101
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Feng L, Li JL, Day GS, Lv XL, Zhou HC. Temperature-Controlled Evolution of Nanoporous MOF Crystallites into Hierarchically Porous Superstructures. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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102
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Rager S, Jakowetz AC, Gole B, Beuerle F, Medina DD, Bein T. Scaffold-Induced Diketopyrrolopyrrole Molecular Stacks in a Covalent Organic Framework. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 31:2707-2712. [PMID: 31043765 PMCID: PMC6485259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted considerable attention due to their crystalline and porous nature, which positions them as intriguing candidates for diverse applications such as catalysis, sensing, or optoelectronics. The incorporation of dyes or semiconducting moieties into a rigid two-dimensional COF can offer emergent features such as enhanced light harvesting or charge transport. However, this approach can be challenging when dealing with dye molecules that exhibit a large aromatic backbone, since the steric demand of solubilizing side chains also needs to be integrated into the framework. Here, we report the successful synthesis of DPP2-HHTP-COF consisting of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) diboronic acid and hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) building blocks. The well-known boronate ester coupling motif guides the formation of a planar and rigid backbone and long-range molecular DPP stacks, resulting in a highly crystalline and porous material. DPP2-HHTP-COF exhibits excellent optical properties including strong absorption over the visible spectral range, broad emission into the NIR and a singlet lifetime of over 5 ns attributed to the formation of molecular stacks with J-type interactions between the DPP subcomponents in the COF. Electrical conductivity measurements of crystalline DPP2-HHTP-COF pellets revealed conductivity values of up to 10-6 S cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rager
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas C. Jakowetz
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Bappaditya Gole
- University
of Würzburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for
Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- University
of Würzburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for
Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dana D. Medina
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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103
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Zhao X, Pachfule P, Li S, Langenhahn T, Ye M, Schlesiger C, Praetz S, Schmidt J, Thomas A. Macro/Microporous Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6623-6630. [PMID: 30916950 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are of interest for many applications originating from their mechanically robust architectures, low density, and high accessible surface area. Depending on their linkers and binding patterns, COFs mainly exhibit microporosity, even though COFs with small mesopores have been reported using extended linkers. For some applications, especially when fast mass transport is desired, hierarchical pore structures are an ideal solution, e.g., with small micropores providing large surface areas and larger macropores providing unhindered transport to and from the materials surface. Herein, we have developed a facile strategy for the fabrication of crystalline COFs with inherent microporosity and template-induced, homogeneously distributed, yet tunable, macroporous structures. This method has been successfully applied to obtain various β-ketoenamine-based COFs with interconnected macro-microporous structures. The as-synthesized macroporous COFs preserve high crystallinity with high specific surface area. When bipyridine moieties are introduced into the COF backbone, metals such as Co2+ can be coordinated within the hierarchical pore structure (macro-TpBpy-Co). The resulting macro-TpBpy-Co exhibits a high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, which is much improved compared to the purely microporous COF with a competitive overpotential of 380 mV at 10 mA/cm2. This can be attributed to the improved mass diffusion properties in the hierarchically porous COF structures, together with the easily accessible active Co2+-bipyridine sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Functional Materials , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 40 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Pradip Pachfule
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Functional Materials , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 40 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Functional Materials , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 40 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Langenhahn
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Functional Materials , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 40 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mengyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Functional Materials , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 40 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Christopher Schlesiger
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 36 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Praetz
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 36 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Functional Materials , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 40 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Functional Materials , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 40 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
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104
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Li RL, Flanders NC, Evans AM, Ji W, Castano I, Chen LX, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Controlled growth of imine-linked two-dimensional covalent organic framework nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3796-3801. [PMID: 30996969 PMCID: PMC6446964 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) consist of monomers arranged in predictable structures with emergent properties. However, improved crystallinity, porosity, and solution processability remain major challenges. To this end, colloidal COF nanoparticles are useful for mechanistic studies of nucleation and growth and enable advanced spectroscopy and solution processing of thin films. Here we present a general approach to synthesize imine-linked 2D COF nanoparticles and control their size by favoring imine polymerization while preventing the nucleation of new particles. The method yields uniform, crystalline, and high-surface-area particles and is applicable to several imine-linked COFs. In situ X-ray scattering experiments reveal the nucleation of amorphous polymers, which crystallize via imine exchange processes during and after particle growth, consistent with previous mechanistic studies of imine-linked COF powders. The separation of particle formation and growth processes offers control of particle size and may enable further improvements in crystallinity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Li
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Nathan C Flanders
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
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105
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Chen R, Shi J, Ma Y, Lin G, Lang X, Wang C. Designed Synthesis of a 2D Porphyrin‐Based sp
2
Carbon‐Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rufan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Ji‐Long Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Corrosion and Protection CenterUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Guiqing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Xianjun Lang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers (Ministry of Education)College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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106
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Babu HV, Bai MGM, Rajeswara Rao M. Functional π-Conjugated Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11029-11060. [PMID: 30817118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fingerprints of π-conjugated compounds are ubiquitous in nature and play a crucial part in human existence. For instance, cis-retinal, an endogenous π-conjugated molecule present in the eye, performs a vital role in the function of visual perception. π-Conjugated molecules have also received a great deal of attention owing to their intriguing optical properties and created a surge in optoelectronics. Varieties of π-conjugated molecules/oligomers have been developed and explored for a number of applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and sensors, among others. While the extended π-delocalization in one-dimensional (1D) polymers versus oligomers produce superior optical and electronic properties, further extension of π-delocalization to the second dimension (2D) is expected to give rise even more intriguing properties as revealed by theoretical studies. As a matter of fact, graphene is the best example of 2D-conjugated polymers, but its zero-band-gap behavior is a major impediment for semiconducting applications. In contrast, it was challenging to prepare 2D crystalline polymers until the discovery of boroxine/boronate ester linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) by Yaghi and co-workers. COFs are a new class of porous crystalline polymers in which organic building blocks are held together by covalent bonds. These polymers exhibit potential applications in gas storage, energy storage, photocatalyst, heterogeneous catalysis, sensors, etc. However, the first π-conjugated COF was realized in 2009 via the introduction of imine linker (-C═N-) between the building blocks. Since then, wide varieties of COFs with various π-delocalization promoting spacers have been developed and explored their electronic and optical properties and pertinent applications. In this review, we will highlight the importance of 2D π-conjugated COFs and their achievements in developing novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vignesh Babu
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Dharwad , Dharwad , Karnataka 580011 , India
| | - M G Monika Bai
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Dharwad , Dharwad , Karnataka 580011 , India
| | - M Rajeswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Dharwad , Dharwad , Karnataka 580011 , India
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107
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Neupane S, Patnode K, Li H, Baryeh K, Liu G, Hu J, Chen B, Pan Y, Yang Z. Enhancing Enzyme Immobilization on Carbon Nanotubes via Metal-Organic Frameworks for Large-Substrate Biocatalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12133-12141. [PMID: 30839195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis of large-sized substrates finds wide applications. Immobilizing the involved enzymes on solid supports improves biocatalysis yet faces challenges such as enzyme structural perturbation, leaching, and low cost-efficiencies, depending on immobilization strategies/matrices. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attractive matrices but challenged by enzyme leaching (physical adsorption) or perturbation (covalent linking). Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) overcome these issues. However, our recent study [ J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, 16032-16036] showed reduced cost-efficiency as enzymes trapped below the ZIF surfaces cannot participate in biocatalysis; the enzyme-ZIF composites are also unstable under acidic conditions. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of using ZIFs to immobilize enzymes on CNT surfaces on two model enzymes, T4 lysozyme and amylase, both of which showed negligible leaching and retained catalytic activity under neutral and acidic conditions. To better understand the behavior of enzymes on CNTs and CNT-ZIF, we characterized enzyme orientation on both matrices using site-directed spin-labeling (SDSL)-electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), which is immune to the complexities caused by CNT and ZIF background signals and enzyme-matrix interactions. Our structural investigations showed enhanced enzyme exposure to the solvent compared to enzymes in ZIFs alone; orientation of enzymes in matrices itself is directly related to substrate accessibility and, therefore, essential for understanding and improving catalytic efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time ZIFs and one-pot synthesis are employed to anchor large-substrate enzymes on CNT surfaces for biocatalysis. This is also the first report of enzyme orientation on the CNT surface and upon trapping in CNT-ZIF composites. Our results are essential for guiding the rational design of CNT-ZIF combinations to improve enzyme stabilization, loading capacity, and catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong , China
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108
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Bera S, Dey K, Pal TK, Halder A, Tothadi S, Karak S, Addicoat M, Banerjee R. Porosity Switching in Polymorphic Porous Organic Cages with Exceptional Chemical Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4243-4247. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Bera
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Kaushik Dey
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur Campus Mohanpur 741246 India
| | - Tapan K. Pal
- Physical/Materials Chemistry DivisionCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Arjun Halder
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Physical/Materials Chemistry DivisionCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Suvendu Karak
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Matthew Addicoat
- School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent University Clifton Lane Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur Campus Mohanpur 741246 India
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109
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El‐Mahdy AFM, Hung Y, Mansoure TH, Yu H, Chen T, Kuo S. A Hollow Microtubular Triazine‐ and Benzobisoxazole‐Based Covalent Organic Framework Presenting Sponge‐Like Shells That Functions as a High‐Performance Supercapacitor. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1429-1435. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F. M. El‐Mahdy
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic ScienceCenter of Crystal ResearchNational Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceAssiut University Assiut 71516 Egypt
| | - Ying‐Hui Hung
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic ScienceCenter of Crystal ResearchNational Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
| | - Tharwat Hassan Mansoure
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceAssiut University Assiut 71516 Egypt
- Institute of ChemistryAcademic Sinica 128 Academic Road, Sec. 2 Nankang Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Nanoscience and Technology ProgramTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademic Sinica and National Taiwan University Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Hsiao‐Hua Yu
- Institute of ChemistryAcademic Sinica 128 Academic Road, Sec. 2 Nankang Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Nanoscience and Technology ProgramTaiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademic Sinica and National Taiwan University Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter ScienceNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
| | - Tao Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Science Zhongguan West Road 1219 315201 Ningbo China
| | - Shiao‐Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic ScienceCenter of Crystal ResearchNational Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied ChemistryKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
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110
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El-Mahdy AFM, Young C, Kim J, You J, Yamauchi Y, Kuo SW. Hollow Microspherical and Microtubular [3 + 3] Carbazole-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks and Their Gas and Energy Storage Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9343-9354. [PMID: 30735343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a family of crystalline porous networks having applications in various fields, including gas and energy storage. Despite respectable progress in the synthesis of such crystalline materials, examples of the use of template-free methods to construct COFs having hollow nano- and microstructures are rare. Furthermore, all reported methods for synthesizing these hollow structural COFs have involved [4 + 2] and [3 + 2] condensations. Herein, we report the synthesis of hollow microspherical and microtubular carbazole-based COFs through template-free, one-pot, [3 + 3] condensations of the novel triamine 9-(4-aminophenyl)-carbazole-3,6-diamine (Car-3NH2) and triformyl linkers with various degrees of planarity. Depending upon the monomer's planarity, a unique morphological variety was observed. A time-dependent study revealed that each COF formed through an individual mechanism depended on the degree of planarity of the triformyl linker; it also confirmed that the hollow structures of these COFs formed through inside-out Ostwald ripening. Our COFs exhibited high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas (up to ca. 1400 m2 g-1), excellent crystallinity, and high thermal stability. Moreover, the CO2 uptake capacities of these COFs were excellent: up to 61 and 123 mg g-1 at 298 and 273 K, respectively. The high surface areas facilitated greater numbers of strong interactions with CO2 molecules, leading to high CO2 uptake capacities. Moreover, the prepared COFs exhibited redox activity because of their redox-active triphenylamine and pyridine groups, which can be utilized in electrochemical energy storages. Accordingly, such hollow COFs having high surface areas appear to be useful materials for industrial and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F M El-Mahdy
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center of Crystal Research , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut 71516 , Egypt
| | - Christine Young
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA) and International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Jeonghun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering & Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Jungmok You
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources , Kyung Hee University , 1732 Deogyeong-daero , Giheunggu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do 446-701 , South Korea
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- School of Chemical Engineering & Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources , Kyung Hee University , 1732 Deogyeong-daero , Giheunggu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do 446-701 , South Korea
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center of Crystal Research , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807 , Taiwan
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111
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Zhou Z, Zhang X, Xing L, Liu J, Kong A, Shan Y. Copper-assisted thermal conversion of microporous covalent melamine-boroxine frameworks to hollow B, N-codoped carbon capsules as bifunctional metal-free electrode materials. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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112
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Bera S, Dey K, Pal TK, Halder A, Tothadi S, Karak S, Addicoat M, Banerjee R. Porosity Switching in Polymorphic Porous Organic Cages with Exceptional Chemical Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Bera
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Kaushik Dey
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur Campus Mohanpur 741246 India
| | - Tapan K. Pal
- Physical/Materials Chemistry DivisionCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Arjun Halder
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Physical/Materials Chemistry DivisionCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Suvendu Karak
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Matthew Addicoat
- School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent University Clifton Lane Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur Campus Mohanpur 741246 India
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113
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Song Y, Sun Q, Aguila B, Ma S. Opportunities of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Advanced Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801410. [PMID: 30693185 PMCID: PMC6343072 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of functional nanostructures with intriguing properties, due to their unprecedented combination of high crystallinity, tunable pore size, large surface area, and unique molecular architecture. The range of properties characterized in COFs has rapidly expanded to include those of interest for numerous applications ranging from energy to environment. Here, a background overview is provided, consisting of a brief introduction of porous materials and the design feature of COFs. Then, recent advancements of COFs as a designer platform for a plethora of applications are emphasized together with discussions about the strategies and principles involved. Finally, challenges remaining for this type material for real applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpei Song
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of South Florida4202 E Fowler Ave.TampaFL33620USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of South Florida4202 E Fowler Ave.TampaFL33620USA
| | - Briana Aguila
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of South Florida4202 E Fowler Ave.TampaFL33620USA
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of South Florida4202 E Fowler Ave.TampaFL33620USA
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114
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Liu Y, Yan X, Li T, Zhang WD, Fu QT, Lu HS, Wang X, Gu ZG. Three-dimensional porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks with tetrahedral building blocks for single-site catalysis. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two 3D porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks were synthesized as single-site catalysts and exhibited excellent performance in biomimetic catalysis and oxygen evolution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Wen-Da Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Qiu-Ting Fu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Hui-Shu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Zhi-Guo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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115
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Liu X, Huang D, Lai C, Zeng G, Qin L, Wang H, Yi H, Li B, Liu S, Zhang M, Deng R, Fu Y, Li L, Xue W, Chen S. Recent advances in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a smart sensing material. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5266-5302. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00299e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a smart sensing material are summarized and highlighted.
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116
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Feng L, Wang KY, Day GS, Zhou HC. The chemistry of multi-component and hierarchical framework compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4823-4853. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review is expected to provide a library of multi-component hierarchically porous compounds, which shall guide the state-of-the-art design of future porous materials with unprecedented tunability, synergism and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Kun-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Gregory S. Day
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
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117
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Zhang X, Liu L, Qiao Y, Liu J, Kong A, Shan Y. Sn(OH)x-assisted synthesis of mesoporous Mn-porphyrinic frameworks and their carbon derivatives for electrocatalysis. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14678-14686. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (4-aminophenyl) Mn-porphyrin and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehyde were combined into a new mesoporous organic framework by a Schiff-base-type reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Luyao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Yu Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Aiguo Kong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Yongkui Shan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
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118
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Kong W, Jia W, Wang R, Gong Y, Wang C, Wu P, Guo J. Amorphous-to-crystalline transformation toward controllable synthesis of fibrous covalent organic frameworks enabling promotion of proton transport. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:75-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08590k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reversible imine exchange is adopted to transform amorphous polyazomethine into fibrous crystalline covalent organic frameworks that are able to immobilize Nafion for enhanced proton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yifan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Changchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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119
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An AIEgen-based 3D covalent organic framework for white light-emitting diodes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5234. [PMID: 30532031 PMCID: PMC6286360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) have still been considered as a big challenge. Here we report the design and synthesis of an AIEgen-based 3D COF (3D-TPE-COF), with a high surface area (1084 m2 g−1). According to powder X-ray diffraction and continuous rotation electron diffraction analyses, 3D-TPE-COF is identified to adopt a seven-fold interpenetrated pts topology. Interestingly, 3D-TPE-COF emits yellow fluorescence upon excitation, with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 20%. Moreover, by simply coating 3D-TPE-COF onto a commercial blue light-emitting diode (LED), a prototype white LED (WLED) under continuously driving without degradation for 1200 h was demonstrated. The present work suggests the possibility of using COF materials for stable WLEDs, which will greatly inspire us to design and synthesize fluorescent 3D COFs and facilitate the development of COF-based WLEDs in future. 3D covalent organic frameworks (COF) show interesting hierarchical arrangements of nanopores and open sites but their synthesis remains challenging. Here the authors report a fluorescent AIEgen-based 3D COF and demonstrate application as a coating material for white LEDs and for sensing of picric acid
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120
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Li Z, Lin LD, Yu H, Li XX, Zheng ST. All-Inorganic Ionic Porous Material Based on Giant Spherical Polyoxometalates Containing Core-Shell K 6 @K 36 -Water Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15777-15781. [PMID: 30338895 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates that the use of high-negative and high-symmetry lacunary polyoxometalates (POMs) for the clustering of alkali metal ions is a feasible strategy not only for the formation of rare high-nuclearity alkali-metal clusters but also for the construction of new-type all-inorganic ionic porous materials. By the strategy, an unprecedented high-nuclearity K-H2 O cluster {K42 (H2 O)60 } with core-shell K6 @K36 configuration is stabilized by 8 C3v -symmetry trivacant POMs [GeW9 O34 ]10- , forming a novel giant ionic alkali-metal-POM composite cluster {K42 Ge8 W72 O272 (H2 O)60 } with more than 100 metal centers. The incorporated 42-nuclearity K-H2 O cluster {K42 (H2 O)60 } exhibits the highest-nuclearity alkali-metal-water cluster known to date in POM chemistry. Further, the giant {K42 Ge8 W72 O272 (H2 O)60 } clusters can be linked by another kind of alkali metal ions Na+ to generate a fascinating three-dimensional all-inorganic ionic porous framework with high chemical stability, proton conductivity, and water vapor adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Li-Dan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Xin-Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Shou-Tian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
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121
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Li Z, Lin LD, Yu H, Li XX, Zheng ST. All-Inorganic Ionic Porous Material Based on Giant Spherical Polyoxometalates Containing Core-Shell K6
@K36
-Water Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Li-Dan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Xin-Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Shou-Tian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
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122
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Mal A, Mishra RK, Praveen VK, Khayum MA, Banerjee R, Ajayaghosh A. Supramolecular Reassembly of Self‐Exfoliated Ionic Covalent Organic Nanosheets for Label‐Free Detection of Double‐Stranded DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Mal
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
| | - Rakesh K. Mishra
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
| | - Vakayil K. Praveen
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
| | - M. Abdul Khayum
- Physical/Materials Chemistry Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) Pune 411008 India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Physical/Materials Chemistry Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) Pune 411008 India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
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123
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Mal A, Mishra RK, Praveen VK, Khayum MA, Banerjee R, Ajayaghosh A. Supramolecular Reassembly of Self-Exfoliated Ionic Covalent Organic Nanosheets for Label-Free Detection of Double-Stranded DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8443-8447. [PMID: 29714817 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ionic covalent organic nanosheets (iCONs), a member of the two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials family, offer a unique functional platform for a wide range of applications. Herein, we explore the potential of an ethidium bromide (EB)-based covalent organic framework (EB-TFP) that self-exfoliates in water resulting in 2D ionic covalent organic nanosheets (EB-TFP-iCONs) for the selective detection of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). In an aqueous medium, the self-exfoliated EB-TFP-iCONs reassemble in the presence of dsDNA resulting in hybrid EB-TFP-iCONs-DNA crystalline nanosheets with enhanced fluorescence at 600 nm. Detailed steady-state and time-resolved emission studies revealed that the reassembly phenomenon was highly selective for dsDNA when compared to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which allowed us to use the EB-TFP-iCONs as a 2D fluorescent platform for the label-free detection of complementary DNA strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Mal
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
| | - Vakayil K Praveen
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
| | - M Abdul Khayum
- Physical/Materials Chemistry Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Physical/Materials Chemistry Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
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124
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Gole B, Stepanenko V, Rager S, Grüne M, Medina DD, Bein T, Würthner F, Beuerle F. Microtubular Self-Assembly of Covalent Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:846-850. [PMID: 29072828 PMCID: PMC6519380 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), reports on the precise construction of template-free nano- and microstructures of such materials have been rare. In the quest for dye-containing porous materials, a novel conjugated framework DPP-TAPP-COF with an enhanced absorption capability up to λ=800 nm has been synthesized by utilizing reversible imine condensations between 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) and a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dialdehyde derivative. Surprisingly, the obtained COF exhibited spontaneous aggregation into hollow microtubular assemblies with outer and inner tube diameters of around 300 and 90 nm, respectively. A detailed mechanistic investigation revealed the time-dependent transformation of initial sheet-like agglomerates into the tubular microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Gole
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry &, Bavarian Polymer Institute, BPI, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry &, Bavarian Polymer Institute, BPI, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Rager
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience, CeNS, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Matthias Grüne
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dana D Medina
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience, CeNS, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience, CeNS, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry &, Bavarian Polymer Institute, BPI, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry &, Bavarian Polymer Institute, BPI, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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