101
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Tsai CC, Lin CR, Tsai HY, Chen CJ, Li WT, Yu HM, Ke YY, Hsieh WY, Chang CY, Wu YT, Wu CY, Chen ST, Wong CH. The immunologically active oligosaccharides isolated from wheatgrass modulate monocytes via Toll-like receptor-2 signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17689-97. [PMID: 23629653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheatgrass is one of the most widely used health foods, but its functional components and mechanisms remain unexplored. Herein, wheatgrass-derived oligosaccharides (WG-PS3) were isolated and found to induce CD69 and Th1 cytokine expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In particular, WG-PS3 directly activated the purified monocytes by inducing the expression of CD69, CD80, CD86, IL-12, and TNF-α but affected NK and T cells only in the presence of monocytes. After further purification and structural analysis, maltoheptaose was identified from WG-PS3 as an immunomodulator. Maltoheptaose activated monocytes via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) signaling, as discovered by pretreatment of blocking antibodies against Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and also determined by click chemistry. This study is the first to reveal the immunostimulatory component of wheatgrass with well defined molecular structures and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Che Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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102
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Viñarta SC, Delgado OD, Figueroa LI, Fariña JI. Effects of thermal, alkaline and ultrasonic treatments on scleroglucan stability and flow behavior. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:496-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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103
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Kitazawa K, Tryfona T, Yoshimi Y, Hayashi Y, Kawauchi S, Antonov L, Tanaka H, Takahashi T, Kaneko S, Dupree P, Tsumuraya Y, Kotake T. β-galactosyl Yariv reagent binds to the β-1,3-galactan of arabinogalactan proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1117-26. [PMID: 23296690 PMCID: PMC3585584 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.211722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Yariv phenylglycosides [1,3,5-tri(p-glycosyloxyphenylazo)-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzene] are a group of chemical compounds that selectively bind to arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), a type of plant proteoglycan. Yariv phenylglycosides are widely used as cytochemical reagents to perturb the molecular functions of AGPs as well as for the detection, quantification, purification, and staining of AGPs. However, the target structure in AGPs to which Yariv phenylglycosides bind has not been determined. Here, we identify the structural element of AGPs required for the interaction with Yariv phenylglycosides by stepwise trimming of the arabinogalactan moieties using combinations of specific glycoside hydrolases. Whereas the precipitation with Yariv phenylglycosides (Yariv reactivity) of radish (Raphanus sativus) root AGP was not reduced after enzyme treatment to remove α-l-arabinofuranosyl and β-glucuronosyl residues and β-1,6-galactan side chains, it was completely lost after degradation of the β-1,3-galactan main chains. In addition, Yariv reactivity of gum arabic, a commercial product of acacia (Acacia senegal) AGPs, increased rather than decreased during the repeated degradation of β-1,6-galactan side chains by Smith degradation. Among various oligosaccharides corresponding to partial structures of AGPs, β-1,3-galactooligosaccharides longer than β-1,3-galactoheptaose exhibited significant precipitation with Yariv in a radial diffusion assay on agar. A pull-down assay using oligosaccharides cross linked to hydrazine beads detected an interaction of β-1,3-galactooligosaccharides longer than β-1,3-galactopentaose with Yariv phenylglycoside. To the contrary, no interaction with Yariv was detected for β-1,6-galactooligosaccharides of any length. Therefore, we conclude that Yariv phenylglycosides should be considered specific binding reagents for β-1,3-galactan chains longer than five residues, and seven residues are sufficient for cross linking, leading to precipitation of the Yariv phenylglycosides.
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104
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Qin F, Sletmoen M, Stokke BT, Christensen BE. Higher order structures of a bioactive, water-soluble (1→3)-β-d-glucan derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1026-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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105
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Viñarta SC, Yossen MM, Vega JR, Figueroa LI, Fariña JI. Scleroglucan compatibility with thickeners, alcohols and polyalcohols and downstream processing implications. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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106
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Synytsya A, Novák M. Structural diversity of fungal glucans. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:792-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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107
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Palacios I, García-Lafuente A, Guillamón E, Villares A. Novel isolation of water-soluble polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms. Carbohydr Res 2012; 358:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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108
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Skov J, Kania PW, Holten-Andersen L, Fouz B, Buchmann K. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:111-20. [PMID: 22548789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Potential immunostimulatory effects of orally administered β-glucan were investigated in combination with immersion vaccination against enteric redmouth disease caused by Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A linear, unbranched and pure (purity ≥98%) β-1,3-glucan (syn. paramylon) from the alga Euglena gracilis was applied at an inclusion level of 1% β-glucan in feed administered at a rate of 1% biomass day(-1) for 84 consecutive days. Fish were vaccinated after two weeks of experimental feeding and bath challenged with live Y. ruckeri six weeks post-vaccination. Blood and head kidney were sampled at day 0, 13 (1 day pre-vaccination), 15, 55, 59 (day 3 post-challenge (p.c.)), 70 and 84. Vaccination induced significantly increased survival p.c., whereas the β-glucan had no effect on survival in either unvaccinated or vaccinated fish. Expression in head kidney of genes related to the acute phase response, i.e. interleukin-1β (IL-1β), serum amyloid A (SAA), precerebellin, and hepcidin, was significantly different in vaccinated fish receiving β-glucan compared to vaccinated controls at day 3 p.c., while no effect of β-glucan was observed among unvaccinated fish. Significant interaction between β-glucan and vaccination was found for the regulation of IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, SAA, precerebellin and hepcidin p.c. For SAA, the significant effect of β-glucan in vaccinated fish persisted at day 14 p.c. and 28 p.c. The difference in gene expression among vaccinated fish was mainly observed as down-regulations in vaccinated, β-glucan fed fish compared to up-regulations or no regulation in vaccinated controls. Slightly increased levels of plasma lysozyme activity were found in fish (both unvaccinated and vaccinated) receiving β-glucan at day 3 p.c. compared to control fed groups. This was associated with a faster clearance of Y. ruckeri in unvaccinated fish receiving β-glucan. In contrast to the trend towards a beneficial effect of β-glucan on plasma lysozyme activity, a trend towards suppression of plasma antibodies was seen in both unvaccinated and vaccinated fish receiving β-glucan. However, the effects of β-glucan were not reflected in the survival curves, and the differences seen in plasma lysozyme activity and antibody levels may have counteracted and set off each other as well as counteracted any potential effect represented by the differences in gene expression found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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109
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Beta-glucans improve growth, viability and colonization of probiotic microorganisms. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6026-6039. [PMID: 22754347 PMCID: PMC3382753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13056026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are frequently-used components for the elaboration of functional food. Currently, most of the commercialized probiotics are limited to a few strains of the genera Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, most of which produce exopolysaccharides (EPS). This suggests that the beneficial properties of these microorganisms may be related to the biological activities of these biopolymers. In this work we report that a 2-substituted-(1,3)-β-d-glucan of non-dairy bacterial origin has a prebiotic effect on three probiotic strains. Moreover, the presence of this β-d-glucan potentiates in vitro adhesion of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to human intestinal epithelial cells.
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110
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Chitosan nanostructures deposited from solutions in carbonic acid on a model substrate as resolved by AFM. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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111
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Novák M, Synytsya A, Gedeon O, Slepička P, Procházka V, Synytsya A, Blahovec J, Hejlová A, Čopíková J. Yeast β(1-3),(1-6)-d-glucan films: Preparation and characterization of some structural and physical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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112
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François NJ, Viñarta SC, Fariña JI, Daraio ME. Investigation on the film-forming properties of lab fermenter scale produced scleroglucans from Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 201126. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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113
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Scleroglucan: biosynthesis, production and application of a versatile hydrocolloid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:937-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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114
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Kanagawa M, Satoh T, Ikeda A, Adachi Y, Ohno N, Yamaguchi Y. Structural insights into recognition of triple-helical beta-glucans by an insect fungal receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29158-29165. [PMID: 21697086 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.256701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate ability to detect pathogens is achieved by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize non-self-components such as β1,3-glucan. β1,3-Glucans form a triple-helical structure stabilized by interchain hydrogen bonds. β1,3-Glucan recognition protein (βGRP)/gram-negative bacteria-binding protein 3 (GNBP3), one of the pattern recognition receptors, binds to long, structured β1,3-glucan to initiate innate immune response. However, binding details and how specificity is achieved in such receptors remain important unresolved issues. We solved the crystal structures of the N-terminal β1,3-glucan recognition domain of βGRP/GNBP3 (βGRP-N) in complex with the β1,3-linked glucose hexamer, laminarihexaose. In the crystals, three structured laminarihexaoses simultaneously interact through six glucose residues (two from each chain) with one βGRP-N. The spatial arrangement of the laminarihexaoses bound to βGRP-N is almost identical to that of a β1,3-glucan triple-helical structure. Therefore, our crystallographic structures together with site-directed mutagenesis data provide a structural basis for the unique recognition by such receptors of the triple-helical structure of β1,3-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Kanagawa
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN, Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan and
| | - Tadashi Satoh
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN, Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan and
| | - Akemi Ikeda
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN, Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan and
| | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN, Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan and.
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115
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Barsanti L, Passarelli V, Evangelista V, Frassanito AM, Gualtieri P. Chemistry, physico-chemistry and applications linked to biological activities of β-glucans. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:457-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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116
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Chlubnová I, Sylla B, Nugier-Chauvin C, Daniellou R, Legentil L, Kralová B, Ferrières V. Natural glycans and glycoconjugates as immunomodulating agents. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:937-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00005e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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117
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Garai-Ibabe G, Dueñas MT, Irastorza A, Sierra-Filardi E, Werning ML, López P, Corbí AL, Fernández de Palencia P. Naturally occurring 2-substituted (1,3)-beta-D-glucan producing Lactobacillus suebicus and Pediococcus parvulus strains with potential utility in the production of functional foods. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:9254-9263. [PMID: 20691585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated three lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus suebicus CUPV221, Pediococcus parvulus CUPV1 and P. parvulus CUPV22) that produced high levels of 2-substituted (1,3)-beta-D-glucans which increased the viscosity of the growth media. The (1,3)-beta-D-glucan consisted of two main molecular species, with masses of approximately 10(7) and 10(4) Da, whose proportions varied among the strains. The three strains survived exposure to saliva and simulated gastric conditions at pH 5, with P. parvulus CUPV22 surviving at pH 3.1, and L. suebicus CUPV221 surviving at pH 1.8. All strains were resistant to pancreatin and bile salts. P. parvulus CUPV22 exhibited the highest adhesion (10.5%) to Caco-2 cells, which decreased to 1.2% after washing the cells. Finally, P. parvulus CUPV22 and L. suebicus CUPV221 induced the production of inflammation-related cytokines by polarized macrophages, and interestingly, L. suebicus stimulated the production of cytokine IL-10. These results indicate that the three strains have potential utility for the production of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaizka Garai-Ibabe
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia, Spain
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118
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Galatis B, Apostolakos P. A new callose function: involvement in differentiation and function of fern stomatal complexes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1359-64. [PMID: 21045558 PMCID: PMC3115234 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.11.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Callose in polypodiaceous ferns performs multiple roles during stomatal development and function. This highly dynamic (1→3)-β-D-glucan, in cooperation with the cytoskeleton, is involved in: (a) stomatal pore formation, (b) deposition of local GC wall thickenings, and (c) the mechanism of stomatal pore opening and closure. This behavior of callose, among others, probably relies on the particular mechanical properties as well as on the ability to form and degrade rapidly, to create a scaffold or to serve as a matrix for deposition of other cell wall materials, and to produce fibrillar deposits in the periclinal GC walls, radially arranged around the stomatal pore. The local callose deposition in closing stomata is an immediate response of the external periclinal GC walls experiencing strong mechanical forces induced by the neighboring cells. The radial callose fibrils transiently co-exist with radial cellulose microfibrils and, like the latter, seem to be oriented via cortical MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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119
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Fontaine T, Beauvais A, Loussert C, Thevenard B, Fulgsang CC, Ohno N, Clavaud C, Prevost MC, Latgé JP. Cell wall alpha1-3glucans induce the aggregation of germinating conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:707-12. [PMID: 20447463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The germination of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia can be divided into four stages: breaking of dormancy, isotropic swelling, establishment of cell polarity, and formation of a germ tube. Swelling of conidia is associated in liquid medium with a multi-cellular aggregation that produced large clumps of conidia. Conidial aggregation can be specifically prevented by the addition of alpha1-3glucanase. Swollen conidia specifically adhere to insoluble alpha1-3glucan chains. Electron microscopy studies showed that cell wall alpha1-3glucan chains became exposed at the cell surface during the swelling. These results demonstrate that cell wall alpha1-3glucans play an essential role in the aggregation between swollen conidia. Experiments with alpha1-3glucan coated latex beads show that alpha1-3glucan chains interacted between them without the requirement of any other cell wall component suggesting that biophysical properties of alpha1-3glucans are solely responsible for conidial aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fontaine
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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120
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Descroix K, Větvička V, Laurent I, Jamois F, Yvin JC, Ferrières V. New oligo-β-(1,3)-glucan derivatives as immunostimulating agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:348-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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121
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Two novel techniques for determination of polysaccharide cross-links show that Crh1p and Crh2p attach chitin to both beta(1-6)- and beta(1-3)glucan in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1626-36. [PMID: 19734368 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00228-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work, using solubilization of yeast cell walls by carboxymethylation, before or after digestion with beta(1-3)- or beta(1-6)glucanase, followed by size chromatography, showed that the transglycosylases Crh1p and Crh2p/Utr2p were redundantly required for the attachment of chitin to beta(1-6)glucan. With this technique, crh1Delta crh2Delta mutants still appeared to contain a substantial percentage of chitin linked to beta(1-3)glucan. Two novel procedures have now been developed for the analysis of polysaccharide cross-links in the cell wall. One is based on the affinity of curdlan, a beta(1-3)glucan, for beta(1-3)glucan chains in carboxymethylated cell walls. The other consists of in situ deacetylation of cell wall chitin, generating chitosan, which can be extracted with acetic acid, either directly (free chitosan) or after digestion with different glucanases (bound chitosan). Both methodologies indicated that all of the chitin in crh1Delta crh2Delta strains is free. Reexamination of the previously used procedure revealed that the beta(1-3)glucanase preparation used (zymolyase) is contaminated with a small amount of endochitinase, which caused erroneous results with the double mutant. After removing the chitinase from the zymolyase, all three procedures gave coincident results. Therefore, Crh1p and Crh2p catalyze the transfer of chitin to both beta(1-3)- and beta(1-6)glucan, and the biosynthetic mechanism for all chitin cross-links in the cell wall has been established.
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122
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Marieta C, Ibarburu I, Dueñas M, Irastorza A. Supramolecular structure and conformation of a (1-->3)(1-->2)-beta-D-glucan from Lactobacillus suebicus CUPV221 as observed by tapping mode atomic force microscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6183-6188. [PMID: 19601662 DOI: 10.1021/jf900554c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) has been used to analyze the supramolecular structure and conformation of the (1-->3)(1-->2)-beta-D-glucan produced by Lactobacillus suebicus CUPV221 isolated from cider. Solutions for TM-AFM observation were prepared by dispersing the solid glucan in distilled water and in alkaline aqueous solutions. It was found that from the distilled water at 10 mg/L or higher concentrations, the (1-->3)(1-->2)-beta-D-glucan forms networks. The heat resistance of the networks depends on the concentration. From the alkaline aqueous solutions, different supramolecular structures were observed depending on the pH. From the weakest alkaline solution, a fairly rough morphology with a high density of spikelike growth features was revealed. As the ionic force of the medium increased, the sizes of the spikelike growth features diminished, and even many disaggregated fibers could be found. At 0.4 M NaOH (pH 13.16), the aggregates had disappeared almost totally. NaOH aqueous solutions (0.1 and 0.4 M) were used to carry out the study of conformation. At 0.1 M NaOH, the aggregates were partially detached, and many free microfibers were found to which a helical conformation could be assigned due to their stiffness and rodlike character. At 0.4 M NaOH, the beginning of the dissociation of the helical structures was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Marieta
- Departamento de Quimica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian.
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123
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JOHANNESSEN LENE, LØVIK MARTINUS, LYDERSEN STIAN, NILSEN ASBJØRNMAGNE. Combined cell wall polysaccharide, mycotoxin and bacterial lipopolysaccharide exposure and inflammatory cytokine responses. APMIS 2009; 117:507-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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124
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Velasco SE, Areizaga J, Irastorza A, Dueñas MT, Santamaria A, Muñoz ME. Chemical and rheological properties of the beta-glucan produced by Pediococcus parvulus 2.6. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:1827-1834. [PMID: 19219990 DOI: 10.1021/jf803065w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Some physicochemical and rheological properties of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 were examined. Structural characterization by NMR ((1)H and 2D-COSY) showed that the same EPS, a 2-substituted (1,3)-beta-D-glucan, was synthesized irrespective of sugar source used for growth (glucose, fructose, or maltose). The molecular masses of these beta-glucans were always very high (>10(6) Da) and influenced by the culture medium or sugar source. The steady shear rheological experiments showed that all concentrations of the beta-glucan aqueous solutions exhibited a pseudoplastic behavior at high shear rates. Viscoelastic behavior of beta-glucan solutions was determined by dynamic oscillatory analysis. A critical concentration of 0.35% associated with the appearance of entanglements was calculated. The beta-glucan adopts an ordered hydrogen bond dependent helical conformation in neutral and slightly alkaline aqueous solutions, which was partly denatured under more alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana E Velasco
- Departamento de Quimica Aplicada y Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad del Pais Vasco, 20080 San Sebastian, Spain
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Montel E, Hrmova M, Fincher GB, Driguez H, Cottaz S. A Chemoenzymatic Route to Conjugatable β(1→3)-Glucan Oligosaccharides. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
3II-O-Allyl-α-laminaribiosyl fluoride was prepared as a key synthon for the enzymatic synthesis of β(1→3)-glucan oligosaccharides, catalyzed by a mutated β(1→3)-glucanase (E231G) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A strategy was developed for enzymatic elongation of the β(1→3)-glucan chain from the reducing end, using a single glucoside acceptor. When β-glucoside phenyl disulfide was used as the acceptor, this methodology generated laminari-oligosaccharides conjugatable at both their reducing and non-reducing ends.
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