101
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Schmohl L, Schwarzer D. Chemo-enzymatic three-fragment assembly of semisynthetic proteins. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:145-51. [PMID: 24402733 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the development of a method for three-fragment assemblies of semisynthetic proteins by combining sortase-mediated ligation with site-specific bioconjugation catalyzed by the 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase Sfp. This method enables the introduction of synthetic peptides into central regions of proteins without the need to purify intermediates. The assembled proteins are linked at the N-terminal junction with a 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety and with a peptide bond at the C-terminal ligation site. We have demonstrated the applicability of this method by assembling a semisynthetic model protein derived from fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based reporters from three fragments in a one-pot reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schmohl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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102
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Liu F, Mayer JP. Protein Chemical Synthesis in Drug Discovery. PROTEIN LIGATION AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS I 2014; 362:183-228. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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103
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Li J, Li Y, He Q, Li Y, Li H, Liu L. One-pot native chemical ligation of peptide hydrazides enables total synthesis of modified histones. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:5435-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00715h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the rising demands in the field of protein chemical synthesis is the development of facile strategies that yield the protein in workable quantities and homogeneity, with fewer handling steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences
- Center for Structural Biology
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences
- Center for Structural Biology
| | - Qiaoqiao He
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences
- Center for Structural Biology
| | - Yiming Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences
- Center for Structural Biology
| | - Haitao Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences
- Center for Structural Biology
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences
- Center for Structural Biology
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104
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Chemical synthesis of proteins using N-sulfanylethylanilide peptides, based on N-S acyl transfer chemistry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 363:33-56. [PMID: 25467538 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Native chemical ligation (NCL), which features the use of peptide thioesters, is among the most reliable ligation protocols in chemical protein synthesis. Thioesters have conventionally been synthesized using tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS); however, the increasing use of 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) SPPS requires an efficient preparative protocol for thioesters which is fully compatible with Fmoc chemistry. We have addressed this issue by mimicking the naturally occurring thioester-forming step seen in intein-mediated protein splicing of the intein-extein system, using an appropriate chemical device to induce N-S acyl transfer reaction, avoiding the problems associated with Fmoc strategies. We have developed N-sulfanylethylanilide (SEAlide) peptides, which can be synthesized by standard Fmoc SPPS and converted to the corresponding thioesters through treatment under acidic conditions. Extensive examination of SEAlide peptides showed that the amide-type SEAlide peptides can be directly and efficiently involved in NCL via thioester species in the presence of phosphate salts, even under neutral conditions. The presence or absence of phosphate salts provided kinetically controllable chemoselectivity in NCL for SEAlide peptides. This allowed SEAlide peptides to be used in both one-pot/N-to-C-directed sequential NCL under kinetically controlled conditions, and the convergent coupling of large peptide fragments, which facilitated the chemical synthesis of proteins over about 100 residues. The use of SEAlide peptides, enabling sequential NCL operated under kinetically controlled conditions, and the convergent coupling, were used for the total chemical synthesis of a 162-residue monoglycosylated GM2-activator protein (GM2AP) analog.
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105
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Abstract
The chemical synthesis of peptides or small proteins is often an important step in many research projects and has stimulated the development of numerous chemical methodologies. The aim of this review is to give a substantial overview of the solid phase methods developed for the production or purification of polypeptides. The solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) technique has facilitated considerably the access to short peptides (<50 amino acids). However, its limitations for producing large homogeneous peptides have stimulated the development of solid phase covalent or non-covalent capture purification methods. The power of the native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction for protein synthesis in aqueous solution has also been adapted to the solid phase by the combination of novel linker technologies, cysteine protection strategies and thioester or N,S-acyl shift thioester surrogate chemistries. This review details pioneering studies and the most recent publications related to the solid phase chemical synthesis of large peptides and proteins.
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106
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Nakamura T, Shigenaga A, Sato K, Tsuda Y, Sakamoto K, Otaka A. Examination of native chemical ligation using peptidyl prolyl thioesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:58-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47228k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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107
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Malins LR, Cergol KM, Payne RJ. Chemoselective sulfenylation and peptide ligation at tryptophan. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51497h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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108
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Guan X, Chaffey PK, Zeng C, Tan Z. New Methods for Chemical Protein Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 363:155-92. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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109
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Modern Extensions of Native Chemical Ligation for Chemical Protein Synthesis. PROTEIN LIGATION AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS I 2014; 362:27-87. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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110
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Takenouchi T, Katayama H, Nakahara Y, Nakahara Y, Hojo H. A novel post-ligation thioesterification device enables peptide ligation in the N to C direction: synthetic study of human glycodelin. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:55-61. [PMID: 24357164 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human glycodelin consists of 162 amino acid residues and two N-linked glycans at Asn(28) and Asn(63) . In this study, we synthesized it by a fully convergent strategy using native chemical ligation (NCL) in N to C direction. The four peptide segments corresponding to 1-31, 32-65, 66-105 and 106-162 sequences were synthesized by 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl based solid-phase peptide synthesis. At the C-terminus of the second segment, N-ethyl-S-acetamidomethyl-cysteine was attached as a post-ligation thioesterification device. The N-terminal two segments were condensed by the homocysteine-mediated NCL at Leu-Met site, and the product was methylated to convert homocysteine to methionine. After deprotection of acetamidomethyl group on the N-ethylcysteine residue, the peptide was thioesterified by N-alkylcysteine-assisted method. The product was then ligated with the C-terminal half, which was obtained by the NCL of third and fourth segments, to give the full-length glycodelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Takenouchi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
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111
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Malins LR, Mitchell NJ, Payne RJ. Peptide ligation chemistry at selenol amino acids. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:64-77. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara R. Malins
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | | | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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112
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Zheng JS, Tang S, Huang YC, Liu L. Development of new thioester equivalents for protein chemical synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2475-84. [PMID: 23701458 DOI: 10.1021/ar400012w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of proteins provides synthetic chemists with an interesting challenge and supports biological research through the generation of proteins that are not produced naturally. Although it offers advantages, studies of solid phase peptide synthesis have established limits for this technique: researchers can only prepare peptides up to 50 amino acids in length in sufficient yields and purity. Therefore, researchers have developed techniques to condense peptide segments to build longer polypeptide chains. The method of choice for chemical synthesis of these longer polypeptides is convergent condensation of unprotected protein fragments by the native chemical ligation reaction in aqueous buffer. As researchers apply this strategy to increasingly difficult protein targets, they have needed to overcome diverse problems such as the requirement for a thiol-containing amino acid residue at the ligation site, the difficulty in synthesizing thioester intermediates under mild conditions, and the challenge of condensing multiple peptide segments with higher efficiency. In this Account, we describe our research toward the development of new thioester equivalents for protein chemical synthesis. We have focused on a simple idea of finding new chemistry to selectively convert a relatively "low-energy" acyl group such as an ester or amide to a thioester under mild conditions. We have learned that this seemingly unfavorable acyl substitution process can occur by the coupling of the ester or amide with another energetically favorable reaction, such as the irreversible hydrolysis of an enamine or condensation of a hydrazide with nitrous acid. Using this strategy, we have developed several new thioester equivalents that we can use for the condensation of protein segments. These new thioester equivalents not only improve the efficiency for the preparation of the intermediates needed for protein chemical synthesis but also allow for the design of new convergent routes for the condensation of multiple protein fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Shen Zheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi-Chao Huang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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113
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Popovic S, Bieräugel H, Detz RJ, Kluwer AM, Koole JAA, Streefkerk DE, Hiemstra H, van Maarseveen JH. Epimerization-Free C-Terminal Peptide Activation. Chemistry 2013; 19:16934-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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114
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Kent SBH. Die Wissenschaft von Proteinen im Reich der organischen Chemie begründen: Totalsynthese von SEP (synthetisches Erythropoeseprotein). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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115
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Raibaut L, Seeberger P, Melnyk O. Bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amido Peptides Enable Native Chemical Ligation at Proline and Minimize Deletion Side-Product Formation. Org Lett 2013; 15:5516-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402678a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Raibaut
- UMR CNRS 8161, Pasteur Institute of Lille, 59021 Lille, France
| | | | - Oleg Melnyk
- UMR CNRS 8161, Pasteur Institute of Lille, 59021 Lille, France
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116
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Kent SBH. Bringing the science of proteins into the realm of organic chemistry: total chemical synthesis of SEP (synthetic erythropoiesis protein). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11988-96. [PMID: 24127351 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin, commonly known as EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Recombinant EPO has been described as "arguably the most successful drug spawned by the revolution in recombinant DNA technology". Recently, the EPO glycoprotein molecule has re-emerged as a major target of synthetic organic chemistry. In this article I will give an account of an important body of earlier work on the chemical synthesis of a designed EPO analogue that had full biological activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The design and synthesis of this "synthetic erythropoiesis protein" was ahead of its time, but has gained new relevance in recent months. Here I will document the story of one of the major accomplishments of synthetic chemistry in a more complete way than is possible in the primary literature, and put the work in its contemporaneous context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B H Kent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA) http://chemistry.uchicago.edu/faculty/faculty/person/member/stephen-bh-kent.html.
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117
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Wilson RM, Dong S, Wang P, Danishefsky SJ. The winding pathway to erythropoietin along the chemistry-biology frontier: a success at last. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7646-65. [PMID: 23775885 PMCID: PMC4729195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of a homogeneous erythropoietin (EPO), possessing the native amino acid sequence and chitobiose glycans at each of the three wild-type sites of N glycosylation, has been accomplished in our laboratory. We provide herein an account of our decade-long research effort en route to this formidable target compound. The optimization of the synergy of the two bedrock sciences we now call biology and chemistry was central to the success of the synthesis of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Wilson
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Suwei Dong
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
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118
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Asahina Y, Kamitori S, Takao T, Nishi N, Hojo H. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Immunoglobulin Domain of Tim-3 Carrying a Complex-Type N-Glycan by Using a One-pot Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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119
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Asahina Y, Kamitori S, Takao T, Nishi N, Hojo H. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Immunoglobulin Domain of Tim-3 Carrying a Complex-Type N-Glycan by Using a One-pot Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9733-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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120
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Siman P, Karthikeyan SV, Nikolov M, Fischle W, Brik A. Convergent Chemical Synthesis of Histone H2B Protein for the Site-Specific Ubiquitination at Lys34. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8059-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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121
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Yang SH, Wojnar JM, Harris PWR, DeVries AL, Evans CW, Brimble MA. Chemical synthesis of a masked analogue of the fish antifreeze potentiating protein (AFPP). Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4935-42. [PMID: 23788006 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recently identified Antarctic fish protein termed antifreeze potentiating protein (AFPP) is thought to act as an adjunct to the previously characterised antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), the two acting together to inhibit ice crystal growth in vivo. Elucidating the functional properties of the new AFPP requires access to large amounts of pure product, but the paucity of natural material necessitates alternative approaches. We therefore embarked on the total chemical synthesis of the AFPP, through a convergent ligation strategy. After many challenges, mostly due to the solubility issues of the peptide fragments, and several revisions of the original synthetic strategy, we have successfully synthesized a masked analogue of AFPP. The key to the successful synthesis was the use of a solubilising tag attached through a hydrolysable linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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122
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Siman P, Karthikeyan SV, Nikolov M, Fischle W, Brik A. Convergent Chemical Synthesis of Histone H2B Protein for the Site-Specific Ubiquitination at Lys34. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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123
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Wilson RM, Dong S, Wang P, Danishefsky SJ. Der gewundene Pfad zum Erythropoietin entlang der Grenze von Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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124
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Sato K, Shigenaga A, Kitakaze K, Sakamoto K, Tsuji D, Itoh K, Otaka A. Chemical Synthesis of Biologically Active Monoglycosylated GM2-Activator Protein Analogue UsingN-Sulfanylethylanilide Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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125
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Sato K, Shigenaga A, Kitakaze K, Sakamoto K, Tsuji D, Itoh K, Otaka A. Chemical synthesis of biologically active monoglycosylated GM2-activator protein analogue using N-sulfanylethylanilide peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7855-9. [PMID: 23765733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Going to SEA(lide): Total chemical synthesis of a 162-residue glycoprotein analogue of the monoglycosylated human GM2-activator protein (GM2AP) was achieved. Key steps were the use of N-sulfanylethylanilide (SEAlide) peptides in the kinetic chemical ligation synthesis of a large peptide fragment, and a convergent native chemical ligation for final fragment assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sato
- Institute of Health Bioscience and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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126
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Chemical methods for peptide and protein production. Molecules 2013; 18:4373-88. [PMID: 23584057 PMCID: PMC6270108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the invention of solid phase synthetic methods by Merrifield in 1963, the number of research groups focusing on peptide synthesis has grown exponentially. However, the original step-by-step synthesis had limitations: the purity of the final product decreased with the number of coupling steps. After the development of Boc and Fmoc protecting groups, novel amino acid protecting groups and new techniques were introduced to provide high quality and quantity peptide products. Fragment condensation was a popular method for peptide production in the 1980s, but unfortunately the rate of racemization and reaction difficulties proved less than ideal. Kent and co-workers revolutionized peptide coupling by introducing the chemoselective reaction of unprotected peptides, called native chemical ligation. Subsequently, research has focused on the development of novel ligating techniques including the famous click reaction, ligation of peptide hydrazides, and the recently reported α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine ligations with 5-oxaproline. Several companies have been formed all over the world to prepare high quality Good Manufacturing Practice peptide products on a multi-kilogram scale. This review describes the advances in peptide chemistry including the variety of synthetic peptide methods currently available and the broad application of peptides in medicinal chemistry.
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127
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Raibaut L, Vicogne J, Leclercq B, Drobecq H, Desmet R, Melnyk O. Total synthesis of biotinylated N domain of human hepatocyte growth factor. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3486-94. [PMID: 23523386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is the high affinity ligand of MET tyrosine kinase receptor. We report here the total synthesis of a biotinylated analogue of human HGF/SF N domain. Functionally, N domain is part of the HGF/SF high affinity binding site for MET and also the main HGF/SF binding site for heparin. The 97 Aa linear chain featuring a C-terminal biotin group was assembled in high yield using an N-to-C one-pot three segments assembly strategy relying on a sequential Native Chemical Ligation (NCL)/bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amido (SEA) native peptide ligation process. The folded protein displayed the native disulfide bond pattern and showed the ability to bind heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Raibaut
- UMR CNRS 8161 Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, Lille 59021, France
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128
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Malins LR, Cergol KM, Payne RJ. Peptide Ligation-Desulfurization Chemistry at Arginine. Chembiochem 2013; 14:559-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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129
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Unverzagt C, Kajihara Y. Chemical assembly of N-glycoproteins: a refined toolbox to address a ubiquitous posttranslational modification. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4408-20. [PMID: 23403448 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Incremental developments in the chemistry of peptides, proteins and carbohydrates have enabled researchers to assemble entire glycoproteins with high precision. Based on sophisticated ligation chemistries pure glycoproteins bearing a single glycosylation pattern have become available. The impact of N-glycosylation on the function of glycoproteins is generally recognized but not well understood. Based on the recent advances in the synthesis of glycoproteins by chemical methods researchers can finally start to elucidate the various roles of carbohydrates in complex biomolecules in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganische Chemie, Gebäude NWI, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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130
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Avital-Shmilovici M, Mandal K, Gates ZP, Phillips NB, Weiss MA, Kent SBH. Fully convergent chemical synthesis of ester insulin: determination of the high resolution X-ray structure by racemic protein crystallography. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3173-85. [PMID: 23343390 DOI: 10.1021/ja311408y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efficient total synthesis of insulin is important to enable the application of medicinal chemistry to the optimization of the properties of this important protein molecule. Recently we described "ester insulin"--a novel form of insulin in which the function of the 35 residue C-peptide of proinsulin is replaced by a single covalent bond--as a key intermediate for the efficient total synthesis of insulin. Here we describe a fully convergent synthetic route to the ester insulin molecule from three unprotected peptide segments of approximately equal size. The synthetic ester insulin polypeptide chain folded much more rapidly than proinsulin, and at physiological pH. Both the D-protein and L-protein enantiomers of monomeric DKP ester insulin (i.e., [Asp(B10), Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]ester insulin) were prepared by total chemical synthesis. The atomic structure of the synthetic ester insulin molecule was determined by racemic protein X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.6 Å. Diffraction quality crystals were readily obtained from the racemic mixture of {D-DKP ester insulin + L-DKP ester insulin}, whereas crystals were not obtained from the L-ester insulin alone even after extensive trials. Both the D-protein and L-protein enantiomers of monomeric DKP ester insulin were assayed for receptor binding and in diabetic rats, before and after conversion by saponification to the corresponding DKP insulin enantiomers. L-DKP ester insulin bound weakly to the insulin receptor, while synthetic L-DKP insulin derived from the L-DKP ester insulin intermediate was fully active in binding to the insulin receptor. The D- and L-DKP ester insulins and D-DKP insulin were inactive in lowering blood glucose in diabetic rats, while synthetic L-DKP insulin was fully active in this biological assay. The structural basis of the lack of biological activity of ester insulin is discussed.
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131
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On-Yee Chan A, Lui-Lui Tsai J, Kar-Yan Lo V, Li GL, Wong MK, Che CM. Gold-mediated selective cysteine modification of peptides using allenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1428-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc38214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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132
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Al Sheikha D, Wilkinson BL, Santhakumar G, Thaysen-Andersen M, Payne RJ. Synthesis of homogeneous MUC1 oligomers via a bi-directional ligation strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6090-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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133
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Raibaut L, Adihou H, Desmet R, Delmas AF, Aucagne V, Melnyk O. Highly efficient solid phase synthesis of large polypeptides by iterative ligations of bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amido (SEA) peptide segments. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51824h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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134
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Chalker JM. Prospects in the Total Synthesis of Protein Therapeutics. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 81:122-35. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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135
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Wintermann F, Engelbrecht S. Rekonstitution des katalytischen (αβ)3γ-Kernkomplexes der F-ATPase ausEscherichia colimithilfe der chemisch synthetisierten Untereinheit γ. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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136
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Wintermann F, Engelbrecht S. Reconstitution of the catalytic core of F-ATPase (αβ)3γ from Escherichia coli using chemically synthesized subunit γ. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:1309-13. [PMID: 23212931 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wintermann
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Abt. Biochemie, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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137
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Wang P, Dong S, Brailsford JA, Iyer K, Townsend SD, Zhang Q, Hendrickson RC, Shieh J, Moore MAS, Danishefsky SJ. At last: erythropoietin as a single glycoform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11576-84. [PMID: 23012228 PMCID: PMC3500780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Suwei Dong
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - John A. Brailsford
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Karthik Iyer
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Ronald C. Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - JaeHung Shieh
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Malcolm A. S. Moore
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA). Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
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138
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Hemantha HP, Narendra N, Sureshbabu VV. Total chemical synthesis of polypeptides and proteins: chemistry of ligation techniques and beyond. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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139
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Wang P, Dong S, Brailsford JA, Iyer K, Townsend SD, Zhang Q, Hendrickson RC, Shieh J, Moore MAS, Danishefsky SJ. At Last: Erythropoietin as a Single Glycoform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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140
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Fang GM, Wang JX, Liu L. Convergent Chemical Synthesis of Proteins by Ligation of Peptide Hydrazides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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141
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Fang GM, Wang JX, Liu L. Convergent chemical synthesis of proteins by ligation of peptide hydrazides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10347-50. [PMID: 22968928 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Min Fang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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142
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Dong S, Shang S, Li J, Tan Z, Dean T, Maeda A, Gardella TJ, Danishefsky SJ. Engineering of therapeutic polypeptides through chemical synthesis: early lessons from human parathyroid hormone and analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15122-9. [PMID: 22891619 DOI: 10.1021/ja306637u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Application of chemical synthesis to gain access to high purity hPTH as well as more stable analogues was accomplished through a menu of extended NCL followed by metal free dethiylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwei Dong
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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143
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Otaka A, Sato K, Ding H, Shigenaga A. One-Pot/Sequential Native Chemical Ligation UsingN-Sulfanylethylanilide Peptide. CHEM REC 2012; 12:479-90. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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144
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Abstract
The reaction of thioamino acids and N-terminal peptides, mediated by hindered isonitriles and hydroxybenzotriazole, gives rise to peptide bonds. In one pathway, oxytocin was synthesized by eight such reiterative amidations. In another stereospecific track, oxytocin was constructed by native chemical ligation, wherein the two building blocks were assembled by thioacid amine amidation. The NMR spectra of oxytocin and dihydrooxytocin suggest a high level of preorganization in the latter, perhaps favoring oxidative folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
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145
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Sakamoto K, Sato K, Shigenaga A, Tsuji K, Tsuda S, Hibino H, Nishiuchi Y, Otaka A. Synthetic Procedure for N-Fmoc Amino Acyl-N-Sulfanylethylaniline Linker as Crypto-Peptide Thioester Precursor with Application to Native Chemical Ligation. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6948-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3011107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sakamoto
- Institute
of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Institute
of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute
of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Institute
of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Shugo Tsuda
- Institute
of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
- Saito Research Center, Peptide Institute, Inc., 7-2-9 Saito Ibaraki, Osaka
567-0085, Japan
| | - Hajime Hibino
- Saito Research Center, Peptide Institute, Inc., 7-2-9 Saito Ibaraki, Osaka
567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishiuchi
- Saito Research Center, Peptide Institute, Inc., 7-2-9 Saito Ibaraki, Osaka
567-0085, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute
of Health Biosciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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146
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Harris PWR, Lee DJ, Brimble MA. A slow gradient approach for the purification of synthetic polypeptides by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:549-55. [PMID: 22833387 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Unquestionably, the purification of polypeptides by chromatographic methods is a considerable bottleneck in their preparation. Peptides synthesised by solid phase synthesis typically contain chromatographically similar impurities that complicate purification by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. We report on the application of a slow gradient HPLC protocol that allows, in a single chromatographic step, the purification of hundreds of milligrammes of material. This technique was applied to an extensive collection of synthetic polypeptides some incorporating non-proteinogenic functionality. In all cases examined, the peptides were not only obtained in high purity peptides but were also recovered in multi-milligramme amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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147
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Ling J, Policarpo RL, Rabideau AE, Liao X, Pentelute BL. Protein thioester synthesis enabled by sortase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10749-52. [PMID: 22686546 PMCID: PMC3465687 DOI: 10.1021/ja302354v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteins containing a C-terminal thioester are important intermediates in semisynthesis. Currently there is one main method for the synthesis of protein thioesters that relies upon the use of engineered inteins. Here we report a simple strategy, utilizing sortase A, for routine preparation of recombinant proteins containing a C-terminal (α)thioester. We used our method to prepare two different anthrax toxin cargo proteins: one containing an (α)thioester and another containing a D-polypeptide segment situated between two protein domains. We show that both variants can translocate through protective antigen pore. This new method to synthesize a protein thioester allows for interfacing of sortase-mediated ligation and native chemical ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 16-573a, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Rocco L. Policarpo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 16-573a, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Amy E. Rabideau
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 16-573a, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 16-573a, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 16-573a, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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148
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Okumura M, Shimamoto S, Hidaka Y. A chemical method for investigating disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding. FEBS J 2012; 279:2283-95. [PMID: 22487262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of protein folding have largely involved studies using disulfide-containing proteins, as disulfide-coupled folding of proteins permits the folding intermediates to be trapped and their conformations determined. Over the last decade, a combination of new biotechnical and chemical methodology has resulted in a remarkable acceleration in our understanding of the mechanism of disulfide-coupled protein folding. In particular, expressed protein ligation, a combination of native chemical ligation and an intein-based approach, permits specifically labeled proteins to be easily produced for studies of protein folding using biophysical methods, such as NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. A method for regio-selective formation of disulfide bonds using chemical procedures has also been established. This strategy is particularly relevant for the study of disulfide-coupled protein folding, and provides us not only with the native conformation, but also the kinetically trapped topological isomer with native disulfide bonds. Here we review recent developments and applications of biotechnical and chemical methods to investigations of disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding. Chemical additives designed to accelerate correct protein folding and to avoid non-specific aggregation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okumura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
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149
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Batjargal S, Wang YJ, Goldberg JM, Wissner RF, Petersson EJ. Native chemical ligation of thioamide-containing peptides: development and application to the synthesis of labeled α-synuclein for misfolding studies. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9172-82. [PMID: 22468862 PMCID: PMC3415603 DOI: 10.1021/ja2113245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide modifications of the peptide backbone are used to perturb secondary structure, to inhibit proteolysis, as photoswitches, and as spectroscopic labels. Thus far, their incorporation has been confined to single peptides synthesized on solid phase. We have generated thioamides in C-terminal thioesters or N-terminal Cys fragments and examined their compatibility with native chemical ligation conditions. Most sequence variants can be coupled in good yields with either TCEP or DTT as the reductant, though some byproducts are observed with prolonged TCEP incubations. Furthermore, we find that thioamides are compatible with thiazolidine protection of an N-terminal Cys, so that multiple ligations can be used to construct larger proteins. Since the acid-lability of the thioamide prohibits on-resin thioester synthesis using Boc chemistry, we devised a method for the synthesis of thioamide peptides with a masked C-terminal thioester that is revealed in situ. Finally, we have shown that thioamidous peptides can be coupled to expressed protein fragments to generate large proteins with backbone thioamide labels by synthesizing labeled versions of the amyloid protein α-synuclein for protein folding studies. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we demonstrated that quenching of fluorescence by thioamides can be used to track conformational changes during aggregation of labeled α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solongo Batjargal
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6323 USA
| | - Yanxin J. Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6323 USA
| | - Jacob M. Goldberg
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6323 USA
| | - Rebecca F. Wissner
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6323 USA
| | - E. James Petersson
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6323 USA
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150
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Kent S, Sohma Y, Liu S, Bang D, Pentelute B, Mandal K. Through the looking glass - a new world of proteins enabled by chemical synthesis. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:428-36. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suhuai Liu
- University of Chicago; Chicago; IL; 60637; USA
| | - Duhee Bang
- University of Chicago; Chicago; IL; 60637; USA
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