103
|
Gnatiuc L, Alegre-Díaz J, Wade R, Ramirez-Reyes R, Tapia-Conyer R, Garcilazo-Ávila A, Chiquete E, Gonzáles-Carballo C, Solano-Sanchez M, Clarke R, Collins R, Herrington WG, Hill M, Lewington S, Peto R, Emberson JR, Kuri-Morales P. General and Abdominal Adiposity and Mortality in Mexico City: A Prospective Study of 150 000 Adults. Ann Intern Med 2019; 171:397-405. [PMID: 31404923 PMCID: PMC6949137 DOI: 10.7326/m18-3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some reports suggest that body mass index (BMI) is not strongly associated with mortality in Hispanic populations. OBJECTIVE To assess the causal relevance of adiposity to mortality in Mexican adults, avoiding reverse causality biases. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING 2 Mexico City districts. PARTICIPANTS 159 755 adults aged 35 years and older at recruitment, followed for up to 14 years. Participants with a hemoglobin A1c level of 7% or greater, diabetes, or other chronic diseases were excluded. MEASUREMENTS BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, and cause-specific mortality. Cox regression, adjusted for confounders, yielded mortality hazard ratios (HRs) after at least 5 years of follow-up and before age 75 years. RESULTS Among 115 400 participants aged 35 to <75 years at recruitment, mean BMI was 28.0 kg/m2 (SD, 4.1 kg/m2) in men and 29.6 kg/m2 (SD, 5.1 kg/m2) in women. The association of BMI at recruitment with all-cause mortality was J-shaped, with the minimum at 25 to <27.5 kg/m2. Above 25 kg/m2, each 5-kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with a 30% increase in all-cause mortality (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.24 to 1.36]). This association was stronger at ages 40 to <60 years (HR, 1.40 [CI, 1.30 to 1.49]) than at ages 60 to <75 years (HR, 1.24 [CI, 1.17 to 1.31]) but was not materially affected by sex, smoking, or other confounders. The associations of mortality with BMI and waist-to-hip ratio were similarly strong, and each was weakened only slightly by adjustment for the other. Waist circumference was strongly related to mortality and remained so even after adjustment for BMI and hip circumference. LIMITATION Analyses were limited to mortality. CONCLUSION General, and particularly abdominal, adiposity were strongly associated with mortality in this Mexican population. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Mexican Health Ministry, Mexican National Council of Science and Technology, Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, and Kidney Research UK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Gnatiuc
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.G., R.W., R.C., R.C., W.G.H., M.H., S.L., R.P., J.R.E.)
| | - Jesus Alegre-Díaz
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (J.A., R.R., R.T., A.G., C.G., M.S., P.K.)
| | - Rachel Wade
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.G., R.W., R.C., R.C., W.G.H., M.H., S.L., R.P., J.R.E.)
| | - Raúl Ramirez-Reyes
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (J.A., R.R., R.T., A.G., C.G., M.S., P.K.)
| | - Roberto Tapia-Conyer
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (J.A., R.R., R.T., A.G., C.G., M.S., P.K.)
| | - Adrián Garcilazo-Ávila
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (J.A., R.R., R.T., A.G., C.G., M.S., P.K.)
| | - Erwin Chiquete
- Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico (E.C.)
| | - Carlos Gonzáles-Carballo
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (J.A., R.R., R.T., A.G., C.G., M.S., P.K.)
| | - Martha Solano-Sanchez
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (J.A., R.R., R.T., A.G., C.G., M.S., P.K.)
| | - Robert Clarke
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.G., R.W., R.C., R.C., W.G.H., M.H., S.L., R.P., J.R.E.)
| | - Rory Collins
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.G., R.W., R.C., R.C., W.G.H., M.H., S.L., R.P., J.R.E.)
| | - William G Herrington
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.G., R.W., R.C., R.C., W.G.H., M.H., S.L., R.P., J.R.E.)
| | - Michael Hill
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.G., R.W., R.C., R.C., W.G.H., M.H., S.L., R.P., J.R.E.)
| | - Sarah Lewington
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.G., R.W., R.C., R.C., W.G.H., M.H., S.L., R.P., J.R.E.)
| | - Richard Peto
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.G., R.W., R.C., R.C., W.G.H., M.H., S.L., R.P., J.R.E.)
| | - Jonathan R Emberson
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.G., R.W., R.C., R.C., W.G.H., M.H., S.L., R.P., J.R.E.)
| | - Pablo Kuri-Morales
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (J.A., R.R., R.T., A.G., C.G., M.S., P.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Mohamed SF, Haregu TN, Khayeka-Wandabwa C, Muthuri SK, Kyobutungi C. Magnitude and predictors of normal-weight central obesity- the AWI-Gen study findings. Glob Health Action 2019; 12:1685809. [PMID: 31694493 PMCID: PMC6844381 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1685809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Normal-weight central obesity is associated with higher mortality than general obesity as defined by body mass index, particularly in the absence of central fat distribution.Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude and predictors of normal-weight central obesity in an urban informal settlement setting in Kenya.Methods: We used data from the AWI-Gen study, a cross-sectional survey targeting randomly selected consenting adults between the ages of 40-60 in two urban informal settlements of Nairobi between 2014 and 2016. Central obesity was determined using waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, visceral fat thickness, and subcutaneous fat thickness. General obesity was determined using body mass index (BMI).Results: About 20.0% of participants in the study had general obesity. The prevalence of central obesity as measured by waist circumference was 52.0%, by waist-to-hip ratio was 53.5%, by visceral fat thickness was 32.4% and by subcutaneous fat thickness was 49.2%. The prevalence of normal-weight central obesity in the study population was highest when measured by waist to hip ratio (38.1%) and lowest when measured by visceral fat thickness (18.1%). Factors associated with normal-weight central obesity as assesses by waist circumference were being female, of older age, and in full-time employment. Older age was associated with normal-weight central obesity as assessed by waist to hip ratio.Conclusion: The findings highlight a significant prevalence of normal-weight central obesity among adults in a poor urban setting in Kenya, pointing to women as a key target group for focused interventions. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish whether there is a link between normal-weight central obesity and mortality in such settings as has been found in other settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shukri F. Mohamed
- Health and Systems for Health Unit (HSH), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tilahun Nigatu Haregu
- Health and Systems for Health Unit (HSH), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
- Non-Communicable Disease Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Stella Kagwiria Muthuri
- Health and Systems for Health Unit (HSH), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine Kyobutungi
- Health and Systems for Health Unit (HSH), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|