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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diet is an emerging but poorly defined disease modulator in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Dietary factors exert direct effects on epithelial and immune cells and indirectly modulate immune homeostasis by shaping the intestinal microbiota. RECENT FINDINGS The increase in IBD prevalence in industrialized countries is associated with lifestyle changes including diets rich in energy, saturated fats, meat and sugar. Despite the fact that the intestinal ecosystem shows high stability and resilience to short-term perturbations, long-term dietary habits have profound effects on composition and function eventually leading to dysbiosis, that is changes in microbial composition associated with deleterious effects to the host. High-throughput sequencing data generated deeper insights of the intestinal ecosystems related to health and disease. However, the available cohort-studies establish associative relationships between microbiota changes and disease, rather than causality. New mouse models of intestinal inflammation and the possibility to transfer disease-associated microbial consortia state an essential tool to unravel the potential of diet-induced microbial shifts. SUMMARY This review will discuss new insights of how nutrition or single dietary factors shape the intestinal ecosystem. Furthermore, we want to provide perspectives for clinical translation of this knowledge to treat or prevent IBD.
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1202
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Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines in Liver Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:630265. [PMID: 26549942 PMCID: PMC4624893 DOI: 10.1155/2015/630265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding IL-1 was sequenced more than 30 years ago, and many related cytokines, such as IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, IL-38, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-36Ra, have since been identified. IL-1 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and is involved in various inflammatory diseases. Other IL-1 family ligands are critical for the development of diverse diseases, including inflammatory and allergic diseases. Only IL-1Ra possesses the leader peptide required for secretion from cells, and many ligands require posttranslational processing for activation. Some require inflammasome-mediated processing for activation and release, whereas others serve as alarmins and are released following cell membrane rupture, for example, by pyroptosis or necroptosis. Thus, each ligand has the proper molecular process to exert its own biological functions. In this review, we will give a brief introduction to the IL-1 family cytokines and discuss their pivotal roles in the development of various liver diseases in association with immune responses. For example, an excess of IL-33 causes liver fibrosis in mice via activation and expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells to produce type 2 cytokines, resulting in cell conversion into pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages. Finally, we will discuss the importance of IL-1 family cytokine-mediated molecular and cellular networks in the development of acute and chronic liver diseases.
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1203
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Dollé L, de La Serre CB, van Grunsven LA. Are dietary emulsifiers making us fat? J Hepatol 2015; 63:1045-8. [PMID: 26095182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Laboratory of Liver Cell Biology, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Laboratory of Liver Cell Biology, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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1204
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Pavlidis P, Powell N, Vincent RP, Ehrlich D, Bjarnason I, Hayee B. Systematic review: bile acids and intestinal inflammation-luminal aggressors or regulators of mucosal defence? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015. [PMID: 26223936 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic conditions attributed to an aberrant immune response to luminal triggers. Recently, published work suggests a pathogenic role for bile acids in this context. AIM To perform a systematic review of studies investigating the role of bile acids in intestinal inflammation and present potentially relevant clinical implications. METHODS Pubmed search for English language articles published up to May 2015. Terms used were: 'bile', 'bile acid', 'barrier', 'small bowel injury', 'Crohn's' and 'colitis'. RESULTS Experimental studies support a variable role for bile acids in intestinal barrier homoeostasis. This may be attributed to different physicochemical properties, variable effects on epithelia and immune cells via bile acids-specific receptors, or through a cross-talk with the gut microbiome. A reduction in the bile acids pool, with lower concentrations of secondary forms, has been recognised for some time in Crohn's disease and associated to ileal dysfunction and bile acids malabsorption. Recent work suggests that these changes, including an increase in sulphated forms, are related to inflammatory activity in both Crohn's disease and UC. The detrimental effects of 'western diet' elements such as emulsifiers and fat, which have been implicated in the development of the current IBD and obesity epidemics, may also be bile acid-mediated. CONCLUSIONS Although there are only a few observational clinical studies to support an interaction, in vivo human and animal studies support an association between bile acids metabolism, the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation. This may well prove to have significant diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pavlidis
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Powell
- Division of Transplantation and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R P Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - D Ehrlich
- Centre of Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Bjarnason
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - B Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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1205
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Chassaing B, Miles-Brown J, Pellizzon M, Ulman E, Ricci M, Zhang L, Patterson AD, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz AT. Lack of soluble fiber drives diet-induced adiposity in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G528-41. [PMID: 26185332 PMCID: PMC4593822 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00172.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity is often modeled by comparing mice fed high-fat diet (HFD), which is made from purified ingredients, vs. normal chow diet (NCD), which is a low-fat assemblage of relatively unrefined plant and animal products. The mechanism by which HFD promotes adiposity is complex but thought to involve low-grade inflammation and altered gut microbiota. The goal of this study was to investigate the extent to which HFD-induced adiposity is driven by fat content vs. other factors that differentiate HFD vs. NCD. Mice were fed NCD, HFD, or other compositionally defined diets (CDD), designed to mimic NCD and/or explore the role of HFD components. A range of metabolic parameters reflecting low-grade inflammation and adiposity were assayed. Relative to NCD, HFD, and to a lesser, but, nonetheless, significant extent, CDD induced increased adiposity, indicating both lipid content and other aspects of HFD are obesogenic. Moreover, HFD and CDD induced a rapid and marked loss of cecal and colonic mass. Such CDD-induced effects were not affected by adjusting dietary protein levels/types but could be largely eliminated by exchanging insoluble fiber (cellulose) for soluble fiber (inulin). Replacing cellulose with inulin in HFD also protected mice against decreased intestinal mass, hyperphagia, and increased adiposity. Such beneficial effects of inulin were microbiota dependent, correlated with elevated fecal short-chain fatty acid levels analyzed via (1)H-NMR-based metabolomics and were partially recapitulated by administration of short-chain fatty acid. HFD-induced obesity is strongly promoted by its lack of soluble fiber, which supports microbiota-mediated intestinal tissue homeostasis that prevents inflammation driving obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chassaing
- 1Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia;
| | - Jennifer Miles-Brown
- 1Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia;
| | | | - Edward Ulman
- 2Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey;
| | | | - Limin Zhang
- 3Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- 3Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- 4Departments of Nutritional Sciences & Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- 1Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia;
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1206
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Yang GB. Intestinal tract and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4304-4316. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i27.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is closely associated with the transmission, disease progression and the prevention and control of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It has been noticed early in AIDS research that a large percent of AIDS patients presented abnormalities in their intestinal tract, such as diarrhea. Now it is known that the intestinal tract has close and complex relationships with AIDS: (1) the intestinal tract is directly involved in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1); (2) the damage of the intestinal barrier of HIV/AIDS patients directly promotes AIDS disease progression; and (3) most importantly, the intestinal tract is an important target for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. The author has previously reviewed the progress in understanding the roles of the intestinal tract in HIV-1 infection and the changes of the intestinal tract after HIV-1 infection. In the current review, I discuss the progress in understanding the roles of the damage of the intestinal mucosal immune system in AIDS disease progression, and the potential application value of the restoration of intestinal mucosal immunity in the treatment of AIDS.
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1207
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Hänninen ALM, Toivonen RK. On the role of gut bacteria and infant diet in the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2195-6. [PMID: 26162433 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arno L M Hänninen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520, Turku, Finland,
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1208
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Cani PD, Everard A. Talking microbes: When gut bacteria interact with diet and host organs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:58-66. [PMID: 26178924 PMCID: PMC5014210 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes have reached epidemic proportions. Evidence suggests that besides dietary habits and physical activity, other environmental factors, such as gut microbes, are recognized as additional partners implicated in the control of energy homeostasis. Studies on the human gut microbiota have shown that the general population can be stratified on the sole basis of three dominant bacteria (i.e., the concept of enterotypes), while some others have suggested categorizing the population according to their microbiome gene richness. Both aspects have been strengthened by recent studies investigating the impact of nutrients (e.g., dietary fibers, fat feeding) and dietary habits (i.e., vegans versus omnivores) of different populations. Using preclinical models, quite a few novel mechanisms have been proposed in these gut microbiota–host interactions, including the role of novel bacteria, the regulation of antimicrobial peptide production, the maintenance of the gut barrier function and intestinal innate immunity. In this review, we discuss several of the aforementioned aspects. Nonetheless, determining the overall mechanisms by which microbes dialogue with host cells will require further investigations before anticipating the development of next‐generation nutritional interventions using prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, or even specific nutrients for promoting health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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1209
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Voss JD, Leon JC, Dhurandhar NV, Robb FT. Pawnobiome: manipulation of the hologenome within one host generation and beyond. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:697. [PMID: 26300848 PMCID: PMC4524101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jameson D Voss
- United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Epidemiology Consult Service, Wright Patterson AFB OH, USA
| | - Juan C Leon
- United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Epidemiology Consult Service, Wright Patterson AFB OH, USA
| | | | - Frank T Robb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD, USA
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1210
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Knight-Sepulveda K, Kais S, Santaolalla R, Abreu MT. Diet and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2015; 11:511-520. [PMID: 27118948 PMCID: PMC4843040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are increasingly becoming interested in nonpharmacologic approaches to managing their disease. One of the most frequently asked questions of IBD patients is what they should eat. The role of diet has become very important in the prevention and treatment of IBD. Although there is a general lack of rigorous scientific evidence that demonstrates which diet is best for certain patients, several diets-such as the low-fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol diet; the specific carbohydrate diet; the anti-inflammatory diet; and the Paleolithic diet-have become popular. This article discusses the diets commonly recommended to IBD patients and reviews the supporting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Knight-Sepulveda
- Ms Knight-Sepulveda is a clinical dietitian and Dr Kais is an IBD clinical fellow at the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center in the University of Miami Health System in Miami, Florida. Dr Santaolalla is the research laboratory manager at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida. Dr Abreu is a professor of medicine, professor of microbiology and immunology, chief of the Division of Gastroenterology, director of the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center, and principal investigator at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Susan Kais
- Ms Knight-Sepulveda is a clinical dietitian and Dr Kais is an IBD clinical fellow at the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center in the University of Miami Health System in Miami, Florida. Dr Santaolalla is the research laboratory manager at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida. Dr Abreu is a professor of medicine, professor of microbiology and immunology, chief of the Division of Gastroenterology, director of the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center, and principal investigator at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Rebeca Santaolalla
- Ms Knight-Sepulveda is a clinical dietitian and Dr Kais is an IBD clinical fellow at the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center in the University of Miami Health System in Miami, Florida. Dr Santaolalla is the research laboratory manager at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida. Dr Abreu is a professor of medicine, professor of microbiology and immunology, chief of the Division of Gastroenterology, director of the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center, and principal investigator at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Ms Knight-Sepulveda is a clinical dietitian and Dr Kais is an IBD clinical fellow at the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center in the University of Miami Health System in Miami, Florida. Dr Santaolalla is the research laboratory manager at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida. Dr Abreu is a professor of medicine, professor of microbiology and immunology, chief of the Division of Gastroenterology, director of the UHealth Crohn's and Colitis Center, and principal investigator at The Micky & Madeleine Arison Family Foundation Crohn's & Colitis Discovery Laboratory at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
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1211
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How to Explain the Dramatic Increase Around 2000 but Recent Leveling Off of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Korea? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:E16-7. [PMID: 26111209 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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1212
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become an increasingly challenging health burden due to its high morbidity, mortality, and heightened prevalence worldwide. Although dietary and nutritional imbalances have long been recognized as key risk factors for T2D, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The advent of nutritional systems biology, a field that aims to elucidate the interactions between dietary nutrients and endogenous molecular entities in disease-related tissues, offers unique opportunities to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying the health-modifying capacities of nutritional molecules. The recent revolutionary advances in omics technologies have particularly empowered this incipient field. In this review, we discuss the applications of multi-omics approaches toward a systems-level understanding of how dietary patterns and particular nutrients modulate the risk of T2D. We focus on nutritional studies utilizing transcriptomics, epigenomomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, and integration of diverse omics technologies. We also summarize the potential molecular mechanisms through which nutritional imbalances contribute to T2D pathogenesis based on these studies. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges of nutritional systems biology and how the field can be optimized to further our understanding of T2D and guide disease management via nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rio Elizabeth Barrere-Cain
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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1213
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Wang X, Wang S, Hu C, Chen W, Shen Y, Wu X, Sun Y, Xu Q. A new pharmacological effect of levornidazole: Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26212544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Levornidazole, which was originally used to inhibit anaerobic and protozoal infections, is currently known to possess a novel pharmacological effect. In this study, we investigated the possible modulation by levornidazole of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated IL-1β and IL-18 release from macrophages. The NLRP3 inflammasome could be activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus ATP or monosodium urate (MSU) in PMA-pretreated THP-1 macrophages. Surprisingly, an in vitro study showed that levornidazole suppressed IL-1β and IL-18 secretion by blocking the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, dextrornidazole barely suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome. Levornidazole displays activity similar to that of dextrornidazole against clinical anaerobic bacteria, and they possess the same pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, both of these compounds were unable to ameliorate T cell-mediated inflammation. Therefore, we used the widely applied NLRP3 inflammasome-related models of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and LPS-induced endotoxin shock to confirm the novel pharmacological effect of levornidazole in vivo. The in vivo studies verified the novel activity of levornidazole because the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by levornidazole contributed to a better ameliorating effect than that of dextrornidazole in the in vivo models tested. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect of levornidazole was found to be at least partially achieved by decreasing the mitochondrial ROS generation without inhibiting NF-κB activation. In summary, these data describe a new pharmacological effect of levornidazole as an inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
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1214
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Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing techniques, applied to the study of microbial communities, have provided compelling evidence that the mammalian intestinal tract harbors a complex microbial community whose composition is a critical determinant of host health in the context of metabolism and inflammation. Given that an imbalanced gut microbiota often arises from a sustained increase in abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, the natural human gut flora normally contains only a minor proportion of this phylum. Here, we review studies that explored the association between an abnormal expansion of Proteobacteria and a compromised ability to maintain a balanced gut microbial community. We also propose that an increased prevalence of Proteobacteria is a potential diagnostic signature of dysbiosis and risk of disease.
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1215
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Chassaing B. [Involvement of food additives in intestinal inflammation and metabolic syndrome in mice]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:586-8. [PMID: 26152155 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont ave SE, Petit Science Center, Atlanta, GA 30303, États-Unis
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1216
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Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (E 432), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (E 433), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (E 434), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (E 435) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate (E 436) as food additives. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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1217
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73 box B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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1218
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Can inflammatory bowel disease really be solved by the multiple -omics and meta-omics analyses? Immunol Lett 2015; 165:107-8. [PMID: 25827759 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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1219
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Cani PD, Everard A. Keeping gut lining at bay: impact of emulsifiers. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:273-4. [PMID: 25887492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with altered gut microbiota and low-grade inflammation. Both dietary habits and food composition contribute to the onset of such diseases. Emulsifiers, compounds commonly used in a variety of foods, were shown to induce body weight gain, low-grade inflammation and metabolic disorders. These dietary compounds promote gut microbiota alteration and gut barrier dysfunction leading to negative metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, 1200-Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Amandine Everard
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, 1200-Brussels, Belgium
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1220
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Logan AC. Dysbiotic drift: mental health, environmental grey space, and microbiota. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:23. [PMID: 25947328 PMCID: PMC4438628 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in research concerning the mental health implications of dietary patterns and select nutrients have been remarkable. At the same time, there have been rapid increases in the understanding of the ways in which non-pathogenic microbes can potentially influence many aspects of human health, including those in the mental realm. Discussions of nutrition and microbiota are often overlapping. A separate, yet equally connected, avenue of research is that related to natural (for example, green space) and built environments, and in particular, how they are connected to human cognition and behaviors. It is argued here that in Western industrial nations a ‘disparity of microbiota’ might be expected among the socioeconomically disadvantaged, those whom face more profound environmental forces. Many of the environmental forces pushing against the vulnerable are at the neighborhood level. Matching the developing microbiome research with existing environmental justice research suggests that grey space may promote dysbiosis by default. In addition, the influence of Westernized lifestyle patterns, and the marketing forces that drive unhealthy behaviors in deprived communities, might allow dysbiosis to be the norm rather than the exception in those already at high risk of depression, subthreshold (subsyndromal) conditions, and subpar mental health. If microbiota are indeed at the intersection of nutrition, environmental health, and lifestyle medicine (as these avenues pertain to mental health), then perhaps the rapidly evolving gut-brain-microbiota conversation needs to operate through a wider lens. In contrast to the more narrowly defined psychobiotic, the term eco-psychotropic is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- CAMNR, 23679 Calabasas Road Suite 542, Calabasas, CA, 91302, USA.
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1221
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Abstract
This review explores our current understanding of the complex interaction between environmental risk factors, genetic traits and the development of inflammatory bowel disease. The primacy of environmental risk factors is illustrated by the rapid increase in the incidence of the disease worldwide. We discuss how the gut microbiota is the proximate environmental risk factor for subsequent development of inflammatory bowel disease. The evolving fields of virome and mycobiome studies will further our understanding of the full potential of the gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. Manipulating the gut microbiota is a promising therapeutic avenue.
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1222
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1223
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