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Duan W, Wang W, Das S, Yadav V, Mallouk TE, Sen A. Synthetic Nano- and Micromachines in Analytical Chemistry: Sensing, Migration, Capture, Delivery, and Separation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:311-333. [PMID: 26132348 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nano- and microscale machines move autonomously in solution or drive fluid flows by converting sources of energy into mechanical work. Their sizes are comparable to analytes (sub-nano- to microscale), and they respond to signals from each other and their surroundings, leading to emergent collective behavior. These machines can potentially enable hitherto difficult analytical applications. In this article, we review the development of different classes of synthetic nano- and micromotors and pumps and indicate their possible applications in real-time in situ chemical sensing, on-demand directional transport, cargo capture and delivery, as well as analyte isolation and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Duan
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; ,
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102
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Abstract
Nature supports multifaceted forms of life. Despite the variety and complexity of these forms, motility remains the epicenter of life. The applicable laws of physics change upon going from macroscales to microscales and nanoscales, which are characterized by low Reynolds number (Re). We discuss motion at low Re in natural and synthetic systems, along with various propulsion mechanisms, including electrophoresis, electrolyte diffusiophoresis, and nonelectrolyte diffusiophoresis. We also describe the newly uncovered phenomena of motility in non-ATP-driven self-powered enzymes and the directional movement of these enzymes in response to substrate gradients. These enzymes can also be immobilized to function as fluid pumps in response to the presence of their substrates. Finally, we review emergent collective behavior arising from interacting motile species, and we discuss the possible biomedical applications of the synthetic nanobots and microbots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J. Butler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;,
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103
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Ma X, Hahn K, Sanchez S. Catalytic mesoporous Janus nanomotors for active cargo delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4976-9. [PMID: 25844893 PMCID: PMC4440854 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synergy between catalytic propulsion and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) for the design of Janus nanomotors as active cargo delivery systems with sizes <100 nm (40, 65, and 90 nm). The Janus asymmetry of the nanomotors is given by electron beam (e-beam) deposition of a very thin platinum (2 nm) layer on MSNPs. The chemically powered Janus nanomotors present active diffusion at low H2O2 fuel concentration (i.e., <3 wt %). Their apparent diffusion coefficient is enhanced up to 100% compared to their Brownian motion. Due to their mesoporous architecture and small dimensions, they can load cargo molecules in large quantity and serve as active nanocarriers for directed cargo delivery on a chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ma
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Institution, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kersten Hahn
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Institution, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Samuel Sanchez
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Institution, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i EstudisAvancats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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104
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Parmar J, Ma X, Katuri J, Simmchen J, Stanton MM, Trichet-Paredes C, Soler L, Sanchez S. Nano and micro architectures for self-propelled motors. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:014802. [PMID: 27877745 PMCID: PMC5036491 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/1/014802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled micromotors are emerging as important tools that help us understand the fundamentals of motion at the microscale and the nanoscale. Development of the motors for various biomedical and environmental applications is being pursued. Multiple fabrication methods can be used to construct the geometries of different sizes of motors. Here, we present an overview of appropriate methods of fabrication according to both size and shape requirements and the concept of guiding the catalytic motors within the confines of wall. Micromotors have also been incorporated with biological systems for a new type of fabrication method for bioinspired hybrid motors using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The 3D printed hybrid and bioinspired motors can be propelled by using ultrasound or live cells, offering a more biocompatible approach when compared to traditional catalytic motors.
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105
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Dey KK, Das S, Poyton MF, Sengupta S, Butler PJ, Cremer PS, Sen A. Chemotactic separation of enzymes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11941-11949. [PMID: 25243599 DOI: 10.1021/nn504418u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a procedure for the separation of enzymes based on their chemotactic response toward an imposed substrate concentration gradient. The separation is observed within a two-inlet, five-outlet microfluidic network, designed to allow mixtures of active (ones that catalyze substrate turnover) and inactive (ones that do not catalyze substrate turnover) enzymes, labeled with different fluorophores, to flow through one of the inlets. Substrate solution prepared in phosphate buffer was introduced through the other inlet of the device at the same flow rate. The steady-state concentration profiles of the enzymes were obtained at specific positions within the outlets of the microchannel using fluorescence microscopy. In the presence of a substrate concentration gradient, active enzyme molecules migrated preferentially toward the substrate channel. The excess migration of the active enzyme molecules was quantified in terms of an enrichment coefficient. Experiments were carried out with different pairs of enzymes. Coupling the physics of laminar flow of liquid and molecular diffusion, multiphysics simulations were carried out to estimate the extent of the chemotactic separation. Our results show that, with appropriate microfluidic arrangement, molecular chemotaxis leads to spontaneous separation of active enzyme molecules from their inactive counterparts of similar charge and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanti Dey
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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106
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Sánchez S, Soler L, Katuri J. Chemically powered micro- and nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1414-44. [PMID: 25504117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemically powered micro- and nanomotors are small devices that are self-propelled by catalytic reactions in fluids. Taking inspiration from biomotors, scientists are aiming to find the best architecture for self-propulsion, understand the mechanisms of motion, and develop accurate control over the motion. Remotely guided nanomotors can transport cargo to desired targets, drill into biomaterials, sense their environment, mix or pump fluids, and clean polluted water. This Review summarizes the major advances in the growing field of catalytic nanomotors, which started ten years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sánchez
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany) http://www.is.mpg.de/sanchez; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028 Barcelona (Spain); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona (Spain).
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107
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108
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Moo JGS, Pumera M. Chemical Energy Powered Nano/Micro/Macromotors and the Environment. Chemistry 2014; 21:58-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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109
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Nain S, Sharma N. Propulsion of an artificial nanoswimmer: a comprehensive review. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2014.962103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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110
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Afshar Farniya A, Esplandiu MJ, Bachtold A. Sequential tasks performed by catalytic pumps for colloidal crystallization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:11841-11845. [PMID: 25198923 DOI: 10.1021/la503118t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gold-platinum catalytic pumps immersed in a chemical fuel are used to manipulate silica colloids. The manipulation relies on the electric field and the fluid flow generated by the pump. Catalytic pumps perform various tasks, such as the repulsion of colloids, the attraction of colloids, and the guided crystallization of colloids. We demonstrate that catalytic pumps can execute these tasks sequentially over time. Switching from one task to the next is related to the local change of the proton concentration, which modifies the colloid ζ potential and, consequently, the electric force acting on the colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Afshar Farniya
- Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia (ICN2) , Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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111
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Saha S, Golestanian R, Ramaswamy S. Clusters, asters, and collective oscillations in chemotactic colloids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:062316. [PMID: 25019785 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.062316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The creation of synthetic systems that emulate the defining properties of living matter, such as motility, gradient-sensing, signaling, and replication, is a grand challenge of biomimetics. Such imitations of life crucially contain active components that transform chemical energy into directed motion. These artificial realizations of motility point in the direction of a new paradigm in engineering, through the design of emergent behavior by manipulating properties at the scale of the individual components. Catalytic colloidal swimmers are a particularly promising example of such systems. Here we present a comprehensive theoretical description of gradient-sensing of an individual swimmer, leading controllably to chemotactic or anti-chemotactic behavior, and use it to construct a framework for studying their collective behavior. We find that both the positional and the orientational degrees of freedom of the active colloids can exhibit condensation, signaling formation of clusters and asters. The kinetics of catalysis introduces a natural control parameter for the range of the interaction mediated by the diffusing chemical species. For various regimes in parameter space in the long-ranged limit our system displays precise analogs to gravitational collapse, plasma oscillations, and electrostatic screening. We present prescriptions for how to tune the surface properties of the colloids during fabrication to achieve each type of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suropriya Saha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India and TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 21 Brundavan Colony, Osman Sagar Road, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500 075, India
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Rudolf Peierls Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - Sriram Ramaswamy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India and TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 21 Brundavan Colony, Osman Sagar Road, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500 075, India
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112
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Bickel T, Zecua G, Würger A. Polarization of active Janus particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:050303. [PMID: 25353729 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study the motion of surface-active Janus particles, driven by an effective slip velocity due to a nonuniform temperature or concentration field ψ. With parameters realized in thermal traps, we find that the torque exerted by the gradient ∇ψ inhibits rotational diffusion and favors alignment of the particle axes. In a swarm of active particles, this polarization adds a novel term to the drift velocity and modifies the collective behavior. Self-polarization in a nonuniform laser beam could be used for guiding hot particles along a given trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bickel
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux & CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Guillermo Zecua
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alois Würger
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux & CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
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113
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Sengupta S, Spiering MM, Dey KK, Duan W, Patra D, Butler PJ, Astumian RD, Benkovic SJ, Sen A. DNA polymerase as a molecular motor and pump. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2410-2418. [PMID: 24601532 DOI: 10.1021/nn405963x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase is responsible for synthesizing DNA, a key component in the running of biological machinery. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the diffusive movement of a molecular complex of DNA template and DNA polymerase enhances during nucleotide incorporation into the growing DNA template. The diffusion coefficient of the complex also shows a strong dependence on its inorganic cofactor, Mg2+ ions. When exposed to gradients of either nucleotide or cofactor concentrations, an ensemble of DNA polymerase complex molecules shows collective movement toward regions of higher concentrations. By immobilizing the molecular complex on a patterned gold surface, we demonstrate the fabrication of DNA polymerase-powered fluid pumps. These miniature pumps are capable of transporting fluid and tracer particles in a directional manner with the pumping speed increasing in the presence of the cofactor. The role of DNA polymerase as a micropump opens up avenues for designing miniature fluid pumps using enzymes as engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samudra Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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114
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Pavel IA, Bunea AI, David S, Gáspár S. Nanorods with Biocatalytically Induced Self-Electrophoresis. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201301016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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115
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Sailapu SK, Chattopadhyay A. Induction of Electromotive Force by an Autonomously Moving Magnetic Bot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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116
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Sailapu SK, Chattopadhyay A. Induction of Electromotive Force by an Autonomously Moving Magnetic Bot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1521-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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117
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Singh AK, Dey KK, Chattopadhyay A, Mandal TK, Bandyopadhyay D. Multimodal chemo-magnetic control of self-propelling microbots. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1398-1405. [PMID: 24310180 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05294j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a controlled migration of an iron nanoparticle (FeNP) coated polymer micromotor. The otherwise diffusive motion of the motor was meticulously directed through an in situ pH-gradient and an external magnetic field. The self-propulsion owing to the asymmetric catalytic decomposition of peroxide fuel was directed through a pH gradient imposed across the motor-surface, while the magnetic field induced an external control on the movement and the speed of the motor. Interestingly, the sole influence of the pH gradient could move the motor as high as ∼25 body lengths per second, which was further magnified by the external assistance from the magnetic field. Applying a magnetic field against the pH directed motion helped in the quantitative experimental estimation of the force-field required to arrest the chemotactic migration. The influence of the coupled internal and external fields could halt, steer or reverse the direction the motor inside a microchannel, rotate the motor around a target, and deliver the motor to a cluster of cells. This study showcases a multimodal chemical-magnetic field regulated migration of micro-machines for sensing, transport, and delivery inside a fluidic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, India.
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118
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Kontrolle der Form verdunstender Tropfen über die Ionenstärke: Bildung anisometrischer SiO2-Suprapartikel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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119
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Sperling M, Velev OD, Gradzielski M. Controlling the Shape of Evaporating Droplets by Ionic Strength: Formation of Highly Anisometric Silica Supraparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:586-90. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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120
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121
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122
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Tietze LF, Sieber SA. Duocarmycin Analogues without a DNA-Binding Indole Unit Associate with Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 and not DNA: A Reply. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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123
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Tietze LF, Sieber SA. Duocarmycin Analogues without a DNA-Binding Indole Unit Associate with Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 and not DNA: A Reply. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5447-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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