101
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Stubbs C, Congdon T, Davis J, Lester D, Richards SJ, Gibson MI. High-Throughput Tertiary Amine Deoxygenated Photopolymerizations for Synthesizing Polymer Libraries. Macromolecules 2019; 52:7603-7612. [PMID: 31656323 PMCID: PMC6812069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The huge chemical space potential of synthetic polymers means that in many studies only a small parameter range can be realistically synthesized in a short time and hence the "best" formulations may not be optimum. Throughput is traditionally limited by the need for deoxygenation in radical polymerizations, but advances in photopolymerization now provide opportunities for "in-air" polymerizations. Here, we have developed a protocol using liquid handling robots (or multichannel pipettes) with blue light photolysis of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer agents and tertiary amine deoxygenation to enable the synthesis of polymer libraries in industry-standard 96-well plates with no specialized infrastructure and no degassing step. The roles of solvents and amine deoxygenators are explored to optimize the polymerization, particularly to look at alternatives to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for hydrophobic monomer (co)polymerization. DMSO is shown to aid the degassing process but is not easy to remove and hence prevents isolation of pure polymers. In contrast, using dioxane in-plate evaporation or precipitation of the tertiary amine allowed isolation of polymers in-plate. This removed all reaction components yielding pure polymers, which is not easily achieved with systems using metal catalysts and secondary reductants, such as ascorbic acid. As an example of the throughput, in just under 40 h, 392 polymers were synthesized and subsequently analyzed direct from plates by a 96-well plate sampling size exclusion chromatography system to demonstrate reproducibility. Due to less efficient degassing in dioxane (compared to DMSO), the molecular weight and dispersity control were limited in some cases (with acrylates giving the lowest dispersities), but the key aim of this system is to access hundreds of polymers quickly and in a format needed to enable testing. This method enables easy exploration of chemical space and development of screening libraries to identify hits for further study using precision polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stubbs
- Department
of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Thomas Congdon
- Department
of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Jessica Davis
- Department
of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Daniel Lester
- Department
of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Sarah-Jane Richards
- Department
of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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102
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Investigation into the Direct Photolysis Process of Photo-Induced RAFT Polymerization by ESR Spin Trapping. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101722. [PMID: 31640166 PMCID: PMC6835659 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct photolysis of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents under visible light was demonstrated by electron spin resonance (ESR) using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide as a typical spin trap. The hyperfine coupling lines obtained by ESR spectroscopy showed the successful capture of the carbon-centered and the sulfur-centered radical. Photo-polymerization of vinyl acetate under different wavelengths was performed to verify the effects of wavelength on the process. The effect of the R group of RAFT agents on the photolysis was investigated by spin-trapping experiments using poly (butyl acrylate) and poly (vinyl acetate) as macroRAFT agents. The quantitative experiment showed the yield of photolysis of a xanthate to be only 0.023% under λ > 440 nm.
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103
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Wang M, Zhang J, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Schubert US, Feng A, Thang SH. Enzyme Degassing for Oxygen-Sensitive Reactions in Open Vessels of an Automated Parallel Synthesizer: RAFT Polymerizations. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:643-649. [PMID: 31498991 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme degassing method for oxygen-intolerant polymerizations was implemented in a commercially available automated parallel synthesizer and tested for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations performed in open vessels. For this purpose, a recently reported methodology that employs the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) to deplete oxygen in reaction media was utilized. The effectiveness of this approach to perform unattended parallel polymerization reactions in open vessels was demonstrated by comparing experimental results to those obtained under similar experimental conditions but utilizing the common degassing method of sparging N2 to remove oxygen. The proposed experimental technique displayed good precision in performing RAFT polymerizations and good control of the obtained polymers and could be easily adapted to other systems where the removal of oxygen is mandatory. This alternative high-throughput/high-output method may have the potential to increase productivity in research projects where oxygen-intolerant reactions are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Junliang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anchao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - San H. Thang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800 Australia
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104
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Zain G, Bondarev D, Doháňošová J, Mosnáček J. Oxygen‐Tolerant Photochemically Induced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of the Renewable Monomer Tulipalin A. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Zain
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Dmitrij Bondarev
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Jana Doháňošová
- Central LaboratoriesFaculty of Chemical and Food Technology STU Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Mosnáček
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
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105
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Satoh K, Sun Z, Uchiyama M, Kamigaito M, Xu J, Boyer C. Interconvertible and switchable cationic/PET-RAFT copolymerization triggered by visible light. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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106
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Huang Y, Zhang XR, Ye S, Li JL, Li X, Cai T. Robust hollow nanocomposites with ruthenium-bipyridine complexes for heterogeneous catalysis of logic-controlled RAFT polymerization. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13502-13510. [PMID: 31289798 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04664j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization has become a powerful and eco-friendly toolkit to create well-defined macromolecular buildups while exhibiting composition, sequence and spatiotemporal control. Although PET-RAFT polymerization is generally much more convenient than living ionic polymerization, it is still a great challenge to regulate the polymerization upon multiple external stimuli and to simplify the procedures of post-polymerization purification. In this contribution, hHPGE-PFPPNRu nanocomposites were engineered as catalyst supports to firmly accommodate ruthenium-bipyridine complexes for heterogeneous catalysis of PET-RAFT polymerization. The manipulation of reaction temperature modulated the performance of the nanocatalysts, with a pronounced acceleration of the polymerization kinetics being identified at a temperature above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes compared to that below it. Consequently, the control of RAFT polymerization can be achieved upon the dual-stimuli of light and heat. Moreover, these nanocatalysts conferred radical polymerizations with myriad attractive features such as the adaptability of diverse monomer formulations and reaction media, exquisite control over the molecular variables, oxygen tolerance, and catalyst doses in the ppm range. Owing to the robust mechanical nature of nanocomposites, the separation and reuse of the nanocatalysts were readily realized by rapid centrifugation, and they showed inappreciable catalyst leakage along with consistent catalytic performance even after multiple polymerization runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China. and Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China
| | - Xi Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China. and Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China
| | - Sunjie Ye
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Jia Le Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China. and Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China. and Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China
| | - Tao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China. and Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P. R. China
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107
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Zhou Y, Gu Y, Jiang K, Chen M. Droplet-Flow Photopolymerization Aided by Computer: Overcoming the Challenges of Viscosity and Facilitating the Generation of Copolymer Libraries. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kunming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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108
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Reyhani A, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Qiao GG. Fenton‐Chemistry‐Mediated Radical Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900220. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Reyhani
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Thomas G. McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
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109
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Kang H, Jeong W, Hong D. Antifouling Surface Coating Using Droplet-Based SI-ARGET ATRP of Carboxybetaine under Open-Air Conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7744-7750. [PMID: 31117731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a dense zwitterionic brush through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) is a typical graft-from approach used to achieve antifouling surfaces with high fidelity; however, their air-tightness may cause inconvenience to users. In this context, activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP is emerging as an alternative surface-coating tool because limited amount of air is allowed to form a dense polymer brush. However, the degree of air tolerance that can ensure a thick polymer brush has not been clearly defined, limiting its practical usage under ambient-air conditions. In this study, we investigated the SI-ARGET ATRP of carboxybetaine (CB) by changing the air conditions, along with the air-related parameters, such as the concentration of the reducing agent, the volume of the polymerization solution (PS), or the solvent composition, and correlated their effects with the poly(CB) thickness. Based on the optimized reaction conditions, a poly(CB) brush with reliable thickness was feasibly formed even under open-air conditions without a degassing step. In addition, a microliter droplet (∼100 μL) of PS was sufficient to proceed with the SI-ARGET ATRP for the covering of a poly(CB) brush on the surface area of interest. By applying an optimized SI-ARGET ATRP of CB, antifouling was feasibly achieved in the surface region of interest using an array to form a large surface area under fully exposed air conditions. In other words, optimized SI-ARGET ATRP enabled the formation of a thick poly(CB) brush on the surfaces of various dimensions under open-air conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongeun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , South Korea
| | - Wonwoo Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , South Korea
| | - Daewha Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , South Korea
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110
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Huang L, Ding Y, Ma Y, Wang L, Liu Q, Lu X, Cai Y. Colloidal Stable PIC Vesicles and Lamellae Enabled by Wavelength-Orthogonal Disulfide Exchange and Polymerization-Induced Electrostatic Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Huang
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Ding
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yajie Ma
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qizhou Liu
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinhua Lu
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuanli Cai
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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111
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Judzewitsch PR, Zhao L, Wong EHH, Boyer C. High-Throughput Synthesis of Antimicrobial Copolymers and Rapid Evaluation of Their Bioactivity. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lily Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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112
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Lamb JR, Qin KP, Johnson JA. Visible-light-mediated, additive-free, and open-to-air controlled radical polymerization of acrylates and acrylamides. Polym Chem 2019; 10:1585-1590. [PMID: 31057672 PMCID: PMC6497412 DOI: 10.1039/c9py00022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen tolerance in ontrolled radical polymerizations has been an active field of study in recent years. Herein, we report a photocontrolled, additive-free iniferter polymerization that operates in completely open vials utilizing the "polymerizing through oxygen" mechanism. Trithiocarbonates are directly activated with high intensity 450 nm light to produce narrowly dispersed (M w/M n = 1.1-1.6) polyacrylates and polyacrylamides in only 1 hour of irradiation. Living behavior is demonstrated through chain extension, block copolymer synthesis, and control over molecular weight through varying the monomer:iniferter ratio. A slight increase in induction period is observed for the open vial polymerization compared to the air-free reaction, but polymers with similar M n and M w/M n values are produced after 30-60 minutes of irradiation. This system will provide a convenient platform for living additive manufacturing because of its fast reaction time, air tolerance, wide monomer scope, and lack of any additives beyond the monomer, iniferter, and DMSO solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - K Peter Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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113
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Zheng Y, Luo Y, Feng K, Zhang W, Chen G. High Throughput Screening of Glycopolymers: Balance between Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Property. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:326-330. [PMID: 35650837 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To search for synthetic agents with low cytotoxicity and good antibacterial activity is essential for antimicrobial applications. Here we report a high throughput technique that carried out in multiwell plates via recyclable-catalyst-aided, opened-to-air, and sunlight-photolyzed RAFT (ROS-RAFT) polymerization. By using this method, three key monomers (MAG the sugar unit, DMAPMA the positively charged monomer, and DEMAA the hydrophobic monomer) can be polymerized in a controlled manner to afford glycopolymers. This simple high throughput technology is used to synthesize glycopolymers with variable compositions. The bacterial adhesion/killing ability and cytotoxicity of synthesized polymers have been evaluated, and glycopolymers with certain composition can achieve a balance of low cytotoxic and good antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zheng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Feng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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114
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Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
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115
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Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5170-5189. [PMID: 30066456 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of photochemistry to polymer and material science has led to the development of complex yet efficient systems for polymerization, polymer post-functionalization, and advanced materials production. Using light to activate chemical reaction pathways in these systems not only leads to exquisite control over reaction dynamics, but also allows complex synthetic protocols to be easily achieved. Compared to polymerization systems mediated by thermal, chemical, or electrochemical means, photoinduced polymerization systems can potentially offer more versatile methods for macromolecular synthesis. We highlight the utility of light as an energy source for mediating photopolymerization, and present some promising examples of systems which are advancing materials production through their exploitation of photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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116
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Zaquen N, Kadir AMNBPHA, Iasa A, Corrigan N, Junkers T, Zetterlund PB, Boyer C. Rapid Oxygen Tolerant Aqueous RAFT Photopolymerization in Continuous Flow Reactors. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neomy Zaquen
- Organic and Bio-Polymer Chemistry (OBPC), Universiteit Hasselt, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Tanja Junkers
- Organic and Bio-Polymer Chemistry (OBPC), Universiteit Hasselt, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, VIC 3800 Melbourne, Australia
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117
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Dolinski ND, Page ZA, Discekici EH, Meis D, Lee IH, Jones GR, Whitfield R, Pan X, McCarthy BG, Shanmugam S, Kottisch V, Fors BP, Boyer C, Miyake GM, Matyjaszewski K, Haddleton DM, de Alaniz JR, Anastasaki A, Hawker CJ. What happens in the dark? Assessing the temporal control of photo-mediated controlled radical polymerizations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2019; 57:268-273. [PMID: 31011240 PMCID: PMC6474683 DOI: 10.1002/pola.29247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A signature of photo-mediated controlled polymerizations is the ability to modulate the rate of polymerization by turning the light source 'on' and 'off.' However, in many reported systems, growth can be reproducibly observed during dark periods. In this study, emerging photo-mediated controlled radical polymerizations are evaluated with in situ 1H NMR monitoring to assess their behavior in the dark. Interestingly, it is observed that Cu-mediated systems undergo long-lived, linear growth during dark periods in organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Zachariah A. Page
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Emre H. Discekici
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - David Meis
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - In-Hwan Lee
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Glen R. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47 AK (UK)
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47 AK (UK)
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Blaine G. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, (Australia)
| | | | - Brett P. Fors
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, (Australia)
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | | | | | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47 AK (UK)
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
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118
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Hakobyan K, Gegenhuber T, McErlean CSP, Müllner M. Photoinduzierte MADIX‐Polymerisation im sichtbaren Spektrum durch wiederverwendbares, preiswertes und ungiftiges Bismutoxid als Photokatalysator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 NSW Australien
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 NSW Australien
| | - Thomas Gegenhuber
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 NSW Australien
| | | | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 NSW Australien
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano) Sydney 2006 NSW Australien
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119
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Hakobyan K, Gegenhuber T, McErlean CSP, Müllner M. Visible-Light-Driven MADIX Polymerisation via a Reusable, Low-Cost, and Non-Toxic Bismuth Oxide Photocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1828-1832. [PMID: 30511413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The continuous amalgamation of photocatalysis into existing reversible deactivation radical polymerisation (RDRP) processes has initiated a rapidly propagating area of polymer research in recent years. We introduce bismuth oxide (Bi2 O3 ) as a heterogeneous photocatalyst for polymerisations, operating at room temperature with visible light. We demonstrate formidable control over degenerative chain-transfer polymerisations, such as macromolecular design by interchange of xanthate (MADIX) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerisation. We achieved narrow molecular weight distributions and attribute the excellent temporal control of a photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process. This methodology was employed to synthesise diblock copolymers combining differently activated monomers. The Bi2 O3 catalyst system has the additional benefits of low toxicity, reusability, low-cost, and ease of removal from the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Gegenhuber
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
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120
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Wu C, Corrigan N, Lim CH, Jung K, Zhu J, Miyake G, Xu J, Boyer C. Guiding the Design of Organic Photocatalyst for PET-RAFT Polymerization: Halogenated Xanthene Dyes. Macromolecules 2019; 52:236-248. [PMID: 31537947 PMCID: PMC6752221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
By examining structurally similar halogenated xanthene dyes, this study establishes a guiding principle for resolving structure-property- performance relationships in the photocontrolled PET-RAFT polymerization system (PET-RAFT: photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer). We investigated the effect of the halogen substituents on the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the xanthene dyes acting as photocatalysts and their resultant effect on the performance of PET-RAFT polymerization. Consideration of the structure- property-performance relationships allowed design of a new xanthene photocatalyst, where its photocatalytic activity (oxygen tolerance and polymerization rate) was successfully optimized for PET-RAFT polymerization. We expect that this study will serve as a theoretical framework in broadly guiding the design of high performance photocatalysts for organic photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Garret Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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121
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Lin Y, Wang L, Zhou J, Ye L, Hu H, Luo Z, Zhou L. Surface modification of PVA hydrogel membranes with carboxybetaine methacrylate via PET-RAFT for anti-fouling. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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122
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123
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Zhang T, Yeow J, Boyer C. A cocktail of vitamins for aqueous RAFT polymerization in an open-to-air microtiter plate. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00898e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a highly biocompatible photoinitiation strategy based on Vitamin B2 and Vitamin C. This two-component photoinitiator enables RAFT polymerization to be conducted in high throughput in an open-to-air microtiter plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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124
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Zhong F, Zhou Y, Chen M. The influence of mixing on chain extension by photo-controlled/living radical polymerization under continuous-flow conditions. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow chemistry holds powerful potential for polymer synthesis, and has attracted increasing attention in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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125
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Xu S, Yeow J, Boyer C. Exploiting Wavelength Orthogonality for Successive Photoinduced Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly and Photo-Crosslinking. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1376-1382. [PMID: 35651246 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile benchtop process for the synthesis of cross-linked polymeric nanoparticles by exploiting wavelength-selective photochemistry to perform orthogonal photoinduced polymerization-induced self-assembly (Photo-PISA) and photo-crosslinking processes. We first established that the water-soluble photocatalyst, zinc meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetrachloride (ZnTMPyP) could activate the aqueous PET-RAFT dispersion polymerization of hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA). This photo-PISA process could be conducted under low energy red light (λmax = 595 nm, 10.2 mW/cm2) and without deoxygenation due to the action of the singlet oxygen quencher, biotin (vitamin B7), which allowed for the synthesis of a range of nanoparticle morphologies (spheres, worms, and vesicles) directly in 96-well plates. To perform wavelength selective nanoparticle cross-linking, we added the photoresponsive monomer, 7-[4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin] methacrylamide (TCMAm) as a comonomer without inhibiting the evolution of the nanoparticle morphology. Importantly, under red light, exclusive activation of the photo-PISA process occurs, with no evidence of TCMAm dimerization under these conditions. Subsequent switching to a UV source (λmax = 365 nm, 10.2 mW/cm2) resulted in rapid cross-linking of the polymer chains, allowing for retention of the nanoparticle morphology in organic solvents. This facile synthesis of cross-linked spheres, worms, and vesicles demonstrates the utility of orthogonal light-mediated chemistry for performing decoupled wavelength selective chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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126
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Li X, Li JL, Huang WG, Zhang XZ, Zhang B, Cai T. Metalloporphyrin-bound Janus nanocomposites with dual stimuli responsiveness for nanocatalysis in living radical polymerization. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:19254-19261. [PMID: 30141816 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05476b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The capability to spatiotemporally regulate polymerization kinetics in response to dual external stimuli of light and magnetism offers exciting pathways to precisely manipulate polymer composition and sequence. Herein, we report a strategy that adopts snowman-shaped Fe3O4@aSiO2-click-ZnPTPP Janus nanocomposites with a high magnetization value (12.9 emu g-1) and stably confined but accessible catalytic metalloporphyrin moieties as the nanocatalysts for photo-induced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. This method enables the synthesis of diverse polymeric structures from a large range of monomers using ultralow concentrations of nanocatalysts (less than 10 ppm) with simple modulation of light and magnetism. In addition, the nanocatalysts are found to be oxygen-tolerant, and they exhibit non-agglomeration during polymerization. Finally, repeated regeneration of the used nanocatalysts by magnetic extraction or facile centrifugation effectively reduces or even eliminates the contamination and/or decomposition on the final polymer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China.
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127
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Huang Y, Li X, Le Li J, Zhang B, Cai T. An Environmentally Benign and pH-Sensitive Photocatalyst with Surface-Bound Metalloporphyrin for Heterogeneous Catalysis of Controlled Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jia Le Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
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128
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Ng G, Yeow J, Chapman R, Isahak N, Wolvetang E, Cooper-White JJ, Boyer C. Pushing the Limits of High Throughput PET-RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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129
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Rodriguez KJ, Gajewska B, Pollard J, Pellizzoni MM, Fodor C, Bruns N. Repurposing Biocatalysts to Control Radical Polymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1111-1119. [PMID: 35632946 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (controlled radical polymerizations) have revolutionized and revitalized the field of polymer synthesis. While enzymes and other biologically derived catalysts have long been known to initiate free radical polymerizations, the ability of peroxidases, hemoglobin, laccases, enzyme-mimetics, chlorophylls, heme, red blood cells, bacteria, and other biocatalysts to control or initiate reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations has only been described recently. Here, the scope of biocatalytic atom transfer radical polymerizations (bioATRP), enzyme-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerizations (bioRAFT), biocatalytic organometallic-mediated radical polymerizations (bioOMRP), and biocatalytic reversible complexation mediated polymerizations (bioRCMP) is critically reviewed, and the potential of these reactions for the environmentally friendly synthesis of precision polymers, for the preparation of functional nanostructures, for the modification of surfaces, and for biosensing is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Rodriguez
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bernadetta Gajewska
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Pollard
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michela M. Pellizzoni
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Fodor
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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130
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Abstract
The conjugation of biomolecules can impart materials with the bioactivity necessary to modulate specific cell behaviors. While the biological roles of particular polypeptide, oligonucleotide, and glycan structures have been extensively reviewed, along with the influence of attachment on material structure and function, the key role played by the conjugation strategy in determining activity is often overlooked. In this review, we focus on the chemistry of biomolecule conjugation and provide a comprehensive overview of the key strategies for achieving controlled biomaterial functionalization. No universal method exists to provide optimal attachment, and here we will discuss both the relative advantages and disadvantages of each technique. In doing so, we highlight the importance of carefully considering the impact and suitability of a particular technique during biomaterial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Spicer
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles Väg 2, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. Thomas Pashuck
- NJ
Centre for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey United States
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles Väg 2, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom
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131
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Richards SJ, Jones A, Tomás RMF, Gibson MI. Photochemical "In-Air" Combinatorial Discovery of Antimicrobial Co-polymers. Chemistry 2018; 24:13758-13761. [PMID: 30069965 PMCID: PMC6391955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify new, non‐traditional antimicrobials. The discovery of new polymeric antimicrobials is limited by current low‐throughput synthetic tools, which means that limited chemical space has been explored. Herein, we employ photochemical “in‐air” reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization with microwell plates, using liquid‐handling robots to assemble large libraries of cationic polymers, without the need for degassing or purification steps, facilitating transfer to screening. Several lead polymers were identified including a co‐polymer with propylene glycol side chains with significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity and increased therapeutic window. Mechanistic studies showed that this polymer was bacteriostatic, and surprisingly did not lyse the cell membranes, implying an alternative mode of action. This versatile method using simple robotics will help to develop new biomaterials with emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Adam Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Ruben M F Tomás
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, UK
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132
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133
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Yeow J, Joshi S, Chapman R, Boyer C. A Self‐Reporting Photocatalyst for Online Fluorescence Monitoring of High Throughput RAFT Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10102-10106. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design UNSW Sydney Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Sanket Joshi
- ACRF Drug Discovery Centre for Childhood Cancer Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research Lowy Cancer Research Centre The University of New South Wales Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design UNSW Sydney Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
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134
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Yeow J, Joshi S, Chapman R, Boyer C. A Self‐Reporting Photocatalyst for Online Fluorescence Monitoring of High Throughput RAFT Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design UNSW Sydney Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Sanket Joshi
- ACRF Drug Discovery Centre for Childhood Cancer Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research Lowy Cancer Research Centre The University of New South Wales Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design UNSW Sydney Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
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135
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Yeow J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Boyer C. Up in the air: oxygen tolerance in controlled/living radical polymerisation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4357-4387. [PMID: 29718038 PMCID: PMC9857479 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for deoxygenation in controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) places significant limitations on its widespread implementation by necessitating the use of large reaction volumes, sealed reaction vessels as well as requiring access to specialised equipment such as a glove box and/or inert gas source. As a result, in recent years there has been intense interest in developing strategies for overcoming the effects of oxygen inhibition in CLRP and therefore remove the necessity for deoxygenation. In this review, we highlight several strategies for achieving oxygen tolerant CLRP including: "polymerising through" oxygen, enzyme mediated deoxygenation and the continuous regeneration of a redox-active catalyst. In order to provide further clarity to the field, we also establish some basic parameters for evaluating the degree of "oxygen tolerance" that can be achieved using a given oxygen scrubbing strategy. Finally, we propose some applications that could most benefit from the implementation of oxygen tolerant CLRP and provide a perspective on the future direction of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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136
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Xu T, Tu K, Cheng J, Ni Y, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Organocatalytic Approach to Functional Semifluorinated Polymers Driven by Visible Light. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800151. [PMID: 29900627 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Through the construction of an organic photocatalysis system, photoredox catalyst (PC)/additive, where PC stands for photoredox catalyst, an organocatalyzed step transfer-addition and radical-termination (O-START) polymerization irradiated by blue LED light at room temperature is realized. Different types of α,ω-diiodoperfluoroalkane A and α,ω-unconjugated diene B are copolymerized through O-START efficiently, and generate various kinds of functional semifluorinated polymers, including polyolefins and polyesters. The process is affected by several factors; solvents, additives, and feed ratio of A to B. After optimization of all these components, the polymerization efficiency is greatly improved, generating polymers with both relatively high yield and molecular weight. Considering the mild reaction condition, easy operation process, and free-of-metal-catalyst residues in the polymer product, the organocatalytic polymerization strategy provides a simple and efficient approach to functional semifluorinated polymer materials and hopefully opens up their application in high-tech fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Xu
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kai Tu
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiannan Cheng
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ni
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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137
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Mao T, Liu G, Wu H, Wei Y, Gou Y, Wang J, Tao L. High Throughput Preparation of UV-Protective Polymers from Essential Oil Extracts via the Biginelli Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6865-6872. [PMID: 29627974 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A high throughput (HTP) system has been developed to exploit new functional polymers. We synthesized 25 monomers in a mini-HTP manner through the tricomponent Biginelli reaction with high yields. The starting materials were five aldehydes extracted from essential oils. The 25 corresponding polymers were conveniently prepared via mini-HTP radical polymerization initially realizing the benefit of HTP methods to quickly fabricate sample libraries. The distinct radical scavenging ability of these Biginelli polymers was evaluated through a HTP measurement to choose the three best radical scavengers. This confirms the superiority of the HTP strategy to rapidly collect and analyze data. The selected polymers have been upgraded and screened according to different requirements for biomaterials and offer water-soluble and biocompatible copolymers that effectively protect cells from the fatal UV damage. This research is a straightforward way to establish new libraries of monomers with abundant diversity. It offers polymers with interesting functionalities. This suggests that a broader study of multicomponent reactions and HTP methods might be useful in many interdisciplinary fields. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a HTP study of the Biginelli reaction to develop a promising polymeric biomaterial, which might have important implications for the organic chemistry and polymer communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China.,Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha , 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Haibo Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Yanzi Gou
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha , 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha , 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
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138
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Tan J, Xu Q, Li X, He J, Zhang Y, Dai X, Yu L, Zeng R, Zhang L. Enzyme-PISA: An Efficient Method for Preparing Well-Defined Polymer Nano-Objects under Mild Conditions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700871. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering; School of Materials and Energy; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering; School of Materials and Energy; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xueliang Li
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering; School of Materials and Energy; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering; School of Materials and Energy; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering; School of Materials and Energy; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaocong Dai
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering; School of Materials and Energy; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering; School of Materials and Energy; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ruiming Zeng
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering; School of Materials and Energy; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering; School of Materials and Energy; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter; Guangzhou 510006 China
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139
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Fu Q, Ranji-Burachaloo H, Liu M, McKenzie TG, Tan S, Reyhani A, Nothling MD, Dunstan DE, Qiao GG. Controlled RAFT polymerization facilitated by a nanostructured enzyme mimic. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00832a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A nanostructured MOF composite was utilized as an enzyme mimic for the generation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide, which can subsequently initiate RAFT polymerizations in aqueous or organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Hadi Ranji-Burachaloo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Thomas G. McKenzie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Shereen Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Amin Reyhani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Mitchell D. Nothling
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Dave E. Dunstan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
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140
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Phommalysack-Lovan J, Chu Y, Boyer C, Xu J. PET-RAFT polymerisation: towards green and precision polymer manufacturing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6591-6606. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02783h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) process has opened up a new way of precision polymer manufacturing to satisfy the concept of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Phommalysack-Lovan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney
- Australia
| | - Yingying Chu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney
- Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney
- Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney
- Australia
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