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Sun P, Isner JC, Coupel-Ledru A, Zhang Q, Pridgeon AJ, He Y, Menguer PK, Miller AJ, Sanders D, Mcgrath SP, Noothong F, Liang YK, Hetherington AM. Countering elevated CO 2 induced Fe and Zn reduction in Arabidopsis seeds. New Phytol 2022; 235:1796-1806. [PMID: 35637611 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth at increased concentrations of CO2 induces a reduction in seed zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Using Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated whether this could be mitigated by reducing the elevated CO2 -induced decrease in transpiration. We used an infrared imaging-based screen to isolate mutants in At1g08080 that encodes ALPHA CARBONIC ANHYDRASE 7 (ACA7). aca7 mutant alleles display wild-type (WT) responses to abscisic acid (ABA) and light but are compromised in their response to elevated CO2 . ACA7 is expressed in guard cells. When aca7 mutants are grown at 1000 ppm CO2 they exhibit higher transpiration and higher seed Fe and Zn content than WT grown under the same conditions. Our data show that by increasing transpiration it is possible to partially mitigate the reduction in seed Fe and Zn content when Arabidopsis is grown at elevated CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Jean-Charles Isner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Aude Coupel-Ledru
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- Institut Agro, LEPSE, INRAE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 75338 Cedex 07, France
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ashley J Pridgeon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Yaqian He
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Paloma K Menguer
- Centro de Biotechnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501970, Brazil
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Dale Sanders
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Steve P Mcgrath
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Fonthip Noothong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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2
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Caine RS, Chater CCC, Fleming AJ, Gray JE. Stomata and Sporophytes of the Model Moss Physcomitrium patens. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:643. [PMID: 32523599 PMCID: PMC7261847 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mosses are an ancient land plant lineage and are therefore important in studying the evolution of plant developmental processes. Here, we describe stomatal development in the model moss species Physcomitrium patens (previously known as Physcomitrella patens) over the duration of sporophyte development. We dissect the molecular mechanisms guiding cell division and fate and highlight how stomatal function might vary under different environmental conditions. In contrast to the asymmetric entry divisions described in Arabidopsis thaliana, moss protodermal cells can enter the stomatal lineage directly by expanding into an oval shaped guard mother cell (GMC). We observed that when two early stage P. patens GMCs form adjacently, a spacing division can occur, leading to separation of the GMCs by an intervening epidermal spacer cell. We investigated whether orthologs of Arabidopsis stomatal development regulators are required for this spacing division. Our results indicated that bHLH transcription factors PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1 are required for GMC formation. Moreover, the ligand and receptor components PpEPF1 and PpTMM are also required for orientating cell divisions and preventing single or clustered early GMCs from developing adjacent to one another. The identification of GMC spacing divisions in P. patens raises the possibility that the ability to space stomatal lineage cells could have evolved before mosses diverged from the ancestral lineage. This would have enabled plants to integrate stomatal development with sporophyte growth and could underpin the adoption of multiple bHLH transcription factors and EPF ligands to more precisely control stomatal patterning in later diverging plant lineages. We also observed that when P. patens sporophyte capsules mature in wet conditions, stomata are typically plugged whereas under drier conditions this is not the case; instead, mucilage drying leads to hollow sub-stomatal cavities. This appears to aid capsule drying and provides further evidence for early land plant stomata contributing to capsule rupture and spore release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Caine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Caspar C. C. Chater
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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3
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Luu K, Rajagopalan N, Ching JCH, Loewen MC, Loewen ME. The malate-activated ALMT12 anion channel in the grass Brachypodium distachyon is co-activated by Ca 2+/calmodulin. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6142-6156. [PMID: 30770467 PMCID: PMC6463695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, strict regulation of stomatal pores is critical for modulation of CO2 fixation and transpiration. Under certain abiotic and biotic stressors, pore closure is initiated through anionic flux, with calcium (Ca2+) playing a central role. The aluminum-activated malate transporter 12 (ALMT12) is a malate-activated, voltage-dependent member of the aluminum-activated malate transporter family that has been implicated in anionic flux from guard cells controlling the stomatal aperture. Herein, we report the characterization of the regulatory mechanisms mediating channel activities of an ALMT from the grass Brachypodium distachyon (BdALMT12) that has the highest sequence identity to Arabidopsis thaliana ALMT12. Electrophysiological studies in a heterologous cell system confirmed that this channel is malate- and voltage-dependent. However, this was shown to be true only in the presence of Ca2+ Although a general kinase inhibitor increased the current density of BdALMT12, a calmodulin (CaM) inhibitor reduced the Ca2+-dependent channel activation. We investigated the physiological relevance of the CaM-based regulation in planta, where stomatal closure, induced by exogenous Ca2+ ionophore and malate, was shown to be inhibited by exogenous application of a CaM inhibitor. Subsequent analyses revealed that the double substitutions R335A/R338A and R335A/K342A, within a predicted BdALMT12 CaM-binding domain (CBD), also decreased the channels' ability to activate. Using isothermal titration calorimetry and CBD-mimetic peptides, as well as CaM-agarose affinity pulldown of full-length recombinant BdALMT12, we confirmed the physical interaction between the CBD and CaM. Together, these findings support a co-regulatory mechanism of BdALMT12 activation by malate, and Ca2+/CaM, emphasizing that a complex regulatory network modulates BdALMT12 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Luu
- From the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1B8
| | | | - John C H Ching
- From the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1B8
| | - Michele C Loewen
- the National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9; the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada; the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 0N6, Canada.
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- From the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 1B8
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4
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Rui Y, Chen Y, Kandemir B, Yi H, Wang JZ, Puri VM, Anderson CT. Balancing Strength and Flexibility: How the Synthesis, Organization, and Modification of Guard Cell Walls Govern Stomatal Development and Dynamics. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1202. [PMID: 30177940 PMCID: PMC6110162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Guard cells are pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores. Guard cells, like other types of plant cells, are surrounded by a three-dimensional, extracellular network of polysaccharide-based wall polymers. In contrast to the walls of diffusely growing cells, guard cell walls have been hypothesized to be uniquely strong and elastic to meet the functional requirements of withstanding high turgor and allowing for reversible stomatal movements. Although the walls of guard cells were long underexplored as compared to extensive studies of stomatal development and guard cell signaling, recent research has provided new genetic, cytological, and physiological data demonstrating that guard cell walls function centrally in stomatal development and dynamics. In this review, we highlight and discuss the latest evidence for how wall polysaccharides are synthesized, deposited, reorganized, modified, and degraded in guard cells, and how these processes influence stomatal form and function. We also raise open questions and provide a perspective on experimental approaches that could be used in the future to shed light on the composition and architecture of guard cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Baris Kandemir
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - James Z. Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Virendra M. Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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5
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He J, Zhang R, Peng K, Tagliavia C, Li S, Xue S, Liu A, Hu H, Zhang J, Hubbard KE, Held K, McAinsh MR, Gray JE, Kudla J, Schroeder JI, Liang Y, Hetherington AM. The BIG protein distinguishes the process of CO 2 -induced stomatal closure from the inhibition of stomatal opening by CO 2. New Phytol 2018; 218:232-241. [PMID: 29292834 PMCID: PMC5887946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an infrared thermal imaging-based genetic screen to identify Arabidopsis mutants displaying aberrant stomatal behavior in response to elevated concentrations of CO2 . This approach resulted in the isolation of a novel allele of the Arabidopsis BIG locus (At3g02260) that we have called CO2 insensitive 1 (cis1). BIG mutants are compromised in elevated CO2 -induced stomatal closure and bicarbonate activation of S-type anion channel currents. In contrast with the wild-type, they fail to exhibit reductions in stomatal density and index when grown in elevated CO2 . However, like the wild-type, BIG mutants display inhibition of stomatal opening when exposed to elevated CO2 . BIG mutants also display wild-type stomatal aperture responses to the closure-inducing stimulus abscisic acid (ABA). Our results indicate that BIG is a signaling component involved in the elevated CO2 -mediated control of stomatal development. In the control of stomatal aperture by CO2 , BIG is only required in elevated CO2 -induced closure and not in the inhibition of stomatal opening by this environmental signal. These data show that, at the molecular level, the CO2 -mediated inhibition of opening and promotion of stomatal closure signaling pathways are separable and BIG represents a distinguishing element in these two CO2 -mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Ruo‐Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Kai Peng
- School of Biological SciencesLife Sciences Building24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | | | - Siwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Amy Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Honghong Hu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Katharine E. Hubbard
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of HullHullHU6 7RXUK
| | - Katrin Held
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenUniversität MünsterSchlossplatz 7Münster48149Germany
| | | | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenUniversität MünsterSchlossplatz 7Münster48149Germany
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Yun‐Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
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6
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Vráblová M, Vrábl D, Hronková M, Kubásek J, Šantrůček J. Stomatal function, density and pattern, and CO 2 assimilation in Arabidopsis thaliana tmm1 and sdd1-1 mutants. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:689-701. [PMID: 28453883 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata modulate the exchange of water and CO2 between plant and atmosphere. Although stomatal density is known to affect CO2 diffusion into the leaf and thus photosynthetic rate, the effect of stomatal density and patterning on CO2 assimilation is not fully understood. We used wild types Col-0 and C24 and stomatal mutants sdd1-1 and tmm1 of Arabidopsis thaliana, differing in stomatal density and pattern, to study the effects of these variations on both stomatal and mesophyll conductance and CO2 assimilation rate. Anatomical parameters of stomata, leaf temperature and carbon isotope discrimination were also assessed. Our results indicate that increased stomatal density enhanced stomatal conductance in sdd1-1 plants, with no effect on photosynthesis, due to both unchanged photosynthetic capacity and decreased mesophyll conductance. Clustering (abnormal patterning formed by clusters of two or more stomata) and a highly unequal distribution of stomata between the adaxial and abaxial leaf sides in tmm1 mutants also had no effect on photosynthesis. Except at very high stomatal densities, stomatal conductance and water loss were proportional to stomatal density. Stomatal formation in clusters reduced stomatal dynamics and their operational range as well as the efficiency of CO2 transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vráblová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VSB-TU Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - D Vrábl
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M Hronková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubásek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Šantrůček
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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7
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Carvalho DRA, Torre S, Kraniotis D, Almeida DPF, Heuvelink E, Carvalho SMP. Elevated air movement enhances stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid in leaves developed at high relative air humidity. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:383. [PMID: 26074943 PMCID: PMC4446533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High relative air humidity (RH ≥ 85%) during growth leads to stomata malfunctioning, resulting in water stress when plants are transferred to conditions of high evaporative demand. In this study, we hypothesized that an elevated air movement (MOV) 24 h per day, during the whole period of leaf development would increase abscisic acid concentration ([ABA]) enhancing stomatal functioning. Pot rose 'Toril' was grown at moderate (61%) or high (92%) RH combined with a continuous low (0.08 m s(-1)) or high (0.92 m s(-1)) MOV. High MOV reduced stomatal pore length and aperture in plants developed at high RH. Moreover, stomatal function improved when high MOV-treated plants were subjected to leaflet desiccation and ABA feeding. Endogenous concentration of ABA and its metabolites in the leaves was reduced by 35% in high RH, but contrary to our hypothesis this concentration was not significantly affected by high MOV. Interestingly, in detached leaflets grown at high RH, high MOV increased stomatal sensitivity to ABA since the amount of exogenous ABA required to decrease the transpiration rate was significantly reduced. This is the first study to show that high MOV increases stomatal functionality in leaves developed at high RH by reducing the stomatal pore length and aperture and enhancing stomatal sensitivity to ABA rather than increasing leaf [ABA].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dália R. A. Carvalho
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica PortuguesaPorto, Portugal
| | - Sissel Torre
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | - Dimitrios Kraniotis
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | | | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana M. P. Carvalho
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica PortuguesaPorto, Portugal
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Sciences, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
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8
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Khanna R, Li J, Tseng TS, Schroeder JI, Ehrhardt DW, Briggs WR. COP1 jointly modulates cytoskeletal processes and electrophysiological responses required for stomatal closure. Mol Plant 2014; 7:1441-1454. [PMID: 25151660 PMCID: PMC4153439 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of the cortical microtubule cytoskeleton is critical for guard cell function. Here, we investigate how environmental and hormonal signals cause these rearrangements and find that COP1, a RING-finger-type ubiquitin E3 ligase, is required for degradation of tubulin, likely by the 26S proteasome. This degradation is required for stomatal closing. In addition to regulating the cytoskeleton, we show that cop1 mutation impaired the activity of S-type anion channels, which are critical for stomatal closure. Thus, COP1 is revealed as a potential coordinator of cytoskeletal and electrophysiological activities required for guard cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Khanna
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Junlin Li
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA; Present address: College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Tong-Seung Tseng
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Winslow R Briggs
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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9
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Galatis B, Apostolakos P. A new callose function: involvement in differentiation and function of fern stomatal complexes. Plant Signal Behav 2010; 5:1359-64. [PMID: 21045558 PMCID: PMC3115234 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.11.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Callose in polypodiaceous ferns performs multiple roles during stomatal development and function. This highly dynamic (1→3)-β-D-glucan, in cooperation with the cytoskeleton, is involved in: (a) stomatal pore formation, (b) deposition of local GC wall thickenings, and (c) the mechanism of stomatal pore opening and closure. This behavior of callose, among others, probably relies on the particular mechanical properties as well as on the ability to form and degrade rapidly, to create a scaffold or to serve as a matrix for deposition of other cell wall materials, and to produce fibrillar deposits in the periclinal GC walls, radially arranged around the stomatal pore. The local callose deposition in closing stomata is an immediate response of the external periclinal GC walls experiencing strong mechanical forces induced by the neighboring cells. The radial callose fibrils transiently co-exist with radial cellulose microfibrils and, like the latter, seem to be oriented via cortical MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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