101
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Tavakoli S, Mederacke I, Herzog-Hauff S, Glebe D, Grün S, Strand D, Urban S, Gehring A, Galle PR, Böcher WO. Peripheral blood dendritic cells are phenotypically and functionally intact in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 151:61-70. [PMID: 18031557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with reduced anti-viral T cell responses. Impaired dendritic cell (DC) function was suggested as the cause of reduced T cell stimulation in chronic HBV carriers. Thus, we compared myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) from chronic HBV carriers and controls. Frequency and phenotype of isolated DC were analysed by fluorescence activated cell sorter staining, DC function by mixed lymphocyte reaction, cytokine bead array, intracellular cytokine staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme-linked immunospot. Expression of HBV DNA and mRNA was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Circulating total DC, mDC or pDC were not reduced in chronic HBV carriers. Isolated mDC and pDC from chronic HBV carriers exhibited similar expression of co-stimulatory molecules and alloreactive T helper cell stimulation as control DC, whether tested directly ex vivo or after in vitro maturation. Secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by CD40 or Toll-like receptor ligand-stimulated patient DC was intact, as was human leucocyte antigen A2-restricted HBV-specific cytotoxic lymphocyte stimulation. Although both DC populations contained viral DNA, viral mRNA was undetectable by reverse transcription-PCR, arguing against viral replication in DC. We found no quantitative, phenotypic or functional impairment of mDC or pDC in chronic hepatitis B, whether studied ex vivo or after in vitro maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tavakoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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102
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Correale J, Farez M. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis: the effect of bacterial infection. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:177-89. [PMID: 17936916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) generated in vitro from bacteria-infected MS patients modified autoreactive T cells activation patterns. T cell clones (TCCs) stimulated with MDDCs from infected MS patients responded with maximal proliferation, inducing IL-12, IL-17 and IFN-gamma secretion, at concentrations significantly lower than after incubation with MDDCs isolated from uninfected individuals and bacterial meningitis (BM) patients. Moreover, infected MDDCs promoted TCCs survival, and secreted more IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23. Finally, MDDCs from infected MS subjects showed higher expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), as well as of HLA-DR, CD1a, CD80, CD86, CD273, CD40, CD83 and CCR7 when compared to MDDCs from uninfected MS individuals, and BM patients. Thus, activation of the innate immune system by microbial products in MS patients affects the generation MDDCs and their ability to modify autoreactive T cell activation patterns, which may be linked to MS relapse induction during bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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103
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Numerical and functional defects of blood dendritic cells in early- and late-stage breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:1251-9. [PMID: 17923873 PMCID: PMC2360464 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of antitumour immunity depends on the nature of dendritic cell (DC)-tumour interactions. These have been studied mostly by using in vitro-derived DC which may not reflect the natural biology of DC in vivo. In breast cancer, only one report has compared blood DC at different stages and no longitudinal evaluation has been performed. Here we conducted three cross-sectional and one one-year longitudinal assessments of blood DC in patients with early (stage I/II, n=137) and advanced (stage IV, n=36) disease compared to healthy controls (n=66). Patients with advanced disease exhibit markedly reduced blood DC counts at diagnosis. Patients with early disease show minimally reduced counts at diagnosis but a prolonged period (1 year) of marked DC suppression after tumour resection. While differing in frequency, DC from both patients with early and advanced disease exhibit reduced expression of CD86 and HLA-DR and decreased immunostimulatory capacities. Finally, by comparing a range of clinically available maturation stimuli, we demonstrate that conditioning with soluble CD40L induces the highest level of maturation and improved T-cell priming. We conclude that although circulating DC are compromised by loco-regional and systemic breast cancer, they respond vigorously to ex vivo conditioning, thus enhancing their immunostimulatory capacity and potential for immunotherapy.
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104
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Tuyaerts S, Aerts JL, Corthals J, Neyns B, Heirman C, Breckpot K, Thielemans K, Bonehill A. Current approaches in dendritic cell generation and future implications for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1513-37. [PMID: 17503040 PMCID: PMC11030932 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of tumor-associated antigens, which are either selectively or preferentially expressed by tumors, together with an improved insight in dendritic cell biology illustrating their key function in the immune system, have provided a rationale to initiate dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy trials. Nevertheless, dendritic cell vaccination is in an early stage, as methods for preparing tumor antigen presenting dendritic cells and improving their immunostimulatory function are continuously being optimized. In addition, recent improvements in immunomonitoring have emphasized the need for careful design of this part of the trials. Still, valuable proofs-of-principle have been obtained, which favor the use of dendritic cells in subsequent, more standardized clinical trials. Here, we review the recent developments in clinical DC generation, antigen loading methods and immunomonitoring approaches for DC-based trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tuyaerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri L. Aerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Corthals
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, University Hospital Brussels, Free University Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlo Heirman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aude Bonehill
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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105
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Chen L, Zhang W, Yue H, Han Q, Chen B, Shi M, Li J, Li B, You S, Shi Y, Zhao RC. Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Differentiation of Dendritic Cells from CD34+Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:719-31. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Sino-American Collaborative Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, and Tissue Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sino-American Collaborative Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, and Tissue Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Han Yue
- Sino-American Collaborative Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, and Tissue Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Qin Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Mingxia Shi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Binzong Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Shengguo You
- Sino-American Collaborative Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, and Tissue Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
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106
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Abstract
Induction of different types of adaptive immune responses depending on the nature of antigens and the environmental context is crucial to cope with a variety of pathogens and concurrently to avoid pathological reaction to self antigens. Recent studies have been elucidating that the diversity of immune responses is critically controlled by dendritic cells (DCs). Two DC subsets have been identified in humans: myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. The DC subsets induce different types of adaptive immune responses depending on environmental factors. Interleukin (IL)-12 from myeloid DCs is a dominant factor for the induction of a Th1 response, whereas OX40 ligand on myeloid DCs is important for the induction of a Th2 response. Furthermore, inducible costimulator (ICOS) ligand on plasmacytoid DCs is critical for the induction of IL-10-producing regulatory T cells. Elucidating cellular and molecular mechanisms by which functions of the two DC subsets are modulated will lead to understanding the pathogenesis of various immune-related diseases and to developing novel immunological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Kadowaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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107
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Ciccocioppo R, Ricci G, Rovati B, Pesce I, Mazzocchi S, Piancatelli D, Cagnoni A, Millimaggi D, Danova M, Corazza GR. Reduced number and function of peripheral dendritic cells in coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:487-96. [PMID: 17581262 PMCID: PMC2219321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in shaping the immune response in both physiological and pathological conditions. In peripheral blood at least two subsets, the myeloid and plasmacytoid, have been described as having different T stimulatory functions and a variable degree of maturation. Certainly, antigen presentation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease and circulating immune cells are thought to reflect the state of immune response within the gut. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the quantitative and phenotypical modifications of peripheral blood DC, together with their functional properties, in this pathological condition. Blood samples from 11 untreated patients before and after a course of gluten-free diet, 27 treated patients and 14 controls underwent flow-cytometric analysis, while immunomagnetically sorted DC from the CD patients and eight human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/8(+) bone marrow donors were used to evaluate maturation status through the CD83 expression, cytokine profile for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-alpha by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and functional properties by mixed leucocyte reaction before and after pulsing with digested gliadin. We found that in both untreated and treated patients, a significant reduction of the entire DC population, mainly the plasmacytoid subset, in comparison to healthy controls was observed. In active disease, an impaired allogenic lymphocyte reaction and a significant reduction of IFN-alpha production, paralleled by the presence of a more immature status, were also demonstrated. All the latter modifications have been reverted by pulsing DC with digested gliadin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ciccocioppo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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108
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Lim WH, Kireta S, Russ GR, Coates PT. Uremia impairs blood dendritic cell function in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007; 71:1122-31. [PMID: 17377508 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Patients on hemodialysis have a general immunodeficiency involving both innate and adaptive responses. As the mechanisms contributing to this defect are uncertain, we sought to study the effects of uremia on circulating dendritic cells (DC) in hemodialysis patients. Immunomagnetic beads were used to isolate myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs from healthy donors. Immune-related functions were determined in these cells cultured in either a complete media containing ABO-compatible serum or media containing sera from uremic patients. The myeloid cells were analyzed for costimulatory molecule expression and allo-stimulatory capability following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The production of interferon-alpha following herpes-simplex virus stimulation by the plasmacytoid cells was also measured. Myeloid DCs incubated with uremic sera demonstrated impaired maturation and decreased allo-stimulatory capacity. Similarly, herpes virus-stimulated plasmacytoid DCs incubated with uremic sera produced significantly less interferon-alpha compared with cells incubated in the complete media. Both small and large molecule uremic toxins inhibited DC functions in vitro. Use of more efficient dialysis to improve small molecule clearance reversed the inhibition of uremic sera on myeloid but not plasmacytoid DC function. We have shown that the immunodeficiency of hemodialysis patients is due to dialyzable uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Lim
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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109
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Gillet-Hladky S, de Carvalho CM, Bernaud J, Bendahou C, Bloy C, Rigal D. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin inhibits monocyte-derived dendritic cells maturation in vitro and polarizes monocyte-derived dendritic cells towards tolerogenic dendritic cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Transplantation 2006; 82:965-74. [PMID: 17038913 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000235549.47976.d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) is a polyclonal mixture of immunoglobulin (Ig) G. It is used to prevent graft rejection and also graft versus host disease after transplantation. Its effect on lymphocyte function has been widely studied. Dendritic cells are central actors of the immune system. As antigen presenting cells, they are able to initiate, stimulate, and modulate immune responses. METHODS In this study, we investigated rATG effects on in vitro differentiation and maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). RESULTS rATG inhibited maturation of immature Mo-DCs and allowed the generation of dendritic cells expressing ILT-3, CD123, CCR6 but not CCR7 and producing Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA as well as interferon-alpha. CONCLUSION rATG polarizes in vitro Mo-DCs towards tolerogenic dendritic cells.
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110
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Kaneko T, Okiji T, Zhao L, Esgeurra R, Suda H. Heterogeneity of dendritic cells in rat apical periodontitis. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 331:617-23. [PMID: 17043791 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are important for the induction of T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity by acting as antigen-presenting cells. We have previously reported that dendritic cells are prevalent in the chronic non-expanding phase of rat apical periodontitis. To characterize these cells further, immunoelectron microscopy with three dendritic cell markers (CD11c, OX6, OX62) was conducted for samples from rat models of apical periodontitis. Dendritic cells were divided into two types (type I or type II). Most of the type I dendritic cells expressed CD11c, showed an irregular large profile, had typical cytoplasmic processes, and were recognized as the major dendritic cell population. Most of the type II dendritic cells expressed OX62, showed oval small profiles with a few thin short processes, and were sometimes observed infiltrating from blood vessels. Cell-to-cell contacts between type I dendritic cells and lymphocytes were the most frequently observed associations. These results suggest that dendritic cells are composed of heterogeneous populations that exhibit different phenotypes, morphologies, and maturation/differentiation/activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoatsu Kaneko
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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111
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Bellone G, Carbone A, Smirne C, Scirelli T, Buffolino A, Novarino A, Stacchini A, Bertetto O, Palestro G, Sorio C, Scarpa A, Emanuelli G, Rodeck U. Cooperative induction of a tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotype by cytokines secreted by pancreatic carcinoma cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3448-60. [PMID: 16920987 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ag presentation by dendritic cells (DC) is essential to effective antitumor T cell responses in cancer patients. Depending on their origin, maturation state, and the ambient cytokine milieu, DC can differentiate into distinct subpopulations, which preferentially either induce Th1 cell activation (CD11c+,CD123- myeloid DC (MDC)) or immunosuppressive T cell development (CD11c-,CD123+ plasmacytoid DC (PDC)). The present study was undertaken to characterize the effects of pancreatic carcinoma cell-derived cytokines on immature monocyte-derived DC (iMo-DC) in vitro and in vivo. Medium conditioned by human pancreatic carcinoma cells inhibited iMo-DC proliferation, expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD40) and of HLA-DR, and functional activity as assessed by MLR and IL-12p70 production. iMo-DC generated from pancreatic carcinoma patients in advanced stages of the disease similarly showed decreased levels of HLA-DR expression and reduced ability to stimulate MLR in response to CD40L and IFN-gamma. Moreover, in tumor-patient peripheral blood, the ratio of MDC to PDC cells was lower than in healthy controls due to reduced numbers of MDC CD11c+ cells. Importantly, rather than a single cytokine, a combination of tumor-derived cytokines was responsible for these effects; these were primarily TGF-beta, IL-10, and IL-6, but not vascular endothelial growth factor. In summary, we have identified an array of pancreatic carcinoma-derived cytokines that cooperatively affect iMo-DC activation in a manner consistent with ineffective antitumor immune responses.
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112
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Lim WH, Kireta S, Russ GR, Coates PTH. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and delay EBV-related mortality in humanized NOD-SCID mice. Blood 2006; 109:1043-50. [PMID: 17018863 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-12-024802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), which is a leading cause of cancer death in recipients of transplants. We investigated the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) in the development of EBV infection and the onset of lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) in humanized NOD-SCID mice and studied the effect of EBV on PDC function. NOD-SCID mice reconstituted with PDC-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from EBV IgG+ human donors had significantly enhanced mortality from disseminated EBV infection (median survival, 43 days) compared to PBMC-only mice (median survival, 72 days; log-rank P<.05). Mice reconstituted with PDC-enriched PBMCs challenged with EBV exhibited delayed mortality from EBV-LPD (median survival, 80 days) compared to PBMC-only mice challenged with EBV (median survival, 50 days; log-rank P<.05). EBV-stimulated pDCs produced interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) and promoted the activation of natural killer cells and IFN-gamma-producing CD3+T cells. PDC activation of CD3+T cells in response to EBV stimulation was dependent on cell-to-cell contact, in part mediated by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) signaling that was inhibited by chloroquine and TLR-9 inhibitory CpG. Thus, PDCs play an important role in anti-EBV cellular immune responses that may be targets for manipulation in novel strategies for the treatment of PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hon Lim
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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113
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114
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Hashimoto S, Nakamura K, Oyama N, Kaneko F, Tsunemi Y, Saeki H, Tamaki K. Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC)/CCL22 produced by monocyte derived dendritic cells reflects the disease activity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 44:93-9. [PMID: 17008059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a recurrent inflammatory skin disease characterized by high serum levels of IgE and Th2-type cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 or IL-13. Chemokines attract leukocytes in inflamed tissues. We have previously found that thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC)/CCL22 are highly secreted in the plasma levels of AD patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that are divided into two subgroups including monocyte derived DCs (MoDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to elucidate CCL17 and CCL22 production by MoDCs in AD patients, psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) patients and healthy controls (HC). METHODS MoDCs were obtained from AD patients, PsV patients or HC and were cultured. In addition, the chemokine levels were measured in the supernatants. RESULTS We found that the CCL22 levels produced by MoDCs in AD patients to be significantly higher than those of PsV patients and HC. There was a significant correlation between the CCL22 levels produced by MoDCs and the SCORAD index. No significant difference in the CCL17 levels produced by MoDCs was detected among AD patients, PsV patients or HC. Immunosuppressive drugs such as dexamethasone (Dex), tacrolimus and cyclosporine (Cys) inhibited the CCL22 production by MoDCs in the AD patients. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the CCL22 level produced by MoDCs thus reflects the disease activity of AD and it may also play an important role regarding the production of CCL22 in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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115
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Naranjo-Gómez M, Climent N, Cos J, Oliva H, Bofill M, Gatell JM, Gallart T, Pujol-Borrell R, Borràs FE. Tacrolimus treatment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibits dinucleotide (CpG-)-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion. Immunology 2006; 119:488-98. [PMID: 16930148 PMCID: PMC2265822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressive agent. Although T cells are the main targets of these pharmacological drugs, antigen presentation may also be affected. Among antigen-presenting cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are the main source of type I interferons upon microbial challenge, and are involved in several diseases and autoimmune disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether tacrolimus can modulate the function of PDCs in vitro. Maturation and function of PDCs was determined using flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cytometry bead arrays. The effect of tacrolimus on PDCs was observed mainly when the cells were pretreated with the immunosuppressive agent before activation. Upon dinucleotide-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) activation, tacrolimus pretreated PDCs showed a significant reduction in the surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules and human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) and secreted reduced levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. These results show that tacrolimus treatment of PDCs impairs CpG-induced activation, which could affect the outcome of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Naranjo-Gómez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Diagnosis, Blood and Tissue Bank (BST), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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116
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Donaghy H, Wilkinson J, Cunningham AL. HIV interactions with dendritic cells: has our focus been too narrow? J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1001-12. [PMID: 16923917 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0306158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although few in number, dendritic cells (DCs) are heterogeneous, ubiquitous, and are crucial for protection against pathogens. In this review, the different DC subpopulations have been described and aspects of DC biology are discussed. DCs are important, not only in the pathogenesis of HIV, but also in the generation of anti-HIV immune responses. This review describes the roles that DC are thought to play in HIV pathogenesis, including uptake and transport of virus. We have also discussed the effects that the virus exerts on DCs such as infection and dysfunction. Then we proceed to focus on DC subsets in different organs and show how widespread the effects of HIV are on DC populations. It is clear that the small number of studies on tissue-derived DCs limits current research into the pathogenesis of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Donaghy
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hosptial, Darcy Rd., Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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117
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Bellik L, Gerlini G, Parenti A, Ledda F, Pimpinelli N, Neri B, Pantalone D. Role of conventional treatments on circulating and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in colorectal cancer. Clin Immunol 2006; 121:74-80. [PMID: 16914380 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of metastasis, surgery and chemotherapy on both circulating dendritic cells (DCs) and monocyte-derived-DCs (MoDCs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Metastatic or nonmetastatic CRC patients had significantly reduced DC subsets compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001). These cells were significantly higher in metastatic than in nonmetastatic patients. MoDCs were significantly lower in metastatic than healthy and nonmetastatic subjects (p < 0.001). Surgically treated patients had nearly one-half circulating DC subsets compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001) while no difference was found between unoperated and healthy subjects. MoDCs obtained from tumor-bearing were significantly higher than in operated subjects. In both cases, MoDCs were significantly lower than in healthy subjects (p < 0.001). Circulating DCs and MoDCs were significantly lower in CRC patients, with or without chemotherapy, compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001). Compared to untreated, chemotherapy-treated patients had 30% fewer DC subsets and lower MoDCs. Characterization of circulating DC subsets and MoDCs may elucidate CRC patients' immune system status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bellik
- Laboratory of Vascular Pharmacology, Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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118
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Talarn C, Urbano-Ispizua A, Martino R, Batlle M, Fernández-Avilés F, Herrera C, Pérez-Simón JA, Gaya A, Aymerich M, Pétriz J, Marín P, Sierra J, Montserrat E. G-CSF increases the number of peripheral blood dendritic cells CD16+ and modifies the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86+. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 37:873-9. [PMID: 16547488 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in initiating immune reactions after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The two main peripheral blood DC populations are myeloid (DC1) and lymphoplasmacytoid (DC2). A new subset of myeloid DC, expressing CD16, has been identified. We analyzed the number and CD86 expression of DC subsets in peripheral blood of 18 healthy donors, before and after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and in the inoculum of allogeneic peripheral blood transplants (allo-PBT; n=100) and allogeneic bone marrow transplants (allo-BMT; n=22). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration increased the median number of DC1 (P=0.0007), of DC2 (P<0.0001) and of DC CD16+ (P=0.0001). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration was also associated with a significant decrease of CD86 expression on DC1 (P=0.0003) and with a trend for an increase on DC CD16+ (P=0.07). Recipients of allo-PBT received similar quantities of DC1 and higher doses of DC2 and DC CD16+ than recipients of allo-BMT (P=0.5; P=0.0001; P<0.0001, respectively). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor modifies the number of DC in peripheral blood and the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86. This resulted in a different composition of DC2 and especially of DC CD16+ in the harvests, which might explain some of the differences observed in allogeneic reactions after allo-PBT with respect to allo-BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Talarn
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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119
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Lim WH, Russ GR, Coates PTH. Review of Epstein–Barr virus and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder post-solid organ transplantation (Review Article). Nephrology (Carlton) 2006; 11:355-66. [PMID: 16889577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) following solid organ transplantation is an important form of post-transplant malignancy. PTLD is typically associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs in the setting of profound immunosuppression resulting in a deficiency of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Predisposing factors include EBV mismatch between donor and recipient, use of immunosuppression especially T-cell depletive therapies and genetic predisposition of recipients. The standard approach has been to reduce immunosuppression but is often insufficient to induce tumour regression. Further understanding of the immunobiology of PTLD has resulted in improved monitoring techniques (including EBV viral load determined by polymerase chain reaction) and newer treatment options. Recent work has highlighted a potential role for dendritic cells in both the pathogenesis and treatment of PTLD. Current treatment modalities include adoptive immunotherapy using ex vivo generated autologous EBV-specific CTL or allogeneic CTL, cytokine therapies, antiviral agents, and more recently, rituximab and dendritic-cell based therapies. This review focuses on the developments and progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai H Lim
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Services, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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120
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Summers KL, Marleau AM, Mahon JL, McManus R, Hramiak I, Singh B. Reduced IFN-alpha secretion by blood dendritic cells in human diabetes. Clin Immunol 2006; 121:81-9. [PMID: 16859998 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of dendritic cells (DC) in human diabetes has been restricted to monocyte-derived DC in type 1 diabetes, whose physiological relevance to endogenous DC is uncertain. Here, we provide the first report characterizing the phenotype and function of endogenous DC subsets in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We show that DC subsets in each diabetic group exhibit normal properties concerning frequency and activation state, as determined using 4-color flow cytometry of whole blood cells. DC maturation is also intact as confirmed by their efficacious ability to stimulate T cell proliferation in an allogeneic MLR assay. Yet we found that DC are poor producers of IFN-alpha (P < 0.05) in human diabetes. IFN-alpha is a potent antiviral agent and therefore its reduced levels may interfere with T cell-mediated immune responses leading to increased susceptibility and persistence of infections in persons with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Summers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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121
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Maniecki MB, Møller HJ, Moestrup SK, Møller BK. CD163 positive subsets of blood dendritic cells: the scavenging macrophage receptors CD163 and CD91 are coexpressed on human dendritic cells and monocytes. Immunobiology 2006; 211:407-17. [PMID: 16920480 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CD163 and CD91 are scavenging receptors with highly increased expression during the differentiation of monocytes into the anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. In addition, CD91 is expressed in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), where the receptor is suggested to be important for internalization of CD91-targeted antigens to be presented on the dendritic cell surface for T-cell stimulation. Despite their overlap in functionality, the expression of CD91 and CD163 has never been compared and the expression of CD163 in the monocyte-dendritic cell lineage is not yet characterized. CD163 expression in dendritic cells (DCs) was investigated using multicolor flow cytometry in peripheral blood from 31 healthy donors and 15 HIV-1 patients in addition to umbilical cord blood from 5 newborn infants. Total RNA was isolated from MACS purified DCs and CD163 mRNA was determined with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The effect of glucocorticoid and phorbol ester stimulation on monocyte and dendritic cell CD163 and CD91 expression was investigated in cell culture of mononuclear cells using multicolor flow cytometry. We identified two CD163+ subsets in human blood with dendritic cell characteristics, CD163lo and CD163hi, together constituting a substantial fraction of DCs. Both subsets were characterized as [lin]- CD4+ ILT3+ HLA-DR+ CD11c+ by flow cytometry, and CD163 mRNA was readily detectable in MACS purified human DCs. CD163 on DCs was upregulated by glucocorticoid, and treatment by phorbol ester significantly decreased surface expression. Overall, the expression of CD163 on DCs was significantly increased in HIV-1 patients (19.3% [95% CI: 14.7-26.3%]) compared to healthy patients (10.5% [95% CI: 8.0-12.5]) p < 0.001. The CD163lo subset was CD16+, whereas the CD163hi subset was CD16-. Both subsets were CD91+, thereby constituting a subfraction of the recently described CD91+ CD11c+ dendritic cell subset. Coexpression of CD163 and CD91 was also demonstrated on human monocytes, which upon glucocorticoid treatment exhibited an increase in both CD163 and CD91 expression. We have now shown that CD163 and CD91 are coexpressed and coregulated on human monocytes. In addition, two subsets of CD163+ DCs constituting a fraction of the recently described CD91+ CD11c+ dendritic cell subset have been identified. The CD163 expression pattern suggests that if antigens are targeted to CD163 they may induce an immunostimulatory response like that of CD91-targeted antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Bogdan Maniecki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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122
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Navarro J, Aristimuño C, Sánchez-Ramón S, Vigil D, Martínez-Ginés ML, Fernández-Cruz E, de Andrés C. Circulating dendritic cells subsets and regulatory T-cells at multiple sclerosis relapse: differential short-term changes on corticosteroids therapy. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 176:153-61. [PMID: 16698092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids remain the treatment of choice for MS relapses. However, little is known on the effect of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) on dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T-cells (TReg). Our main goal was to quantify circulating myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs (mDCs and pDCs), and TReg at MS relapse versus healthy controls; and to analyse the short-term changes after IVMP for MS relapse. MS patients at relapse compared to controls showed higher %CD4+CD25high+ TReg (p<0.01). After 5-days of IVMP, activated T-lymphocytes (p=0.001), pDCs (p<0.0001), and CD11c+ mDCs (p<0.0001) decreased. By contrast, CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25high+ TReg further increased (p<0.0001 both). Changes on these subsets may play a relevant role in the immunosuppressive activity of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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123
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Martinez-Pomar N, Raga S, Ferrer J, Pons J, Munoz-Saa I, Julia MR, de Gracia J, Matamoros N. Elevated serum interleukin (IL)-12p40 levels in common variable immunodeficiency disease and decreased peripheral blood dendritic cells: analysis of IL-12p40 and interferon-gamma gene. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:233-8. [PMID: 16634796 PMCID: PMC1809649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency disease (CVID) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by low immunoglobulin serum levels and recurrent bacterial infections. Several studies suggest that CVID patients have a polarized immune response towards a T helper type 1 phenotype (TH1). However, the factors causing the TH1 polarization remain to be determined in this disease. In the present study, serum interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma levels and the IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma gene were studied in CVID patients. Furthermore, we evaluate dendritic cells (DCs) compartment, myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which help to differentiate naive T cells preferentially into TH1 and TH2, respectively. The serum IL-12p40 subunit levels were increased significantly in CVID patients compared to healthy controls. We examined whether these elevated serum IL-12p40 levels are associated with IFN-gamma or IL-12p40 gene polymorphisms, or with new mutations in the IL-12p40 promoter gene. In our hands, no new mutations were found and gene polymorphisms frequencies in CVID patients were similar to the control population. In conclusion, the elevated serum levels of IL-12p40 found in our CVID patients were not related to these genetic variations. The DC compartment analysis did not show an imbalance between pDCs and mDCs, but revealed the presence of low numbers and percentage of both DC populations in CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Martinez-Pomar
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitari Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Andrea Doria 55, Balearic Island 07014, Spain
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124
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Bonasio R, von Andrian UH. Generation, migration and function of circulating dendritic cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:503-11. [PMID: 16777395 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident dendritic cells (DCs) that migrate from peripheral sites to lymphoid organs are essential in the initiation of adaptive immune responses and for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and have been extensively studied. By contrast, blood-borne DCs represent a heterogeneous population, the origin, destination and function of which are still unclear. Recent studies have shown that circulating DCs capture blood-borne antigen and transport it into the extra-vascular space of lymphoid tissues for processing and presentation. Other findings suggest that a fraction of tissue-resident DCs might enter the blood after having acquired antigen in the periphery. Together, these studies imply that circulating DCs might modulate immune responses by translocating antigenic material from its point of origin to remote target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bonasio
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Inc., and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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125
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Killian MS, Fujimura SH, Hecht FM, Levy JA. Similar changes in plasmacytoid dendritic cell and CD4 T-cell counts during primary HIV-1 infection and treatment. AIDS 2006; 20:1247-52. [PMID: 16816552 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000232231.34253.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reduced dendritic cell (DC) frequencies and functions in individuals with longstanding HIV-1 infection are predictive of opportunistic infections and AIDS. To investigate possible early alterations in DC levels after HIV infection, we prospectively examined plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) and myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) frequencies and plasma IFN-alpha levels in patients undergoing primary HIV-1 infection (PHI). METHODS Peripheral blood DC frequencies and absolute counts were determined by flow cytometry. Plasma IFN-alpha levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In comparison to uninfected subjects, pDC, but not mDC, levels were reduced (P < 0.001) in subjects with PHI, especially in those with high viral loads or low CD4 T-cell counts. During 24-48 weeks of observation, untreated subjects experienced slight declines in pDC and CD4 T-cell levels. In contrast, subjects initiating early antiretroviral therapy (ART) exhibited increases (P < 0.001) in pDC and CD4 T-cell counts. No effect of treatment on mDC counts was observed. Circulating plasma IFN-alpha was undetectable by ELISA regardless of the duration of HIV-1 infection. CONCLUSION PHI is characterized by a reduction in pDC and CD4 T-cell counts that correlates with the magnitude of virus replication and is not evidenced by the mDC count or plasma IFN-alpha level. Early ART appears to have similar restorative effects on pDC and CD4 T-cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Killian
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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126
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Pietrzak A, Jastrzębska I, Krasowska D, Chodorowska G, Tabarkiewicz J, Tomasiewicz K, Urban J, Chojnacka J, Piskorz J, Roliński J. Serum pancreatic lipase [EC 3.1.1.3] activity, serum lipid profile and peripheral blood dendritic cell populations in normolipidemic males with psoriasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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127
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Tsoumakidou M, Tzanakis N, Papadaki HA, Koutala H, Siafakas NM. Isolation of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells from human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84:267-73. [PMID: 16509829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2006.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) dendritic cells (DC) have been hampered by the scarcity of DC and the lack of DC-specific surface markers. Four surface Ag have been recently described as specific markers for distinct subsets of DC and have been used for the isolation and characterization of fresh noncultured DC from lung resection specimens: BDCA-1 (CD1c) and BDCA-3 for myeloid DC type 1 and type 2, respectively, and BDCA-2 and BDCA-4 for plasmacytoid DC. The aim of this study was to develop a new method for the isolation of BALF DC, using immunomagnetic separation of BDCA+ cells. Mononuclear cells were obtained from BALF after Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation. Monocytes, T cells and B cells were magnetically labelled and depleted. The unlabelled cell fraction was incubated with BDCA-1, BDCA-3 and BDCA-4 beads and the total BDCA+ DC were retained. The ability of isolated DC to induce T-cell responses was evaluated by coculturing the isolated DC with immunomagnetically sorted naive T cells. The above procedure resulted in a population of viable DC that showed a strong capacity in induce T-cell responses. Functionally intact human BALF myeloid DC types 1 and 2 as well as plasmacytoid DC can be easily obtained by immunomagnetic isolation. Considering that bronchoalveolar lavage is a minimally invasive procedure, these cells are optimal candidates with which to elucidate the properties and capabilities of pulmonary DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsoumakidou
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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128
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Ormandy LA, Farber A, Cantz T, Petrykowska S, Wedemeyer H, Horning M, Lehner F, Manns MP, Korangy F, Greten TF. Direct ex vivo analysis of dendritic cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:3275-82. [PMID: 16718852 PMCID: PMC4087975 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i20.3275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 01/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the phenotype and function of dendritic cells (DC) from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in order to understand their role in this disease. METHODS Myeloid dendritic cells were enumerated in peripheral blood of HCC patients. CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR expression on naive and stimulated myeloid dendritic cells from peripheral blood were analyzed. Myeloid dendritic cells were isolated from peripheral blood and their function was tested. Phagocytosis was analyzed using FITC-dextran beads, peptide specific stimulation, the capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cells and secretion of cytokines upon poly dI:dC was tested. RESULTS Myeloid dendritic cells were reduced in patients with HCC. No differences in CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR expression were found on naive and stimulated myeloid dendritic cells from HCC patients and healthy controls. Normal phagocytosis or stimulation of peptide specific T cells was observed in contrast to an impaired allo-stimulatory capacity and a reduced IL-12 secretion. CONCLUSION Impaired IL-12 production of mDCs in patients could lead to an impaired stimulatory capacity of naive T cells suggesting that IL-12 directed therapies may enhance tumor specific immune responses in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-A Ormandy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology und Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl Neuberg Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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129
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Groot F, van Capel TMM, Kapsenberg ML, Berkhout B, de Jong EC. Opposing roles of blood myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV-1 infection of T cells: transmission facilitation versus replication inhibition. Blood 2006; 108:1957-64. [PMID: 16705088 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-010918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD11c(+) myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) and CD11c(-) CD123(+) plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) have been identified as main human DC subsets. MDCs are professional antigen-presenting cells for T cells, and include Langerhans cells, dermal DCs, and interstitial DCs. They have been associated with HIV-1 capture and sexual transmission, whereas PDCs play an important role in the innate immune responses to different types of viruses, including HIV-1. To compare the influence of MDCs and PDCs on HIV-1 infection of T cells, we isolated donor-matched MDCs and PDCs from peripheral blood, activated them by adding different maturation-inducing compounds, and cocultured them with T cells and HIV-1. We found that MDCs enhance HIV-1 infection through capture of the virus and subsequent transmission to T cells, and that differently matured MDC subsets have different HIV-1 transmission efficiencies. These differences were not due to soluble factors, viral capture differences, or the expression of integrins ICAM-1, -2, -3, or LFA-1. In contrast, regardless of their state of maturation, PDCs inhibit HIV-1 replication in T cells through the secretion of IFNalpha and an additional, unidentified small molecule. This study shows that the 2 main types of DCs have opposing roles in HIV-1 infection of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedde Groot
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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130
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López C, Comabella M, Al-zayat H, Tintoré M, Montalban X. Altered maturation of circulating dendritic cells in primary progressive MS patients. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 175:183-91. [PMID: 16698091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the phenotype and frequency of circulating myeloid dendritic cells (MDC) and plasmacytoid DC (PDC) in 86 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 33 healthy controls (HC). The MS group comprised 20 patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS), 20 patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 46 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) [23 treated with interferon-beta (IFN-beta)]. The frequency of circulating MDC and PDC, and the expression of CD83, CD123, CD80, CD86, and CD40 were analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of circulating MDC was decreased in patients with SPMS and PPMS. The expression of CD83, CD80, and CD86 was lower in PPMS patients. Treatment with IFN-beta induced the expression of CD123 in PDC and decreased the number of circulating MDC. These results suggest an impaired maturation state of DC in PPMS patients, and a beneficial effect of IFN-beta favouring the survival of PDC and promoting a Th2 environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina López
- Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, HUVH, Barcelona, Spain
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131
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Van Vré EA, Hoymans VY, Bult H, Lenjou M, Van Bockstaele DR, Vrints CJ, Bosmans JM. Decreased number of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 2006; 17:243-8. [PMID: 16728874 DOI: 10.1097/00019501-200605000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting and immune modulating cells that have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. In human blood, two distinct lineages are distinguished: plasmacytoid dendritic cells and myeloid dendritic cells. Although dendritic cells have been described in atherosclerotic plaques, no information exists concerning circulating blood dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. This study aims to evaluate the number of circulating dendritic cells in patients with coronary artery disease. The relation with the extent of coronary artery disease, the clinical syndrome and with a marker of inflammation will be documented. METHODS Patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease (n=18) and age and sex-matched controls (n=18) were included. Myeloid dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were detected with the specific blood dendritic cell antigens, blood dendritic cell antigen-1 and blood dendritic cell antigen-2, respectively. RESULTS Absolute and relative numbers of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells were significantly lower in patients with coronary artery disease (5722+/-601/ml and 0.08+/-0.01%) than in controls (12,640+/-1289/ml and 0.21+/-0.02%). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells were more decreased in patients with troponin-positive unstable coronary syndromes than in patients with low troponin values, and tended to be lower in more extensive coronary artery disease. Absolute myeloid dendritic cells numbers tended to be reduced in patients, whereas relative numbers were significantly decreased: 11,857+/-1895/ml versus 15,226+/-928/ml and 0.17+/-0.03% versus 0.26+/-0.01% in controls. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows a significant decrease of circulating blood dendritic cell antigen-2 positive plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with coronary artery disease. The decrease tended to be more pronounced in unstable coronary syndromes and extensive coronary artery disease, suggesting a possible role of dendritic cells in plaque progression and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Van Vré
- Division of Cardiology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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132
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Auffermann-Gretzinger S, Eger L, Bornhäuser M, Schäkel K, Oelschlaegel U, Schaich M, Illmer T, Thiede C, Ehninger G. Fast appearance of donor dendritic cells in human skin: dynamics of skin and blood dendritic cells after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Transplantation 2006; 81:866-73. [PMID: 16570010 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000203318.16224.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both number and origin (donor vs. host) of dendritic cells (DC) are associated with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD), relapse and graft failure after human allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (aHCT). METHODS We prospectively and simultaneously investigated skin and blood DC subtypes, their donor/recipient origin, and the correlation of DC reconstitution kinetics with treatment, clinical outcome, and incidence of aGvHD in patients undergoing aHCT. RESULTS A significant reduction of skin and a marked decrease of blood DC were observed in patients compared to healthy volunteers. A dominant donor chimerism of migratory Langerhans cells (LC) and dermal-dendritic-cells (DDC) was detected even early after transplantation, and developed independently from chemotherapy regimen, graft manipulation or time point after transplantation. Before start of the therapy patients showed significantly decreased numbers of peripheral blood CD123+ preDC2, whereas CD11c+ preDC1 numbers appeared to be diminished, but were statistically indistinguishable from controls. Host derived pB preDC were virtually absent following aHCT. After a further reduction in cell number around day 56 both preDC subtypes reconstituted and stabilized to pretransplant numbers by day 112. Occurrence of aGvHD and its treatment diminished numbers of both preDC subtypes. Furthermore conditioning therapy with Alemtuzumab apparently affected reconstitution of both preDC subsets negatively. CONCLUSION Given that induction of GvHD in humans is as host DC dependent as in mouse models, investigation of DC chimerism and number at different sites and especially in GvHD target organs might provide important insights into the pathogenesis of the main obstacle of aHCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Auffermann-Gretzinger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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133
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Bajtay Z, Csomor E, Sándor N, Erdei A. Expression and role of Fc- and complement-receptors on human dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2006; 104:46-52. [PMID: 16448704 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells, which take up pathogens/foreign structures in peripheral tissues, then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they initiate adaptive immune responses by activating naive T-cells. In the early phase of antigen uptake pattern recognition receptors (including mannose-, scavenger- and toll-like receptors) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns play an important role. Later receptors binding opsonized antigen are also involved in phagocytosis. These cell membrane molecules include various Fc-receptors, recognizing different isotypes of antibodies and various complement-receptors, such as CR3, CR4 and the C1q-binding complex of calreticulin and CD91. Here we aim to summarize how these immunecomplex binding receptors are involved in the initiation of DC maturation, and how they influence antigen presentation as well as some additional functions of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Peter s. 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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134
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Dean R, Masci P, Pohlman B, Andresen S, Serafino S, Sobecks R, Kuczkowski E, Curtis J, Maciejewski J, Rybicki L, Kalaycio M, Hsi E, Theil K, Bolwell BJ. Dendritic cells in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: graft content and post transplant recovery predict survival. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 36:1049-52. [PMID: 16247431 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Allograft dendritic cell (DC) content has been identified as a predictor of relapse and event-free survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. However, the prognostic importance of DCs has not been evaluated in the setting of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We prospectively determined pre-transplant and post transplant DC levels, including DC1 and DC2 subset levels, in 53 patients with diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (DLBC NHL) undergoing autologous HSCT. Pre-transplant DCs were measured in the collected stem cell products and were therefore indicative of cell numbers infused directly into patients; post transplant analysis of DCs was performed on the peripheral blood of patients 6 weeks after the infusion of autologous stem cells. Higher pre-transplant levels of DC1 cells and total DCs were significantly associated with improved survival. Similarly, greater post transplant levels of total DCs and both subsets were significantly associated with survival. These findings suggest a relationship between DC reconstitution and survival following autologous HSCT for DLBC NHL. Strategies to increase autograft DC content or accelerate DC recovery after autologous HSCT might improve outcomes in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dean
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Bone Morrow Trasplant Program, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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135
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Micheva I, Marinakis T, Repa C, Kouraklis-Symeonidis A, Vlacha V, Anagnostopoulos N, Zoumbos N, Symeonidis A. Dendritic cells in patients with type I Gaucher disease are decreased in number but functionally normal. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 36:298-307. [PMID: 16533613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disorder, in which undigested glucosylceramide is deposited in the cytoplasm of mature macrophages, which accumulate in the bone marrow and the reticuloendothelial system. Dendritic cells are bone marrow-derived cells, specialized for the uptake, processing, transport and presentation of antigens to T-lymphocytes. We investigated peripheral blood dendritic cell-precursors, as well as the potential of peripheral blood monocytes and bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, to differentiate into mature dendritic cells in 12 patients with type I Gaucher disease. Results of the 10 adult patients were compared with those of 10 healthy volunteers, matched for age and sex. Six patients were anemic and 9 were thrombocytopenic, but none had severe bone disease. Both myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells of patients with Gaucher disease, as well as the yield of the monocyte-derived dendritic cells, obtained after GM-CSF and IL-4 stimulation, were found significantly decreased, when compared to controls (myeloid dendritic cells: 0.19 +/- 0.07% vs. 0.34 +/- 0.10%, P = 0.009, plasmacytoid dendritic cells: 0.17 +/- 0.12% vs. 0.39 +/- 0.13%, P = 0.004, monocyte-derived dendritic cells: 4.8 +/- 3.5% vs. 8.3 +/- 3.2%, P = 0.036). However, the immunophenotypic profile of dendritic cells, estimated by CD1a, CD40, CD54, CD80, CD83 and HLA-DR expression, the endocytic and allo-stimulatory capacity of the immature, as well as of the TNF-alpha- or lipopolysaccharite-stimulated mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells, was similar to those obtained by healthy controls. In addition, bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells differentiated in the presence of GM-CSF, SCF, TNF-alpha and IL-4 into mature dendritic cells that did not differ in number, phenotype and allo-stimulatory activity from those of controls. Our findings suggest that patients with Gaucher disease exhibit mainly quantitative defects of their dendritic cells' system, demonstrated by decreased circulating dendritic cell precursors of both myeloid and plasmacytoid type. This finding may contribute to the poor immune response against infectious agents and an impaired immune surveillance, associated with an increased risk of developing a neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Micheva
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Rion, 261.10, Patras, Greece
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136
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Granelli-Piperno A, Shimeliovich I, Pack M, Trumpfheller C, Steinman RM. HIV-1 selectively infects a subset of nonmaturing BDCA1-positive dendritic cells in human blood. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:991-8. [PMID: 16393985 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The infection of cultured monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) with HIV-1 involves CD4 and CCR5 receptors, while transmission to T cells is enhanced at least in part by the lectin DC-SIGN/CD209. In the present study, we studied BDCA-1+ myeloid DCs isolated directly from human blood. These cells express CD4 and low levels of CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors, but not DC-SIGN. The myeloid DCs replicate two R5 viruses, BaL and YU2, and transfer infection to activated T cells. The virus productively infects a small fraction of the blood DCs that fail to mature in culture, as indicated by the maturation markers CD83 and DC-LAMP/CD208, and the expression of high CD86 and MHC class II, in contrast to many noninfected DCs. A greater proportion of BDCA-1+ DCs are infected when the virus is pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis envelope VSV-G (5-15%), as compared with the R5 virus (0.3-3.5%), indicating that HIV-1 coreceptors may limit the susceptibility of DCs to become infected, or the endocytic route of viral entry used by HIV/vesicular stomatitis virus enhances infectivity. When infected and noninfected cells are purified by cell sorting, the former uniformly express HIV p24 gag and are virtually inactive as stimulators of the allogeneic MLR, in contrast to potent stimulation by noninfected DCs from the same cultures. These results point to two roles for a small fraction of blood DCs in HIV-1 pathogenesis: to support productive infection and to evade the direct induction of T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Granelli-Piperno
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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137
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Reding R, Gras J, Truong DQ, Wieërs G, Latinne D. The immunological monitoring of alloreactive responses in liver transplant recipients: a review. Liver Transpl 2006; 12:373-83. [PMID: 16498661 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review the current knowledge in the field of immunological monitoring of allogenic responsiveness in clinical liver transplantation. When compared to other solid-organ transplants, liver allografts are considered as immunologically privileged, and, accordingly, constitute a favorable setting to develop experimental as well as clinical strategies for minimization of immunosuppression and even induction of operational tolerance. The validation of simple, reliable, noninvasive assays exploring antidonor alloreactivity will constitute a crucial step toward implementing such approaches in the clinic. In contrast to research in rodents claiming the development of donor-specific tolerance in case of graft survivals of over 100 days without immunosuppression, it is impractical to confirm tolerance induction in this way in humans. Promising candidate assays include the detection of post-transplant immune deviation, of circulating precursors of dendritic cells subtypes, and of regulatory T cells. A conceptual framework for the development of tolerance assays in clinical liver transplantation is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Reding
- Pediatric Liver Transplant Program, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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138
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Lim WH, Kireta S, Thomson AW, Russ GR, Coates PTH. Renal transplantation reverses functional deficiencies in circulating dendritic cell subsets in chronic renal failure patients. Transplantation 2006; 81:160-8. [PMID: 16436957 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000188620.72969.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cell (DC) subsets play critical roles in regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. These important antigen-presenting cells have not been extensively analyzed in chronic renal failure (CRF), during dialysis, or before and after renal transplantation. METHODS The incidence of circulating precursor (pre)-DC subsets relative to total peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analyzed in healthy controls, haemodialysis patients, peritoneal dialysis patients, CRF patients, and renal transplant (RT) recipients. DC subsets were identified and characterized phenotypically by multicolour flow cytometric analysis and purified by immunomagnetic bead isolation respectively. Cytokine production and circulating DC mobilizing cytokines were determined by ELISA. RESULTS The incidence of circulating prePDC was reduced in all patients, but the incidence of circulating preMDC was comparable in RT and dialysis patients compared to healthy controls. CRF patients exhibited the lowest incidence of circulating preMDC and prePDC. Immunomagnetic bead-isolated preMDC and prePDC from haemodialysis patients were functionally impaired (reduced expression of surface costimulatory molecules and interleukin-12p70 production following bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulation, and reduced interferon-alpha production following herpes simplex virus stimulation respectively, compared to healthy controls and RT recipients. Glomerular filtration rate correlated significantly with the incidence of circulating preMDC, but not prePDC. CONCLUSIONS Deficiencies in the incidence and function of precursor DC can be reversed with successful renal transplantation achieving normal renal function. However, the finding of reduced incidence of circulating prePDC in the peripheral blood in RT recipients may be of significance in the pathogenesis of infections and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai H Lim
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory and Department of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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139
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Pinzon-Charry A, Maxwell T, Prato S, Furnival C, Schmidt C, López JA. HLA-DR+ immature cells exhibit reduced antigen-presenting cell function but respond to CD40 stimulation. Neoplasia 2006; 7:1123-32. [PMID: 16354595 PMCID: PMC1501178 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have been implicated in the defective function of the immune system during cancer progression. We have demonstrated that patients with cancer have fewer myeloid (CD11c+) and plasmacytoid (CD123(hi)) DC and a concurrent accumulation of CD11c(-)CD123- immature cells expressing HLA-DR (DR(+)IC). Notably, DR(+)IC from cancer patients have a reduced capacity to stimulate allogeneic T-cells. DR(+)IC are also present in healthy donors, albeit in smaller numbers. In this study, we assessed whether DR(+)IC could have an impact on the immune response by comparing their function with DC counterparts. For this purpose, DR(+)IC and DC were purified and tested in the presentation of antigens through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II and MHC-I molecules. DR(+)IC were less efficient than DC at presenting antigens to T-cells. DR(+)IC induced a limited activation of T-cells, eliciting poor T-helper (Th) 1 and preferentially inducing Th2-biased responses. Importantly, despite DR(+)IC's poor responsiveness to inflammatory factors, in samples from healthy volunteers and breast cancer patients, CD40 ligation induced phenotypic maturation and interleukin 12 secretion, in turn generating more efficient T-cell responses. These data underscore the importance of inefficient antigen presentation as a mechanism for tumor evasion and suggest an approach to improve the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pinzon-Charry
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Tammy Maxwell
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sandro Prato
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Colin Furnival
- Wesley Medical Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4066, Australia
| | - Chris Schmidt
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - José Alejandro López
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
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140
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Pinzon-Charry A, Ho CSK, Laherty R, Maxwell T, Walker D, Gardiner RA, O'Connor L, Pyke C, Schmidt C, Furnival C, López JA. A population of HLA-DR+ immature cells accumulates in the blood dendritic cell compartment of patients with different types of cancer. Neoplasia 2006; 7:1112-22. [PMID: 16354594 PMCID: PMC1501170 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) defects are an important component of immunosuppression in cancer. Here, we assessed whether cancer could affect circulating DC populations and its correlation with tumor progression. The blood DC compartment was evaluated in 136 patients with breast cancer, prostate cancer, and malignant glioma. Phenotypic, quantitative, and functional analyses were performed at various stages of disease. Patients had significantly fewer circulating myeloid (CD11c+) and plasmacytoid (CD123+) DC, and a concurrent accumulation of CD11c(-)CD123(-) immature cells that expressed high levels of HLA-DR+ immature cells (DR(+)IC). Although DR(+)IC exhibited a limited expression of markers ascribed to mature hematopoietic lineages, expression of HLA-DR, CD40, and CD86 suggested a role as antigen-presenting cells. Nevertheless, DR(+)IC had reduced capacity to capture antigens and elicited poor proliferation and interferon-gamma secretion by T-lymphocytes. Importantly, increased numbers of DR(+)IC correlated with disease status. Patients with metastatic breast cancer showed a larger number of DR(+)IC in the circulation than patients with local/nodal disease. Similarly, in patients with fully resected glioma, the proportion of DR(+)IC in the blood increased when evaluation indicated tumor recurrence. Reduction of blood DC correlating with accumulation of a population of immature cells with poor immunologic function may be associated with increased immunodeficiency observed in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pinzon-Charry
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Christopher SK Ho
- Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Richard Laherty
- Radiation Biology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Tammy Maxwell
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - David Walker
- Department of Neurosurgery Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Robert A Gardiner
- Department of Surgery, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Linda O'Connor
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Christopher Pyke
- Department of Surgery, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Chris Schmidt
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Colin Furnival
- Wesley Medical Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4066, Australia
| | - José Alejandro López
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
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141
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Narbutt J, Lesiak A, Skibinska M, Wozniacka A, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Zalewska A, Robak T, Norval M, Smolewski P. Lack of effect of repeated suberythemal ultraviolet-B exposures on human blood dendritic subtypes. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2006; 21:249-53. [PMID: 16149937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Dendritic cells (DC) play a major role in the afferent immune response. They are found as a minor cell population in the blood as three main subtypes that can be distinguished phenotypically: plasmacytoid DC (PDC), and myeloid DC1 and 2 (MDC1 and 2). The aim of the study was to examine the effect of repeated whole-body suberythemal ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation on the percentages of DC subsets in the blood and skin, and to test for photoadaptation by the subsequent administration of a local erythemal UV dose. METHODS Thirty subjects in each group were irradiated with either 0.7 personal minimal erythema dose (MED) UVB daily for 10 days (whole body), or for the 10 days followed by a single three MED UVB exposure of a local body site, or with the single three MED UVB exposure of a local body site only. Blood was collected before and after the exposures and the percentage of DC and DC subtypes assessed by flow cytometry. Skin biopsies were collected at the same times, and the number and position of the DC subsets examined by immunofluorescent microscopy. RESULTS The whole-body repeated UVB irradiations did not result in a change in the blood DC (BDC) or the subsets percentages in the blood, except that there was a small but significant rise in the percentage of the MDC2 subset. No alteration occurred following the local erythemal UVB exposure. The total number of BDC in the skin was small, with the PDC being located mainly in the dermis and the myeloid subtypes mainly in the epidermis. No change in cutaneous numbers or distribution was revealed following the irradiation protocols. CONCLUSIONS Repeated whole-body suberythemal UVB irradiation does not cause a change in BDC or BDC subsets in the blood or skin, except for a small increase in the percentage of MDC2 in the blood. Local erythemal UVB irradiation does not alter the BDC subsets in blood or skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Narbutt
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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142
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Abstract
Recently published experimental data on the distribution of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in human and mouse corneas in comparison with in human skin/oral mucosa are reviewed. In mouse corneal epithelium, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-negative dendritic cells (DC) are present. Immature MHC class II-negative and mature MHC class II-positive DC are present in the center and periphery of the anterior corneal stroma, respectively. Monocyte (Mo)/macrophage (MPhi) lineage cells including the MPhi marker F4/80-expressing cells reside in the posterior stroma. In human cornea, MHC class II (HLA-DR)-positive immature myeloid DC (CD11cCD16, CD11cCD16, and CD11cCD1c) and Mo/MPhi lineage cells are detectable in the corneal epithelium and stroma, respectively. Distribution of Mo/MPhi lineage cells (HLA.DRCD11bCD11cCD14) is predominant in the anterior stroma of the central cornea and all layers of the peripheral cornea. Both the phenotypes and distribution pattern of these cells in human cornea are different from those of human skin and nasal mucosa. These findings suggest that BM-derived cells in normal human cornea are present in situ in preparation for foreign antigen and pathogens and have critical roles in innate and acquired immunity of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamagami
- Department of Corneal Tissue Regeneration, Tokyo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Morris ES, MacDonald KPA, Hill GR. Stem cell mobilization with G-CSF analogs: a rational approach to separate GVHD and GVL? Blood 2005; 107:3430-5. [PMID: 16380448 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) remains the "holy grail" of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and improvements are urgently needed to allow more effective therapy of malignant disease. The use of G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood as a clinical stem cell source is associated with enhanced GVL effects without amplification of significant acute GVHD. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that G-CSF modulates donor T cell function before transplantation, promoting T(H)2 differentiation and regulatory T cell function. In addition, the expansion of immature antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) favors the maintenance of this pattern of T cell differentiation after transplantation. Although these patterns of T cell differentiation attenuate acute GVHD, they do not have an impact on the cytolytic pathways of the CD8(+) T cells that are critical for effective GVL. Recently, it has been demonstrated that modification of G-CSF, either by pegylation of the native cytokine or conjugation to Flt-3L, results in the expansion and activation of donor iNKT cells, which significantly augment CD8(+) T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and GVL effects after transplantation. Given that these cytokines also enhance the expansion of regulatory T cells and APCs, they further separate GVHD and GVL, offering potential clinical advantages for the transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Morris
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
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144
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Mahnke K, Enk AH. Dendritic cells: key cells for the induction of regulatory T cells? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 293:133-50. [PMID: 15981479 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27702-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even though dendritic cells (DCs) are well known for their capacity to induce immune responses, recent results show that they are also involved in the induction of tolerance. These two contrary effects of otherwise homologous DCs on a developing immune response maybe explainedby different DC developmental stages, i.e., different subsets of DCs may exist and/or different spatial distribution of DCs in the body might influence their function. However, independently from the subtype(s), it is obvious that the ability of DCs to act in a tolerogenic fashion depends on the maturation status, since immature DCs are prone to induce regulatory T cells and hence promote tolerance, whereas mature DCs stimulate effector T cells, facilitating immunity. The means by which DCs convey tolerance are not entirely clear yet, but secretion of suppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and induction of regulatory lymphocytes are involved. In this review we focus on the interaction between DCs and T cells and highlight some mechanisms in the decision-making process of whether immunity or tolerance is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Vossstrasse 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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145
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Chitu V, Stanley ER. Colony-stimulating factor-1 in immunity and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 18:39-48. [PMID: 16337366 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1, also known as macrophage-CSF) is the primary regulator of the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of mononuclear phagocytes. Studies that involve CSF-1-deficient mice demonstrate that there is a variable requirement for CSF-1 in the development of individual mononuclear phagocyte populations. However, these cells uniformly express the CSF-1 receptor, and their morphology, phagocytosis and responsiveness to infectious and non-infectious stimuli is regulated by CSF-1. CSF-1 plays important roles in innate immunity, cancer and inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, arthritis, atherosclerosis and obesity. In several conditions, activation of macrophages involves a CSF-1 autocrine loop. In addition, secreted and cell-surface isoforms of CSF-1 can have differential effects in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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146
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Naranjo-Gómez M, Fernández MA, Bofill M, Singh R, Navarrete CV, Pujol-Borrell R, Borràs FE. Primary alloproliferative TH1 response induced by immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells in collaboration with myeloid DCs. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:2838-48. [PMID: 16302996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role played by dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the immune response to alloantigens is not well defined. In vitro experiments have extensively shown that freshly isolated myeloid (M)DCs induce a strong T lymphocyte proliferation whereas plasmacytoid (P)DCs do not, unless activated by CD40 ligation. The aim of these studies was to explore whether the interplay among PDCs, MDCs and T cells modulates alloresponse. Freshly isolated MDCs and PDCs were merged in different proportions and used as antigen presenting cells (APCs) in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). As described, isolated PDCs only induced a mild alloresponse, while MDCs were potent inducers of alloproliferation. Unexpectedly, when PDCs were merged with even low numbers of MDCs (down to 100 cells) and used as APCs, a potent Th1 cell proliferation was detected. Survival and maturation of PDCs was increased in these MLC conditions, which could partially explain the magnitude of the T-cell response. Interestingly, the proportion of IFNgamma-producing cells generated in such cultures was higher compared to MDC-stimulated cultures. These data suggest that the interaction between both DC subsets is determinant to generate a potent Th1 response, at least in an allogeneic situation, and may be relevant to the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naranjo-Gómez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Diagnosis, Blood and Tissue Bank, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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147
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Boeck S, Hamann M, Pihusch V, Heller T, Diem H, Rolf B, Pihusch R, Kolb HJ, Pihusch M. Kinetics of dendritic cell chimerism and T cell chimerism in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 37:57-64. [PMID: 16258529 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) as potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T cells as effector cells play an essential role in the pathophysiology of both graft-versus-host (GvH) and graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) reactions after transplantation. Therefore, we determined the kinetics of DC and T-cell chimerism establishment after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) in a group of 144 patients, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or magnetic cell sorting (MACS) followed by FISH or STR-PCR analysis for chimerism evaluation. In all, three cell lines investigated (CD3(+) T cells, CD11c(+) DC1 and CD123(+) DC2), we found a rapid and consistent establishment of complete donor chimerism (CDC) in over 70% of all patients during the first 6 weeks after AHCT. The rate of patients with CDC increased significantly over time within the first year after transplantation. A related donor (P=0.004) as well as an underlying lymphatic leukemia (P=0.03) were found to be significantly associated with development of MC in T cells. No significant correlation between DC or T cell chimerism and GvHD or relapse was detected. Our results thus demonstrate a fast and stable CDC in DC1, DC2 and T cells after AHCT that continuously increases over time in nearly all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boeck
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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148
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Cox K, North M, Burke M, Singhal H, Renton S, Aqel N, Islam S, Knight SC. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are the major DC subset innately producing cytokines in human lymph nodes. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:1142-52. [PMID: 16260587 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) constitute a distinct subset of DC found in human peripheral lymph nodes (LN), but little is known about their function. Cell suspensions were prepared from tumor draining LN (n=20) and control LN (n=11) of women undergoing surgical resection for primary breast cancer and elective surgery for benign conditions, respectively. Using four-color flow cytometry, human leukocyte antigen-DR+ DC subsets were identified phenotypically. The proportions and numbers of cells innately producing interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-12, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were also measured from intracellular accumulation of cytokine after blocking with monensin. All flow cytometry data were collected without compensation and were compensated off-line using the Winlist algorithm (Verity software). This package also provided the subtraction program to calculate percentage positive cells and intensity of staining. PDC (CD11c-, CD123+) expressed more cytokines than did myeloid DC (CD11c+) or CD1a+ putative "migratory" DC (P<0.001). LN PDC from patients with a good prognosis (px; n=11) demonstrated a relative increase in IL-12 and IFN-gamma expression (median IL-10:IL-12 ratio=0.78 and median IL-4:IFN-gamma ratio=0.7), and PDC from LN draining poor px cancer (n=9) showed a relative increase in IL-10 and IL-4 expression (median IL-10:IL-12 ratio=1.31 and median IL-4:IFN-gamma ratio=2.6). The difference in IL-4:IFN-gamma expression between good and poor px cancer groups was significant (P<0.05). Thus, PDC innately producing cytokines were identified in cell suspensions from human LN, and the character of PDC cytokine secretion may differ between two breast cancer prognostic groups. We speculate that a shift towards PDC IL-10 and IL-4 expression could promote tumor tolerance in LN draining poor px breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Cox
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Marks Campus, Harrow, Middlesex, United Kingdom
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149
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Cruickshank SM, English NR, Felsburg PJ, Carding SR. Characterization of colonic dendritic cells in normal and colitic mice. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6338-47. [PMID: 16419163 PMCID: PMC4320338 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i40.6338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Recent studies demonstrating the direct involvement of dendritic cells (DC) in the activation of pathogenic T cells in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease identify DC as important antigen presenting cells in the colon. However, very little is known about the properties of colonic DC.
METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and flow cytometry we have characterized and compared colonic DC in the colon of healthy animals and interleukin-2-deficient (IL2-/-) mice that develop colitis.
RESULTS: In the healthy colon, DC resided within the lamina propria and in close association with the basement membrane of colonic villi. Type 1 myeloid (CD11c+, CD11b+, B220-, CD8α-) DC made up the largest (40-45%) population and all DC expressed low levels of CD80, CD86, and CD40, and had high endocytic activity consistent with an immature phenotype. In colitic IL2-/- mice, colonic DC numbers increased four- to five-fold and were localized within the epithelial layer and within aggregates of T and B cells. They were also many more DC in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). The majority (>85%) of DC in the colon and MLN of IL2-/- mice were type 1 myeloid, and expressed high levels of MHC class II, CD80, CD86, CD40, DEC 205, and CCR5 molecules and were of low endocytic activity consistent with mature DC.
CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate striking changes in the number, distribution and phenotype of DC in the inflamed colon. Their intimate association with lymphocytes in the colon and draining lymph nodes suggest that they may contribute directly to the ongoing inflammation in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena M Cruickshank
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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150
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Chen X, Chang LJ. Mycoplasma-mediated alterations of in vitro generation and functions of human dendritic cells. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:31-46. [PMID: 15864737 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-004-8181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While tumor cell-derived factors have been demonstrated to hamper the in vitro differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) from hematopoietic stem cells, their effects on DC differentiation from CD14+ plastic-adherent monocytic precursors have been controversial. To address this issue, we examined the effects of the culture supernatants from six tumor cell lines on in vitro DC differentiation and maturation from monocytes. Two tumor cell supernatants, MDA468 and 293T, were found to be able to affect the in vitro differentiation of DCs from monocytic precursors, leading to the generation of a distinct type of DC with markedly reduced expression of DC-SIGN, downregulation of CD11c, HLA-DR and CD1a, and upregulation of CD123, HLA-ABC, CD80, CD40, CD86, CD54, CD83, CD25 and CCR7. Functionally, these DCs exhibited reduced phagocytosis and enhanced allostimulatory capacity. Further investigation demonstrated that the changes in DC phenotype and functions were due to the presence of mycoplasmas in these two cell lines; eradication of mycoplasmas completely abolished the observed effects, and importantly, pure mycoplasmas in the absence of tumor cell supernatants were able to produce the same effects. Since mycoplasmas are common contamination agents in routine tissue culture, our results caution that many reported effects of DCs in culture warrant re-evaluation. The distinct effects of mycoplasmas on DC differentiation described in this report could potentially benefit future development of DC-based vaccination and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
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