101
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Ding Z, Lu Y, Wei Y, Song D, Xu Z, Fang J. DNA-Engineered iron-based metal-organic framework bio-interface for rapid visual determination of exosomes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 612:424-433. [PMID: 34999547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid, low-cost and facile method for detecting exosomes was developed by engineering DNA ligands on the surface of an iron-based metal-organic framework (Fe-MOF). Aptamers of exosomal transmembrane CD63 protein (CD63-aptamers) were utilized as both the optically active layer and the exosome-specific recognition element to engineer an Fe-MOF bio-interface for high-efficiency regulation of the catalytic behavior of Fe-MOF toward the chromogenic substrate. The effective enhancement of the intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity was confirmed via the self-assembly of CD63-aptamers on the surface of Fe-MOF. The specific binding of exosomes with CD63-aptamers altered the conformation of DNA ligands on the surface of Fe-MOF, contributing to sensitive variation in Fe-MOF catalytic activity. This directly produced a distinct color change and enabled the visual detection of exosomes. Via one-step "mixing-and-detection", the Fe-MOF bio-interface exhibited excellent performance in quantitative analysis of exosomes derived from human breast cancer cell lines ranging from 1.1 × 105 to 2.2 × 107 particles/μL with a detection limit of 5.2 × 104 particles/μL. The expression of exosomal CD63 proteins originated from three types of cancer cell lines, including breast cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer cell lines, was differentiated within only 17 min. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to the identification of exosomes in serum samples, suggesting its potential in clinical analysis as a valuable tool for the rapid, convenient and economical testing of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Ding
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Yanbing Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 110122 Shenyang, China
| | - Yunyun Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Song
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Zhangrun Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China.
| | - Jin Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 110122 Shenyang, China
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102
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Yang Z, She D, Sun C, Gong M, Rong Y. Dumbbell structure probe-triggered rolling circle amplification (RCA)-based detection scaffold for sensitive and specific neonatal infection-related small extracellular vesicle (sEV) detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1534-1539. [PMID: 35363230 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been reported to play important roles in cell-to-cell communication and are promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis of infections. Therefore, it is in high demand to develop a method that can integrate easy-to-operate sEV isolation and sensitive quantification. We herein propose a novel detection scaffold for sEV isolation via low-speed centrifugation and the quantification of sEVs through DNAzyme-based signal amplification. The detection scaffold is established through dumbbell probe-based RCA (rolling circle amplification), containing repeated CD63 aptamer sections and DNAzyme sections. The original state of the DNAzyme section is locked in a hairpin structure in the detection scaffold. In the presence of sEVs, the CD63 aptamer recognizes and binds with sEVs, leading to the aggregation of sEVs, which can be isolated by low-speed centrifugation and the exposure of the DNAzyme section. After the catalytic fluorescence signal generation from the DNAzyme-based molecular beacon (MB) cleavage, the method exhibited a detection range of 102 to 106 particles per μL. Considering the high sensitivity and wash-free and easy-to-operate features, the strategy reported herein paves a new avenue for the effective determination of sEVs and other membrane biomolecules in fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (ICU), The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
| | - Dong She
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (ICU), The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
| | - Chunhong Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (ICU), The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
| | - Mingwei Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (ICU), The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
| | - Yuan Rong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (ICU), The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
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103
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Functionalized nanomaterials in separation and analysis of extracellular vesicles and their contents. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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104
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Long J, Wang F, Zha G, Che K, Luo J, Deng Z. Colorimetric Aptasensor Based on Fe₃O₄-Cu 2+ Nanozyme with Intrinsic Peroxidase-Like Activity in the Detection of Breast Cancer Exosomes. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022; 18:1084-1096. [PMID: 35854455 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Because breast cancer cells such as MCF-7, exhibit vital and developmental signs by exosome secretion, diagnosing them in the blood can provide a good index of the presence of breast cancer. However, accurate and inexpensive detection of exosomes in clinical practice faces challenges. Therefore, in the presents study, an aptasensor based on CD63 aptameriron oxide-copper ion nanozymes (Fe₃O₄-Cu2+-NZs) was designed with the ability of the CD63 aptamer to interact with the exosome and the release of the Fe₃O₄-Cu2+-NZs for peroxidase-like activity on the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). After fabrication of CD63 aptamer-Fe₃O₄-Cu2+-NZs based on hydrothermal method, their physicochemical properties were investigated with the SEM, TEM, DLS, Zeta, XRD and magnetization. To investigate the interaction of CD63 aptamer-Fe₃O₄-Cu2+-NZs with exosomes, the required exosomes were extracted from cultured MCF-7 cells. The performance of CD63 aptamer-Fe₃O₄-Cu2+-NZs on TMB degradation in the presence and absence of exosomes was investigated through UV-vis adsorption and ocular observations based on colour changes on laboratory and real samples. The results show that the absence of exosomes significantly inhibited the peroxidase-like activity of CD63 aptamer-Fe₃O₄-Cu2+-NZs due to the aptamer coating. Under optimal conditions, the designed CD63 aptamer-Fe₃O₄-Cu2+-NZs is capable of detecting exosomes in the range of 1.4 × 10⁴-5.6 × 105 particles/μL with a detection limit of 5.91 × 10³ particles/μL. Also, this method showed a satisfactory outcome in detection of cancer cells in real samples. Overall, this colorimetric aptasensor can be used to diagnose breast cancer cells based on a simple and inexpensive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Long
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou First People's Hospital, Fuzhou, 344000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou First People's Hospital, Fuzhou, 344000, China
| | - Guohua Zha
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou First People's Hospital, Fuzhou, 344000, China
| | - Kaijun Che
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou First People's Hospital, Fuzhou, 344000, China
| | - Jingfang Luo
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou First People's Hospital, Fuzhou, 344000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou First People's Hospital, Fuzhou, 344000, China
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105
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Lu J, Wang M, Han Y, Deng Y, Zeng Y, Li C, Yang J, Li G. Functionalization of Covalent Organic Frameworks with DNA via Covalent Modification and the Application to Exosomes Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5055-5061. [PMID: 35290034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with biomacromolecules can extend their functions, which is the premise of their application in biomedical research. However, strategies to functionalize COFs with biomacromolecules, which can ensure the stability in complex medium and minimize the undesired effects, are still lacking. In this work, we have proposed a strategy to functionalize COFs with DNA by covalently linking DNA to the functional group on the COF surface through Cu(I)-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The as-prepared DNA-functionalized COFs (DNA-COFs) can exhibit good hybridization ability and cargo loading ability; thus, we have designed a DNA-COF-based nanoprobe and then fabricated an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of exosomes. In this design, the functionalization with DNA enables COFs to recognize and capture exosomes, and the encapsulation of a large number of methylene blue (MB) in COFs facilitates signal amplification, which can enhance the sensitivity of the biosensor. Moreover, by simply replacing the oligonucleotide sequences, the strategy proposed here can generally be used to build different DNA-COFs with diverse functions for broader biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yujing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Genxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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106
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Wu P, Xue F, Zuo W, Yang J, Liu X, Jiang H, Dai J, Ju Y. A Universal Bacterial Catcher Au-PMBA-Nanocrab-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Rapid Pathogens Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4277-4285. [PMID: 35244383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In traditional lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) for pathogens detection, capture antibody (CA) is necessary and usually conjugated to Au nanoparticles (NPs) in order to label the target analyte. However, the acquisition process of the Au-CA nanoprobe is relatively complicated and costly, which will limit the application of LFIA. Herein, p-mercaptophenylboronic acid-modified Au NPs (namely Au-PMBA nanocrabs), were synthesized and applied for a new CA-independent LFIA method. The stable Au-PMBA nanocrabs showed outstanding capability to capture both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria through covalent bonding. The acquired Au-PMBA-bacteria complexes were dropped onto the strip, and then captured by the detection antibody on the test line (T-line). Take Escherichia coli O157:H7 as an example, the gray value of T-line was proportional to the bacteria concentration and the linear range was 103-107 cfu·mL-1. This CA-independent strategy exhibited higher sensitivity than the traditional CA-dependent double antibody sandwich method, because detection limit of the former one was 103 cfu·mL-1 only by visual observation, which was reduced by 3 orders of magnitude. Besides, this platform successfully screened E. coli O157:H7 in four food samples with recoveries ranging from 90.25% to 107.25%. This CA-independent LFIA showed great advantages and satisfactory potential for rapid foodborne pathogens detection in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wu
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wanchao Zuo
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanmin Ju
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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107
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Sharafeldin M, Davis JJ. Characterising the biosensing interface. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1216:339759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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108
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He X, Wang H, Zeng J, Huang J, Cheng H, Chen B, Hu X, Zhou Y, Wang K. A Self‐Serviced‐Track 3D DNA Walker for Ultrasensitive Detection of Tumor Exosomes by Glycoprotein Profiling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao He
- Hunan University College of Biology Deng Gao Road 410082 Changsha CHINA
| | - Huizhen Wang
- Hunan University College of Biology 410082 Changsha CHINA
| | - Jiahao Zeng
- Hunan University College of Biology Deng Gao Road 410082 Changsha CHINA
| | - Jin Huang
- Hunan University College of Biology Deng Gao Road 410082 Changsha CHINA
| | - Hong Cheng
- Hunan University College of Biology Deng Gao Road 410082 Changsha CHINA
| | - Biao Chen
- Hunan University College of Biology Deng Gao Road 410082 Changsha CHINA
| | - Xing Hu
- Changsha Sanz Rehabilitation Hospital Changsha Sanz Rehabilitation Hospital Changsha CHINA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Central South University Hunan Cancer Hospitial and The Affiliated Cancer Hospitial of Xiangya School of Medicine 410013 Changsha CHINA
| | - Kemin Wang
- Hunan University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Deng Gao Road 410082 Changsha CHINA
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109
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Translating cancer exosomes detection into the color change of phenol red based on target-responsive DNA microcapsules. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339357. [PMID: 35057959 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that exosomes can be used as a potential biomarker for monitoring diseases, including cancer. However, enhancing the sensing performance in terms of convenience and sensitivity remains an urgent demand for exosomes detection. In this study, a pH-sensitive colorimetric biosensing strategy was developed for exosomes detection by integrating stimuli-responsive DNA microcapsules and acetylcholinesterase to produce acetic acid. The constructed DNA microcapsules consisted of DNA shells crosslinked by anti-CD63 aptamers and loaded with acetylcholinesterase. With exosomes addition, an energetically stabilized aptamer-CD63 compound was produced and microcapsules dissociated due to the reaction of surface protein CD63 of exosomes and aptamer of CD63, resulting in the release of encapsulated AChE. Through a simple centrifugation separation, unreacted DNA microcapsules were removed and the supernatant containing released acetylcholinesterase collected, which was then used for colorimetric exosomes detection through the ability of acetylcholinesterase to hydrolyze acetylcholine to release acetic acid. The resulting decreased solution pH was detected with phenol red indicator, with the sharp color transition conveniently by naked eye. Exosomes quantification was also achieved using the solution's absorption intensity ratio of 558 vs. 432 nm. The linear range was from 2.0 × 103 to 5.0 × 105 particles/μL, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 1.2 × 103 particles/μL and 2.2 × 103 particles/μL, respectively. In addition, this proposed strategy for exosomes detection showed a relative standard deviation of 3.1% and high recovery efficiency (>94%), exhibiting a bright application future in exsomes analysis.
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110
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Liu X, Zong Z, Liu X, Li Q, Li A, Xu C, Liu D. Stimuli-Mediated Specific Isolation of Exosomes from Blood Plasma for High-Throughput Profiling of Cancer Biomarkers. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101234. [PMID: 35174989 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, ranging from 30-150 nm in diameter, have emerged as promising non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of numerous diseases. However, current research on exosomes is largely restricted by the lack of an efficient method to isolate exosomes from real samples. Herein, the first stimuli-mediated enrichment and purification system to selectively and efficiently extract exosomes from clinical plasma for high-throughput profiling of exosomal mRNAs as cancer biomarkers is presented. This novel isolation system relies on specific installation of the stimuli-responsive copolymers onto exosomal phospholipid bilayers, by which the enrichment and purification are exclusively achieved for exosomes rather than the non-vesicle counterparts co-existing in real samples. The stimuli-mediated isolation system outperforms conventional methods such as ultracentrifugation and polyethylene glycol-based precipitation in terms of isolation yield, purity, and retained bioactivity. The high performance of the isolation system is demonstrated by enriching exosomes from 77 blood plasma samples and validated the clinical potentials in profiling exosomal mRNAs for cancer diagnosis and discrimination with high accuracy. This simple isolation system can boost the development of extracellular vesicle research, not limited to exosomes, in both basic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiyou Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xinzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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111
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Fan W, Han P, Feng Q, Sun Y, Ren W, Lawson T, Liu C. Nucleic Acid Substrate-Independent DNA Polymerization on the Exosome Membrane: A Mechanism Study and Application in Exosome Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2172-2179. [PMID: 35044159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As generally acknowledged, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) can only elongate DNA substrates from their 3'-OH ends. Herein, for the first time, we report that TdT-catalyzed DNA polymerization can directly proceed on the exosome membrane without the mediation of any nucleic acids. We prove that both the glycosyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups on the membrane proteins can initiate the DNA polymerization. Accordingly, we have developed powerful strategies for high-sensitive exosome profiling based on a conventional flow cytometer and an emerging CRISPR/Cas system. By using our strategy, the featured membrane protein distributions of different cancer cell-derived exosomes can be figured out, which can clearly distinguish plasma samples of breast cancer patients from those of healthy people. This work paves new ways for exosome profiling and liquid biopsy and expands the understanding of TdT, holding great significance in developing TdT-based sensing systems as well as establishing protein/nucleic acid hybrid biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Pihua Han
- Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Qinya Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Thomas Lawson
- ARC Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
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112
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Slyusarenko M, Shalaev S, Valitova A, Zabegina L, Nikiforova N, Nazarova I, Rudakovskaya P, Vorobiev M, Lezov A, Filatova L, Yevlampieva N, Gorin D, Krzhivitsky P, Malek A. AuNP Aptasensor for Hodgkin Lymphoma Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:23. [PMID: 35049651 PMCID: PMC8774100 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A liquid biopsy based on circulating small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) has not yet been used in routine clinical practice due to the lack of reliable analytic technologies. Recent studies have demonstrated the great diagnostic potential of nanozyme-based systems for the detection of SEV markers. Here, we hypothesize that CD30-positive Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells secrete CD30 + SEVs; therefore, the relative amount of circulating CD30 + SEVs might reflect classical forms of Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) activity and can be measured by using a nanozyme-based technique. A AuNP aptasensor analytics system was created using aurum nanoparticles (AuNPs) with peroxidase activity. Sensing was mediated by competing properties of DNA aptamers to attach onto surface of AuNPs inhibiting their enzymatic activity and to bind specific markers on SEVs surface. An enzymatic activity of AuNPs was evaluated through the color reaction. The study included characterization of the components of the analytic system and its functionality using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and spectrophotometry. AuNP aptasensor analytics were optimized to quantify plasma CD30 + SEVs. The developed method allowed us to differentiate healthy donors and cHL patients. The results of the CD30 + SEV quantification in the plasma of cHL patients were compared with the results of disease activity assessment by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) scanning, revealing a strong positive correlation. Moreover, two cycles of chemotherapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in CD30 + SEVs in the plasma of cHL patients. The proposed AuNP aptasensor system presents a promising new approach for monitoring cHL patients and can be modified for the diagnostic testing of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Slyusarenko
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (S.S.); (A.V.); (L.Z.); (N.N.); (I.N.); (L.F.); (P.K.)
- The Faculty of Physics and Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.); (A.L.); (N.Y.)
| | - Sergey Shalaev
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (S.S.); (A.V.); (L.Z.); (N.N.); (I.N.); (L.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Alina Valitova
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (S.S.); (A.V.); (L.Z.); (N.N.); (I.N.); (L.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Lidia Zabegina
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (S.S.); (A.V.); (L.Z.); (N.N.); (I.N.); (L.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Nadezhda Nikiforova
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (S.S.); (A.V.); (L.Z.); (N.N.); (I.N.); (L.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Inga Nazarova
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (S.S.); (A.V.); (L.Z.); (N.N.); (I.N.); (L.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Polina Rudakovskaya
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.R.); (D.G.)
| | - Maxim Vorobiev
- The Faculty of Physics and Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.); (A.L.); (N.Y.)
| | - Alexey Lezov
- The Faculty of Physics and Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.); (A.L.); (N.Y.)
| | - Larisa Filatova
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (S.S.); (A.V.); (L.Z.); (N.N.); (I.N.); (L.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Natalia Yevlampieva
- The Faculty of Physics and Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.); (A.L.); (N.Y.)
| | - Dmitry Gorin
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.R.); (D.G.)
| | - Pavel Krzhivitsky
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (S.S.); (A.V.); (L.Z.); (N.N.); (I.N.); (L.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Anastasia Malek
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (S.S.); (A.V.); (L.Z.); (N.N.); (I.N.); (L.F.); (P.K.)
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113
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Cheng S, Kong Q, Hu X, Zhang C, Xian Y. An Ultrasensitive Strand Displacement Signal Amplification-Assisted Synchronous Fluorescence Assay for Surface Proteins of Small Extracellular Vesicle Analysis and Cancer Identification. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1085-1091. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Cheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qianqian Kong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuezhong Xian
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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114
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Zhang J, Huang Y, Sun M, Wan S, Yang C, Song Y. Recent Advances in Aptamer-Based Liquid Biopsy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1954-1979. [PMID: 35014838 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy capable of noninvasive and real-time molecular profiling is considered as a breakthrough technology, endowing an opportunity for precise diagnosis of individual patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) consisting of substantial disease-related molecular information play an important role in liquid biopsy. Therefore, it is critically significant to exploit high-performance recognition ligands for efficient isolation and analysis of EVs and CTCs from complex body fluids. Aptamers exhibit extraordinary merits of high specificity and affinity, which are considered as superior recognition ligands for liquid biopsy. In this review, we first summarize recent advanced strategies for the evolution of high-performance aptamers and the construction of various aptamer-based recognition elements. Subsequently, we mainly discuss the isolation and analysis of EVs and CTCs based on the aptamer functioned biomaterials/biointerface. Ultimately, we envision major challenges and future direction of aptamer-based liquid biopsy for clinical utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yihao Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Miao Sun
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuang Wan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yanling Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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115
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Li J, Xie S, Qu F, Tan W. Aptasensors for Cancerous Exosome Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2504:3-20. [PMID: 35467275 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2341-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancerous exosomes that carry multiple biomarkers are attractive targets for the early diagnosis and therapy of cancer. As one of the powerful molecular recognition tools, aptamers with excellent binding affinity and specificity toward biomarkers have been exploited to construct various aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) for exosome detection. Here, we review recent advances in aptasensors for the detection of cancerous exosomes. We first discuss the importance and potential of cancerous exosomes in cancer diagnosis and then summarize some conventional aptasensors from the perspective of biomarker recognition and signal collection strategies. Finally, we comment on the outlook for aptasensor research and new directions for cancerous exosome detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sitao Xie
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengli Qu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weihong Tan
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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116
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Cao J, Shuai M, Shu Y, Wang J. A plasmon resonance-inspired discriminator unscrambles lipoprotein subtypes. Analyst 2022; 147:3035-3042. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of lipoprotein subtypes and other proteins based on the PSS-AuNR plasmon resonance discriminator platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Cao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Mingshu Shuai
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yang Shu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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117
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Liu C, Wu K, Gao H, Li J, Xu X. Current Strategies and Potential Prospects for Nanoparticle-Mediated Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2653-2673. [PMID: 36068795 PMCID: PMC9441178 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s380550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a severe microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is the most common form of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a leading cause of renal failure in end-stage renal disease. No currently available treatment can achieve complete cure. Traditional treatments have many limitations, such as painful subcutaneous insulin injections, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity with oral medication, and poor patient compliance with continual medication intake. Given the known drawbacks, recent research has suggested that nanoparticle-based drug delivery platforms as therapeutics may provide a promising strategy for treating debilitating diseases such as DN in the future. This administration method provides multiple advantages, such as delivering the loaded drug to the precise target of action and enabling early prevention of CKD progression. This article discusses the development of the main currently used nanoplatforms, such as liposomes, polymeric NPs, and inorganic NPs, as well as the prospects and drawbacks of nanoplatform application in the treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunkang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunzhe Wu
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyang Li
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaohua Xu, Email
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118
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Advances in the enzymatic biofuel cell powered sensing systems for tumor diagnosis and regulation. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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119
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Wang X, Liu Y, Shi X, Chen H, Zhao C, Li J, Wang J. Colorimetric determination of Listeria monocytogenes using aptamer and urease dual-labeled magnetic nanoparticles and cucurbit[7]uril-mediated supramolecular assembly of gold nanoparticle. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 189:41. [PMID: 34970724 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A host-guest colorimetric strategy is described for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The optical probes were self-assembled based on the supramolecular interactions between the carbonyl groups of cucurbit[7]uril portals and gold nanoparticles (CB[7]-AuNPs). Aptamer and urease modified magnetic nanoparticles were used to specifically recognize and binding to L. monocytogenes, simultaneously hydrolyzing urea to produce ammonium ion (NH4+) that can reverse CB[7] induced AuNPs aggregation. In the presence of L. monocytogenes, the above-mentioned magnetic conjugates preferentially bind to the bacterial surface, which results in blocking the catalytic active sites, thus inhibiting the production of ammonium ions. The normalized absorbance ratio of A700 nm/A525 nm was proportional to the L. monocytogenes concentration ranging from 10 to 106 cfu·mL-1, and the visual determination can be done down to 10 cfu·mL-1. For spiked food samples analyzed without pre-enrichment, recoveries of 98.4% to 99.3% were achieved could be verified and RSD were less than 10%. This work may offer a broad prospect for sensitive and specific determination of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yushen Liu
- College of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China.,Bio-Nanotechnology Research Institute, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Xuening Shi
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Huisi Chen
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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120
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Zhan R, Wang S, Guo W, Gao X, Liu X, Xu K, Tang B. A simple, rapid and low-cost qPCR assay for evaluating the severity of exosomal PD-L1-mediated T cell exhaustion in blood samples. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:831-834. [PMID: 34931643 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06496g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel dual-aptamer activated proximity-induced qPCR assay was developed for the quantitative analysis of exosomal PD-L1 on T cell-exosome complexes in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhui Zhan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China. .,Medicine & Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong, Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Yantai Vocational College of Culture and Tourism, Shandong, Yantai, 264003, P. R. China
| | - Wenfei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaonan Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Kehua Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
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121
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A sandwich-based evanescent wave fluorescent biosensor for simple, real-time exosome detection †. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 200:113902. [PMID: 34954570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are regarded as a promising biomarker for the noninvasive diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The value of exosomes for medical research has promoted the search for a fast, efficient, and sensitive detection method. This study reported a sandwich-based evanescent wave fluorescent biosensor (S-EWFB) for exosome detection. A two-step strategy was implemented to take advantages of the simple binding of fluorescent probes with exosomes via the hydrophobic interaction between the cholesteryl and phospholipid bilayer membrane, as well as real-time detection on an evanescent wave liquid-solid interface based on CD63 aptamer-specific capture to form an exosome@fluorescence probe/aptamer sandwich structure. The one-to-many connection between exosomes and signal molecules and the aptamer-modified evanescent wave optical fiber detection platform reduced the detection limit of exosomes to 7.66 particles/mL, with a linear range of 47.5-4.75 × 106 particles/mL. The entire detection process was simple, rapid, and real-time and lasted about 1 h while requiring no separation and purification. Additionally, this platform showed excellent surface regeneration capability and exhibited good performance during the analysis of tumor and non-tumor-derived exosomes.
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122
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Xiong H, Huang Z, Lin Q, Yang B, Yan F, Liu B, Chen H, Kong J. Surface Plasmon Coupling Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor Based on Polymer Dots and AuNPs for Ultrasensitive Detection of Pancreatic Cancer Exosomes. Anal Chem 2021; 94:837-846. [PMID: 34914878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer dots (Pdots) have become attractive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores due to their facile synthesis, easy modification, and stable electrochemical and optical properties. However, their ECL efficiency is not high enough for practical applications. In this work, we proposed an ECL immunosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) between AuNPs and Pdots for the determination of pancreatic cancer exosomes. Based on the finite-difference time-domain simulations and the band energy of Pdots and AuNPs, we proposed the possible LSPR mechanism. The hot electrons of plasmonic AuNPs were photoexcited to surface plasmon states by ECL emission of Pdots, and then the excited hot electrons were transferred to the conduction band of Pdots, which significantly improved the ECL efficiency of Pdots. The ECL immunosensor displayed a wide calibration range of 1.0 × 103 to 1.0 × 106 particles/mL with a detection limit of 400 particles/mL. Cancer-related protein profiling revealed high selectivity toward different expressions of exosomal surface proteins from PANC-01, HeLa, MCF-7, and HPDE6-C7 cell lines. The proposed ECL system exhibits a promising prospect for protein biomarker profiling and early cancer-related diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting Road, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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123
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Saad MG, Beyenal H, Dong WJ. Exosomes as Powerful Engines in Cancer: Isolation, Characterization and Detection Techniques. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:518. [PMID: 34940275 PMCID: PMC8699402 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, powerful extracellular nanovesicles released from almost all types of living cells, are considered the communication engines (messengers) that control and reprogram physiological pathways inside target cells within a community or between different communities. The cell-like structure of these extracellular vesicles provides a protective environment for their proteins and DNA/RNA cargos, which serve as biomarkers for many malicious diseases, including infectious diseases and cancers. Cancer-derived exosomes control cancer metastasis, prognosis, and development. In addition to the unique structure of exosomes, their nanometer size and tendency of interacting with cells makes them a viable novel drug delivery solution. In recent years, numerous research efforts have been made to quantify and characterize disease-derived exosomes for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. This review aims to (1) relate exosome biomarkers to their origins, (2) focus on current isolation and detection methods, (3) discuss and evaluate the proposed technologies deriving from exosome research for cancer treatment, and (4) form a conclusion about the prospects of the current exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen-Ji Dong
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.G.S.); (H.B.)
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124
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Ren Y, Ge K, Sun D, Hong Z, Jia C, Hu H, Shao F, Yao B. Rapid enrichment and sensitive detection of extracellular vesicles through measuring the phospholipids and transmembrane protein in a microfluidic chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113870. [PMID: 34915212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted tremendous attention in recent years and quantification of EVs is a key issue in the evaluation of vesicle-based diagnostics and therapeutic development, but it's quite challenging to determine whether higher protein expression signals are due to larger vesicle amount or higher protein content within each vesicle. To solve this problem, herein, we proposed a strategy based on staining phospholipid bilayers of EVs with lipophilic dyes to evaluate their lipid amount, which was subsequently normalized as an internal standard for studying the expression of transmembrane protein (i.e., CD63) on EVs in different samples. In addition, a microfluidic platform based on electrophoresis technology was invented to effectively enrich and detect EVs. Small fluorescent labeling molecules (i.e., uncombined aptamers) were on-chip removed from EVs without pre-separation via ultracentrifugation or ultrafiltration which were indispensable in nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and flow cytometry techniques and the performance of this assay is comparable to NTA. Finally, it was found obvious difference in the expression of CD63 on EVs before and after normalization based on lipid amount in plasma samples. This method is expected to provide more accurate information when comparing the expression levels of EVs biomarkers in different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ge
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danyang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zichen Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changku Jia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Hu
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Fangwei Shao
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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125
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Wang YT, Cai MD, Sun LL, Hua RN. A Rapid and Facile Separation-Detection Integrated Strategy for Exosome Profiling Based on Boronic Acid-Directed Coupling Immunoaffinity. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16059-16067. [PMID: 34793122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a promising noninvasive tumor biomarker for cancer diagnosis and classification. However, efficient capture and precise analysis of exosomes in complex biological samples remain challenging. Here, sensitive profiling of exosomes with an integrated separation-detection strategy of 37 min is performed based on boronic acid-directed coupling immunoaffinity. The modification of g-C3N4 nanosheets with boronic acid (BCNNS) contributes to antibody binding under physiological conditions, which is accompanied by fluorescence enhancement. When exosomes are captured by an antibody equipped with BCNNS, a decrease in fluorescence can be induced; moreover, using the dispersion property of BCNNS, the exosomes can be separated by a simple centrifugation step. The protocol shows a favorable sensitivity with a detection limit of 2484 particles/mL. By changing only the fused antibody, exosome phenotype information profiling can be achieved, and exosomes derived from four different cell lines (HeLa, HepG2, MCF-7, and MCF-10A) can be successfully distinguished. More significantly, the positive prediction accuracy results reach 100% for serum samples from different individuals and have the advantage of multiple parameters; thus, the method has great potential in noninvasive diagnosis and point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, China
| | - Ming-Di Cai
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, China
| | - Li-Li Sun
- Affiliated Dalian Municipal Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116601, China
| | - Rui-Nian Hua
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, China
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126
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Jiang C, Fu Y, Liu G, Shu B, Davis J, Tofaris GK. Multiplexed Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomarker Development. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:3. [PMID: 34855021 PMCID: PMC8638654 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous particles that play a crucial role in molecular trafficking, intercellular transport and the egress of unwanted proteins. They have been implicated in many diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. EVs are detected in all bodily fluids, and their protein and nucleic acid content offers a means of assessing the status of the cells from which they originated. As such, they provide opportunities in biomarker discovery for diagnosis, prognosis or the stratification of diseases as well as an objective monitoring of therapies. The simultaneous assaying of multiple EV-derived markers will be required for an impactful practical application, and multiplexing platforms have evolved with the potential to achieve this. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the currently available multiplexing platforms for EV analysis, with a primary focus on miniaturized and integrated devices that offer potential step changes in analytical power, throughput and consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Shu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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127
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Zheng J, Li D, Jiao J, Duan C, Wang Z, Xiang Y. Dual aptamer recognition-based G-quadruplex nanowires to selectively analyze cancer-derived exosomes. Talanta 2021; 235:122748. [PMID: 34517616 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-derived exosomes have emerged as a valuable biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the heterogeneity of exosomes often leads to low selectivity based on the single recognition method. Given this, we have developed a dual-aptamer recognition strategy based on G-quadruplex nanowires for selective analysis of exosomes. In this work, target exosomes were first captured by CD63 aptamers modified on magnetic beads (MBs) and then combined with AS1411 aptamer, which shows high binding affinity to nucleolin when forming stable G-quadruplex structure. Then the free myc monomer can spontaneously assemble into higher order G-wire superstructures on the allosteric AS1411, and resulting enhanced fluorescence signal, which can realize sensitive and specific analysis of the target exosomes. This dual-aptamer recognition-based method is simple and universal for different types of exosomes, which is of great significance for clinical cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Jin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Chengjie Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Zhongyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China.
| | - Yang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China.
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128
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Wang Y, Wang W, Kong F, Zhang Q, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Yan B. Tango of dual nanoparticles: Interplays between exosomes and nanomedicine. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 7:e10269. [PMID: 35600647 PMCID: PMC9115704 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles released from cells as a mechanism of intracellular communication. Containing information molecules of their parental cells and inclining to fuse with targeted cells, exosomes are valuable in disease diagnosis and drug delivery. The realization of their clinic applications still faces difficulties, such as lacking technologies for fast purification and functional reading. The advancement of nanotechnology in recent decades makes it promising to overcome these difficulties. In this article, we summarized recent progress in utilizing the physiochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance exosome purification and detection sensitivity or to derive novel technologies. We also discussed the valuable applications of exosomes in NPs‐based drug delivery. Till now most studies in these fields are still at the laboratory research stage. Translation of these bench works into clinic applications still has a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science Jinan China
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science Jinan China
| | - Wenzhen Wang
- The Secondary Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science Jinan China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shandong University Qingdao China
| | - Jiaqi Xiao
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science Jinan China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey Rutgers State University of New Jersey New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Guangzhou University Guangzhou China
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129
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Ding L, Liu LE, He L, Effah CY, Yang R, Ouyang D, Jian N, Liu X, Wu Y, Qu L. Magnetic-Nanowaxberry-Based Simultaneous Detection of Exosome and Exosomal Proteins for the Intelligent Diagnosis of Cancer. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15200-15208. [PMID: 34723514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosome concentration and exosomal proteins are regarded as promising cancer biomarkers. Herein, a waxberry-like magnetic bead (magnetic-nanowaxberry) which has huge surface area and strong affinity was synthesized to couple with aptamer for exosome capture and recovery. Subsequently, we developed a fluorescent assay for the sensitive, accurate, and simultaneous quantification of exosome and cancer-related exosomal proteins [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)] by using triple-colored probes to recognize EGFR and EpCAM or spontaneously anchor to the lipid bilayer. In this design, the interference of soluble proteins can be avoided due to the dual recognition strategy. Moreover, the lipid-based quantification of exosome concentration can improve the accuracy. Besides, the simultaneous detection mode can save samples and simplify the operation steps. Consequently, the assay shows high sensitivity (the limits of detection are down to 0.96 pg/mL for EGFR, 0.19 pg/mL for EpCAM, and 2.4 × 104 particles/μL for exosome), high specificity, and satisfactory accuracy. More importantly, this technique is successfully used to analyze exosomes in plasma to distinguish cancer patients from healthy individuals. To improve the diagnostic efficacy, the deep learning was used to exploit the potential pattern hidden in data obtained by the proposed method. Also, the accuracy for the intelligent diagnosis of cancer can achieve 96.0%. This study provides a new avenue for developing new biosensors for exosome analysis and intelligent disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ding
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li-E Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Leiliang He
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Clement Yaw Effah
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruiying Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dongxun Ouyang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ningge Jian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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130
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Guo K, Li Z, Win A, Coreas R, Adkins GB, Cui X, Yan D, Cao M, Wang SE, Zhong W. Calibration-free analysis of surface proteins on single extracellular vesicles enabled by DNA nanostructure. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113502. [PMID: 34298496 PMCID: PMC8580803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential intercellular communicators that are of increasing interest as diagnostic biomarkers. Exploring their biological functions and clinical values, however, remains challenging due to their small sizes and high heterogeneity. Herein, we report an ultrasensitive method that employs target-initiated construction of DNA nanostructure to detect single EVs with an input as low as 100 vesicles/μL. Taking advantage of both DNA nanostructure labeling and EV membrane staining, the method can also permit calibration-free analysis of the protein profiles among different EV samples, leading to clear EV differentiation by their cell of origin. Moreover, this method allows co-localization of dual protein markers on the same EV, and the increased number of EVs carrying dual tumor proteins present in human serum could differentiate cancer patients at the early developmental stage from healthy controls. Our results demonstrate the great potential of this single-EV visualization method in non-invasive detection of the EV-based protein biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Zongbo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Allison Win
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Roxana Coreas
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Gary Brent Adkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xinping Cui
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Nanofabrication Facility, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shizhen Emily Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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131
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Ma X, Hao Y, Liu L. Progress in Nanomaterials-Based Optical and Electrochemical Methods for the Assays of Exosomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7575-7608. [PMID: 34803380 PMCID: PMC8599324 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s333969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes with diameters of 30-150 nm are small membrane-bound vesicles secreted by a variety of cells. They play an important role in many biological processes, such as tumor-related immune response and intercellular signal transduction. Exosomes have been considered as emerging and noninvasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Recently, a large number of optical and electrochemical biosensors have been proposed for sensitive detection of exosomes. To meet the increasing demands for ultrasensitive detection, nanomaterials have been integrated with various techniques as powerful components. Because of their intrinsic merits of biological compatibility, excellent physicochemical features and unique catalytic ability, nanomaterials have significantly improved the analytical performances of exosome biosensors. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in nanomaterials-based biosensors for the detection of cancer-derived exosomes, including fluorescence, colorimetry, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy, electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People’s Republic of China
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132
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Dynamic nanoassembly-based drug delivery systems on the horizon. J Control Release 2021; 339:547-552. [PMID: 34478749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly in nature creates matter with complex structures and unpredictable designs; disordered building blocks spontaneously organize into ordered structures to achieve specific functions. Self-assembly begins to play an important role in the design of advanced drug delivery as well. Though, the behavior of 'dynamic nanoassembly-based drug delivery systems' (DNDDS) in biological media and cells remains poorly understood, while this is highly critical for controlling spatiotemporal drug release from DNDDS in vivo. To deepen the understanding of tailor-made DNDDS, this contribution in the Oration - New Horizons section of the Journal of controlled Release aims to highlight nature-inspired designs, construction principles, and controllable functionalities of DNDDS and how they are triggered by endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Furthermore, biomedical applications of tailor-made DNDDS for accurate diagnosis and precise treatment of diseases, including tumors, neurological diseases, injuries and infections are discussed. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives of DNDDS are briefly outlined.
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133
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Mo T, Liu X, Luo Y, Zhong L, Zhang Z, Li T, Gan L, Liu X, Li L, Wang H, Sun X, Fan D, Qian Z, Wu P, Chen X. Aptamer-based biosensors and application in tumor theranostics. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:7-16. [PMID: 34747552 PMCID: PMC8748234 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An aptamer is a short oligonucleotide chain that can specifically recognize targeting analytes. Due to its high specificity, low cost, and good biocompatibility, aptamers as the targeting elements of biosensors have been applied widely in non-invasive tumor imaging and treatment in situ to replace traditional methods. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in using aptamer-based biosensors in tumor diagnosis. After a brief introduction of the advantage of aptamers compared with enzyme sensors and immune sensors, the different sensing designs and mechanisms based on 3 signal transduction modes will be reviewed to cover different kinds of analytical methods, including: electrochemistry analysis, colorimetry analysis, and fluorescence analysis. Finally, the prospective advantages of aptamer-based biosensors in tumor theranostics and post-treatment monitoring are also evaluated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Mo
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiqun Luo
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tong Li
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lan Li
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huixue Wang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinjun Sun
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dianfa Fan
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhangbo Qian
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pan Wu
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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134
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Tan J, Wen Y, Li M. Emerging biosensing platforms for quantitative detection of exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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135
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Liu X, Zong Z, Xing M, Liu X, Li J, Liu D. pH-Mediated Clustering of Exosomes: Breaking Through the Size Limit of Exosome Analysis in Conventional Flow Cytometry. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8817-8823. [PMID: 34609888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes have recently emerged as some of the most promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Due to their small sizes and composition heterogeneity, exosomes are difficult to detect by currently available platforms. Here, we report a pH-mediated assembly system that converts single nanosized exosomes into microsized clusters, which can be directly analyzed by conventional flow cytometry (FCM), breaking through the size limit of exosome analysis. We demonstrated the clinical utility of the pH-mediated clustering system by profiling the exosomal proteins from blood plasma samples of 33 cancer patients and 11 benign controls. The results indicated that the combination of MUC-1 and PD-L1 could serve as a new biomarker panel for the early diagnosis of liver cancer with high clinical accuracy. This pH-mediated assembly strategy allows rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput analysis of exosome biomarkers by conventional FCM, which can be easily refined for use in both basic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyou Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mindan Xing
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Hepatology, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Hepatology, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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136
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Abstract
Emerging research in biosensors has attracted much attention worldwide, particularly in response to the recent pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nevertheless, initiating research in biosensing applied to the diagnosis of diseases is still challenging for researchers, be it in the preferences of biosensor platforms, selection of biomarkers, detection strategies, or other aspects (e.g., cutoff values) to fulfill the clinical purpose. There are two sides to the development of a diagnostic tool: the biosensor development side and the clinical side. From the development side, the research engineers seek the typical characteristics of a biosensor: sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, stability, and reproducibility. On the other side are the physicians that expect a diagnostic tool that provides fast acquisition of patient information to obtain an early diagnosis or an efficient patient stratification, which consequently allows for making assertive and efficient clinical decisions. The development of diagnostic devices always involves assay developer researchers working as pivots to bridge both sides whose role is to find detection strategies suitable to the clinical needs by understanding (1) the intended use of the technology and its basic principle and (2) the preferable type of test: qualitative or quantitative, sample matrix challenges, biomarker(s) threshold (cutoff value), and if the system requires a mono- or multiplex assay format. This review highlights the challenges for the development of biosensors for clinical assessment and its broad application in multidisciplinary fields. This review paper highlights the following biosensor technologies: magnetoresistive (MR)-based, transistor-based, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and optical-based biosensors. Its working mechanisms are discussed with their pros and cons. The article also gives an overview of the most critical parameters that are optimized by developing a diagnostic tool.
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137
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Gao X, Teng X, Dai Y, Li J. Rolling Circle Amplification-Assisted Flow Cytometry Approach for Simultaneous Profiling of Exosomal Surface Proteins. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3611-3620. [PMID: 34632781 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes that carry multiple proteins from the originating cells are known as emerging biomarkers for tumor diagnostics. However, it is still technically challenging to accurately evaluate subtle differences of exosomal membrane proteins. Here, we developed a rolling circle amplification (RCA)-assisted flow cytometry approach (FCA) to simultaneously profile surface proteins and quantify exosomes. In this work, specific anti-CD63 antibody-conjugated magnetic beads were first utilized to capture exosomes. Then, the captured exosomes were bound with DNA primers, which comprise exosomal surface protein-specific recognition aptamers. The RCA reaction generates repeat DNA sequences for fluorescent probe hybridization. Finally, a conventional flow cytometer was introduced to phenotype exosomal protein markers. Such a sensitive RCA-assisted FCA displays an excellent detection limit of 1.3 × 105 exosome/mL. The variable composition of four protein markers on different cell-derived exosomes was sensitively detected through changing the protein-recognition sequence of the DNA primer, which reveals a heterogeneous pattern. Exosomes from different cell sources could be distinguished by the abundance difference of multiple surface proteins. Furthermore, the developed RCA-assisted FCA enabled quantitative analysis of blood samples from lung cancer patients, indicating its potential for early clinical diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xucong Teng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yicong Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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138
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Amrollahi P, Zheng W, Monk C, Li CZ, Hu TY. Nanoplasmonic Sensor Approaches for Sensitive Detection of Disease-Associated Exosomes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6589-6603. [PMID: 35006963 PMCID: PMC9130051 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are abundantly secreted by most cells that carry membrane and cytosolic factors that can reflect the physiologic state of their source cells and thus have strong potential to serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease staging, and treatment monitoring. However, traditional diagnostic or prognostic applications that might use exosomes are hindered by the lack of rapid and sensitive assays that can exploit their biological information. An array of assay approaches have been developed to address this deficit, including those that integrate immunoassays with nanoplasmonic sensors to measure changes in optical refractive indexes in response to the binding of low concentrations of their targeted molecules. These sensors take advantage of enhanced and tunable interactions between the electron clouds of nanoplasmonic particles and structures and incident electromagnetic radiation to enable isolation-free and ultrasensitive quantification of disease-associated exosome biomarkers present in complex biological samples. These unique advantages make nanoplasmonic sensing one of the most competitive approaches available for clinical applications and point-of-care tests that evaluate exosome-based biomarkers. This review will briefly summarize the origin and clinical utility of exosomes and the limitations of current isolation and analysis approaches before reviewing the specific advantages and limitations of nanoplasmonic sensing devices and indicating what additional developments are necessary to allow the translation of these approaches into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Amrollahi
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Wenshu Zheng
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Chandler Monk
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Chen-Zhong Li
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Tony Ye Hu
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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139
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Sun W, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Zhang M, Jiang L, Liu S, Yu J, Huang J. Accurate and Nonpurified Identification of Extracellular Vesicles Using Dual-Binding Recognition Mode. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12383-12390. [PMID: 34449197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer in a non-invasive manner. However, the rapid and accurate identification of EVs in complex biological samples is technically challenging, which is attributed to the requirement of extensive sample purification and unsatisfactory detection accuracy due to the disturbance of interfering proteins. Herein, a simultaneous binding of double-positive EV membrane protein-based recognition mode (DRM) is proposed. By the combination of DRM-mediated toehold activation and G-quadruplex DNAZyme-catalyzed etching of Au@Ag nanorods (Au@Ag NRs), we have developed an accurate, non-purified, low-cost, and visual strategy for EV identification. The synchronous binding of double-positive proteins on EV membranes is validated by confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. This approach exhibits excellent specificity and sensitivity toward EVs ranging from 1.0 × 105 to 1.0 × 109 particles/mL with a detection limit of 6.31 × 104 particles/mL. Moreover, we have successfully realized non-purified EV quantification in complex biological media. In addition, target-initiated catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) is integrated with G-quadruplex DNAZyme-catalyzed color variation of Au@Ag NRs; thus, low-background EV detection can be achieved by the naked eye. Furthermore, our strategy is easy to adapt to high-throughput formats by using an automatic microplate reader, which could be expected to meet the requirements for high-throughput detection of clinical samples. With its capacities of rapidness, portability, affordability, high throughput, non-purification, and visual detection, this strategy could provide a practical tool for accurate identification of EVs and early diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Sun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Zhixue Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Yeru Wang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Manru Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Long Jiang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Su Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Jiadong Huang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
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140
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Xu H, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Ye BC. An artificial enzyme cascade amplification strategy for highly sensitive and specific detection of breast cancer-derived exosomes. Analyst 2021; 146:5542-5549. [PMID: 34515703 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-related exosomes, which are heterogeneous membrane-enclosed nanovesicles shed from cancer cells, have been widely recognized as potential noninvasive biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis. Herein, an artificial enzyme cascade amplification strategy based on a switchable DNA tetrahedral (SDT) scaffold was proposed for quantification of breast cancer-derived exosomes. The SDT scaffold is composed of G-quadruplex mimicking DNAzyme sequences on its two single-stranded edges and glucose oxidase (GOx) on the four termini of the complementary strands. In the initial state, the SDT scaffold is blocked by the switch strand which consists of partial complementary domains with the DNA tetrahedron and a MUC1 aptamer. MCF-7 exosomes could release the quadruplex-forming sequences through the recognition of the MUC1 aptamer. The newly formed DNAzyme brings GOx into spatial proximity and induces high-efficiency enzyme cascade catalytic reactions on the SDT. Consequently, high sensitivity toward MCF-7 exosome analysis was obtained with a wide linear range of 3.8 × 106 to 1.2 × 108 particles per mL and a limit of detection of 1.51 × 105 particles per mL. In addition, such a DNAzyme reconfiguration strategy was able to distinguish MCF-7 exosomes from other breast cancer cell derived exosomes, indicating its excellent method specificity. The proposed enzyme cascade strategy not only provides a novel signal transformation and amplification nanoplatform for quantifying the specific populations of exosomes, but also can be further expanded to the analysis of multiple cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Xu
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Lu Zheng
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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141
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Luo B, Yan S, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Lan F, Wu Y. Bifunctional magnetic covalent organic framework for simultaneous enrichment of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1177:338761. [PMID: 34482887 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and glycosylation, which are closely related to various diseases, have been extensively studied recently. Mass spectrometry (MS) based phosphoproteomics and glycoproteomics analysis rely heavily on the pre-treatment. Due to the differences in enrichment conditions, there are still huge challenges in designing and preparing a single affinity material to achieve efficient simultaneous capture and elution of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. Herein, a novel magnetic covalent organic framework, which was modified with functional molecule 4-(3-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-ureido)benzoic acid (MUBA), was designed as a bifunctional enrichment platform for glycopeptides and phosphopeptides. Thanks to the multiple hydrogen bonding interactions between MUBA and hydrogen phosphates, the material possessed excellent enrichment performance for phosphopeptides. In addition, the hydrophilicity of the COF structure and modified molecules endowed this material recognition capability towards glycopeptides based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Combining with the inherent properties of COF structure, the established platform achieved simultaneous enrichment of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides with excellent selectivity (1:1:1000 M ratio of α-casein/IgG/BSA), high sensitivity (0.05 fmol/μL α-casein; 0.05 fmol/μL IgG), and good size-exclusion effect (α-casein digests/IgG digests/BSA, 1:1:500). More excitingly, the method was used for the identification of glycopeptides and phosphopeptides from rat liver tissue and the exosomes extracted from liver cancer patients' plasma, proving its specific phosphoproteomics and glycoproteomics study in complex biosamples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Shuang Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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142
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Xiong H, Huang Z, Yang Z, Lin Q, Yang B, Fang X, Liu B, Chen H, Kong J. Recent Progress in Detection and Profiling of Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007971. [PMID: 34075696 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, known as nanometer-sized vesicles (30-200 nm), are secreted by many types of cells. Cancer-derived exosomes have great potential to be biomarkers for early clinical diagnosis and evaluation of cancer therapeutic efficacy. Conventional detection methods are limited to low sensitivity and reproducibility. There are hundreds of papers published with different detection methods in recent years to address these challenges. Therefore, in this review, pioneering researches about various detection strategies are comprehensively summarized and the analytical performance of these tests is evaluated. Furthermore, the exosome molecular composition (protein and nucleic acid) profiling, a single exosome profiling, and their application in clinical cancer diagnosis are reviewed. Finally, the principles and applications of machine learning method in exosomes researches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhejun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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143
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CHEN W, GAN Z, QIN J. [Microfluidic strategies for separation and analysis of circulating exosomes]. Se Pu 2021; 39:968-980. [PMID: 34486836 PMCID: PMC9404160 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.07005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound nanovesicles that are secreted by most types of cells and contain a range of biologically important molecules, including lipids, proteins, ribonucleic acids, etc. Emerging evidences show that exosomes can affect cells' physiological status by transmitting molecular messages among cells. As such, exosomes are involved in various pathological processes. Studying exosomes is of great importance for understanding their biological functions and relevance to disease diagnosis. However, it is difficult to separate and analyze exosomes due to their small size, and because their density is similar to that of bodily fluids. Traditional methods, including ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration are time-consuming and require expensive equipment. Other methods for exosome separation, including immunoaffinity-based methods, are expensive and rely heavily on specific antibodies. Precipitation-based methods do not yield acceptable purity for downstream analysis, due to polymer contamination. Thus, urgent demand exists for a portable, simple, affordable method for exosome separation. Microfluidic chip technology offers a potential platform for separation and detection of exosomes, with several remarkable characteristics, including low sample consumption, high throughput, and easy integration. This paper provides an overview of current microfluidic strategies for separation and analysis of circulating exosomes. In our introduction to exosome separation, we divide existing separation methods into two categories. Category one is based on exosome physical properties, and includes membrane filtration, nano-column array sorting, and physical isolation. The other is immune capture, which is based on biochemical characteristics of exosomes, and includes fixed base immune capture and unfixed base immune capture. In our introduction to exosome analyses, some commonly used methods, including western blotting, scanning electron microscopy, and flow cytometry are briefly described. Some new systems, which combine microfluidic technology with fluorescence, electrochemical sensing, surface plasmon resonance, or other multimodal analysis methods for integrated detection of exosomes are then described in detail. Finally, the challenges faced by microfluidic technology in improving exosome purity and making systems more portable are analyzed. Prospects for application of microfluidic chips in this area are also discussed. With the rapid development of micro/nano-manufacturing, new materials, and information technology, microfluidic exosome separation and analysis systems will become smaller, more integrated, and more automated. Microfluidic chip technology will play important roles in exosome separation, biochemical detection, and mechanism analysis.
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144
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Daems E, Moro G, Campos R, De Wael K. Mapping the gaps in chemical analysis for the characterisation of aptamer-target interactions. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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145
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Liu X, Gao X, Yang L, Zhao Y, Li F. Metal-Organic Framework-Functionalized Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Ultrasensitive Exosome Assay. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11792-11799. [PMID: 34407610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The exosome has emerged as a promising noninvasive biomarker for the early diagnosis of cancer. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop simple, inexpensive, and user-friendly biosensors for convenient, sensitive, and quantitative exosome assay. Herein, we developed a simple and cost-efficient electrochemical biosensor by combining a metal-organic framework (MOF)-functionalized paper and a screen-printed electrode (SPE) for portable, ultrasensitive, and quantitative determination of cancer-derived exosomes. In principle, the biosensor relied on recognition of the exosome by Zr-MOFs and aptamer to initiate the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and the formation of DNAzyme for signal amplification. Benefiting from the high signal amplification ability of HCR, the label-free paper-based biosensor is capable of ultrasensitive exosome assay with a detection limit down to 5 × 103 particles/mL, which is superior to that of most reported methods. Moreover, the proposed paper-based biosensor possessed the advantages of low cost, simple operation, and high sensitivity, making it affordable and deliverable for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Limin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Yuecan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
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146
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Mellor RD, Schätzlein AG, Uchegbu IF. Development of Bio-Functionalized, Raman Responsive, and Potentially Excretable Gold Nanoclusters. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092181. [PMID: 34578495 PMCID: PMC8471107 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used experimentally for non-invasive in vivo Raman monitoring because they show a strong absorbance in the phototherapeutic window (650–850 nm), a feature that is accompanied by a particle size in excess of 100 nm. However, these AuNPs cannot be used clinically because they are likely to persist in mammalian systems and resist excretion. In this work, clustered ultrasmall (sub-5 nm) AuNP constructs for in vivo Raman diagnostic monitoring, which are also suitable for mammalian excretion, were synthesized and characterized. Sub-5 nm octadecyl amine (ODA)-coated AuNPs were clustered using a labile dithiol linker: ethylene glycol bis-mercaptoacetate (EGBMA). Upon clustering via a controlled reaction and finally coating with a polymeric amphiphile, a strong absorbance in the phototherapeutic window was demonstrated, thus showing the potential suitability of the construct for non-invasive in vivo detection and monitoring. The clusters, when labelled with a biphenyl-4-thiol (BPT) Raman tag, were shown to elicit a specific Raman response in plasma and to disaggregate back to sub-5 nm particles under physiological conditions (37 °C, 0.8 mM glutathione, pH 7.4). These data demonstrate the potential of these new AuNP clusters (Raman NanoTheranostics—RaNT) for in vivo applications while being in the excretable size window.
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147
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Yu Y, Guo Q, Jiang W, Zhang H, Cai C. Dual-Aptamer-Assisted AND Logic Gate for Cyclic Enzymatic Signal Amplification Electrochemical Detection of Tumor-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11298-11304. [PMID: 34369142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), often referred to as exosomes, are potential biomarkers for noninvasive cancer diagnosis. However, because of their phenotype heterogeneity, precise detection of tumor-derived sEVs is a great challenge. Herein, a dual-aptamer-assisted AND logic gate was fabricated for sensitive electrochemical detection of tumor-derived sEVs based on a cyclic enzymatic signal amplification strategy. Four different tumor-derived sEVs were used to verify the feasibility of the AND logic gate, and CCRF-CEM sEVs were successfully detected by this assay. The electrochemical assay shows a good linear response from 4 × 103 to 8 × 107 particles/μL, with a detection limit of 920 particles/μL, for CCRF-CEM sEVs, indicating potential application in accurate cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Qunqun Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Chenxin Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
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148
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Jing L, Qin M, Zhang X, Song Y, Zhang J, Xia X, Gao K, Han Q. A novel borax-specific ssDNA aptamer screened by high-throughput SELEX and its colorimetric assay with aggregation of AuNPs. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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149
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Luo B, Li G, Li Z, He J, Zhou J, Wu L, Lan F, Wu Y. Construction of a magnetic covalent organic framework with synergistic affinity strategy for enhanced glycopeptide enrichment. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6377-6386. [PMID: 34296732 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Considering the inherent properties of glycopeptides, such as glycan structure, size, and hydrophilicity, affinity materials possessing suitable functional molecule-glycan interactions, matched channels with size exclusion, and surfaces with hydrophilic interactions are preferred for glycopeptide separation in biological samples. Here, a novel boronic-acid-functionalized magnetic covalent organic framework was prepared through epitaxial growth and multi-ligand strategies. The multi-ligand strategy was firstly employed to prepare functionalized magnetic covalent organic framework without any post-functionalization protocol. Notably, the proposed strategy was found to be time saving, robust, and reproducible. The versatile magnetic covalent organic framework nanocomposite was endowed with phenylboronic acid functional molecules, strong hydrophilic features, mesoporous channels, fast magnetic responsiveness, and a large surface area. Benefitting from multiple affinity interactions, namely, synergistic reversible covalent interactions and hydrophilic affinity interactions, the nanocomposite presented extremely high performance in the recognition of intact N-glycopeptides. The inherent properties endowed the nanocomposite with excellent enrichment performance for N-glycopeptides: excellent selectivity (1 : 2000, IgG/BSA, m/m), an ultralow detection limit (0.05 fmol μL-1), and a good size-exclusion effect (1 : 500, IgG digests/BSA, m/m). More excitingly, a total of 1921 unique intact glycopeptides assigned to 1154 glycoproteins were identified from rat liver tissue; this performance is superior to that of commercial products. Additionally, the nanocomposite was successfully applied to enrich intact glycopeptides of exosomes extracted from healthy individuals and renal failure patients, providing a novel concept for the design of materials using a synergistic affinity strategy for sample preparation in glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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150
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Wang J, Xie H, Ding C. Designed Co-DNA-Locker and Ratiometric SERS Sensing for Accurate Detection of Exosomes Based on Gold Nanorod Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32837-32844. [PMID: 34236165 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, which can transfer and deliver information about the original cell, are considered to be ideal candidates for early cancer diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy due to their high abundance and stability. However, the highly expressed proteins on the surface of exosomes are usually associated with a variety of cancers; it is difficult to distinguish them by a single marker. Herein, a controlled self-assembly of gold nanorod (AuNR) arrays was prepared to construct a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensor for the specific detection of exosomes secreted by SK-Br-3 cells based on a designed colocalization-dependent system (Co-DNA-Locker) and ratiometric strategy. After the exosomes are captured in the sensing array by the EpCAM aptamer modified on the surface of AuNRs, the DNA logic process occurs because the other two proteins, CD63 and HER2, are expressed simultaneously on the surface of exosomes secreted by SK-Br-3 cells, and the SERS signal intensity of the Rhodamine 6G (R6G) tagged on the terminal of DNA TE increased with an increase in the concentration of the exosomes, while the SERS signal intensity of Cy5 linked on the terminal of the EpCAM aptamer, which acts as an internal standard, remains stable. The AuNRs are uniformly arranged in a hexagonal shape, and the dense "hot spots" produce "hot surfaces," which greatly improve the sensitivity and uniformity of detection. In the presence of target exosomes, the DNA colocalization three-signal input switch and the ratiometric strategy realize the specific and accurate detection of exosomes. This sensing strategy achieves a wide detection range (1.0 × 104-5.0 × 106 particles/mL) and a lower detection limit (5.3 × 103 particles/mL), without using any signal amplification mechanism, demonstrating promising applications in health care monitoring and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Hongyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Caifeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
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