Paternal bisphenol A exposure alters craniofacial cartilage development in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) descendants

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a recognized estrogenic endocrine disruptor that poses a threat to the reproductive health of fish. However, it remains unclear whether and how paternal BPA exposure can lead to developmental toxicity in offspring. To explore the potential paternal BPA exposure impacts on craniofacial cartilage growth in offspring, male rare minnows were subjected to BPA and subsequently mated with normal females to produce progeny. Our results demonstrated that paternal BPA exposure resulted in increased malformation and delayed craniofacial cartilage development in the F1 offspring. Furthermore, BPA exposure led to differential expression of 28 miRNAs in paternal sperm in F0 generation (13 upregulated and 15 downregulated), among which 7 miRNAs were involved in the regulation of bone development. BPA also downregulated the expression of bmp2a and Runx1 during F1 embryonic development. The inhibited bmp2a expression might derive from BPA's stimulation of one miRNA, aca-miR-16a-5P, due to bmp2a being one of its target genes. Notably, paternal BPA exposure did not affect craniofacial cartilage development or gonadal development in the F2 generation. Overall, our study sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of paternal BPA exposure on facial chondrogenesis in offspring and provides theoretical support for the ecological protection of fish populations.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 pathway as a therapeutic target and regulatory mechanism for spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury involves non-reversible damage to the central nervous system that is characterized by limited regenerative capacity and secondary inflammatory damage. The expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis exhibits significant differences before and after injury. Recent studies have revealed that the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis is closely associated with secondary inflammatory responses and the recruitment of immune cells following spinal cord injury, suggesting that this axis is a novel target and regulatory control point for treatment. This review comprehensively examines the therapeutic strategies targeting the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis, along with the regenerative and repair mechanisms linking the axis to spinal cord injury. Additionally, we summarize the upstream and downstream inflammatory signaling pathways associated with spinal cord injury and the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis. This review primarily elaborates on therapeutic strategies that target the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the latest progress of research on antagonistic drugs, along with the approaches used to exploit new therapeutic targets within the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the development of targeted drugs. Nevertheless, there are presently no clinical studies relating to spinal cord injury that are focusing on the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis. This review aims to provide new ideas and therapeutic strategies for the future treatment of spinal cord injury.

A phloem-limited unculturable bacterium induces mild xenophagy in insect vectors for persistent infection

Xenophagy is an important antibacterial defense mechanism that many organisms use to engulf intracellular pathogens. However, the mechanisms of xenophagy triggered by insect-borne plant bacteria are not well understood. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) causes Huanglongbing, which poses a serious threat to citrus production. CLas is a phloem-limited unculturable bacterium that is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid in a persistent and propagative manner in nature. Here, we found that CLas infection in the gut of psyllids triggered a mild and anti-bacterial xenophagy. Xenophagy limited excessive propagation of CLas to maintain psyllid survival, because overload of CLas was detrimental to psyllid life. Furthermore, the outer membrane β-barrel protein (OMBB) of CLas is the key secreted protein that induces xenophagy in psyllids by interacting with ATG8 and ATG14. OMBB can independently induce autophagy in psyllid and non-host cells. Together, these results revealed that an insect-borne plant bacterium activates mild xenophagy to control its propagation, thereby achieving persistent infection in insect vectors.

Clinicopathologic features of histologic transformation in lung adenocarcinoma after treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may lead to drug resistance, and the underlying mechanism may involve histologic transformations to small cell carcinoma (SCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), and sarcomatoid carcinoma (SC). Although there are reports regarding these transformations, comprehensive analyses are limited.

METHODS

A total of 233 patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma treated with EGFR-TKIs were reviewed. Among them, 26 patients (11.1 %) showed histologic transformation.

RESULTS

Eleven patients (42.3 %) showed SCC and SqCC transformations respectively, and four patients (15.4 %) showed SC transformation. The median time from TKI initiation to transformation was 19.8 months (6.8-51.4) for SCC, 45.3 months (2.4-101.5) for SqCC, and 11.8 months (6.8-15.7) for SC. The median overall survival (OS) was 41.8 months (12.5-78.9), 72.6 months (18.8-112.7), and 23.7 months (17.4-34.4), respectively. The survival from transformation was 12.3 months (2.1-28.3), 16.9 months (0.7-43.2), and 11.4 months (1.6-23.5), respectively. The most common mutations were TP53, PTEN, and RB1 in SCC; TP53 and RB1 in SqCC; and TP53 and KMT2D in SC. SC transformation had the worst OS, followed by SCC and SqCC (p < 0.001). This prognosis difference was also reflected in the time to transformation after EGFR-TKI treatment (p = 0.005). However, survival after transformation was not associated with tumor subtypes (p = 0.536).

CONCLUSIONS

The analysis of mutation profiles and survival outcomes revealed that the transformation subtype affects prognosis. Additionally, the time taken to undergo transformation is critical for patient outcomes.

Fused exosomal targeted therapy in periprosthetic osteolysis through regulation of bone metabolic homeostasis

The onset of periprosthetic osteolysis is mediated by wear particles following artificial arthroplasty. This manifests as a disturbed bone metabolism microenvironment, characterized by insufficient osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and enhanced osteoclastic activity. To target and remodel the homeostatic environment of bone metabolism in the sterile region around the prosthesis, we successfully pioneered the proposal and construction of a fused exosome (f-exo) system with M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2-exo) and urine-derived stem cell exosomes (USC-exo). The results demonstrate that f-exo effectively combines the osteolysis region-targeting capabilities of M2-exo with the bone metabolic homeostasis modulation effects of two exosomes (M2-exo and USC-exo), thereby achieving a significantly enhanced bone metabolic homeostasis targeting effect in the periprosthetic osteolysis region. The proteomic analysis of M2-exo, USC-exo, and f-exo revealed the potential mechanism of f-exo in targeting-regulation of bone metabolic homeostasis. Our study employs an innovative approach utilizing the fused exosome system for exosome targeted delivery, which offers a novel intervention strategy for the clinical management of periprosthetic osteolysis. Furthermore, it provides a novel conceptual framework for the development of exosome-based drug-targeting delivery systems.

Acidity-unlocked glucose oxidase as drug vector to boost intratumor copper homeostatic imbalance-enhanced cuproptosis for metastasis inhibition and anti-tumor immunity

As one of the key tools of biocatalysis, natural enzymes have received extensive attention due to their unique activity. However, the non-selective catalysis and early leakage induced by delivery dependency of natural enzymes can cause side effects on normal tissues. Moreover, although cuproptosis is an emerging tumor-inhibiting programmed cell death, the occurrence of cuproptosis leads to high expression of Cu-dependent lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), which promotes tumor metastasis. Herein, in order to intelligently regulate the "OFF-to-ON" catalytic activity of glucose oxidase (a natural enzyme called GOx) and simultaneously inhibit tumor metastasis caused by Cu imbalance, an acidity-unlocked GOx system drug carrier was constructed by co-assembling Cu ions and omeprazole (OPZ) on GOx exposing sulfhydryl and hydrophobic pockets. The GOx activity is significantly inhibited due to the coordination of Cu ions with sulfhydryl groups and the interaction of hydrophobic small molecule OPZ with hydrophobic bags, which results in specificity for tumor cells and ensures the safety of GOx in blood circulation. Meanwhile, dysregulation of intracellular Cu homeostasis that impairs the Cu-dependence of LOXL2 not only inhibits critical signaling during epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling to prevent tumor metastasis, but also exacerbates enhanced cuproptosis induced by tumor metabolic stress, thereby reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment. This strategy of acidity-unlocked the catalytic function of natural enzymes and LOXL2 activity inhibition provides a novel option for enhancing cuproptosis to inhibit tumor metastasis and anti-tumor immunity.

HR-MS Analysis of the Covalent Binding of Edaravone to 5-Formylpyrimidine Bases and a DNA Oligonucleotide Containing a 5-Formylcytidine Residue

RATIONALE

Edaravone (EDA) is a radical scavenger and an antioxidant drug approved to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and used as a research tool to explore treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. It is also a reactive agent, known as PMP (1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone), used for the analysis of polysaccharides composition. EDA can react with sugars and aromatic aldehydes. In this context, we have investigated the reactivity of EDA toward the biologically relevant formylated nucleobases, nucleosides, and an oligonucleotide containing a formylated residue.

METHODS

The formation of both mono- and bis-adducts between EDA and the formylated nucleobases (5-formyluracil (5fU) and 5-formylcytosine (5fC)) or the corresponding nucleosides 5-fdU and 5-fdC was characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). Similarly, the covalent binding of EDA to an 8-mer palindromic oligonucleotide d (TATG[*C]ATA) containing a single 5-fdC residue [*C] under physiological conditions was investigated using mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

For the first time, EDA is shown to react with formylated pyrimidines. Covalent and stable adducts were identified. EDA was found to react efficiently with the formylated oligonucleotide to generate mono- and bis-adducts. The rate of formation of the mono-adduct was five times higher than that of the bis-adduct. The reaction of EDA with aldehydic DNA modifications such as 5fU/5fC may have important consequences in terms of gene expression.

CONCLUSIONS

These observations raise implications for an epigenetic contribution to the mechanism of action of EDA. The biological implications of our in vitro results are discussed, notably in the frame of neurodegenerative diseases and cancers.

Vaccination against influenza viruses annually: Renewing or narrowing the protective shield?

Annual vaccines are recommended for the seasonal influenza virus. While yearly updates to the vaccine are necessary due to the constant evolution of influenza viruses, some studies have suggested repeat vaccination may result in a reduction in vaccine effectiveness in subsequent years. This review examines the available evidence that repeated annual influenza virus vaccination may have effects on future vaccine responses, and it synthesizes the available data with studies that may indicate potential immunological mechanisms underlying these effects. The goal is to examine the available literature to determine whether these mechanisms can be subverted to improve seasonal influenza virus vaccine efficacy.

A contemporary overview on quantum dots-based fluorescent biosensors: Exploring synthesis techniques, sensing mechanism and applications

In the epoch of bioinformatics, pivotal biomedical scrutiny and clinical diagnosis hinge upon the unfolding of highly efficacious biosensors for intricate and targeted identification of specific biomolecules. In pursuit of developing robust biosensors endowed with superior sensitivity, precise selectivity, rapid performance, and operational simplicity, semiconductor QDs have been acknowledged as pivotal and advantageous entities. In this review, we present a comprehensive analysis of the latest unfolding within the domain of QDs used in fluorescent biosensors for the detection of diverse biomolecular entities, encompassing proteins, nucleic acids, and a range of small molecules, with an emphasis on the synthesis methodologies of QDs employed and mechanism behind sensing. Additionally, this review delves into several pivotal facets of QD-based fluorescent biosensors in detail, such as surface functionalization methodologies aimed at enhancing biocompatibility and improving target specificity. The challenges and future perspectives of QD-based fluorescent biosensors are also considered, emphasizing the necessity of ongoing multidisciplinary research to realize their full potential in enhancing personalized medicine and biomedical diagnostics.

Discovery of a first-in-class protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) degrader for nonenzymatic functions studies

Among the type I Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMTs), PRMT1 plays a predominant part in catalyzing asymmetric dimethylation of arginine residues on histone or nonhistone substrates. PRMT1 level is abnormally elevated in numerous cancer cell types and inflammation diseases. Compared to the enzymatic functions of PRMT1, its nonenzymatic functions are shortly investigated in diseases. Previous study has confirmed that the stability of orphan receptor TR3, a binding partner of PRMT1, is closely regulated by PRMT1, but the effect is independent of PRMT1's methyltransferase activity, but depends on the physical binding of PRMT1. To date, multiple inhibitors targeting methyltransferase enzymatic activity of PRMT1 are developed, but all of them lack selectivity for PRMT1. Among them, only GSK3368715 advanced to clinical trials but was discontinued in phase I due to inadequate efficacy and thrombosis toxicity. Currently, small molecule degraders are gaining significant attention due to their advantages in efficacy and selectivity in therapeutic applications. Presumably, a potent and selective PRMT1 degrader could serve as a valuable alternative in the treatment of PRMT1-driven diseases and act as an instrumental tool in uncovering additional nonenzymatic functions of PRMT1. To date, however, the development of a PRMT1 degrader remains a challenge, with no such agents reported. In this study, we present the design, synthesis and characterization of CM112 (compound 12), a first-in-class PRMT1 degrader, designed by tethering adamantane to MS023, a type I PRMTs pan inhibitor, via a 5-PEG linker. CM112 demonstrates a concentration- and time-dependent ability to induce PRMT1 degradation in various solid cancer cell lines. Additionally, CM112 shows high selectivity for PRMT1 degradation, without causing degradation of other type I PRMTs (PRMT3/4/6), although it retains potent inhibitory effects on their enzymatic activity. Pharmacokinetics studies indicated that CM112 possesses favorable bioavailability in mice. Notably, as anticipated, CM112 could target PRMT1's nonenzymatic function by downregulating the stability of the orphan receptor TR3, an effect not observed with the PRMT1 inhibitor MS023, that is in consistence with the previous findings. Taken together, CM112 represents a valuable tool for elucidating the unknown, methyltransferase-independent roles of PRMT1 in disease progression and pave the way for developing more potent and drug like PRMT1 degraders in future.

New drugs approved by the NMPA in 2024: Synthesis and clinical applications

In 2024, the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approved 46 Class 1 or 1.1 innovative drugs, including 7 imported drugs and 39 domestically developed drugs, marking a new record in China's pharmaceutical innovation. These approvals encompassed 23 chemical drugs, 20 biological products, and 3 traditional Chinese medicines or natural products, demonstrating continuous growth in innovative drug development. Compared to 16 approvals in 2020 and the surge in 2021, when approvals equaled the total of the previous four years, the trend of increased approvals has resumed since 2024. Therapeutically, oncology drugs remained the dominant category in 2024, comprising 50 % (23/46) of approvals. Gastrointestinal and metabolic drugs, accounting for 13.04 % (6/46), surpassed other categories to rank second, followed by neurological drugs (8.7 %, 4/46). Anti-infectives, miscellaneous drugs, and traditional Chinese medicines each contributed three approvals (7.5 % each). Regulatory advancements played a significant role, with 18 drugs (39.13 %) approved via priority reviews, emergency reviews, or conditional approvals. This group included 9 chemical drugs and 9 biological products, with notable breakthrough therapies such as taletrectinib, lutetium monoclonal antibodies, and donanemab receiving special recognition. The 2024 data reflect China's growing capabilities in drug innovation and its commitment to addressing critical medical needs through accelerated regulatory pathways.

Major allelic variants in IRF6 and the association with Non-Syndromic orofacial Clefts: Insights from a Kerala-Based Case-Control study

Orofacial clefts, are among the most common congenital defects. Previous research has consistently shown that particular IRF6 gene polymorphisms are related to nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P), which has been verified across many populations. This study aimed to investigate the role of specific IRF6 polymorphisms in nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFC) within the Kerala population. A total of 100 NSOFC cases and matched controls were genotyped for five IRF6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs2235371, rs7552506, rs2235373, rs2235375, and rs2013162 using Next-Generation Sequencing. Statistical analyses (VassarStats, SNPstat, and MedCalc) and haplotype construction (Haploview) were performed to assess allelic, genotypic, and haplotype associations. Results showed that the major alleles (primarily "G" in four SNPs and "C" in rs2013162) were significantly more frequent in healthy controls, suggesting a protective effect. Conversely, minor alleles were overrepresented in NSOFC cases, indicating an elevated risk. Four SNPs (rs2235371, rs7552506, rs2235373, rs2235375) demonstrated robust protective effects under multiple inheritance models, while rs2013162 exhibited a less pronounced influence, displaying a notable protective effect only in the nonsyndromic cleft lip with palate (NSCLP) subgroup. Haplotype analysis identified G-C-G as consistently protective, whereas C-A-C and C-A-G conferred a higher risk for NSOFC. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of IRF6 variants in NSOFC etiology and suggest that considering both individual SNPs and haplotypes can enhance understanding of orofacial cleft susceptibility. Further large-scale studies are recommended to validate these associations.

Prognostic gene expression profile of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is a major global health burden, with significant heterogeneity in clinical outcomes among patients. Identifying robust prognostic gene expression signatures can help stratify patients, guide treatment decisions, and improve clinical management. This review provides an overview of current prognostic gene expression profiles in colorectal cancer research. We have synthesized evidence from numerous published studies investigating the association between tumor gene expression patterns and patient survival outcomes. The reviewed literature reveals several promising gene signatures that have demonstrated the ability to predict disease-free survival and overall survival in CRC patients, independent of standard clinicopathological risk factors. These genes are crucial in fundamental biological processes, including cell cycle control, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immune regulation. The implementation of prognostic gene expression tests in clinical practice holds great potential for enabling more personalized management strategies for colorectal cancer.

Genetic and immunological regulation of gut Microbiota: The Roles of TLRs, CLRs, and key proteins in microbial homeostasis and disease

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in human health, influencing metabolism, immune regulation, and neurological function. This review examines the genetic and immunological mechanisms governing microbiota composition, with a focus on key pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and signaling proteins such as CARD9 and NOD2. We discuss how genetic polymorphisms in these receptors contribute to gut dysbiosis and disease susceptibility, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we explore emerging microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies, including probiotics and precision medicine approaches. By synthesizing recent advancements, this review examines how genetic and immunological mechanisms regulate gut microbiota and influence disease susceptibility, emphasizing key therapeutic implications.

Periprosthetic osteolysis: Mechanisms and potential treatment strategies

Periprosthetic osteolysis is a common bone-related disorder that often occurs after total hip arthroplasty. The implants can cause damage to bone and bone-related cells due to mechanical stress and micromotions, resulting in the generation of a large number of wear particles. These wear particles trigger inflammation and oxidative stress in the surrounding tissues, disrupting the delicate balance maintained by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, ultimately leading to bone loss around the implant. Clinical investigations have demonstrated that Epimedium prenylflavonoids, miR-19a-3p, stem cell-derived exosomes, and certain non-PPO category pharmaceuticals have regulatory effects on bone homeostasis through distinct molecular pathways. Notably, this phenomenon reflects inherent biological rationality rather than stochastic occurrence. Extensive research has revealed that multiple natural compounds, non-coding RNAs, exosomes, and non-PPO therapeutics not only exert modulatory influences on critical pathophysiological processes including inflammatory cascades, oxidative stress responses, and tissue regeneration mechanisms, but also effectively regulate bone-related cellular functions to inhibit PPO progression. Therefore, this review comprehensively and systematically summarizes the main pathogenic mechanisms of periprosthetic osteolysis. Furthermore, it delves deeper into the research progress on the applications of currently reported natural products, ncRNAs, exosomes, and non-PPO medications in the treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis. Based on this, we hope that this paper can provide new perspectives and references for the future development of drugs targeting periprosthetic osteolysis.

Sevoflurane: A dual modulator of miR‑211‑5p and mitochondrial apoptosis in glioma therapy

The present study aimed to investigate how sevoflurane (SEV) regulated the apoptosis of glioma cells through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. First, an evaluation was performed on the viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis and autophagy‑related protein expression of glioma cells according to experimental groups. Next, the expression of microRNA‑211‑5p (miR‑211‑5p), silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway was detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR or western blotting. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed the targeting relationship between miR‑211‑5p and SIRT1. In addition, SEV suppressed the proliferation and induced the apoptosis in human glioma cell line cells via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In mechanistic analysis, the miR‑211‑5p level in glioma cells was low, while following SEV treatment, it was increased. Furthermore, SEV regulated SIRT1 by upregulating miR‑211‑5p expression, thereby blocking the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation. Moreover, functional rescue experiments showed that downregulation of SIRT1 or miR‑211‑5p could reverse the effects of SEV on glioma cells. Collectively, SEV promoted apoptosis in glioma cells by inducing miR‑211‑5p, which regulated SIRT1/PI3K/AKT pathway, mediating mitochondria‑dependent apoptosis pathway. This finding may open new possibilities for SEV as a potential treatment for glioma in the future.

In situ non-canonical activation and sensitization of cGAS-STING pathway with manganese telluride nanosheets

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has achieved encouraging outcome in various malignant tumors. However, the low immunogenicity and insufficient infiltration of T cells within tumors severely limit the curative effects. Herein, we reported synthesis and experimental evaluation of H2O2-responsive MnTe2 nanosheets (NSs) for improving anti-tumor immune responses. Within the tumor microenvironment characterized by high level of H2O2, the MnTe2 NSs were degraded to release Mn2+ and TeO42- which subsequently induced cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and non-canonically activated the cGAS-STING pathway. Moreover, the cellular Mn2+ ions enhanced the sensitivity of cGAS-STING pathway and the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) concurrently. Ultimately, the MnTe2 NSs exhibited favorable in vivo anti-tumor immune effects, especially in combination with PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. These findings provided compelling evidence for exploration and utilization of nanomedicine to leverage innate immune system for better tumor immunotherapy.

Bioactive electrospun Poly(p-dioxanone)/bioactive glass Hierarchical structured fibrous membrane for enhanced dura mater regeneration and integration

This study presents a dual-layer artificial dura mater, a hierarchically structured fibrous membrane composed of poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) and bioactive glass (BG), fabricated using electrospinning and melt-casting techniques. Designed to address the challenges of dura mater repair, the membrane features a dense outer PPDO layer for mechanical resilience and an electrospun inner layer embedded with BG to enable controlled ion release, promoting tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. We evaluated the fibrous membrane's surface morphology, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and in vitro degradation, demonstrating that increasing BG content enhances hydrophilicity, reduces crystallinity, and modulates degradation kinetics. In vitro assays using L929 fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells reveal that the PPDO/BG membrane not only supports cell adhesion and proliferation but also fosters a pro-angiogenic environment through the controlled release of bioactive silicon ions. In vivo implantation in a rat dura mater defect model further validates its therapeutic potential, showing reduced adhesion, improved tissue integration, and enhanced vascularization, with the PBD-3 variant exhibiting superior performance due to its optimized BG composition. The synergistic effects of bioactive ion release, mechanical stability, and biocompatibility establish the PPDO/BG membrane as a highly promising dura mater substitute, offering a bioengineered solution for neurosurgical applications aimed at functional tissue regeneration.

Lipid metabolism involved in progression and drug resistance of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor threatening women's health. Alteration in lipid metabolism plays an important role in the occurrence and development of many diseases, including breast cancer. The uptake, synthesis, and catabolism of lipids in breast cancer cells are significantly altered, among which the metabolism of fatty acids, cholesterols, sphingolipids, and glycolipids are most significantly changed. The growth, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance of breast cancer cells are tightly correlated with the increased uptake and biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterols and the up-regulation of fatty acid oxidation. Cholesterol and its metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol promote the progression of breast cancer in a variety of ways. The alteration of lipid metabolism could promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells and lead to changes in the tumor immune microenvironment that are conducive to the survival of cancer cells. While the accumulation of ceramide in cancer cells shows an inhibitory effect on breast cancer. This review focuses on lipid metabolism and elaborates on the research progress of the correlation between different lipid metabolism and the growth, progression, and drug resistance of breast cancer.

Meta-analysis of age at help-seeking and duration of untreated illness (DUI) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): The need for early interventions

INTRODUCTION

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that often begins early in childhood. Patients with OCD are known to seek help late after disorder onset, and therefore have a long duration of untreated illness (DUI), which is found to correlate with negative clinical outcomes. No meta-analysis has previously investigated this issue.

METHODS

Our protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020165226). We followed PRISMA-guidelines and searched for relevant articles in four electronic databases. Meta-analyses of means based on random-effects (Der-Simonian-and-Laird-method) were used to derive the pooled estimates. Subgroup-analyses and meta-regressions were conducted to explore possible factors affecting help-seeking and DUI.

RESULTS

We included N = 31 studies in the quantitative synthesis, with 16 studies proving data for age at help-seeking and 16 studies providing data for duration of untreated illness. The pooled mean age at help-seeking was 28.66 years (95 % CI: 27.34-29.98), while the pooled mean interval between age at disorder onset and help-seeking was 6.97 (95 % CI: 5.69-8.24), and the pooled mean duration of untreated illness was 80.23 months (68.72-91.75), around 6.69 years, all with p < 0.001. Specific OCD-related factors affected help-seeking and duration of untreated illness.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with OCD seek for help late in the course of the disorder and have a long duration of untreated illness, which is associated with more negative prognosis. This meta-analysis confirms the long duration of untreated illness in OCD and proposes possible factors associated with the length of the help-seeking process and DUI.

Synergistic effects of paclitaxel and platelet-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted chemo-hyperthermia therapy against breast cancer

Due to the limited therapeutic efficacy and side effects associated with conventional chemotherapy, researchers have turned their attention to developing targeted drug delivery systems using advanced nanotechnology. Coating nanoparticles (NPs) with cell membranes is a promising strategy because it extends their circulation times and allows them to selectively adhere to damaged vessel sites through the platelet membrane surface, thereby enhancing tumor uptake. Herein, we have developed a biomimetic drug delivery system consisting of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) coated by platelet membranes (PM) for carrying Paclitaxel (PTX) to exploit the synergism effect of chemotherapy and magnetic hyperthermia. Controlled-release PTX nanoparticles exhibited consistent behavior over time, indicating no significant difference in release between SPION/PTX and SPION/PTX/PM at pH 7.4. However, at pH 5.5, improved release was observed, specifically a 1.4-fold increase for SPION/PTX/PM. The confocal and flow cytometry results showed an enhancement in the cellular uptake of SPION/PTX/PM nanoparticles, with an average fluorescence intensity of 142 ± 12.5. MTT results showed superior cytotoxic effects for SPION/PTX/PM compared to SPION/PTX and free PTX, showing an IC50 value of 5 μg/mL after 48 h of treatment. Furthermore, the IC50 decreased to 1 μg/mL when an alternating magnetic field was applied. Hence, the in vivo results and histopathological staining showed that the SPION/PTX/PM-AMF treatment group exhibited the highest rate of tumor growth inhibition, reaching nearly 92.14 %. These findings highlight the potential of using platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles for targeted delivery, combining magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy to minimize chemotherapy's undesirable effects while maximizing therapeutic outcomes.

Association between cardiometabolic index (CMI) and suicidal ideation: The mediating role of depression and cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND

Although existing evidence has shown a significant relationship between lipids and suicidal ideation, the relationship between Cardiometabolic index (CMI) and suicidal ideation remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between CMI and suicidal ideation. Furthermore, we explored whether several common CMI-related diseases mediate this association.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 13,549 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2018. Weighted multivariate regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to examine the association between CMI and suicidal ideation. Subgroup and interaction analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of findings across different populations. Mediation analysis was performed to evaluate the potential mediating roles of depression, coronary artery disease (CVD), hypertension, and diabetes in this relationship.

RESULTS

In the fully adjusted model, each unit increase in CMI was associated with a 17 % increase in the risk of suicidal ideation. Compared to the lowest tertile, participants in the highest tertile had a 41 % increased likelihood of suicidal ideation (95 % CI: 1.05-1.91). The association between CMI and suicidal ideation was consistent across different populations (all P for interaction >0.05). Depression and CVD partially mediated this relationship, accounting for 20.4 % and 4.5 % of the total effect, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

CMI is associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation, with depression and CVD acting as partial mediators in this relationship. Reducing CMI with the goal of improving obesity and glucose and lipid disorders may be a key strategy to reduce suicidal ideation.

Niosomes as a targeted drug delivery system in the treatment of breast cancer: preparation, classification and mechanisms of cellular uptake

Breast cancer (BC) remains one of the significant health issues across the globe, being diagnosed in millions of women worldwide annually. Conventional therapeutic options have substantial adverse effects due to their non-specificity and limited drug bioavailability. Niosomes, being novel drug delivery systems formed from non-ionic surfactants, with or without cholesterol and charge-inducing agents, are used as therapeutic options in treating BC. Their formulation by various methods enhances the therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability and minimises side effects. Niosomal formulation of tamoxifen exhibits target drug delivery with enhanced stability, whereas docetaxel and methotrexate show sustained and controlled drug release, respectively. 5-Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cyclophosphamide and epirubicin show improved cytotoxic effects against BC when combined with other agents. Furthermore, repurposed niosomal formulations of anti-cancer drugs show improved penetration, reduced tumour volume and significantly enhanced anti-tumour effect. This review article focuses on the composition of niosomes and their application in BC treatment and then examines how niosomes could contribute to BC research.

Efficacy and optimal duration of maintenance immunotherapy following systemic chemoimmunotherapy and locoregional radiotherapy in de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

This study evaluates the efficacy, optimal duration, and target population for maintenance immunotherapy (MI) in patients with de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (dmNPC) who have achieved disease control following systemic treatment. A multicenter retrospective cohort study included 258 patients whose disease was controlled after chemoimmunotherapy and locoregional radiotherapy. The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS), with conditional survival and restricted mean survival time (RMST) analyses used to determine the optimal MI duration. Immune infiltration was assessed via multiplex immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the 2-year PFS was significantly higher in the MI group compared to the non-MI group (69.7% vs. 53.5%, p = .02). Multivariable analysis showed MI was an independent predictor of improved PFS (HR: 0.581, p = .006). Conditional survival and RMST analyses confirmed a significant improvement in PFS with MI continuation within 15 months. Patients with high densities of CD3+ T cells (HR: 0.546, p = .023), CD20+ B cells (HR: 370, p < .001), and a high percentage of PD-L1+ tumor cells (HR: 0.440, p = .006) had significantly better PFS compared to those with lower levels. Furthermore, MI was particularly beneficial for patients with lower densities of CD3+ T cells (p = .018), CD20+ B cells (p < .001), and lower PD-L1+ tumor cell percentages (p < .001), while this benefit was not observed in patients with higher immune infiltration levels. In conclusion, a 15-month duration of MI significantly improves PFS in patients with dmNPC after systemic treatment. Patients with lower levels of immune infiltration tend to have poorer PFS but appear to gain greater benefit from MI.

Child exposure to N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its derived quinone (6PPDQ) in e-waste areas: Urinary concentrations, sources, and health effect assessment

N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ) and its parent 6PPD are ubiquitous in the environment and may induce multi-endpoint toxicity. Electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling is an under-recognized source of 6PPD and 6PPDQ emissions, and there is a lack of epidemiological investigations into their presence and health effects in local populations. This study aimed to determine the urinary concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPDQ in children aged 2-7 years from e-waste dismantling areas and evaluate their potential risk to physical growth. We found that children from the e-waste area had significantly elevated urinary concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPDQ (median: 0.073 and 2.34 ng/mL) compared to those in the reference area (0.020 and 0.24 ng/mL, respectively). The estimated urinary excretions of 6PPDQ in the e-waste exposure group were considerably higher than that in the reference group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a borderline significant association of co-exposure to high levels of 6PPD and 6PPDQ with lower BMI z-score (OR = 1.99, 95% Cl: 1.04, 3.82) was observed in the crude model and the model adjusted for age and gender. In conclusion, our study first reported the urinary 6PPD and 6PPDQ concentrations in children from e-waste dismantling areas. The result indicated that e-waste recycling activities contribute to significantly elevated body burdens of 6PPD and 6PPDQ in children, which may be a potential risk factor for physical growth. Further epidemiological and toxicological studies are needed to investigate the exposure and health risks, especially in vulnerable populations.

The role of RNA binding proteins in cancer biology: A focus on FMRP

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) act as crucial regulators of gene expression within cells, exerting precise control over processes such as RNA splicing, transport, localization, stability, and translation through their specific binding to RNA molecules. The diversity and complexity of RBPs are particularly significant in cancer biology, as they directly impact a multitude of RNA metabolic events closely associated with tumor initiation and progression. The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), as a member of the RBP family, is central to the neurodevelopmental disorder fragile X syndrome and increasingly recognized in the modulation of cancer biology through its influence on RNA metabolism. The protein's versatility, stemming from its diverse RNA-binding domains, enables it to govern a wide array of transcript processing events. Modifications in FMRP's expression or localization have been associated with the regulation of mRNAs linked to various processes pertinent to cancer, including tumor proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cellular senescence, chemotherapy/radiotherapy resistance, and immunotherapy evasion. In this review, we emphasize recent findings and analyses that suggest contrasting functions of this protein family in tumorigenesis. Our knowledge of the proteins that are regulated by FMRP is rapidly growing, and this has led to the identification of multiple targets for therapeutic intervention of cancer, some of which have already moved into clinical trials or clinical practice.

Comprehensive insights into leishmaniasis: From etiopathogenesis to a novel therapeutic approach

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted through the bites of infected sandflies. The disease is characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations, from small skin blemishes to large deformable ulcers, classified as cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), as well as severe systemic infections (Kala-Azar or visceral leishmaniasis [VL]), affecting the spleen and liver, along with atypical forms such as lupoid leishmaniasis. As one of the world's most neglected tropical diseases, leishmaniasis threatens more than 1 billion people globally, with 12 million currently affected and <1.3 million new cases reported annually. This review provides comprehensive insights into the etiopathogenesis of leishmaniasis and explores the complex life cycle of parasites and their interactions with host immune responses. A systematic literature search was conducted across databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus via keywords such as "Leishmaniasis," "etiopathogenesis," "cutaneous leishmaniasis," "visceral leishmaniasis," and "Novel therapeutic approaches." Relevant studies published after 2015 were critically analyzed to present the current understanding of the disease mechanisms involved. It also highlights the current treatment landscape, emphasizing the emergence of drug resistance and the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticle formulations, have shown promise for enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing toxicity. Additionally, integrated control measures, such as vector management and public education, are crucial for mitigating disease spread. This overview underscores the urgent need for continued research and innovation to combat this neglected tropical disease effectively.

Uncoupling serotonin (2C) and dopamine (D2) receptor heterodimers ameliorate PTSD-like behaviors

BACKGROUND

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), crucial for various physiological functions, can form complexes with themselves or other GPCRs, influencing their signaling and drug interactions. GPCR oligomerization remains an active area of research in neurological diseases, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Here, we illuminated a novel serotonin and dopamine receptor heterodimerization that played an etiological role in fear conditioning behaviors associated with memory defects in the single prolonger stress (SPS) mice and reverting effects of receptors interaction interfering with peptide.

METHODS

To assess our projected goal, we prepared a single prolonged stress (SPS) mice model followed by peptide treatment, behavior assays, and biochemical analysis.

RESULTS

Our study revealed a direct interaction between dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) and serotonin 5-HT2C receptors (5-HT2CR) via the K226-L240 region in the brains of SPS mice. This D2R/5-HT2CR interaction modulated downstream PI3K-AKT signaling and contributed to cognitive deficits in a mouse model of SPS. An interfering peptide (TAT-D2R-KL) designed to disrupt D2R/5-HT2CR heterodimerization reduced the excitatory/inhibitory neuron firing frequency ratio, attenuated PI3K/AKT signaling impairment, and alleviated cognitive deficits in SPS mice. Furthermore, treatment with the PI3K inhibitor, Bisperoxovanadium Compound bpV (pic), reversed the effects of the peptide, confirming the critical role of PI3K/AKT signaling in D2R/5-HT2CR dimerization and the associated pathophysiology of SPS.

CONCLUSION

These findings revealed a causative role of D2R/5-HT2CR hetero-dimer in PTSD and could be reversed by TAT-D2R-KL treatment.

Lipocalin 2 mediates kidney function abnormalities induced by ischemic stroke in mice: Involvement of neural pathways

BACKGROUND

Kidney function abnormalities is a common complication following ischemic stroke. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is currently a well-recognized specific biomarker of tubular injury. However, the role of LCN2 in kidney function abnormalities following stroke remains elusive. The sympathetic nervous system plays a crucial role in linking the brain and kidney. However, whether the kidney sympathetic nervous system regulates the expression of LCN2 following ischemic stroke has not been identified.

METHODS

In this study, we established a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to induce ischemic stroke in mice. Renal function was assessed 24 h after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transcriptomic sequencing of kidney tissue was performed to identify potential pathological mechanisms. The role of LCN2 in post-stroke renal injury was investigated using renal tubule-specific LCN2 knockout mice and a combination of qPCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, renal denervation (RDN) was used to explore the relationship between sympathetic nerves and the expression of renal LCN2.

RESULTS

Ischemic stroke significantly exhibits renal functional impairment 24 h after reperfusion. Notably, RNA sequencing and Western blotting revealed a markedly increased expression of renal LCN2 following ischemic stroke. Renal tubular Lcn2-specific knockout significantly ameliorated the occurrence of kidney function abnormalities after stroke. Subsequently, we observed that the activation of renal sympathetic nerves upregulates LCN2 and induces kidney function abnormalities after stroke.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings reveal a neural pathway in which the sympathetic nervous system upregulates LCN2, providing potential therapeutic strategies for renal protection following ischemic stroke.

Extracellular vesicles and the lung: from disease pathogenesis to biomarkers and treatments

Nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells to convey cell-to-cell communication. EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, carry an array of bioactive molecules, such as proteins and RNAs, encapsulated by a membrane lipid bilayer. Epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and various immune cells in the lung contribute to the pool of EVs in the lung microenvironment and carry molecules reflecting their cellular origin. EVs can maintain lung health by regulating immune responses, inducing tissue repair, and maintaining lung homeostasis. They can be detected in lung tissues and biofluids such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood, offering information about disease processes, and can function as disease biomarkers. Here, we discuss the role of EVs in lung homeostasis and pulmonary diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung injury. The mechanistic involvement of EVs in pathogenesis and their potential as disease biomarkers are discussed. Finally, the pulmonary field benefits from EVs as clinical therapeutics in severe pulmonary inflammatory disease, as EVs from mesenchymal stem cells attenuate severe respiratory inflammation in multiple clinical trials. Further, EVs can be engineered to carry therapeutic molecules for enhanced and broadened therapeutic opportunities, such as the anti-inflammatory molecule CD24. Finally, we discuss the emerging opportunity of using different types of EVs for treating severe respiratory conditions.

IRF1 regulates autophagy and microglia polarization in retinal ischemia-reperfusion through NCOA1/Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway

BACKGROUND

Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) is an important regulatory factor in the development of eyes, and it has been proved to be involved in the regulation of ischemia-reperfusion process. But its role in retinal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) remains unclear.

METHODS

RIR rat model was induced by increasing intraocular pressure. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunofluorescence (IF) staining, and western blot experiments were used to explore the levels of IRF1, autophagy, and microglia polarization in RIR. Western blot, transmission electron microscope, IF, and ELISA assays were used to explore the effects of IRF1, Nuclear receptor coactivator 1 (NCOA1), and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways in OGD/R-induced autophagy and polarization of rat retinal microglia. CHIP and dual-luciferase experiments verify the interaction between IRF1 and NCOA1. CHIP and dual-luciferase experiments were used to verify the interaction between IRF1 and NCOA1. Adeno-associated viruses interfering with IRF1 and NCOA1 were injected into the vitreous of rats to explore the functions of IRF1 and NCOA1 in RIR rats.

RESULTS

IRF1 and M1-type markers of microglia in retina of RIR rats increased, and autophagy level decreased. Knockdown of IRF1 and NCOA1 increased autophagy of OGD/R-induced retinal microglia, inhibited M1-type polarization and inflammatory cytokines, alleviated RIR injury in rats, and inhibited the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway activator HLY78 partially reversed the effect of knocking down NCOA1 on retinal microglia. Mechanically, knockdown of IRF1 inhibited the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway by inhibiting the transcription of NCOA1.

CONCLUSION

Inhibition of IRF1 has a protective effect on RIR damage by regulating NCOA1/Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway.

Role of lncRNA PVT1 in the progression of urological cancers: Novel insights into signaling pathways and clinical opportunities

Urologic malignancies, encompassing cancers of the kidney, bladder, and prostate, represent approximately 25 % of all cancer cases. Recent advances have enhanced our understanding of PVT1's crucial functions. Long noncoding RNAs influence both the onset and development of cancer, as well as epigenetic alterations. Recent findings have focused on PVT1's mechanism of action across several malignancies, particularly urologic cancers. Understanding the various functions of PVT1 linked to cancer is necessary for the development of cancer detection and treatment when PVT1 is dysregulated. Furthermore, recent advancements in genomic and epigenetic research have elucidated the complex regulatory networks that control PVT1 expression. Comprehending the intricate role of PVT1 Understanding the complex function of PVT1 in urologic cancers has substantial clinical implications. Here, we summarize some of the most recent findings about the carcinogenic effects of PVT1 signaling pathways and the possible treatment strategies for urological malignancies that target these pathways.

Targeting breast cancer cells with 2-indolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds by inducing apoptosis, paraptosis and autophagy

While 2-Indolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives are recognized for their antibacterial properties, their potential as anticancer agents remains underexplored. This study investigates the anti-breast cancer properties of a novel 2-Indolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole compound, 5l, focusing on its ability to induce apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy, and targeting poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1), a critical enzyme in DNA repair. A series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (compounds 5a-5m) were synthesized using an optimized multi-step process, enhancing reaction efficiency and yield. In silico molecular docking was used to determine binding efficacy of these derivatives. Lead compound, 5l, underwent cytotoxicity assays against MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, BT-474, and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell lines, as well as the non-cancerous MCF-10A cell line. Molecular docking assessed the interaction of 5l with the PARP1 active site. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analyses were conducted to map electron distribution and identify reactive regions within compound 5l. The effects of 5l on cellular processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) integrity were evaluated using live and dead assays, Annexin V staining, ER-tracker dye staining, and acridine orange assays. Western blotting analyzed apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy-related genomic instability. The optimized synthesis yielded high-purity 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Compound 5l displayed significant anticancer activity, with IC50 values of 63.7 μM, 29.1 μM, 50.3 μM, and 39.8 μM for MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, BT-474, and SK-BR-3 cell lines respectively, demonstrating its cytotoxic efficacy. Molecular docking revealed that 5l binds to PARP1 active site with a binding energy of -11.7 kcal/mol, indicating a strong interaction supporting its role as a PARP1 inhibitor. Annexin V assays, ER-tracker dye staining, and Acridine orange assays were used to assess apoptosis, ER integrity, and autophagy. 5l induced upregulation of cleaved PARP and downregulation of Alix-loaded proteins, alongside increased LC3-II expression, indicating autophagy-mediated genomic instability. Compound 5l exhibits potent anti-breast cancer activity through paraptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy-mediated genomic instability and by PARP1 inhibition with typically a low IC50 values, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent.

Exploring the association between urticaria subtypes, anxiety, and depression and potential role of gut microbiota

AIMS

In observational studies, the causal relationship between urticaria and the risk of psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression) remains inconclusive. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that gut microbiota (GM) contributes to the pathogenesis of urticaria. This study aimed to assess the causal relationships between the genetically predicted urticaria subtypes and psychiatric disorders and further examined the role of GM in influencing the risk of these urticaria subtypes.

METHODS

We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies identified from four databases to evaluate the associations between urticaria, anxiety, and depression over the past decade. In addition, we estimated the genetic correlation and causality between genetically predicted urticaria subtypes and psychiatric disorders using linkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses. Finally, univariable two-sample MR and multivariable MR analyses were employed to evaluate the combined and independent effects of GM from two datasets on urticaria subtypes associated with psychiatric disorders.

RESULTS

Thirteen observational studies comprising 7321 participants were included in the meta-analysis. There was a positive association between urticaria and anxiety risk (n = 13, OR: 3.96; 95%CI: 2.90-5.41) as well as depression risk (n = 12, OR: 3.03; 95%CI: 2.30-4.01). The MR results indicated that idiopathic urticaria increased the risk of anxiety (OR = 1.14; 95%CI = 1.01-1.28; P = 3.31 × 10-2), while allergic urticaria increased the risk of major depressive disorder (OR = 1.07; 95%CI = 1.02-1.13; P = 6.65 × 10-3). Our analysis identified nineteen gut bacterial taxa that were causally associated with idiopathic and allergic urticaria. Notably, Intestinibacter and Victivallales were strongly associated with an increased risk of allergic urticaria, even after accounting for the effect of smoking or alcohol consumption in the multivariable MR analysis. FamilyXIIIAD3011group and Bacteroides vulgatus were found to exert protective roles in idiopathic urticaria.

CONCLUSIONS

The study provides evidence for the association between urticaria subtypes and psychiatric disorders, complementing existing observational studies. In addition, our study implies the involvement of gut microbiota in idiopathic and allergic urticaria. However, the specific mechanisms of bacterial action remain to be clarified.

Unravelling the pathogenesis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection: impacts on antioxidant and innate immunity gene responses in Scyllaparamamosain

This study investigated the etiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain), a pivotal species in China's aquaculture industry. The results demonstrate that the V. parahaemolyticus strain LG2206 poses a significant threat to mud crabs by inducing oxidative stress and impairing their non-specific immune response. A 7-day immersion contagion test was conducted to determine the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of LG2206 for the mud crabs, which was established at 3.16 × 105 CFU/mL. The findings indicate that LG2206 can infiltrate multiple tissues of the mud crab, with the gills being the initial and primary site of invasion, followed by the hepatopancreas, midgut, and muscle. Throughout the infection period, an increasing LG2206 count across sampled tissues led to tissue damage and cell death, with the gills, hepatopancreas, midgut, and muscle affected in sequence. The modulation of various enzymatic and genetic responses to LG2206 incubation was also investigated. Notably, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glucocorticoid reductase (GR) were upregulated in the gill tissue. Phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) exhibited a transient surge on the first day post-infection, followed by a decline. Enzymatic activity in other tissues followed a pattern of initially increasing, peaking, and then gradually declining, with the gills, hepatopancreas, midgut, and muscle following this trend sequentially. Additionally, the expression patterns of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and CASP-3 genes mirrored this trend, with their peaks occurring at different times across the various tissue types. In summary, this study sheds light on the pathogenic process of LG2206 in mud crabs, revealing that V. parahaemolyticus initially adheres to and compromises gill tissue before spreading through the circulatory system to other organs, with a preference for the hepatopancreas. This work enhances our understanding of the effects of V. parahaemolyticus on mud crab farming and proposes potential intervention strategies to mitigate its harmful impacts.

CSMD1 as a causative gene of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and generalized epilepsies

Genetic factors are the major causes of epilepsies, such as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). However, the etiology of most patients remains elusive. This study performed exon sequencing in a cohort of 173 patients with IGE. Additional cases were recruited from the matching platform in China. The excess and damaging effect of variants, the genotype-phenotype correlation, and the correlation between gene expression and phenotype were studied to validate the gene-disease association. CSMD1 compound heterozygous variants were identified in four unrelated cases with IGE. Additional CSMD1 variants were identified in five cases with DEE featured by generalized seizures from the matching platform, including two with de novo and three with compound heterozygous variants. Two patients were refractory to antiseizure medications and all patients were on long-term therapy. The CSMD1 variants presented a significantly high excess of variants in the case-cohort. Besides de novo origination, the DEE cases had each of the paired variants located closer to each other than the IGE cases or more significant alterations in hydrophobicity. The DEE-associated variants were all absent in the normal population and presented significantly lower minor allele frequency than the IGE-associated variants, suggesting a minor allele frequency-phenotype severity correlation. Gene expression analysis showed that CSMD1 was extensively expressed throughout the brain, particularly in the cortex. The CSMD1 temporal expression pattern correlated with the disease onset and outcomes. This study suggests that CSMD1 is associated with epilepsy and is a novel causative gene of DEE and generalized epilepsies.

Establishing reliable blood biomarkers for trimethylamine N-oxide status in rodents: Effects of oral choline challenge, dietary choline and fasting conditions

Circulating concentrations of the gut microbial-mammalian metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are linked to atherosclerosis risk. TMAO biosynthesis begins when dietary choline is converted to trimethylamine (TMA) by gut microbial TMA lyase. TMA is transported to the liver, where flavin-containing monooxygenases convert it to TMAO. While dietary modifications regulate TMAO production, the impact of different intake methods, including oral gavage, dietary supplementation, and conditions such as fasting versus nonfasting, has not been fully explored. Twelve female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three diet groups (n = 4 per group): no-choline (0% choline), low-choline (0.08% choline), and high-choline (1% choline). Choline and TMAO fasting and nonfasting blood concentrations, and their kinetics following an acute choline challenge, were assessed before and after a 2-week dietary intervention with the distinct choline dietary levels. Fasting choline was under tight control, with little effect of dietary choline. Nonfasting choline was more variable, with high dietary choline reflected in higher blood choline. Greater levels of dietary choline were reflected in significantly greater levels of TMAO, particularly for nonfasting levels. Kinetic profiling demonstrated additional information regarding the appearance and clearance of these compounds from blood. These results suggest that acute oral choline gavage is likely most suitable for studies targeting acute (direct) inhibitors, whereas a choline-rich diet with assessment of fasting and nonfasting blood levels is more suitable for studying alterations to TMAO production capacity. Future research should examine the impact on atherosclerosis biomarkers and microbiome diversity to deepen the understanding of TMAO regulation and its cardiovascular implications.

Liposomes as versatile agents for the management of traumatic and nontraumatic central nervous system disorders: drug stability, targeting efficiency, and safety

Various nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurological disorders have been widely studied. However, their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier hampers the clinical translation of these therapeutic strategies. Liposomes are nanoparticles composed of lipid bilayers, which can effectively encapsulate drugs and improve drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier and into brain tissue through their targeting and permeability. Therefore, they can potentially treat traumatic and nontraumatic central nervous system diseases. In this review, we outlined the common properties and preparation methods of liposomes, including thin-film hydration, reverse-phase evaporation, solvent injection techniques, detergent removal methods, and microfluidics techniques. Afterwards, we comprehensively discussed the current applications of liposomes in central nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and brain tumors. Most studies related to liposomes are still in the laboratory stage and have not yet entered clinical trials. Additionally, their application as drug delivery systems in clinical practice faces challenges such as drug stability, targeting efficiency, and safety. Therefore, we proposed development strategies related to liposomes to further promote their development in neurological disease research.

CRM1 mediates the nuclear export of YTHDF2

Precise intracellular localization is crucial for protein function. YTHDF2, a reader protein for N6-methyladenosine (m6A), has been reported to shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus through an unknown mechanism. Here, we identify a functional nuclear export sequence (NES) in YTHDF2 that mediates its nuclear export. Mutation of the NES leads to nuclear accumulation of YTHDF2. Wild-type YTHDF2, but not the NES-mutant, interacts with the nuclear export receptor CRM1. Inhibition of CRM1 using the specific inhibitor leptomycin B or CRM1 knockdown effectively blocks YTHDF2 nuclear export. Using a tethering reporter system, we demonstrate that NES mutation impairs the mRNA degradation activity of YTHDF2. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of YTHDF2 subcellular localization and may have therapeutic implications for YTHDF2-associated diseases.

Analysis of germline-somatic mutational connections in colorectal cancer reveals differential tumorigenic patterns and a novel predictive marker for germline mutation carriers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) genetic testing of regions beyond clinical guidelines has revealed a substantial number of likely pathogenic germline mutations (GMs). It remains largely undetermined whether and how these GMs, typically located in non-mismatch repair (non-MMR) genes, are associated with the tumorigenesis of CRC. This study aimed to identify CRC-predisposing GMs among 93 cancer susceptibility genes and investigate their potential influences on CRC somatic mutational features. We secondarily aimed to investigate whether somatic ERBB2 amplification contributes to identifying GM carriers. This study incorporated a total of 3,240 Chinese CRC patients and 10,588 control individuals. CRC patients were subjected to paired tumor-normal sequencing with a 1,021-gene panel. A case-control analysis was conducted to profile the GM-associated CRC risk. A comprehensive germline-somatic association analysis was performed among 2,405 patients, with key findings subsequently validated in an independent 835-patient cohort and the TCGA CRC cohort. The case-control results supported CRC-predisposing effects of GMs in certain homologous recombination repair (HRR) and DNA damage checkpoint factor (CPF) genes, such as BRCA1/2, RecQ helicase genes, ATM, and CHEK2. HRR GMs were associated with an increased copy number alteration burden, more TP53 clonal mutations, and a higher probability of carrying somatic ERBB2 amplification. CPF GMs were inferred to have synergistic effects with ARID1A and KDM6A somatic mutations in CRC tumorigenesis. Among patients with onset age ≥55 years, stable microsatellites, and no cancer family history, ERBB2 amplification was significantly predictive of GM carriers. Our findings elucidate different germline tumorigenic patterns not driven by deficient MMR. Somatic ERBB2 amplification in CRC can serve as an indicator for germline genetic testing when traditional risk features are absent.

Integrative review of the gut microbiome’s role in pain management for orthopaedic conditions

The gut microbiome, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, has a significant role in modulating pain, particularly within orthopaedic conditions. Its impact on immune and neurological functions is underscored by the gut-brain axis, which influences inflammation, pain perception, and systemic immune responses. This integrative review examines current research on how gut dysbiosis is associated with various pain pathways, notably nociceptive and neuroinflammatory mechanisms linked to central sensitization. We highlight advancements in meta-omics technologies, such as metagenomics and metaproteomics, which deepen our understanding of microbiome-host interactions and their implications in pain. Recent studies emphasize that gut-derived short-chain fatty acids and microbial metabolites play roles in modulating neuroinflammation and nociception, contributing to pain management. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and faecal microbiome transplants are explored as potential therapeutic strategies to alleviate pain through gut microbiome modulation, offering an adjunct or alternative to opioids. However, variability in individual microbiomes poses challenges to standardizing these treatments, necessitating further rigorous clinical trials. A multidisciplinary approach combining microbiology, immunology, neurology, and orthopaedics is essential to develop innovative, personalized pain management strategies rooted in gut health, with potential to transform orthopaedic pain care.

Significance of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as prognostic predictors after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND

The use of biomarkers, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the neutrophil-to-platelet ratio (NPR), has shown promise in evaluating early outcomes after medical, interventional, and surgical treatments. NLR has emerged as an indicator of systemic inflammation and physiological stress. NPR has emerged as a potential indicator of inflammation and thrombotic risk in the context of surgical and radiological procedures.

AIM

To analyze the correlation of NLR and NPR with the development of post-liver transplantation (LT) early complications after stratification for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis.

METHODS

Consecutive patients undergone LT between January 2019 and December 2023 were enrolled. Data regarding the concentration of hemoglobin and the differential leukocyte count on postoperative days (POD) 0, 1, 3, and 5 were collected.

RESULTS

The dataset included 161 consecutive patients undergone LT. Clavien-Dindo IV-V complications had a good correlation with NLR POD 1 (P = 0.05), NLR POD 3 (P < 0.001), NLR POD 7 (P < 0.001), NPR POD 3 (P < 0.001). In addition, the NPR ratio on POD 3 correlated with the onset of 30-day hemorrhage (P = 0.009). Finally, 30-day mortality had a significant association with the NLR POD 1 (P = 0.03) and with NLR POD 7 (P = 0.004), while NPR had a significant correlation with 30-day mortality in NPR POD 7 (P = 0.004).

CONCLUSION

The analysis of NLR and NPR are strictly correlated with Clavien-Dindo IV-V complications and 30-day post-LT death.

Bisphenol A exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders and problems in children under 12 years of age: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders and problems (NDPs) in children under 12 years old. In recent years, the number of relevant studies has increased, but the evidence is inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between BPA exposure and NDPs and potential gender differences.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted in eight bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research articles published from database inception to October 11, 2024. Eligible studies were epidemiological, observational studies in children under 12 years old, which evaluated the associations between BPA of biosamples and NDPs. The converted effect sizes were synthesized using multilevel random effects meta-analysis models. Meta-regression analysis, sensitivity analysis, unmeasured confounding bias, and publication bias tests were examined to substantiate the results.

RESULTS

The search identified 1090 unique studies, 32 of which involving 15,669 participants were finally included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that BPA exposure was associated with intellectual disability (Cohen's d = 0.14, 95 %CI = 0.06-0.22), autism spectrum disorder (ASD, Cohen's d = 0.10, 95 %CI = 0.02-0.17), attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, Cohen's d = 0.28, 95 %CI = 0.10-0.47), and communication disorders (Cohen's d = 0.12, 95 %CI = 0.01-0.23) in all children. Gender differences exist while BPA was associated with intellectual disability, ASD, ADHD, and motor disorders in boys, and with intellectual disability and ADHD in girls.

CONCLUSION

This study indicated that BPA exposure was associated with an increased risk of NDPs in children, particularly in boys, underscoring the importance of considering BPA exposure as a potential risk factor for children's brain health.

Mediating role of the ratio of family income to poverty in the association between depressive symptoms and stroke: Evidence from a large population-based study

BACKGROUND

Previous investigations have established a notable correlation between depressive symptoms and stroke incidence, as well as the link between stroke occurrence and the ratio of family income-to-poverty ratio (PIR). The intricate dynamics between depressive states and the incidence of stroke mediated by PIR, however, remains inadequately understood.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this research is to scrutinize the link between depressive states and stroke, assessing how PIR functions as a mediator in this dynamic. Through an analysis of the economic status of individuals exhibiting depressive symptoms, this study explores their potential influence on the susceptibility to stroke. Such analysis aims to uncover the intricate interactions among depression, the PIR, and stroke occurrence.

METHODS

Data from 2015 to 2018 NHANES assessed adults' depressive symptoms using PHQ-9 scores. Participants reporting a stroke diagnosis by medical professionals were identified as the stroke cohort. The income levels were assessed using the PIR. To examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and stroke, weighted multivariate linear regression models, curve-fitting analyses, and subgroup assessments were employed, alongside mediation analyses to determine the role of PIR as a mediator.

RESULTS

In the analysis of 7204 participants, the data revealed a robust positive association between depressive symptoms and stroke risk within the comprehensively adjusted model. Additionally, the mediation analysis demonstrated that the PIR contributed to 10.3188 % of the explained variability in the link between depressive symptoms and stroke incidence, serving as a specific mediator of this association.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this research indicate that there is a significant positive link between depressive symptoms and the incidence of stroke, with the PIR serving as a notable mediator.

Neuroinflammation and schizophrenia: The role of Toxoplasma gondii infection and astrocytic dysfunction

Obligate intracellular pathogens such as the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii exploit host cell mechanisms to facilitate their survival and replication. While T. gondii can infect any nucleated mammalian cell, it exhibits a particular affinity for central nervous system cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Among these, astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining neuroimmune balance, and their infection by T. gondii induces structural and functional alterations. Emerging evidence suggests that these changes may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). Although a direct causal link between T. gondii-induced astrocytic dysfunction and SCZ remains unproven, infection has been associated with increased kynurenic acid production, elevated dopamine levels, and heightened inflammatory cytokines-all of which are implicated in SCZ pathology. Additionally, T. gondii infection disrupts crucial neurobiological processes, including N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor signaling, blood-brain barrier integrity, and gray matter volume, further aligning with SCZ-associated neuropathology. This review underscores the need for targeted research into T. gondii-mediated astrocytic dysfunction as a potential factor in SCZ development. Understanding the mechanistic links between T. gondii infection, astrocytic alterations, and psychiatric disorders may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions.

L1CAM mimetic compound duloxetine improves cognitive impairment in 5xFAD mice and protects Aβ1-42-damaged HT22 cells

BACKGROUND

Synapse loss and damage are underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease. Duloxetine has been identified as a mimetic of neural adhesion molecule L1CAM, a neuronal synapse component, suggesting duloxetine could be therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease.

METHODS

Cognitive function in 5xFAD mice was evaluated by open field, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. Hippocampal and cortical Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42 and amyloid plaque deposition were quantified by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RT-qPCR and western blotting quantified the effects of duloxetine treatment on L1CAM levels and PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling pathway activation. Apoptosis markers Bcl-2 and Bax were also measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting. HT22 cell survival was measured by CCK8 assay.

RESULTS

Duloxetine preserved learning and memory abilities, but had no effect on locomotor performance of 5xFAD mice. Duloxetine decreased Aβ1-42 expression levels, increased Aβ1-40 levels, reduced amyloid plaque formation, and activated the PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling pathway in both cortices and hippocampi of 5xFAD mice. Moreover, duloxetine increased the expression of L1CAM and Bcl-2, and inhibited the expression of Bax, as well as prevented Aβ1-42 cytotoxicity in wild-type, but not L1CAM-knockdown HT22 cells, suggesting a feed-forward mechanism for duloxetine-mediated neuroprotection, whereby duloxetine induces and activates L1CAM to exert neuroprotective effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that duloxetine plays a neuroprotective role in 5xFAD mice and HT22 cells through activating L1CAM, likely by regulating the PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling pathway. These results suggest that duloxetine may be a potential reagent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Unveiling EIF5A2: A multifaceted player in cellular regulation, tumorigenesis and drug resistance

The eukaryotic initiation factor 5A2 gene (EIF5A2) is a highly conserved and multifunctional gene that significantly influences various cellular processes, including translation elongation, RNA binding, ribosome binding, protein binding and post-translational modifications. Overexpression of EIF5A2 is frequently observed in multiple cancers, where it functions as an oncoprotein. Additionally, EIF5A2 is implicated in drug resistance through the regulation of various molecular pathways. In the review, we describe the structure and functions of EIF5A2 in normal cells and its role in tumorigenesis. We also elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with EIF5A2 in the context of tumorigenesis and drug resistance. We propose that the biological roles of EIF5A2 in regulating diverse cellular processes and tumorigenesis are clinically significant and warrant further investigation.

Evaluation of plasma alpha-1-antichymotrypsin as a marker for pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma

Individuals with AIDS and Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS-KS) with pulmonary involvement have high-risk of poor outcomes but diagnosis of pulmonary KS in low-resource settings is difficult. We aimed to discover plasma proteins that distinguish individuals with pulmonary KS from those without pulmonary involvement. SomaScan proteomics screen measured 7288 plasma proteins in 22 cases and 17 controls selected from 181 participants with HIV-1 and cutaneous KS who underwent bronchoscopy. Cases had KS in the lower respiratory tract by bronchoscopy. Controls had no KS lesions detected by bronchoscopy. Results of the proteomics screen were confirmed by ELISA measurement of plasma alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (SERPINA3) in 18 cases and 13 controls and in an additional 162 individuals with AIDS-KS who were not included in the case-control analysis. Proteomics identified 12 plasma proteins with differential levels in controls and cases. Plasma alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (SERPINA3) complex was consistently higher in cases compared to controls in the proteomics assay. Measurement of plasma alpha-1-antichymotrypsin by ELISA confirmed higher levels in cases (median 399.4, IQR 95.77-766.4 μg/ml) versus controls (median 39.98, IQR 31.2-170.2 μg/ml; p = .001). Plasma alpha-1-antichymotrypsin correlated with the estimated burden of pulmonary KS in the respiratory tract (r = 0.439; p = .0002) and 234 μg/ml had 51% sensitivity and 94% specificity for detection of pulmonary KS by bronchoscopy. Measurement of plasma alpha-1-antichymotrypsin has potential for identifying persons with pulmonary AIDS-KS and estimating the burden of KS in the lower respiratory tract.