells are pluripotent and give rise to any cell lineage. More specifically, how the first embryonic lineage (i.e., cardiac lineage) is acquired remains in many aspects questionable. Herein, we summarize the protocols that have been used to direct the fate of HES cells toward the cardiomyocytic lineage. We further discuss the regulation of transcriptional pathways underlying this process of differentiation. Finally, we propose perspectives of this research in the near future.
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1187
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ten Berge D, Koole W, Fuerer C, Fish M, Eroglu E, Nusse R. Wnt signaling mediates self-organization and axis formation in embryoid bodies. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 3:508-18. [PMID: 18983966 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) form descendants of all three germ layers when differentiated as aggregates, termed embryoid bodies. In vivo, differentiation of cells depends on signals and morphogen gradients that provide instructive and positional cues, but do such gradients exist in embryoid bodies? We report here the establishment of anteroposterior polarity and the formation of a primitive streak-like region in the embryoid body, dependent on local activation of the Wnt pathway. In this region, cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and differentiate into mesendodermal progenitors. Exogenous Wnt3a protein posteriorizes the embryoid body, resulting in predominantly mesendodermal differentiation. Conversely, inhibiting Wnt signaling promotes anterior character and results in neurectodermal differentiation. The activation of Wnt signaling and primitive streak formation requires external signals but is self-reinforcing after initiation. Our findings show that the Wnt pathway mediates the local execution of a gastrulation-like process in the embryoid body, which displays an unexpected degree of self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derk ten Berge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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1188
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Di Giorgio FP, Boulting GL, Bobrowicz S, Eggan KC. Human embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons are sensitive to the toxic effect of glial cells carrying an ALS-causing mutation. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 3:637-48. [PMID: 19041780 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that human embryonic stem cells could be used to provide an inexhaustible supply of differentiated cell types for the study of disease processes. Although methods for differentiating embryonic stem cells into specific cell types have become increasingly sophisticated, the utility of the resulting cells for modeling disease has not been determined. We have asked whether specific neuronal subtypes produced from human embryonic stem cells can be used to investigate the mechanisms leading to neural degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We show that human spinal motor neurons, but not interneurons, are selectively sensitive to the toxic effect of glial cells carrying an ALS-causing mutation in the SOD1 gene. Our findings demonstrate the relevance of these non-cell-autonomous effects to human motor neurons and more broadly demonstrate the utility of human embryonic stem cells for studying disease and identifying potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Di Giorgio
- The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, The Stowers Medical Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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1189
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Arnold SJ, Robertson EJ. Making a commitment: cell lineage allocation and axis patterning in the early mouse embryo. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009; 10:91-103. [PMID: 19129791 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified the key signalling pathways and developmentally regulated transcription factors that govern cell lineage allocation and axis patterning in the early mammalian embryo. Recent advances have uncovered details of the molecular circuits that tightly control cell growth and differentiation in the mammalian embryo from the blastocyst stage, through the establishment of initial anterior-posterior polarity, to gastrulation, when the germ cells are set aside and the three primary germ layers are specified. Relevant studies in lower vertebrates indicate the conservation and divergence of regulatory mechanisms for cell lineage allocation and axis patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Arnold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
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1190
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Large scale production of stem cells and their derivatives. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 114:201-35. [PMID: 19513633 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have been envisioned to become an unlimited cell source for regenerative medicine. Notably, the interest in stem cells lies beyond direct therapeutic applications. They might also provide a previously unavailable source of valuable human cell types for screening platforms, which might facilitate the development of more efficient and safer drugs. The heterogeneity of stem cell types as well as the numerous areas of application suggests that differential processes are mandatory for their in vitro culture. Many of the envisioned applications would require the production of a high number of stem cells and their derivatives in scalable, well-defined and potentially clinical compliant manner under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP). In this review we provide an overview on recent strategies to develop bioprocesses for the expansion, differentiation and enrichment of stem cells and their progenies, presenting examples for adult and embryonic stem cells alike.
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1191
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Tao J, Wu H, Sun YE. Deciphering Rett syndrome with mouse genetics, epigenomics, and human neurons. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 89:147-60. [PMID: 19900619 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)89007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of MECP2 (methyl-CpG binding protein 2) cause Rett syndrome (RTT). Mouse genetics studies have demonstrated that the lack of functional MeCP2 in the central nervous system leads to RTT-like symptoms, which could be reversed upon MeCP2 restoration. MeCP2 recognizes methylated CpG dinucleotides and may interact with other chromatin remodeling proteins. Although traditionally thought to be a transcription repressor, MeCP2 may also be involved in transcription activation. With the development of new technologies, deciphering the role of MeCP2 on a genome-wide scale is important for understanding of the RTT disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifang Tao
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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1192
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Abstract
Stem cells have emerged as the starting material of choice for bioprocesses to produce cells and tissues to treat degenerative, genetic, and immunological disease. Translating the biological properties and potential of stem cells into therapies will require overcoming significant cell-manufacturing and regulatory challenges. Bioprocess engineering fundamentals, including bioreactor design and process control, need to be combined with cellular systems biology principles to guide the development of next-generation technologies capable of producing cell-based products in a safe, robust, and cost-effective manner. The step-wise implementation of these bioengineering strategies will enhance cell therapy product quality and safety, expediting clinical development.
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1193
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Abstract
A recent paper in PNAS (Swijnenburg et al., 2008) reveals that human embryonic stem cells are not immune privileged. Potential therapeutic use of these cells will thus depend on the development of new strategies to counter foreign graft rejection by patient immune systems.
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1194
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The Epigenomic Landscape of Reprogramming in Mammals. Epigenomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9187-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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1195
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Liu YH, Karra R, Wu SM. Cardiovascular Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Ready for Prime Time? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:201-207. [PMID: 20054428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of cardiovascular function is the ultimate goal of stem cell-based therapy. In principle, cardiovascular stem cells can improve cardiac function via de novo cardiomyogenesis, enhanced myocardial neovascularization, and prevention of post-infarct remodeling. Stem cell transplantation to improve cardiac function has received mixed results in human clinical trials. These early data suggest that a critical reassessment of the scientific basis to stem cell-based therapy is needed in order to bring this highly promising treatment modality to mainstream clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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1196
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Stocum DL, Zupanc GK. Stretching the limits: Stem cells in regeneration science. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:3648-71. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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1197
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Singh M, Berkland C, Detamore MS. Strategies and applications for incorporating physical and chemical signal gradients in tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2008; 14:341-66. [PMID: 18803499 PMCID: PMC2737593 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
From embryonic development to wound repair, concentration gradients of bioactive signaling molecules guide tissue formation and regeneration. Moreover, gradients in cellular and extracellular architecture as well as in mechanical properties are readily apparent in native tissues. Perhaps tissue engineers can take a cue from nature in attempting to regenerate tissues by incorporating gradients into engineering design strategies. Indeed, gradient-based approaches are an emerging trend in tissue engineering, standing in contrast to traditional approaches of homogeneous delivery of cells and/or growth factors using isotropic scaffolds. Gradients in tissue engineering lie at the intersection of three major paradigms in the field-biomimetic, interfacial, and functional tissue engineering-by combining physical (via biomaterial design) and chemical (with growth/differentiation factors and cell adhesion molecules) signal delivery to achieve a continuous transition in both structure and function. This review consolidates several key methodologies to generate gradients, some of which have never been employed in a tissue engineering application, and discusses strategies for incorporating these methods into tissue engineering and implant design. A key finding of this review was that two-dimensional physicochemical gradient substrates, which serve as excellent high-throughput screening tools for optimizing desired biomaterial properties, can be enhanced in the future by transitioning from two dimensions to three dimensions, which would enable studies of cell-protein-biomaterial interactions in a more native tissue-like environment. In addition, biomimetic tissue regeneration via combined delivery of graded physical and chemical signals appears to be a promising strategy for the regeneration of heterogeneous tissues and tissue interfaces. In the future, in vivo applications will shed more light on the performance of gradient-based mechanical integrity and signal delivery strategies compared to traditional tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind Singh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Michael S. Detamore
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
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Duncan EM, Muratore-Schroeder TL, Cook RG, Garcia BA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Allis CD. Cathepsin L proteolytically processes histone H3 during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation. Cell 2008; 135:284-94. [PMID: 18957203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin undergoes developmentally-regulated structural and chemical changes as cells differentiate, which subsequently lead to differences in cellular function by altering patterns of gene expression. To gain insight into chromatin alterations that occur during mammalian differentiation, we turned to a mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) model. Here we show that histone H3 is proteolytically cleaved at its N-terminus during ESC differentiation. We map the sites of H3 cleavage and identify Cathepsin L as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail. In addition, our data suggest that H3 cleavage may be regulated by covalent modifications present on the histone tail itself. Our studies underscore the intriguing possibility that histone proteolysis, brought about by Cathepsin L and potentially other family members, plays a role in development and differentiation that was not previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Duncan
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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1200
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Colman
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK.
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