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Kurschat CE, Müller RU, Franke M, Maintz D, Schermer B, Benzing T. An approach to cystic kidney diseases: the clinician's view. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:687-99. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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102
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Alfei E, Raviglione F, Franceschetti S, D'Arrigo S, Milani D, Selicorni A, Riva D, Zuffardi O, Pantaleoni C, Binelli S. Seizures and EEG features in 74 patients with genetic-dysmorphic syndromes. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:3154-61. [PMID: 25257908 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common findings in chromosome aberrations. Types of seizures and severity may significantly vary both between different conditions and within the same aberration. Hitherto specific seizures and EEG patterns are identified for only few syndromes. We studied 74 patients with defined genetic-dysmorphic syndromes with and without epilepsy in order to assess clinical and electroencephalographic features, to compare our observation with already described electro-clinical phenotypes, and to identify putative electroencephalographic and/or seizure characteristics useful to address the diagnosis. In our population, 10 patients had chromosomal disorders, 19 microdeletion or microduplication syndromes, and 32 monogenic syndromes. In the remaining 13, syndrome diagnosis was assessed on clinical grounds. Our study confirmed the high incidence of epilepsy in genetic-dysmorphic syndromes. Moreover, febrile seizures and neonatal seizures had a higher incidence compared to general population. In addition, more than one third of epileptic patients had drug-resistant epilepsy. EEG study revealed poor background organization in 42 patients, an excess of diffuse rhythmic activities in beta, alpha or theta frequency bands in 34, and epileptiform patterns in 36. EEG was completely normal only in 20 patients. No specific electro-clinical pattern was identified, except for inv-dup15, Angelman, and Rett syndromes. Nevertheless some specific conditions are described in detail, because of notable differences from what previously reported. Regarding the diagnostic role of EEG, we found that--even without any epileptiform pattern--the generation of excessive rhythmic activities in different frequency bandwidths might support the diagnosis of a genetic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Alfei
- Developmental Neurology Division, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Milan, Italy
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103
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Papanagnu E, Klaehn LD, Bang GM, Ghadban R, Mohney BG, Brodsky MC. Congenital ocular motor apraxia with wheel-rolling ocular torsion-a neurodiagnostic phenotype of Joubert syndrome. J AAPOS 2014; 18:404-7. [PMID: 25173907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a multisystem disorder that is associated with a constellation of cyclic ocular motor disturbances. We describe 2 children with congenital ocular motor apraxia who displayed wheel-rolling torsional eye movements and tonic alternating cyclodeviations of the eyes on retinal examination as a neurodiagnostic phenotype of Joubert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papanagnu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Genie M Bang
- Department of Ophthalmology of the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rafif Ghadban
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian G Mohney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael C Brodsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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104
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Itoh M, Iwasaki Y, Ohno K, Inoue T, Hayashi M, Ito S, Matsuzaka T, Ide S, Arima M. Nationwide survey of Arima syndrome: revised diagnostic criteria from epidemiological analysis. Brain Dev 2014; 36:388-93. [PMID: 23845172 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM We have never known any epidemiological study of Arima syndrome since it was first described in 1971. To investigate the number of Arima syndrome patients and clarify the clinical differences between Arima syndrome and Joubert syndrome, we performed the first nationwide survey of Arima syndrome, and herein report its results. Furthermore, we revised the diagnostic criteria for Arima syndrome. METHODS As a primary survey, we sent out self-administered questionnaires to most of the Japanese hospitals with a pediatric clinic, and facilities for persons with severe motor and intellectual disabilities, inquiring as to the number of patients having symptoms of Arima syndrome, including severe psychomotor delay, agenesis or hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis, renal dysfunction, visual dysfunction and with or without ptosis-like appearance. Next, as the second survey, we sent out detailed clinical questionnaires to the institutes having patients with two or more typical symptoms. RESULTS The response rate of the primary survey was 72.7% of hospitals with pediatric clinic, 63.5% of national hospitals and 66.7% of municipal and private facilities. The number of patients with 5 typical symptoms was 13 and that with 2-4 symptoms was 32. The response rate of the secondary survey was 52% (23 patients). After reviewing clinical features of 23 patients, we identified 7 Arima syndrome patients and 16 Joubert syndrome patients. Progressive renal dysfunction was noticed in all Arima syndrome patients, but in 33% of those with Joubert syndrome. CONCLUSION It is sometimes difficult to distinguish Arima syndrome from Joubert syndrome. Some clinicians described a patient with Joubert syndrome and its complications of visual dysfunction and renal dysfunction, whose current diagnosis was Arima syndrome. Thus, the diagnosis of the two syndromes may be confused. Here, we revised the diagnostic criteria for Arima syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Itoh
- Consortium of Clinical and Basic Research for Arima Syndrome, Japan; Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.
| | - Yuji Iwasaki
- Consortium of Clinical and Basic Research for Arima Syndrome, Japan; Division of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Tobu Medical Center for Persons with Developmental and Multiple Disabilities, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohsaku Ohno
- Consortium of Clinical and Basic Research for Arima Syndrome, Japan; Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takehiko Inoue
- Consortium of Clinical and Basic Research for Arima Syndrome, Japan; Division of Pediatrics, The Veritas Hospital, Kawanishi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hayashi
- Consortium of Clinical and Basic Research for Arima Syndrome, Japan; Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ito
- Consortium of Clinical and Basic Research for Arima Syndrome, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Matsuzaka
- Consortium of Clinical and Basic Research for Arima Syndrome, Japan; Division of Pediatrics, Nagasaki Prefectural Rehabilitation Center for Disabled Children, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ide
- Consortium of Clinical and Basic Research for Arima Syndrome, Japan; Division of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Tobu Medical Center for Persons with Developmental and Multiple Disabilities, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Arima
- Consortium of Clinical and Basic Research for Arima Syndrome, Japan; Division of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Tobu Medical Center for Persons with Developmental and Multiple Disabilities, Tokyo, Japan
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105
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Zhang Q, Hu J, Ling K. Molecular views of Arf-like small GTPases in cilia and ciliopathies. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2316-22. [PMID: 23548655 PMCID: PMC3742637 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from most of the eukaryotic cells. Recognized as the cell's antenna, primary cilium functions as a signaling hub for many physiologically and developmentally important signaling cascades. Ciliary dysfunction causes a wide spectrum of syndromic human genetic diseases collectively termed "ciliopathies". Mounting evidences have shown that various small GTPases have been implicated in the context of cilia as well as human ciliopathies. However, how these small GTPases affect cilia formation and function remains poorly understood. Here we review and discuss the ciliary role of three Arf-like small GTPases (Arls), Arl3, Arl6, and Arl13b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- NIH Mayo Translational PKD Center
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- NIH Mayo Translational PKD Center
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106
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Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a very rare, autosomal-recessive condition. It is characterized by agenesis of cerebellar vermis, abnormal eye movements with nystagmus, episodes of hyperpnea and apnea, delayed generalized motor development, retinal coloboma and dystrophy and, sometimes, multicystic kidney disease. The importance of recognizing JS is related to the outcome and its potential complications. Prenatal diagnosis by ultarsonography and antenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also possible. We have diagnosed a case of JS in a male infant with history of delayed mental and motor milestone development, history of abnormal breathing pattern, abnormal limb movement, generalized hypotonia and abnormal head movements with nystagmus. MRI showed hypoplastic cerebellar vermis with hypoplasia of the superior cerebellar peduncle resembling the "Molar Tooth Sign" in the mid-brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nag
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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107
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Deacon BS, Lowery RS, Phillips PH, Schaefer GB. Congenital ocular motor apraxia, the NPHP1 gene, and surveillance for nephronophthisis. J AAPOS 2013; 17:332-3. [PMID: 23683649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present an 11-month-old girl with congenital ocular motor apraxia (COMA) and Joubert syndrome found to have a compound heterozygous mutation in the NPHP1 gene that is responsible for juvenile nephronophthisis type 1. The association of congenital ocular motor apraxia and juvenile nephronophthisis is reviewed. The patient does not currently manifest signs of renal failure, although her mutation indicates that she is at risk for the development of juvenile nephronophthisis type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brita S Deacon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
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108
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Identification of 99 novel mutations in a worldwide cohort of 1,056 patients with a nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy. Hum Genet 2013; 132:865-84. [PMID: 23559409 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) are autosomal-recessive cystic kidney diseases. More than 13 genes are implicated in its pathogenesis to date, accounting for only 40 % of all cases. High-throughput mutation screenings of large patient cohorts represent a powerful tool for diagnostics and identification of novel NPHP genes. We here performed a new high-throughput mutation analysis method to study 13 established NPHP genes (NPHP1-NPHP13) in a worldwide cohort of 1,056 patients diagnosed with NPHP-RC. We first applied multiplexed PCR-based amplification using Fluidigm Access-Array™ technology followed by barcoding and next-generation resequencing on an Illumina platform. As a result, we established the molecular diagnosis in 127/1,056 independent individuals (12.0 %) and identified a single heterozygous truncating mutation in an additional 31 individuals (2.9 %). Altogether, we detected 159 different mutations in 11 out of 13 different NPHP genes, 99 of which were novel. Phenotypically most remarkable were two patients with truncating mutations in INVS/NPHP2 who did not present as infants and did not exhibit extrarenal manifestations. In addition, we present the first case of Caroli disease due to mutations in WDR19/NPHP13 and the second case ever with a recessive mutation in GLIS2/NPHP7. This study represents the most comprehensive mutation analysis in NPHP-RC patients, identifying the largest number of novel mutations in a single study worldwide.
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109
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Tuz K, Hsiao YC, Juárez O, Shi B, Harmon EY, Phelps IG, Lennartz MR, Glass IA, Doherty D, Ferland RJ. The Joubert syndrome-associated missense mutation (V443D) in the Abelson-helper integration site 1 (AHI1) protein alters its localization and protein-protein interactions. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13676-94. [PMID: 23532844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.420786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Missense mutations in AHI1 result in the neurodevelopmental ciliopathy called Joubert syndrome. RESULTS Mutations in AHI1 decrease cilia formation, alter its localization and stability, and change its binding to HAP1 and NPHP1. CONCLUSION Mutations in AHI1 affect ciliogenesis, AHI1 protein localization, and AHI1-protein interactions. SIGNIFICANCE This study begins to describe how missense mutations in AHI1 can cause Joubert syndrome. Mutations in AHI1 cause Joubert syndrome (JBTS), a neurodevelopmental ciliopathy, characterized by midbrain-hindbrain malformations and motor/cognitive deficits. Here, we show that primary cilia (PC) formation is decreased in fibroblasts from individuals with JBTS and AHI1 mutations. Most missense mutations in AHI1, causing JBTS, occur in known protein domains, however, a common V443D mutation in AHI1 is found in a region with no known protein motifs. We show that cells transfected with AHI1-V443D, or a new JBTS-causing mutation, AHI1-R351L, have aberrant localization of AHI1 at the basal bodies of PC and at cell-cell junctions, likely through decreased binding of mutant AHI1 to NPHP1 (another JBTS-causing protein). The AHI1-V443D mutation causes decreased AHI1 stability because there is a 50% reduction in AHI1-V443D protein levels compared with wild type AHI1. Huntingtin-associated protein-1 (Hap1) is a regulatory protein that binds Ahi1, and Hap1 knock-out mice have been reported to have JBTS-like phenotypes, suggesting a role for Hap1 in ciliogenesis. Fibroblasts and neurons with Hap1 deficiency form PC with normal growth factor-induced ciliary signaling, indicating that the Hap1 JBTS phenotype is likely not through effects at PC. These results also suggest that the binding of Ahi1 and Hap1 may not be critical for ciliary function. However, we show that HAP1 has decreased binding to AHI1-V443D indicating that this altered binding could be responsible for the JBTS-like phenotype through an unknown pathway. Thus, these JBTS-associated missense mutations alter their subcellular distribution and protein interactions, compromising functions of AHI1 in cell polarity and cilium-mediated signaling, thereby contributing to JBTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Tuz
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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110
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Liu WL, Li F, He ZX, Jiang HY, Ai R, Huang J, Li B. A novel case of natural killer cell deficiency associated with Joubert syndrome. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:587-90. [PMID: 23509923 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.783031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare, complex autosomal recessive inherited disorder mostly characterized by partial or complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermis. There is a wide clinical and genetic heterogeneity in the syndrome. The main clinical features of JS are hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, oculomotor apraxia, breathing abnormalities and peculiar neuroimaging findings. A lot of additional features have been reported. Here, we first reported a case of the syndrome with natural killer (NK) cell deficiency. NK cell deficiency in JS might be not an incidental phenomenon. NK cell deficiency might be associated with JS when there are additional features such as recurrent infections and tumors. NK cell deficiency may be part of the clinical spectrum of JS. Reduced cellular immunity in association with NK cell deficiency may be a feature in a subset of JS patients, especially if there is a history of recurrent infections, tumors and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China.
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111
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Detailed clinical, genetic and neuroimaging characterization of OFD VI syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:301-8. [PMID: 23523602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI (OFD VI) is characterized by the association of malformations of the face, oral cavity and extremities, distinguished from the 12 other OFD syndromes by cerebellar and metacarpal abnormalities. Cerebellar malformations in OFD VI have been described as a molar tooth sign (MTS), thus, including OFD VI among the "Joubert syndrome related disorders" (JSRD). OFD VI diagnostic criteria have recently been suggested: MTS and one or more of the following: 1) tongue hamartoma(s) and/or additional frenula and/or upper lip notch; 2) mesoaxial polydactyly of hands or feet; 3) hypothalamic hamartoma. In order to further delineate this rare entity, we present the neurological and radiological data of 6 additional OFD VI patients. All patients presented oral malformations, facial dysmorphism and distal abnormalities including frequent polydactyly (66%), as well as neurological symptoms with moderate to severe mental retardation. Contrary to historically reported patients, mesoaxial polydactyly did not appear to be a predominant clinical feature in OFD VI. Sequencing analyzes of the 14 genes implicated in JSRD up to 2011 revealed only an OFD1 frameshift mutation in one female OFD VI patient, strengthening the link between these two oral-facial-digital syndromes and JSRD.
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112
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Buntenbroich S, Dullenkopf A. Total intravenous anesthesia in a patient with Joubert-Boltshauser syndrome. Paediatr Anaesth 2013; 23:204-5. [PMID: 23289777 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Buntenbroich
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine; Kantonsspital Frauenfeld; Frauenfeld; Switzerland
| | - Alexander Dullenkopf
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine; Kantonsspital Frauenfeld; Frauenfeld; Switzerland
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113
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Poretti A, Meoded A, Rossi A, Raybaud C, Huisman TAGM. Diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography in brain malformations. Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43:28-54. [PMID: 23288476 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-012-2428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced MR technique that provides qualitative and quantitative information about the micro-architecture of white matter. DTI and its post-processing tool fiber tractography (FT) have been increasingly used in the last decade to investigate the microstructural neuroarchitecture of brain malformations. This article aims to review the use of DTI and FT in the evaluation of a variety of common, well-described brain malformations, in particular by pointing out the additional information that DTI and FT renders compared with conventional MR sequences. In addition, the relevant existing literature is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poretti
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Nelson Basement, B-173, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842, USA
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114
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Akhondian J, Ashrafzadeh F, Beiraghi Toosi M, Moazen N, Mohammadpoor T, Karami R. Joubert syndrome in three children in a family: a case series. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2013; 7:39-42. [PMID: 24665289 PMCID: PMC3943079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare autosomal recessive central nervous system malformation characterized by hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, hypotonia and abnormal psychomotor development, along with altered respiratory pattern and various ophthalmologic features. Here, we describe three children with Joubert syndrome in a family that had almost similar presentations, including ataxia, developmental delay, mental retardation and ocular disorders. Prevalence of Joubert syndrome is about 1 in 100,000 live birth. It may be accompanied by other organs' disorders. The molar tooth sign is pathognomonic for joubert syndrome that is ascertained by brain MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Akhondian
- Professor of Pediatric Neurology, Ghaem Medical Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Professor of Pediatric Neurology, Ghaem Medical Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Fellow of Pediatric Neurology, Ghaem Medical Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nasrin Moazen
- Resident of Pediatrics, Ghaem Medical Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Toktam Mohammadpoor
- Student of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Karami
- Student of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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115
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Photoreceptor sensory cilia and ciliopathies: focus on CEP290, RPGR and their interacting proteins. Cilia 2012; 1:22. [PMID: 23351659 PMCID: PMC3563624 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-1-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies encompass a broad array of clinical findings associated with genetic defects in biogenesis and/or function of the primary cilium, a ubiquitous organelle involved in the transduction of diverse biological signals. Degeneration or dysfunction of retinal photoreceptors is frequently observed in diverse ciliopathies. The sensory cilium in a photoreceptor elaborates into unique outer segment discs that provide extensive surface area for maximal photon capture and efficient visual transduction. The daily renewal of approximately 10% of outer segments requires a precise control of ciliary transport. Here, we review the ciliopathies with associated retinal degeneration, describe the distinctive structure of the photoreceptor cilium, and discuss mouse models that allow investigations into molecular mechanisms of cilia biogenesis and defects. We have specifically focused on two ciliary proteins - CEP290 and RPGR - that underlie photoreceptor degeneration and syndromic ciliopathies. Mouse models of CEP290 and RPGR disease, and of their multiple interacting partners, have helped unravel new functional insights into cell type-specific phenotypic defects in distinct ciliary proteins. Elucidation of multifaceted ciliary functions and associated protein complexes will require concerted efforts to assimilate diverse datasets from in vivo and in vitro studies. We therefore discuss a possible framework for investigating genetic networks associated with photoreceptor cilia biogenesis and pathology.
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116
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Li Y, Zhang Q, Wei Q, Zhang Y, Ling K, Hu J. SUMOylation of the small GTPase ARL-13 promotes ciliary targeting of sensory receptors. J Cell Biol 2012; 199:589-98. [PMID: 23128241 PMCID: PMC3494855 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201203150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia serve as cellular antenna for various sensory signaling pathways. However, how the sensory receptors are properly targeted to the ciliary surface remains poorly understood. Here, we show that UBC-9, the sole E2 small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-conjugating enzyme, physically interacts with and SUMOylates the C terminus of small GTPase ARL-13, the worm orthologue of ARL13B that mutated in ciliopathy Joubert syndrome. Mutations that totally abolish the SUMOylation of ARL-13 do not affect its established role in ciliogenesis, but fail to regulate the proper ciliary targeting of various sensory receptors and consequently compromise the corresponding sensory functions. Conversely, constitutively SUMOylated ARL-13 fully rescues all ciliary defects of arl-13-null animals. Furthermore, SUMOylation modification of human ARL13B is required for the ciliary entry of polycystin-2, the protein mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Our data reveal a novel but conserved role for the SUMOylation modification of ciliary small GTPase ARL13B in specifically regulating the proper ciliary targeting of various sensory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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117
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İncecik F, Hergüner MÖ, Altunbaşak Ş, Gleeson JG. Joubert syndrome: report of 11 cases. Turk J Pediatr 2012; 54:605-611. [PMID: 23692786 PMCID: PMC4442635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, psychomotor delay, and variable occurrence of oculomotor apraxia and neonatal breathing abnormalities. The 11 cases were searched according to their clinic, radiologic, and mutation analysis findings, according to which they were diagnosed as JS. Physical, neurological and fundus examinations were performed in all patients. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scan, abdominal ultrasonography, and if necessary, echocardiography were performed. CC2D2A and ARL13B mutations were analyzed in our 11 JS patients. The mean age was 31.09 ± 37.49 months (range: 1 month - 10 years). Two of the cases were siblings. Nine of the cases had a history of episodic hyperpnea. The other findings were hypotonia, ataxia, psychomotor retardation, and nystagmus. In all patients, the "molar tooth sign" was observed with scanning methods. In addition, cerebellar cortical dysplasia was established in one of the cases. Macrocephaly (1 patient), multiple renal cysts (1 patient), ocular coloboma (2 patients), ptosis (1 patient), congenital heart disease (1 patient), polydactyly (2 patients), and congenital hip dislocation (2 patients) were also determined. We identified mutation (c.C4452T → p.R1518W) in CC2D2A in two patients. JS can show heterogeneity clinically, neuroradiologically and genetically. Determination of the symptoms, early diagnosis and genetic consultation are the goals for decision-making to begin treatment and rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk İncecik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.
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118
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Cheng YZ, Eley L, Hynes AM, Overman LM, Simms RJ, Barker A, Dawe HR, Lindsay S, Sayer JA. Investigating embryonic expression patterns and evolution of AHI1 and CEP290 genes, implicated in Joubert syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44975. [PMID: 23028714 PMCID: PMC3454386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome and related diseases (JSRD) are developmental cerebello-oculo-renal syndromes with phenotypes including cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal dystrophy and nephronophthisis (a cystic kidney disease). We have utilised the MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR), to perform in-situ hybridisation studies on embryonic tissues, revealing an early onset neuronal, retinal and renal expression pattern for AHI1. An almost identical pattern of expression is seen with CEP290 in human embryonic and fetal tissue. A novel finding is that both AHI1 and CEP290 demonstrate strong expression within the developing choroid plexus, a ciliated structure important for central nervous system development. To test if AHI1 and CEP290 may have co-evolved, we carried out a genomic survey of a large group of organisms across eukaryotic evolution. We found that, in animals, ahi1 and cep290 are almost always found together; however in other organisms either one may be found independent of the other. Finally, we tested in murine epithelial cells if Ahi1 was required for recruitment of Cep290 to the centrosome. We found no obvious differences in Cep290 localisation in the presence or absence of Ahi1, suggesting that, while Ahi1 and Cep290 may function together in the whole organism, they are not interdependent for localisation within a single cell. Taken together these data support a role for AHI1 and CEP290 in multiple organs throughout development and we suggest that this accounts for the wide phenotypic spectrum of AHI1 and CEP290 mutations in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhu Cheng
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ann-Marie Hynes
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne M. Overman
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roslyn J. Simms
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Barker
- Biosciences: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R. Dawe
- Biosciences: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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119
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Abstract
The ciliopathies are an apparently disparate group of human diseases that all result from defects in the formation and/or function of cilia. They include disorders such as Meckel-Grüber syndrome (MKS), Joubert syndrome (JBTS), Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and Alström syndrome (ALS). Reflecting the manifold requirements for cilia in signalling, sensation and motility, different ciliopathies exhibit common elements. The mouse has been used widely as a model organism for the study of ciliopathies. Although many mutant alleles have proved lethal, continued investigations have led to the development of better models. Here, we review current mouse models of a core set of ciliopathies, their utility and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Norris
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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Traylor RN, Dobyns WB, Rosenfeld JA, Wheeler P, Spence JE, Bandholz AM, Bawle EV, Carmany EP, Powell CM, Hudson B, Schultz RA, Shaffer LG, Ballif BC. Investigation of TBR1 Hemizygosity: Four Individuals with 2q24 Microdeletions. Mol Syndromol 2012; 3:102-112. [PMID: 23112752 DOI: 10.1159/000342008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TBR1 encodes a transcription factor with critical roles in corticogenesis, including cortical neuron migration and axon pathfinding, establishment of regional and laminar identity of cortical neurons, and control of glutamatergic neuronal cell fate. Based upon TBR1's role in cortical development, we sought to investigate TBR1 hemizygosity in individuals referred for genetic evaluation of intellectual disability and developmental delay. We describe 4 patients with microdeletions identified by molecular cytogenetic techniques, encompassing TBR1 and spanning 2q24.1q31.1, ranging in size from 2.17 to 12.34 Mb. Only the patient with the largest deletion had a possible cortical malformation. Mild ventriculomegaly is the only common brain anomaly, present in all patients; a Chiari I malformation is seen in 2 patients, and mega cisterna magna is seen in a third. Our findings are consistent with Tbr1 mouse models showing that hemizygosity of the gene requires additional genetic factors for the manifestation of severe structural brain malformations. Other syndromic features are present in these patients, including autism spectrum disorders, ocular colobomas, and craniosynostosis, features that are likely affected by the deletion of genes other than TBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Traylor
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer Inc., Spokane, Wash., USA
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121
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Karp N, Grosse-Wortmann L, Bowdin S. Severe aortic stenosis, bicuspid aortic valve and atrial septal defect in a child with Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) - a case report and review of congenital heart defects reported in the human ciliopathies. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:605-10. [PMID: 22910529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of a 2 year-old boy with Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD), severe congenital aortic stenosis, bicuspid aortic valve and an atrial septal defect. JSRD is one of a group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', whose multi-organ involvement results from primary cilia dysfunction. To date, there have been no other reported cases of aortic stenosis and bicuspid aortic valve associated with JSRD. Cardiac screening is not currently recommended in the management guidelines for individuals suspected of having JSRD. We speculate that while the presence of congenital aortic stenosis in this child could be caused by an unrelated genetic mechanism, it could also represent a phenotypic overlap with another ciliopathy, Bardet Biedl syndrome, in which aortic stenosis is more commonly reported. We also review the range of cardiac malformations reported to be present in all human diseases known to be ciliopathies, in order to assist with the investigation and management of individuals with a suspected or proven ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Karp
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
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122
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Zaki MS, Saleem SN, Dobyns WB, Barkovich AJ, Bartsch H, Dale AM, Ashtari M, Akizu N, Gleeson JG, Grijalvo-Perez AM. Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia: a novel recessive brain malformation. Brain 2012; 135:2416-27. [PMID: 22822038 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe six cases from three unrelated consanguineous Egyptian families with a novel characteristic brain malformation at the level of the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a dysplasia of the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction with a characteristic 'butterfly'-like contour of the midbrain on axial sections. Additional imaging features included variable degrees of supratentorial ventricular dilatation and hypoplasia to complete agenesis of the corpus callosum. Diffusion tensor imaging showed diffuse hypomyelination and lack of an identifiable corticospinal tract. All patients displayed severe cognitive impairment, post-natal progressive microcephaly, axial hypotonia, spastic quadriparesis and seizures. Autistic features were noted in older cases. Talipes equinovarus, non-obstructive cardiomyopathy and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous were additional findings in two families. One of the patients required shunting for hydrocephalus; however, this yielded no change in ventricular size suggestive of dysplasia rather than obstruction. We propose the term 'diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia' to characterize this autosomal recessive malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha S Zaki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt.
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123
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Czarnecki PG, Shah JV. The ciliary transition zone: from morphology and molecules to medicine. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:201-10. [PMID: 22401885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Researchers from various disciplines, including cell and developmental biology, genetics and molecular medicine, have revealed an exceptional diversity of cellular functions that are mediated by cilia-dependent mechanisms. Recent studies have directed our attention to proteins that localize to the ciliary transition zone (TZ), a small evolutionarily conserved subcompartment that is situated between the basal body (BB) and the more distal ciliary axoneme. These reports shed light on the roles of TZ proteins in ciliogenesis, ciliary protein homeostasis and specification of ciliary signaling, and pave the way for understanding their contribution to human ciliopathies. In this review, we describe the interplay of multimeric protein complexes at the TZ, integrating morphological, genetic and proteomic data towards an account of TZ function in ciliary physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Czarnecki
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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124
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Gill H, Muthusamy B, Atan D, Williams C, Ellis M. Joubert syndrome presenting with motor delay and oculomotor apraxia. Case Rep Pediatr 2012; 2011:262641. [PMID: 22606509 PMCID: PMC3350021 DOI: 10.1155/2011/262641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe two sisters who presented in early childhood with motor delay and unusual eye movements. Both demonstrated hypotonia and poor visual attention. The older girl at 14 weeks of age showed fine pendular horizontal nystagmus more pronounced on lateral gaze, but despite investigation with cranial MRI no diagnosis was reached. The birth of her younger sister four years later with a similar presentation triggered review of the sisters' visual behaviour. Each had developed an unusual but similar form of oculomotor apraxia (OMA) with head thrusts to maintain fixation rather than to change fixation. MRI of the older sibling demonstrated the characteristic "molar tooth sign" (MTS) of Joubert syndrome which was subsequently confirmed on MRI in the younger sibling. We discuss the genetically heterogeneous ciliopathies now grouped as Joubert syndrome and Related Disorders. Clinicians need to consider this group of disorders when faced with unusual eye movements in the developmentally delayed child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjinder Gill
- Community Paediatrics, The Children's Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Brinda Muthusamy
- Paediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus, The Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Denize Atan
- Academic Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Eye Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LX, UK
| | - Cathy Williams
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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125
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Lee JE, Silhavy JL, Zaki MS, Schroth J, Bielas SL, Marsh SE, Olvera J, Brancati F, Iannicelli M, Ikegami K, Schlossman AM, Merriman B, Attié-Bitach T, Logan CV, Glass IA, Cluckey A, Louie CM, Lee JH, Raynes HR, Rapin I, Castroviejo IP, Setou M, Barbot C, Boltshauser E, Nelson SF, Hildebrandt F, Johnson CA, Doherty DA, Valente EM, Gleeson JG. CEP41 is mutated in Joubert syndrome and is required for tubulin glutamylation at the cilium. Nat Genet 2012; 44:193-9. [PMID: 22246503 PMCID: PMC3267856 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin glutamylation is a post-translational modification that occurs predominantly in the ciliary axoneme and has been suggested to be important for ciliary function. However, its relationship to disorders of the primary cilium, termed ciliopathies, has not been explored. Here we mapped a new locus for Joubert syndrome (JBTS), which we have designated as JBTS15, and identified causative mutations in CEP41, which encodes a 41-kDa centrosomal protein. We show that CEP41 is localized to the basal body and primary cilia, and regulates ciliary entry of TTLL6, an evolutionarily conserved polyglutamylase enzyme. Depletion of CEP41 causes ciliopathy-related phenotypes in zebrafish and mice and results in glutamylation defects in the ciliary axoneme. Our data identify CEP41 mutations as a cause of JBTS and implicate tubulin post-translational modification in the pathogenesis of human ciliary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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126
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Poretti A, Vitiello G, Hennekam RCM, Arrigoni F, Bertini E, Borgatti R, Brancati F, D'Arrigo S, Faravelli F, Giordano L, Huisman TAGM, Iannicelli M, Kluger G, Kyllerman M, Landgren M, Lees MM, Pinelli L, Romaniello R, Scheer I, Schwarz CE, Spiegel R, Tibussek D, Valente EM, Boltshauser E. Delineation and diagnostic criteria of Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome type VI. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:4. [PMID: 22236771 PMCID: PMC3313869 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) represents a rare phenotypic subtype of Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRD). In the original report polydactyly, oral findings, intellectual disability, and absence of the cerebellar vermis at post-mortem characterized the syndrome. Subsequently, the molar tooth sign (MTS) has been found in patients with OFD VI, prompting the inclusion of OFD VI in JSRD. We studied the clinical, neurodevelopmental, neuroimaging, and genetic findings in a cohort of 16 patients with OFD VI. We derived the following inclusion criteria from the literature: 1) MTS and one oral finding and polydactyly, or 2) MTS and more than one typical oral finding. The OFD VI neuroimaging pattern was found to be more severe than in other JSRD subgroups and includes severe hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, hypoplastic and dysplastic cerebellar hemispheres, marked enlargement of the posterior fossa, increased retrocerebellar collection of cerebrospinal fluid, abnormal brainstem, and frequently supratentorial abnormalities that occasionally include characteristic hypothalamic hamartomas. Additionally, two new JSRD neuroimaging findings (ascending superior cerebellar peduncles and fused thalami) have been identified. Tongue hamartomas, additional frenula, upper lip notch, and mesoaxial polydactyly are specific findings in OFD VI, while cleft lip/palate and other types of polydactyly of hands and feet are not specific. Involvement of other organs may include ocular findings, particularly colobomas. The majority of the patients have absent motor development and profound cognitive impairment. In OFD VI, normal cognitive functions are possible, but exceptional. Sequencing of known JSRD genes in most patients failed to detect pathogenetic mutations, therefore the genetic basis of OFD VI remains unknown. Compared with other JSRD subgroups, the neurological findings and impairment of motor development and cognitive functions in OFD VI are significantly worse, suggesting a correlation with the more severe neuroimaging findings. Based on the literature and this study we suggest as diagnostic criteria for OFD VI: MTS and one or more of the following: 1) tongue hamartoma(s) and/or additional frenula and/or upper lip notch; 2) mesoaxial polydactyly of one or more hands or feet; 3) hypothalamic hamartoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poretti
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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127
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Abstract
Cilia are antenna-like organelles found on the surface of most cells. They transduce molecular signals and facilitate interactions between cells and their environment. Ciliary dysfunction has been shown to underlie a broad range of overlapping, clinically and genetically heterogeneous phenotypes, collectively termed ciliopathies. Literally, all organs can be affected. Frequent cilia-related manifestations are (poly)cystic kidney disease, retinal degeneration, situs inversus, cardiac defects, polydactyly, other skeletal abnormalities, and defects of the central and peripheral nervous system, occurring either isolated or as part of syndromes. Characterization of ciliopathies and the decisive role of primary cilia in signal transduction and cell division provides novel insights into tumorigenesis, mental retardation, and other common causes of morbidity and mortality, including diabetes mellitus and obesity. New technologies ("Next generation sequencing/NGS") have considerably improved genetic research and diagnostics by allowing simultaneous investigation of all disease genes at reduced costs and lower turn-around times. This is undoubtedly a result of the dynamic development in the field of human genetics and deserves increased attention in genetic counselling and the management of affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bergmann
- Center for Human Genetics Bioscientia, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 17, 55218 Ingelheim, Germany.
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128
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Huang L, Szymanska K, Jensen V, Janecke A, Innes A, Davis E, Frosk P, Li C, Willer J, Chodirker B, Greenberg C, McLeod D, Bernier F, Chudley A, Müller T, Shboul M, Logan C, Loucks C, Beaulieu C, Bowie R, Bell S, Adkins J, Zuniga F, Ross K, Wang J, Ban M, Becker C, Nürnberg P, Douglas S, Craft C, Akimenko MA, Hegele R, Ober C, Utermann G, Bolz H, Bulman D, Katsanis N, Blacque O, Doherty D, Parboosingh J, Leroux M, Johnson C, Boycott K. TMEM237 is mutated in individuals with a Joubert syndrome related disorder and expands the role of the TMEM family at the ciliary transition zone. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:713-30. [PMID: 22152675 PMCID: PMC3234373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome related disorders (JSRDs) have broad but variable phenotypic overlap with other ciliopathies. The molecular etiology of this overlap is unclear but probably arises from disrupting common functional module components within primary cilia. To identify additional module elements associated with JSRDs, we performed homozygosity mapping followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and uncovered mutations in TMEM237 (previously known as ALS2CR4). We show that loss of the mammalian TMEM237, which localizes to the ciliary transition zone (TZ), results in defective ciliogenesis and deregulation of Wnt signaling. Furthermore, disruption of Danio rerio (zebrafish) tmem237 expression produces gastrulation defects consistent with ciliary dysfunction, and Caenorhabditis elegans jbts-14 genetically interacts with nphp-4, encoding another TZ protein, to control basal body-TZ anchoring to the membrane and ciliogenesis. Both mammalian and C. elegans TMEM237/JBTS-14 require RPGRIP1L/MKS5 for proper TZ localization, and we demonstrate additional functional interactions between C. elegans JBTS-14 and MKS-2/TMEM216, MKSR-1/B9D1, and MKSR-2/B9D2. Collectively, our findings integrate TMEM237/JBTS-14 in a complex interaction network of TZ-associated proteins and reveal a growing contribution of a TZ functional module to the spectrum of ciliopathy phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Huang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Szymanska
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Victor L. Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - A. Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Patrick Frosk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3R 0J9, Canada
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jason R. Willer
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bernard N. Chodirker
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3R 0J9, Canada
| | - Cheryl R. Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3R 0J9, Canada
| | - D. Ross McLeod
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Francois P. Bernier
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Albert E. Chudley
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3R 0J9, Canada
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Mohammad Shboul
- Institute of Medical Biology: Human Embryology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-40 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Clare V. Logan
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Catrina M. Loucks
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Chandree L. Beaulieu
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Rachel V. Bowie
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sandra M. Bell
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jonathan Adkins
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Freddi I. Zuniga
- Mary D. Allen Laboratory in Vision Research, Doheny Eye Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell and Neurobiology, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9224, USA
| | - Kevin D. Ross
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Ban
- Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Christian Becker
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stuart Douglas
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Cheryl M. Craft
- Mary D. Allen Laboratory in Vision Research, Doheny Eye Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell and Neurobiology, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9224, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gerd Utermann
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hanno J. Bolz
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, 55218 Ingelheim, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis E. Bulman
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Oliver E. Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dan Doherty
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Michel R. Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Colin A. Johnson
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kym M. Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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129
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Jissendi-Tchofo P, Pandit F, Soto-Ares G, Vallee L. Neuropsychological evaluation and follow-up of children with cerebellar cortical dysplasia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2011; 53:1119-27. [PMID: 22077727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe neuropsychological disturbances and the developmental course associated with cerebellar cortical dysplasia (CCD). METHOD The neuroimaging findings from 10 children (five males, five females; aged 3-10 y) with CCD were reviewed and classified. These children all underwent clinical neurological examination and neuropsychological assessment (NPA) on admission, then were followed for an average of 6 years using the cognitive Wechsler Scale, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure/McCarthy Drawing subtests. RESULTS Based on magnetic resonance imaging, CCD was categorized as minor (n = 4), moderate (n = 1), and severe (n = 5). The first NPA disclosed mental retardation* in six (profound, three; moderate, one; mild, two) and normal intelligence in four (low, two; average, one; high, one), but with verbal/performance dissociation in three cases. Socio-adaptive functions were altered in all children except one. Visuospatial abilities were delayed in eight children. In the follow-up, no progression was observed in the three cases with profound mental retardation, whereas the remainder showed homogeneous or disharmonic progression, including improvement or deterioration of verbal/performance function. Cognitive impairment and evolution was not associated with the degree of cerebellar involvement. INTERPRETATION The neuropsychological profile and evolution associated with CCD do not appear to be predictable, and some features might improve over time.
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Kamdar BB, Nandkumar P, Krishnan V, Gamaldo CE, Collop NA. Self-reported sleep and breathing disturbances in Joubert syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2011; 45:395-9. [PMID: 22115003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by malformations of the cerebellar vermis, hypotonia, developmental delay, and respiratory variability. Because little is known about sleep and ventilatory dysregulation in this patient population, a questionnaire was distributed at the Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders Foundation Conference. This questionnaire addressed respiratory and sleep abnormalities, and included the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. Parents or proxies completed questionnaires for patients unable to do so themselves because of young age or neurologic problems. Twenty surveys were collected. The median age was 8.3 years, and 45% were female. Seven patients (35%) reported existing episodic tachypnea, four (20%) reported apnea, and three (15%) reported both. Snoring was reported by 10 patients (50%), of whom four snored nightly and five had coexisting daytime tachypnea. Six of 14 (43%) Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire responders had scores suggestive of sleep-related breathing disorder. These results suggest that episodic tachypnea, apnea, snoring, and Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire scores suggestive of sleep-related breathing disorder are common in Joubert syndrome. Early detection and improved understanding of sleep and breathing abnormalities may contribute to improved outcomes for patients with Joubert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biren B Kamdar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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131
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Something to Sink Your Teeth Into. Surv Ophthalmol 2011; 56:544-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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132
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Pugash D, Oh T, Godwin K, Robinson AJ, Byrne A, Van Allen MI, Osiovich H. Sonographic 'molar tooth' sign in the diagnosis of Joubert syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 38:598-602. [PMID: 21370303 DOI: 10.1002/uog.8979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic imaging finding common to Joubert syndrome and related disorders is the 'molar tooth' sign. The prenatal diagnosis of Joubert syndrome using both ultrasound and fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in families with an affected child has been reported previously. We report two cases in which the molar tooth sign was identified by sonography at 26 + 4 weeks and at 20 + 6 weeks, respectively, prior to fetal MRI or genetic testing. In both cases the finding was subsequently confirmed on fetal MRI. As definitive prenatal genetic testing may not be conclusive in Joubert syndrome, the ability to identify the molar tooth sign sonographically before 24 weeks provides a valuable adjunct to prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pugash
- Department of Radiology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, British Columbia Women's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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133
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Dafinger C, Liebau MC, Elsayed SM, Hellenbroich Y, Boltshauser E, Korenke GC, Fabretti F, Janecke AR, Ebermann I, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Zentgraf H, Koerber F, Addicks K, Elsobky E, Benzing T, Schermer B, Bolz HJ. Mutations in KIF7 link Joubert syndrome with Sonic Hedgehog signaling and microtubule dynamics. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2662-7. [PMID: 21633164 DOI: 10.1172/jci43639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is characterized by a specific brain malformation with various additional pathologies. It results from mutations in any one of at least 10 different genes, including NPHP1, which encodes nephrocystin-1. JBTS has been linked to dysfunction of primary cilia, since the gene products known to be associated with the disorder localize to this evolutionarily ancient organelle. Here we report the identification of a disease locus, JBTS12, with mutations in the KIF7 gene, an ortholog of the Drosophila kinesin Costal2, in a consanguineous JBTS family and subsequently in other JBTS patients. Interestingly, KIF7 is a known regulator of Hedgehog signaling and a putative ciliary motor protein. We found that KIF7 co-precipitated with nephrocystin-1. Further, knockdown of KIF7 expression in cell lines caused defects in cilia formation and induced abnormal centrosomal duplication and fragmentation of the Golgi network. These cellular phenotypes likely resulted from abnormal tubulin acetylation and microtubular dynamics. Thus, we suggest that modified microtubule stability and growth direction caused by loss of KIF7 function may be an underlying disease mechanism contributing to JBTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dafinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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134
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Abstract
Dysplasia of the cerebellar dentate nucleus is a state of apparent maturational arrest that involves the cerebellar dentate nucleus. Origins include Joubert syndrome, other disorders of axon guidance and dentato-olivary dysplasia. An overview is given, linking the diverse etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barth
- Emma Children's Hospital/AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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135
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Cystic diseases of the kidney: ciliary dysfunction and cystogenic mechanisms. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:1181-95. [PMID: 21113628 PMCID: PMC3640323 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ciliary dysfunction has emerged as a common factor underlying the pathogenesis of both syndromic and isolated kidney cystic disease, an observation that has contributed to the unification of human genetic disorders of the cilium, the ciliopathies. Such grouping is underscored by two major observations: the fact that genes encoding ciliary proteins can contribute causal and modifying mutations across several clinically discrete ciliopathies, and the emerging realization that an understanding of the clinical pathology of one ciliopathy can provide valuable insight into the pathomechanism of renal cyst formation elsewhere in the ciliopathy spectrum. In this review, we discuss and attempt to stratify the different lines of proposed cilia-driven mechanisms for cystogenesis, ranging from mechano- and chemo-sensation, to cell shape and polarization, to the transduction of a variety of signaling cascades. We evaluate both common trends and differences across the models and discuss how each proposed mechanism can contribute to the development of novel therapeutic paradigms.
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136
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Poretti A, Huisman TAGM, Scheer I, Boltshauser E. Joubert syndrome and related disorders: spectrum of neuroimaging findings in 75 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32:1459-63. [PMID: 21680654 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
VH and MTS are the neuroimaging hallmarks of JSRD. We aimed to look at the full spectrum of neuroimaging findings in JSRD and reviewed the MR imaging of 75 patients with JSRD, including 13 siblings and 4 patients with OFD VI. All patients had VH and enlargement of the fourth ventricle. The degree of VH and the form of the MTS were variable. In most patients, the cerebellar hemispheres were normal and the PF was enlarged. Brain stem morphology was abnormal in 30% of the patients. Supratentorial findings included hippocampal malrotation, callosal dysgenesis, migration disorders, cephaloceles, and ventriculomegaly. All patients with OFD VI had a similar pattern, including HH in 2 patients. No neuroimaging-genotype correlation could be found. The wide neuroimaging spectrum in our patients supports the heterogeneity of JSRD. Neuroimaging differences in siblings represent intrafamilial heterogeneity. Due to the absence of a correlation with genotype, neuroimaging findings are of limited value in classifying patients with JSRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poretti
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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137
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ciliopathies are genetic disorders caused by defects of primary ciliary structure and/or function and are characterized by pleiotropic clinical features. The ciliopathies include several partially overlapping syndromes such as Joubert syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Meckel-Gruber syndrome, all of which have pronounced neurodevelopmental features. Here we focus on potential roles of cilia in central nervous system function, to explore how impairments may cause brain malformation and neurodevelopmental disease. RECENT FINDINGS Cilia have long been considered as 'sensory cellular antennae', responding as chemo-sensors, mechano-sensors and thermo-sensors, although their roles in development were not well understood until recently. The surprising finding that disparate syndromes are all due to defects of the primary cilia, along with the recent advances in genetics, has helped elucidate further roles of primary cilia beyond sensory functions. Several molecules that are associated with key signaling pathways have been discovered in primary cilia. These include sonic hedgehog, wingless, planar cell polarity and fibroblast growth factor, which are essential for many cellular processes. Additionally, mutations in 'ciliome' genes have largely shown developmental defects such as abnormal body axis and brain malformation, implying disrupted cilia-related signaling pathways. Accordingly, the emerging theme is that primary cilia may play roles as modulators of signal transduction to help shape cellular responses within the environmental context during both development and homeostasis. SUMMARY The link between cilia and signal pathways has become a framework for understanding the pathogenesis of ciliopathies. Despite recent progress in ciliary biology, fundamental questions remain about how cilia regulate neuronal function in the central nervous system. Therefore, investigation of ciliary function in the nervous system may reveal cilia-modulating mechanisms in neurodevelopmental processes, as well as suggest new treatments for disease.
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138
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Sweeney WE, Avner ED. Diagnosis and management of childhood polycystic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:675-92. [PMID: 21046169 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A number of syndromic disorders have renal cysts as a component of their phenotypes. These disorders can generally be distinguished from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) by imaging studies of their characteristic, predominantly non-renal associated abnormalities. Therefore, a major distinction in the differential diagnosis of enlarge echogenic kidneys is delineating ARPKD from ADPKD. ADPKD and ARPKD can be diagnosed by imaging the kidney with ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although ultrasound is still the method of choice for diagnosis in utero and in young children due to ease of use, cost, and safety. Differences in ultrasound characteristics, the presence or absence of associated extrarenal abnormalities, and the screening of the parents >40 years of age usually allow the clinician to make an accurate diagnosis. Early diagnosis of ADPKD and ARPKD affords the opportunity for maximal anticipatory care (i.e. blood pressure control) and in the not-too-distant future, the opportunity to benefit from new therapies currently being developed. If results are equivocal, genetic testing is available for both ARPKD and ADPKD. Specialized centers are now offering preimplantation genetic diagnosis and in vitro fertilization for parents who have previously had a child with ARPKD. For ADPKD patients, a number of therapeutic interventions are currently in clinical trial and may soon be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Sweeney
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Health System of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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139
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Mockel A, Perdomo Y, Stutzmann F, Letsch J, Marion V, Dollfus H. Retinal dystrophy in Bardet-Biedl syndrome and related syndromic ciliopathies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:258-74. [PMID: 21477661 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are almost ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells where they function as sensors relaying information either from the extracellular environment or between two compartments of the same cell, such as in the photoreceptor cell. In ciliopathies, a continuously growing class of genetic disorders related to ciliary defects, the modified primary cilium of the photoreceptor, also known as the connecting cilium, is frequently defective. Ciliary dysfunction involves disturbances in the trafficking and docking of specific proteins involved in its biogenesis or maintenance. The main well-conserved ciliary process, intraflagellar transport (IFT), is a complex process carried out by multimeric ciliary particles and molecular motors of major importance in the photoreceptor cell. It is defective in a growing number of ciliopathies leading to retinal degeneration. Retinitis pigmentosa related to ciliary dysfunction can be an isolated feature or a part of a syndrome such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Research on ciliopathies and BBS has led to the discovery of several major cellular processes carried out by the primary cilium structure and has highlighted their genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mockel
- Laboratoire de physiopathologie des syndromes rares et héréditaires, Strasbourg, France
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140
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Otto EA, Ramaswami G, Janssen S, Chaki M, Allen SJ, Zhou W, Airik R, Hurd TW, Ghosh AK, Wolf MT, Hoppe B, Neuhaus TJ, Bockenhauer D, Milford DV, Soliman NA, Saunier S, Johnson CA, Hildebrandt F. Mutation analysis of 18 nephronophthisis associated ciliopathy disease genes using a DNA pooling and next generation sequencing strategy. J Med Genet 2011; 48:105-16. [PMID: 21068128 PMCID: PMC3913043 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2010.082552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephronophthisis associated ciliopathies (NPHP-AC) comprise a group of autosomal recessive cystic kidney diseases that includes nephronophthisis (NPHP), Senior-Loken syndrome (SLS), Joubert syndrome (JBTS), and Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS). To date, causative mutations in NPHP-AC have been described for 18 different genes, rendering mutation analysis tedious and expensive. To overcome the broad genetic locus heterogeneity, a strategy of DNA pooling with consecutive massively parallel resequencing (MPR) was devised. METHODS In 120 patients with severe NPHP-AC phenotypes, five pools of genomic DNA with 24 patients each were prepared which were used as templates in order to PCR amplify all 376 exons of 18 NPHP-AC genes (NPHP1, INVS, NPHP3, NPHP4, IQCB1, CEP290, GLIS2, RPGRIP1L, NEK8, TMEM67, INPP5E, TMEM216, AHI1, ARL13B, CC2D2A, TTC21B, MKS1, and XPNPEP3). PCR products were then subjected to MPR on an Illumina Genome-Analyser and mutations were subsequently assigned to their respective mutation carrier via CEL I endonuclease based heteroduplex screening and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS For proof of principle, DNA from patients with known mutations was used and detection of 22 out of 24 different alleles (92% sensitivity) was demonstrated. MPR led to the molecular diagnosis in 30/120 patients (25%) and 54 pathogenic mutations (27 novel) were identified in seven different NPHP-AC genes. Additionally, in 24 patients only single heterozygous variants of unknown significance were found. CONCLUSIONS The combined approach of DNA pooling followed by MPR strongly facilitates mutation analysis in broadly heterogeneous single gene disorders. The lack of mutations in 75% of patients in this cohort indicates further extensive heterogeneity in NPHP-AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A. Otto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sabine Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Moumita Chaki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan J. Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Weibin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rannar Airik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Toby W. Hurd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amiya K. Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthias T. Wolf
- Pediatric Nephrology, Children’s Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bernd Hoppe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Neuhaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Department of Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David V. Milford
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neveen A. Soliman
- Center of Pediatric Nephrology & Transplantation, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases (EGORD), Cairo, Egypt
| | - the GPN Study Group, Corinne Antignac
- Department of Genetics, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique–Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U-983, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Department of Genetics, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique–Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Colin A. Johnson
- Division of Molecular & Translational Medicine, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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141
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Wang A. TMEM216 joins its ciliary cousins in ciliopathies. Clin Genet 2011; 79:45-7. [PMID: 21029074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01556_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ay Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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142
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Hunkapiller J, Singla V, Seol A, Reiter JF. The ciliogenic protein Oral-Facial-Digital 1 regulates the neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:831-41. [PMID: 20873986 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral-Facial-Digital 1 (OFD1) Syndrome is an X-linked developmental disorder caused by mutations in the gene Ofd1. OFD1 syndrome involves malformation of the face, oral cavity, and digits and may be characterized by cystic kidneys and mental retardation. Deletion or missense mutations in Ofd1 also result in loss of primary cilia, a microtubule-based cellular projection that mediates multiple signaling pathways. Ofd1 mutant mice display pleiotropic developmental phenotypes, including neural, skeletal, and cardiac defects. To address how loss of Ofd1 and loss of primary cilia affect early differentiation decisions, we analyzed embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from Ofd1 mutant embryonic stem (ES) cells. Ofd1 mutant EBs do not form primary cilia and display defects in Hedgehog and Wnt signaling. Additionally, we show that ES cells lacking Ofd1 display an increased capacity to differentiate into neurons. Nevertheless, neurons derived from Ofd1 mutant ES cells fail to differentiate into V3 interneurons, a cell type dependent on ciliary function and Hedgehog signaling. Thus, loss of Ofd1 affects ES cell interpretation of developmental cues and reveals that EBs model some aspects of ciliopathies, providing insights into the developmental origins of OFD1 syndrome and functions of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hunkapiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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143
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Sartori S, Ludwig K, Fortuna M, Marzocchi C, Calderone M, Toldo I, Salviati L, Laverda AM, Tenconi R. Dandy-Walker malformation masking the molar tooth sign: an illustrative case with magnetic resonance imaging follow-up. J Child Neurol 2010; 25:1419-22. [PMID: 20823032 DOI: 10.1177/0883073810370477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a disorder characterized by ataxia, developmental delay, oculomotor anomalies, and breathing irregularities, with cerebellar vermian and midbrain dysgenesis. The molar tooth sign, reflecting the midbrain dysgenesis of Joubert syndrome, is the neuroradiological hallmark and is an essential sign in the identification of this condition. Variable vermian agenesis, an expanded fourth ventricle, and a large posterior cranial fossa with a normal brainstem are typical of Dandy-Walker malformation. The authors report a case in which a Dandy-Walker malformation coexisted with Joubert syndrome, but initially prevented the ''molar tooth sign'' from being recognized because of an important cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle. In this article, they discuss the importance of the re-examination of brain magnetic resonance features after decompression of the posterior cranial fossa in a patient with Dandy-Walker malformation and additional clinical neurological or systemic abnormalities typical of Joubert syndrome, to not miss the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sartori
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Paediatrics Salus Pueri, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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144
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Klinik und Genetik des Joubert-Syndroms. MED GENET-BERLIN 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-010-0233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Das Joubert-Syndrom ist ein überwiegend autosomal-rezessiv und sehr selten X-chromosomal erbliches Krankheitsbild, das durch eine muskuläre Hypotonie, ein irreguläres Atmungsmuster, Augenbewegungsstörungen, eine Ataxie, eine Entwicklungsverzögerung und ein „molar tooth sign“ in der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) als Ausdruck einer komplexen Klein- und Mittelhirnfehlbildung charakterisiert ist. Zahlreiche weitere klinische Auffälligkeiten können vorliegen, die häufigsten sind eine Nephronophthise, eine Retinopathie, Kolobome und eine Leberfibrose. Aufgrund der klinischen Variabilität und der Überlappung mit anderen Syndromen wurde der Begriff „Joubert syndrome and related disorders“ (JSRD) eingeführt. Bislang sind 10 Gene bekannt, deren Mutationen zu einem Joubert-Syndrom führen können. Die kodierten Proteine spielen alle eine funktionelle Rolle in Zilien.
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145
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Li Y, Wei Q, Zhang Y, Ling K, Hu J. The small GTPases ARL-13 and ARL-3 coordinate intraflagellar transport and ciliogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 189:1039-51. [PMID: 20530210 PMCID: PMC2886347 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery mediates the bidirectional movement of cargos that are required for the assembly and maintenance of cilia. However, little is known about how IFT is regulated in vivo. In this study, we show that the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor-like protein 13 (ARL-13) encoded by the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of the human Joubert syndrome causal gene ARL13B, localizes exclusively to the doublet segment of the cilium. arl-13 mutants have shortened cilia with various ultrastructural deformities and a disrupted association between IFT subcomplexes A and B. Intriguingly, depletion of ARL-3, another ciliary small GTPase, partially suppresses ciliogenesis defects in arl-13 mutants by indirectly restoring binding between IFT subcomplexes A and B. Rescue of arl-13 mutants by ARL-3 depletion is mediated by an HDAC6 deacetylase-dependent pathway. Thus, we propose that two conserved small GTPases, ARL-13 and ARL-3, coordinate to regulate IFT and that perturbing this balance results in cilia deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, and 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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146
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Chen CP, Su YN, Huang JK, Liu YP, Tsai FJ, Yang CK, Huang JP, Chen CY, Wu PC, Wang W. Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Demonstration Of Central Nervous System Abnormalities and Polydactyly Associated With Joubert Syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 49:243-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1028-4559(10)60055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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