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Xu L, Ma X, Murria P, Talpade A, Sheng H, Meilan R, Chapple C, Agrawal R, Delgass WN, Ribeiro FH, Kenttämaa HI. Fast Determination of the Lignin Monomer Compositions of Genetic Variants of Poplar via Fast Pyrolysis/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2546-2551. [PMID: 34463497 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The proportional content of the phenylpropanoid monomeric units (4-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S)) in lignin is of paramount importance in germ plasm screening and for evaluating the results of plant breeding and genetic engineering. This content is usually determined using a tedious and slow (2 days/sample) method involving derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) combined with GC/MS or NMR analysis. We report here a fast mass spectrometric method for the determination of the monomer content. This method is based on the fast pyrolysis of a lignin sample inside the ion source area of a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The evaporated pyrolysis products are promptly deprotonated via negative-ion mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ((-)APCI) and analyzed by the mass spectrometer to determine the monomer content. The results obtained for the wild-type and six genetic variants of poplar were consistent with those obtained by the DFRC method. However, the mass spectrometry method requires only a small amount of sample (50 μg) and the use of only small amounts of three benign chemicals, methanol, water, and ammonium hydroxide, as opposed to DFRC that requires substantially larger amounts of sample (10 mg or more) and large amounts of several hazardous chemicals. Furthermore, the mass spectrometry method is substantially faster (3 min/sample), more precise, and the data interpretation is more straightforward as only nine ions measured by the mass spectrometer are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Priya Murria
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Abhijit Talpade
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Analytical Science, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Meilan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rakesh Agrawal
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - W Nicholas Delgass
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Fabio H Ribeiro
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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102
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Biswas B, Kumar A, Kaur R, Krishna BB, Bhaskar T. Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of alkali lignin over activated bio-char supported bimetallic catalyst. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125439. [PMID: 34320735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based support catalysts are beneficial on account of low material cost, prominent surface area, and stability at high temperature. In this study, biochar derived activated carbon (AC) supported metal catalysts were tested for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of alkali lignin. Catalytic HTL of alkali lignin was carried out at various temperatures (260 to 300 °C) with varying catalysts quantity (5 to 20 wt%), and solvents (water, ethanol, methanol) for 15 min reaction time. As the reaction temperature increased from 260 to 300 °C, conversion increased from 76.2 to 85.5 wt%. Bimetallic catalyst Ni-Co/AC with ethanol solvent system at 280 °C gave highest bio-oil yield (72.0 wt%). Lignin catalytic depolymerization produces monomer phenolic compounds due to efficient breaking of the lignin macromolecule. Thus, the presence of catalyst and solvent increased the cleavage of β-O-4 bonds resulting in increased selectivity towards vanillin (32.3-36.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy Biswas
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Avnish Kumar
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bhavya B Krishna
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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103
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Hanson KG, Lin CH, Abu-Omar MM. Preparation and properties of renewable polyesters based on lignin-derived bisphenol. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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104
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Hu H, Tan W, Xi B. Lignin-phenol monomers govern the pyrolytic conversion of natural biomass from lignocellulose to products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 8:100131. [PMID: 36156992 PMCID: PMC9488068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2021.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the interaction between lignin-phenol monomers and holocellulose in natural biomass on the distribution of pyrolysis products remains unknown. The results of this study showed that the interaction between lignin and holocellulose during the pyrolysis of natural biomass became more pronounced as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The interaction between lignin and holocellulose in the natural crosslinked structure promoted the generation of CO and inhibited the generation of CO2 at 750 °C. Lignin inhibited the decarboxylic reaction of hemicellulose during pyrolysis but was important for the generation of levoglucosan during cellulose pyrolysis. Holocellulose slowed the demethoxyreaction of lignin guaiacol but promoted the removal of aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents from the aromatic ring. The cinnamyl phenol monomers of lignin increased the rates of change of biomass pyrolysis products with the lignin mass fraction at 400 °C. However, when the pyrolysis temperature increased to 750 °C, all types of lignin phenol monomers increased the rates of change of the biomass pyrolysis products. Our results provide new insights that have implications for the development of pyrolysis techniques for the resource recycling of various types of biomass for the preparation of high-grade gaseous and liquid fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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105
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Groß J, Grundke C, Rocker J, Arduengo AJ, Opatz T. Xylochemicals and where to find them. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9979-9994. [PMID: 34522925 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03512f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article surveys a range of important platform and high value chemicals that may be considered primary and secondary 'xylochemicals'. A summary of identified xylochemical substances and their natural sources is provided in tabular form. In detail, this review is meant to provide useful assistance for the consideration of potential synthetic strategies using xylochemicals, new methodologies and the development of potentially sustainable, xylochemistry-based processes. It should support the transition from petroleum-based approaches and help to move towards more sustainability within the synthetic community. This feasible paradigm shift is demonstrated with the total synthesis of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as the preparation of organic molecules suitable for potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Groß
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Caroline Grundke
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Johannes Rocker
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Anthony J Arduengo
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA.
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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106
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Sarika PR, Nancarrow P, Khansaheb A, Ibrahim T. Progress in Bio‐Based Phenolic Foams: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Sarika
- American University of Sharjah Department of Chemical Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Paul Nancarrow
- American University of Sharjah Department of Chemical Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrahman Khansaheb
- Khansaheb Industries Airport Road, Rashidiya, P.O. Box 13 Dubai United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb Ibrahim
- American University of Sharjah Department of Chemical Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
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107
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Costa CAE, Vega-Aguilar CA, Rodrigues AE. Added-Value Chemicals from Lignin Oxidation. Molecules 2021; 26:4602. [PMID: 34361756 PMCID: PMC8346967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant component, next to cellulose, in lignocellulosic biomass. Large amounts of this polymer are produced annually in the pulp and paper industries as a coproduct from the cooking process-most of it burned as fuel for energy. Strategies regarding lignin valorization have attracted significant attention over the recent decades due to lignin's aromatic structure. Oxidative depolymerization allows converting lignin into added-value compounds, as phenolic monomers and/or dicarboxylic acids, which could be an excellent alternative to aromatic petrochemicals. However, the major challenge is to enhance the reactivity and selectivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerization and prevent condensation reactions. This review includes a comprehensive overview of the main contributions of lignin valorization through oxidative depolymerization to produce added-value compounds (vanillin and syringaldehyde) that have been developed over the recent decades in the LSRE group. An evaluation of the valuable products obtained from oxidation in an alkaline medium with oxygen of lignins and liquors from different sources and delignification processes is also provided. A review of C4 dicarboxylic acids obtained from lignin oxidation is also included, emphasizing catalytic conversion by O2 or H2O2 oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A. Esteves Costa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.E.C.); (C.A.V.-A.)
| | - Carlos A. Vega-Aguilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.E.C.); (C.A.V.-A.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha−CIMO, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.E.C.); (C.A.V.-A.)
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108
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Jędrzejczak P, Collins MN, Jesionowski T, Klapiszewski Ł. The role of lignin and lignin-based materials in sustainable construction - A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:624-650. [PMID: 34302869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The construction industry in the 21st century faces numerous global challenges associated with growing concerns for the environment. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of lignin and its derivatives in sustainable construction. Lignin's properties are defined in terms of their structure/property relationships and how structural differences arising from lignin extraction methods influence its application within the construction sector. Lignin and lignin composites allow the partial replacement of petroleum products, making the final materials and the entire construction sector more sustainable. The latest technological developments associated with cement composites, rigid polyurethane foams, paints and coatings, phenolic or epoxy resins, and bitumen replacements are discussed in terms of key engineering parameters. The application of life cycle assessment in construction, which is important from the point of view of estimating the environmental impact of various solutions and materials, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Jędrzejczak
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maurice N Collins
- School of Engineering and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland; Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
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109
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Abstract
Over the last few decades, bio-based polymers have attracted considerable attention from both academic and industrial fields regarding the minimization of the environmental impact arising from the excessive use of petrochemically-based polymeric materials. In this context, poly(ethylene vanillate) (PEV), an alipharomatic polyester prepared from 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid, a monomer originating from lignin-derived vanillic acid, has shown promising thermal and mechanical properties. Herein, the effects of three different catalysts, namely titanium butoxide (TBT), titanium isopropoxide (TIS), and antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), on the synthesis of PEV via a two-stage melt polycondensation method are investigated. The progress of the reaction is assessed using various complementary techniques, such as intrinsic viscosity measurement (IV), end group analysis (AV), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the produced polyesters is studied by evolved gas analysis mass spectrometry (EGA-MS). Moreover, as the discoloration in polymers affects their applications, color measurement is performed here. Finally, theoretical kinetic studies are carried out to rationalize the experimental observations.
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110
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Tillou JG, Vannucci AK. Determining the active catalytic palladium species under hydrodeoxygenation conditions. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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111
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Han Y, Liu C, Kong X, Wang X, Fan Y, Lei M, Li M, Xiao R, Ma L. Could preoxidation always promote the subsequent hydroconversion of lignin? Two counterexamples catalyzed by Cu/CuMgAlO x in supercritical ethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 332:125142. [PMID: 33857864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two counterexamples of lignin preoxidation-hydroconversion were reported. First, two lignin feedstocks were preoxidized with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in acetonitrile with various dosages (15%, 30%, and 60%). Then, these preoxidized lignins (HELOs and MWLOs) were hydroconverted in supercritical ethanol catalyzed by Cu/CuMgAlOx. Total yields from HELOs were all higher than those from HEL, indicating the good promotion of DDQ preoxidation on the subsequent hydroconversion of HELOs, especially with the DDQ dosage of 15%. Differently, the promotion effect of DDQ preoxidation on the hydroconversion of MWLOs depended on the DDQ dosage as well as the reaction time. Through the comparison of two counterexamples, this work bursted the myth that preoxidation can always promote the subsequent hydroconversion of lignin, revealed the influence of lignin property, preoxidation degree, and reaction conditions on the subsequent hydroconversion of preoxidized lignin, and presented the new insight into the preoxidation-hydroconversion strategy for lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xiangchen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Yuyang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Longlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China; Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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112
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Depolymerization and Hydrogenation of Organosolv Eucalyptus Lignin by Using Nickel Raney Catalyst. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of lignocellulosic biomass to obtain biofuels and chemicals produces a large amount of lignin as a byproduct. Lignin valorization into chemicals needs efficient conversion processes to be developed. In this work, hydrocracking of organosolv lignin was performed by using nickel Raney catalyst. Organosolv lignin was obtained from the pretreatment of eucalyptus wood at 170 °C for 1 h by using 1/100/100 (w/v/v) ratio of biomass/oxalic acid solution (0.4% w/w)/1-butanol. The resulting organic phase of lignin in 1-butanol was used in hydrogenation tests. The conversion of lignin was carried out with a batch reactor equipped with a 0.3 L vessel with adjustable internal stirrer and heat control. The reactor was pressurized at 5 bar with hydrogen at room temperature, and then the temperature was raised to 250 °C and kept for 30 min. Operative conditions were optimized to achieve high conversion in monomers and to minimize the loss of solvent. At the best performance conditions, about 10 wt % of the lignin was solubilized into monomeric phenols. The need to find a trade-off between lignin conversion and solvent side reaction was highlighted.
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113
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Cui T, Ma L, Wang S, Ye C, Liang X, Zhang Z, Meng G, Zheng L, Hu HS, Zhang J, Duan H, Wang D, Li Y. Atomically Dispersed Pt-N 3C 1 Sites Enabling Efficient and Selective Electrocatalytic C-C Bond Cleavage in Lignin Models under Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9429-9439. [PMID: 34138542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective cleavage of C-C linkages is the key and a challenge for lignin degradation to harvest value-added aromatic compounds. To this end, electrocatalytic oxidation presents a promising technique by virtue of mild reaction conditions and strong sustainability. However, the existing electrocatalysts (traditional bulk metal and metal oxides) for C-C bond oxidative cleavage suffer from poor selectivity and low product yields. We show for the first time that atomically dispersed Pt-N3C1 sites planted on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (Pt1/N-CNTs), constructed via a stepwise polymerization-carbonization-electrostatic adsorption strategy, are highly active and selective toward Cα-Cβ bond cleavage in β-O-4 model compounds under ambient conditions. Pt1/N-CNTs exhibits 99% substrate conversion with 81% yield of benzaldehyde, which is exceptional and unprecedented compared with previously reported electrocatalysts. Moreover, Pt1/N-CNTs using only 0.41 wt % Pt achieved a much higher benzaldehyde yield than those of the state-of-the-art bulk Pt electrode (100 wt % Pt) and commercial Pt/C catalyst (20 wt % Pt). Systematic experimental investigation together with density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggests that the superior performance of Pt1/N-CNTs arises from the atomically dispersed Pt-N3C1 sites facilitating the formation of a key Cβ radical intermediate, further inducing a radical/radical cross-coupling path to break the Cα-Cβ bond. This work opens up opportunities in lignin valorization via a green and sustainable electrochemical route with ultralow noble metal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shibin Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chenliang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zedong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy & State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haohong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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114
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Zhang H, Fu S, Du X, Deng Y. Advances in Versatile Nanoscale Catalyst for the Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2268-2294. [PMID: 33811470 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past five years, biomass-derived biofuels and biochemicals were widely studied both in academia and industry as promising alternatives to petroleum. In this Review, the latest progress of the synthesis and fabrication of porous nanocatalysts that are used in catalytic transformations involving hydrogenolysis of lignin is reviewed in terms of their textural properties, catalytic activities, and stabilities. A particular emphasis is made with regard to the catalyst design for the hydrogenolysis of lignin and/or lignin model compounds. Furthermore, the effects of different supports on the lignin hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation are discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of lignin hydrogenolysis over nanomaterial-supported catalysts are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and RBI at Georgia Tech, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0620, USA
| | - Shiyu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xu Du
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and RBI at Georgia Tech, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0620, USA
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115
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Sakhuja D, Ghai H, Rathour RK, Kumar P, Bhatt AK, Bhatia RK. Cost-effective production of biocatalysts using inexpensive plant biomass: a review. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:280. [PMID: 34094799 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are the complex protein moieties, catalyze the rate of chemical reactions by transforming various substrates to specific products and play an integral part in multiple biochemical cycles. Advancement in enzyme research and its integration with industries have reformed the biotech industries. It provides a superior monetary and ecological exchange to traditional material measures in an efficient and environmentally sustainable manner. The cost-effective production of pure and highly active enzymes is still a challenge for the biocatalyst industries. The use of high purity substrates further raises the cost of a typical biocatalyst. The use of low-cost plant-based biomasses as an enticing and sustainable substrate for enzyme production is the most cost-effective approach to these problems. Given the relevance of biomass as a substrate for enzyme development, this review article focuses on the key source, composition and major enzyme generated using various biomass residues. Furthermore, the difficulties associated with the use of biomass as a substrate and technical developments in this area, are also addressed. The use of waste biomass as a substrate lowers the ultimate cost for the production of biocatalysts while simultaneously reduces the waste burden from the environment.
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116
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Droesbeke MA, Aksakal R, Simula A, Asua JM, Du Prez FE. Biobased acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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117
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Asare SO, Dean KR, Lynn BC. The study of the chromatographic behavior and a mass spectrometric approach to differentiating the diastereomer pair of the β-O-4 lignin dimer series. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4037-4048. [PMID: 33934193 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignin and lignans are natural products found in plant cell walls. Lignin research has historically focused on lignin degradation techniques in the hope of converting lignin into useful aromatic carbon feedstocks. In contrast, investigations of lignans existing as natural product dimers, have been focused on thier interesting biological activities. Many lignan compounds are chemically identical to dimers derived from lignin, and both lignin and lignan dimers can possess multiple chiral centers leading to observations of diastereomer pairs where one diastereomer exhibits the bulk of the activity. For example, the G-(β-O-4')-G dimer was reported to have a pro-angiogenic activity with one diastereomer of the pair showing enhanced pro-angiogenic activity. Traditional analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can differentiate the diastereomer pairs of β-O-4 compounds; however, isolation of a pure sample is often required for analysis. This work was aimed at exploring the potential use of tandem mass spectrometry to differentiate diastereomer pairs in the β-O-4 dimer series. Each diastereomer pair in the nine-dimer series was separated by HPLC and interrogated by tandem mass spectrometry. To understand the chromatographic behavior of the diastereomer pair in the β-O-4 dimer series, three commercially available reverse phase HPLC columns were evaluated. A temperature programming experiment using water/acetonitrile isocratic elution showed that the chromatographic retention mechanism of these diastereomers was hydrophobically driven with analytes having more methoxy groups exhibiting larger ΔH0 and higher octanol-water partition coefficient values. Tandem mass spectrometry performed on each of the diastereomers produced fragment ions having different ion abundances. A mechanistic study based on the ion abundance of "sequence-specific ions" and "-48 ions" was used to assign a configuration to each of the pairs of diastereomers in the nine-dimer series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shardrack O Asare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Abbvie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Kimberly R Dean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Bert C Lynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
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118
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Selective demethoxylation of guaiacol to alkylphenols in supercritical methanol over a HT-MoS2 catalyst. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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119
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Blanco E, Díaz de León JN, García-Fierro JL, Escalona N. Study of supported bimetallic MoRe carbides catalysts for guaiacol conversion. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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120
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Revealing of Supercritical Water Gasification Process of Lignin by Reactive Force Field Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasification with supercritical water is an efficient process that can be used for the valorization of biomass. Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer in biomass and its conversion is fundamental for future energy and value-added chemicals. In this paper, the supercritical water gasification process of lignin by employing reactive force field molecular dynamics simulations (ReaxFF MD) was investigated. Guaiacyl glycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GGE) was considered as a lignin model to evaluate the reaction mechanism and identify the components at different temperatures from 1000 K to 5000 K. The obtained results revealed that the reactions and breaking of the lignin model started at 2000 K. At the primary stage of the reaction at 2000 K the β-O-4 bond tends to break into several compounds, forming mainly guaiacol and 1,3-benzodioxole. In particular, 1,3-benzodioxole undergoes dissociation and forms cyclopentene-based ketones. Afterward, dealkylation reaction occurred through hydroxyl radicals of water to form methanol, formaldehyde and methane. Above 2500 K, H2, CO and CO2 are predominantly formed in which water molecules contributed hydrogen and oxygen for their formation. Understanding the detailed reactive mechanism of lignin’s gasification is important for efficient energy conversion of biomass.
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121
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Weng C, Peng X, Han Y. Depolymerization and conversion of lignin to value-added bioproducts by microbial and enzymatic catalysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:84. [PMID: 33812391 PMCID: PMC8019502 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the most abundant renewable aromatic compound in nature, is an excellent feedstock for value-added bioproducts manufacturing; while the intrinsic heterogeneity and recalcitrance of which hindered the efficient lignin biorefinery and utilization. Compared with chemical processing, bioprocessing with microbial and enzymatic catalysis is a clean and efficient method for lignin depolymerization and conversion. Generally, lignin bioprocessing involves lignin decomposition to lignin-based aromatics via extracellular microbial enzymes and further converted to value-added bioproducts through microbial metabolism. In the review, the most recent advances in degradation and conversion of lignin to value-added bioproducts catalyzed by microbes and enzymes were summarized. The lignin-degrading microorganisms of white-rot fungi, brown-rot fungi, soft-rot fungi, and bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were comparatively analyzed. The catalytic metabolism of the microbial lignin-degrading enzymes of laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, biphenyl bond cleavage enzyme, versatile peroxidase, and β-etherize was discussed. The microbial metabolic process of H-lignin, G-lignin, S-lignin based derivatives, protocatechuic acid, and catechol was reviewed. Lignin was depolymerized to lignin-derived aromatic compounds by the secreted enzymes of fungi and bacteria, and the aromatics were converted to value-added compounds through microbial catalysis and metabolic engineering. The review also proposes new insights for future work to overcome the recalcitrance of lignin and convert it to value-added bioproducts by microbial and enzymatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Weng
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yejun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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122
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Márquez-Montesino F, Trejo F, Rutiaga-Quiñones JG, Correa-Méndez F. Kinetic study of heating pinewood sawdust with different methods using thermogravimetric analysis. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-01954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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123
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Sivagurunathan P, Raj T, Mohanta CS, Semwal S, Satlewal A, Gupta RP, Puri SK, Ramakumar SSV, Kumar R. 2G waste lignin to fuel and high value-added chemicals: Approaches, challenges and future outlook for sustainable development. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129326. [PMID: 33360003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is produced as a byproduct in cellulosic biorefinery as well in pulp and paper industries and has the potential for the synthesis of a variety of phenolics chemicals, biodegradable polymers, and high value-added chemicals surrogate to conventional petro-based fuels. Therefore, in this critical review, we emphasize the possible scenario for lignin isolation, transformation into value addition chemicals/materials for the economic viability of current biorefineries. Additionally, this review covers the chemical structure of lignocellulosic biomass/lignin, worldwide availability of lignin and describe various thermochemical (homogeneous/heterogeneous base/acid-catalyzed depolymerization, oxidative, hydrogenolysis etc.) and biotechnological developments for the production of bio-based low molecular weight phenolics, i.e. polyhydroxyalkanoates, vanillin, adipic acid, lipids etc. Besides, some functional chemicals applications, lignin-formaldehyde ion exchange resin, electrochemical and production of few targeted chemicals are also elaborated. Finally, we examine the challenges, opportunities and prospects way forward related to lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sivagurunathan
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Tirath Raj
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanta
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Surbhi Semwal
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Alok Satlewal
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Suresh K Puri
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- DBT- IOC Advanced Bio Energy Research Center, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India.
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124
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Nasrollahzadeh M, Bidgoli NSS, Shafiei N, Momenbeik F. Biomass valorization: Sulfated lignin-catalyzed production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:59-64. [PMID: 33811929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at the investigation of the preparation of sulfated lignin (SL) as a Bronsted acid catalyst for the preparation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). SL was characterized by different methods including FT-IR, FESEM, XRD, and EDS analyses. It shows promising results after 60 min of reaction at 140 °C, reaching 100% conversion of fructose precursor and 99% yield of 5-HMF, with a fructose: catalyst mass ratio of 10:6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nasrin Shafiei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom 37185-359, Iran
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125
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Nishide R, Truong JH, Abu-Omar MM. Organosolv Fractionation of Walnut Shell Biomass to Isolate Lignocellulosic Components for Chemical Upgrading of Lignin to Aromatics. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8142-8150. [PMID: 33817473 PMCID: PMC8014912 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Renewable carbon sources are a rapidly growing field of research because of the finite supply of fossil carbon. The lignocellulosic biomass walnut shell (WS) is an attractive renewable feedstock because it has a high lignin content (38-44 wt %) and is an agricultural waste stream. Lignin, a major component of lignocellulosic biomass that is currently a waste stream in pulping processes, has unique potential for chemical upgrading because its subunits are aromatic. In the interest of improving the sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of biomass processing, valorization of agricultural waste streams is important. Herein, three lab-scale, batch organosolv procedures are explored in the interest of optimal isolation of protected WS lignin (WSL). One system uses acetic acid, one MeOH, and the final EtOH as the primary solvent. The optimal condition for protected WSL isolation, which resulted in a 64% yield, was methanol and dilute sulfuric acid with formaldehyde to act as a protecting group at 170 °C. Select samples were upgraded by hydrogenolysis over a nickel catalyst. Protected lignin recovered from the optimal condition showed 77% by weight conversion to monomeric phenols, demonstrating that the protected WSL can selectively afford high value products. One key finding from this study was that MeOH is a superior solvent for isolating WSL versus EtOH because the latter exhibited lignin recondensation. The second was that the Ni/C-catalyzed reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) directly of WS biomass was not selective relative to RCF of isolated WSL; conversion of raw WS to monomers produced significantly more side products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
N. Nishide
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Julianne H. Truong
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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126
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Cason C, Yemmireddy VK, Moreira J, Adhikari A. Antioxidant Properties of Pecan Shell Bioactive Components of Different Cultivars and Extraction Methods. Foods 2021; 10:713. [PMID: 33801608 PMCID: PMC8065521 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pecan shells are a rich source of various bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This study investigated the effect of pecan variety and method extraction on the antioxidant property of shell extracts. Twenty different varieties of pecan shells were subjected to either aqueous or ethanolic extraction and were examined for total phenolics and antiradical activity. The phenolic content and antiradical activity of shell extracts were significantly (p < 0.05) varied with different pecan cultivars. The total phenolic content of ethanol extracts ranged from 304.2 (Caddo) to 153.54 (Cherokee) mg GAE/g of dry extract and was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those obtained by aqueous extraction. The antiradical activity of ethanol extracts ranged from 840.6 (Maramec) to 526.74 (Caper Fear) mg TEg-1, while aqueous extracts ranged from 934.9 (Curtis) to 468.3 (Elliot) mg TEg-1. Chemical profiling of the crude and acid hydrolyzed extracts was performed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and flow injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Lignin degradation products such as lignols, dilignols, trilignols, and oligolignols were found to be the major components of tested extracts. Phenolic content and antiradical activity of pecan shell extracts are significantly varied with cultivars and methods of extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Cason
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, 261 Knapp Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Veerachandra K Yemmireddy
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Juan Moreira
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, 261 Knapp Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, 261 Knapp Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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127
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Amini S, Salehi H, Setayeshmehr M, Ghorbani M. Natural and synthetic polymeric scaffolds used in peripheral nerve tissue engineering: Advantages and disadvantages. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Amini
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences hezarjerib Isfahan Iran
- Student Research Committee Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences hezarjerib Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohsen Setayeshmehr
- Department of Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Masoud Ghorbani
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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128
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Balakshin MY, Capanema EA, Sulaeva I, Schlee P, Huang Z, Feng M, Borghei M, Rojas OJ, Potthast A, Rosenau T. New Opportunities in the Valorization of Technical Lignins. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1016-1036. [PMID: 33285039 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-based biorefineries have faced significant economic challenges. Biorefinery lignins are often classified as low-value products (fuel or low-cost chemical feedstock) mainly due to low lignin purities in the crude material. However, recent research has shown that biorefinery lignins have a great chance of being successfully used as high-value products, which in turn should result in an economy renaissance of the whole biorefinery idea. This critical review summarizes recent developments from our groups, along with the state-of-the-art in the valorization of technical lignins, with the focus on biorefinery lignins. A beneficial synergistic effect of lignin and cellulose mixtures used in different applications (wood adhesives, carbon fiber and nanofibers, thermoplastics) has been demonstrated. This phenomenon causes crude biorefinery lignins, which contain a significant amount of residual crystalline cellulose, to perform superior to high-purity lignins in certain applications. Where previously specific applications required high-purity and/or functionalized lignins with narrow molecular weight distributions, simple green processes for upgrading crude biorefinery lignin are suggested here as an alternative. These approaches can be easily combined with lignin micro-/nanoparticles (LMNP) production. The processes should also be cost-efficient compared to traditional lignin modifications. Biorefinery processes allow much greater flexibility in optimizing the lignin characteristics desirable for specific applications than traditional pulping processes. Such lignin engineering, at the same time, requires an efficient strategy capable of handling large datasets to find correlations between process variables, lignin structures and properties and finally their performance in different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ewellyn A Capanema
- RISE Reserach Institute of Sweden, Drottning Kistrinas Väg 61, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Wood K plus - Competence Center for Wood Composites & Wood Chemistry, Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Philipp Schlee
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zeen Huang
- FPInnovations, 2665 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Martin Feng
- FPInnovations, 2665 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maryam Borghei
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Antje Potthast
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, Åbo/Turku, 20500, Finland
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129
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Sternberg J, Sequerth O, Pilla S. Green chemistry design in polymers derived from lignin: review and perspective. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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130
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Antolini E. Lignocellulose, Cellulose and Lignin as Renewable Alternative Fuels for Direct Biomass Fuel Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:189-207. [PMID: 32991061 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the use of renewable sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), as the fuel for various types of fuel cells received growing interest. Different types of fuel cells, that is, operated at low temperatures (T<100 °C; microbial fuel cells (MFC), alkaline (AFCs) and flow fuel cells (FFCs)), intermediate temperatures (T in the range 150-300 °C, proton-conducting inorganic-organic composite membrane fuel cells), and high temperatures (T≥500 °C, direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs)), have been used for the conversion of the chemical energy in LCB to electrical energy. The economic advantage of the direct use of LCB consists of avoiding the acid hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose for low-temperature fuel cells and the pretreatment at high temperatures necessary to convert biomass to biochar (pyrolysis) in the case of high-temperature fuel cells. In this Review, the characteristics of direct biomass fuel cells are presented and their performance is compared with that of indirect biomass fuel cells fed with glucose (low-temperature fuel cells) and biochar (high-temperature fuel cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermete Antolini
- Scuola di Scienza dei Materiali, Via 25 aprile 22, Cogoleto, 16016, Genova, Italy
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131
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Cao Z, Xu Y, Lyu P, Dierks M, Morales‐García Á, Schrader W, Nachtigall P, Schüth F. Flexibilization of Biorefineries: Tuning Lignin Hydrogenation by Hydrogen Partial Pressure. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:373-378. [PMID: 33174387 PMCID: PMC7839488 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes an interesting and practical catalytic system that allows flexible conversion of lignin into aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, depending on the hydrogen partial pressure. A combination of experiment and theory shows that the product distribution between aromatics and aliphatics can be simply tuned by controlling the availability of hydrogen on the catalyst surface. Noticeably, these pathways lead to almost complete oxygen removal from lignin biomass, yielding high-quality hydrocarbons. Thus, hydrogen-lignin co-refining by using this catalytic system provides high flexibility in hydrogen storage/consumption towards meeting different regional and temporal demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Cao
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Yun Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Pengbo Lyu
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University128 43Prague 2Czech Republic
| | - Michael Dierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Ángel Morales‐García
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University128 43Prague 2Czech Republic
- Present AddressDepartament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)Universitat de Barcelonac/Martí i Franquès 1–1108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Petr Nachtigall
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University128 43Prague 2Czech Republic
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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132
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Hong-Xia F, Peng C, Chen Q. Behavior characterization of lignosulfonate depolymerization products under acid-catalyzed conditions using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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133
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Mao H, Wang H, Meng T, Wang C, Hu X, Xiao Z, Liu J. An efficient environmentally friendly CuFe 2O 4/SiO 2 catalyst for vanillyl mandelic acid oxidation in water under atmospheric pressure and a mechanism study. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04798h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aimed at the green production of vanillin, a highly efficient environmentally friendly oxidation system was introduced to oxidize VMA with a porous CuFe2O4/SiO2 component nano-catalyst in aqueous solution under atmospheric pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Mao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Hongzhao Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Tao Meng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zuobing Xiao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jibo Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai
- China
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134
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Yang H, Jiang J, Zhang B, Xu P. Experimental study on light volatile products from thermal decomposition of lignin monomer model compounds: effect of temperature, residence time and methoxyl group. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37067-37082. [PMID: 35496408 PMCID: PMC9043566 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06743e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of temperature, residence time (RT) and methoxyl (OCH3) on the product distribution and vapor phase reactions during pyrolysis of complex solid fuels, three model phenolic representatives, phenol, guaiacol and syringol, were pyrolyzed at a residence time of 0.7 s, over a temperature range of 400 °C–950 °C, and at temperatures of 650 °C and 750 °C, in a RT region of 0.1 s–4.2 s. Increasing yields of CO and C1–C5 light hydrocarbons (LHs) with RT at 650 °C and 750 °C indicated that ring-reduction/CO elimination of phenolic compounds happened at 650 °C, and dramatically at 750 °C. The addition of OCH3 affects the product distribution and ring-reduction pathways: C5 LHs from phenol, C2 LHs, C4 LHs and C5 LHs from guaiacol, and C1–C2 LHs from syringol. CO2 yields increase with the addition of OCH3. CO2 was formed via benzoyl and a four-membered ring, which would compete with the CO formation. The addition of OCH3 promotes the formation of coke and tar. The decomposition pathways are discussed, based on the experimental data, focusing on ring-reduction reactions and the formation of CO/CO2 and C1–C5 LHs. Effects of temperature, residence time and methoxyl on the decomposition of phenol, guaiacol and syringol, were investigated. Thermal decomposition pathways of the three model compounds were discussed based on ring reduction/CO elimination reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamei Yang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221018, China
| | - Ju Jiang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221018, China
| | - Bingzhe Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221018, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221018, China
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135
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Abstract
This review examines recent strategies, challenges, and future opportunities in preparing high-performance polymeric materials from lignin and its derivable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett F. Bass
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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136
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Rashid T, Sher F, Rasheed T, Zafar F, Zhang S, Murugesan T. Evaluation of current and future solvents for selective lignin dissolution–A review. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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137
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Mateo W, Lei H, Villota E, Qian M, Zhao Y, Huo E, Zhang Q, Lin X, Wang C. One-step synthesis of biomass-based sulfonated carbon catalyst by direct carbonization-sulfonation for organosolv delignification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124194. [PMID: 33039844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-based sulfonated carbon catalyst (SCC) was prepared from corncob via direct sulfuric acid carbonization-sulfonation treatment. Central composite design was used to evaluate temperature and time for optimizing SCC yield and sulfonic acid (SO3H) density. The SO3H groups were successfully introduced to the SCC as evidenced by FTIR and sulfur analysis. Numerical optimization results showed that 100 °C and 5.78 h are the optimal conditions for maximizing yield (61.24%) and SO3H density (1.1408 mmol/g). The highest ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) yield of 63.56% with a substrate yield of 39.08% was achieved at 20% SCC loading in the ethanol organosolv delignification of lignocellulosic biomass. The FTIR spectra of the isolated lignin revealed typical features of G-lignin, indicating that no drastic changes took place in the lignin structure during the process. This study developed a simple one-step preparation method of SCC, which was successfully used as a catalyst in an organosolv delignification of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Mateo
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States.
| | - Elmar Villota
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Moriko Qian
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Erguang Huo
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Qingfa Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Xiaona Lin
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
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138
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Liu P, Chen C, Zhou M, Xia H, Li J, Sharma BK, Jiang J. Catalytic lignin valorization over HSZ-supported CuNiAl-based catalysts with microwave heating. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microwave assisted lignin depolymerization was investigated over HSZ-supported CuNiAl-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material
- Jiangsu Province
- National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization
| | - Changzhou Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material
- Jiangsu Province
- National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization
| | - Minghao Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- China
| | - Haihong Xia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material
- Jiangsu Province
- National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material
- Jiangsu Province
- National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization
| | - Brajendra K. Sharma
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center
- Prairie Research Institute
- One Hazelwood Dr., Champaign
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- USA
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material
- Jiangsu Province
- National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization
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139
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Ekielski A, Mishra PK. Lignin for Bioeconomy: The Present and Future Role of Technical Lignin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E63. [PMID: 33374628 PMCID: PMC7793518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin, the term commonly used in literature, represents a group of heterogeneous aromatic compounds of plant origin. Protolignin or lignin in the cell wall is entirely different from the commercially available technical lignin due to changes during the delignification process. In this paper, we assess the status of lignin valorization in terms of commercial products. We start with existing knowledge of the lignin/protolignin structure in its native form and move to the technical lignin from various sources. Special attention is given to the patents and lignin-based commercial products. We observed that the technical lignin-based commercial products utilize coarse properties of the technical lignin in marketed formulations. Additionally, the general principles of polymers chemistry and self-assembly are difficult to apply in lignin-based nanotechnology, and lignin-centric investigations must be carried out. The alternate upcoming approach is to develop lignin-centric or lignin first bio-refineries for high-value applications; however, that brings its own technological challenges. The assessment of the gap between lab-scale applications and lignin-based commercial products delineates the challenges lignin nanoparticles-based technologies must meet to be a commercially viable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ekielski
- Department of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Pawan Kumar Mishra
- Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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140
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Abstract
Lignin, a component of lignocellulosic biomass, is abundant and is produced extensively as a waste product of the Kraft pulping process, lignin obtained from this process is called Kraft lignin (KL). Lignin’s three-dimensional structure composed of aromatic alcohols (monolignols) makes it a potential source of renewable aromatic chemicals or bio-oil, if depolymerized. Among all the depolymerization methods for KL, solvolysis is the most popular, showing consistently high bio-oil yields. Despite the large number of studies that have been carried out, an economically feasible industrial process has not been found and comparison among the various studies is difficult, as very different studies in terms of reaction media and catalysts report seemingly satisfactory results. In this review, we compare and analyze KL solvolysis studies published, identify trends in bio-oil composition and give a comprehensive explanation about the mechanisms involved in the processes. Additional commentary is offered about the availability and future potential of KL as a renewable feedstock for aromatic chemicals, as well as logistical and technical aspects.
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141
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Xue B, Yang Y, Tang R, Xue D, Sun Y, Li X. Efficient dissolution of lignin in novel ternary deep eutectic solvents and its application in polyurethane. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:480-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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142
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Bhatnagar A, Tolvanen H, Konttinen J. Potential of stepwise pyrolysis for on-site treatment of agro-residues and enrichment of value-added chemicals. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:667-676. [PMID: 33011544 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper compares the yield and composition of bio-oil derived through stepwise and continuous pyrolysis of agro-residues. The temperature steps were selected using thermogravimetric analysis. Groundnut shell, empty fruit bunch pellets, and rice straw were pyrolyzed at 305 °C in the first step and 600 °C in the second step and pinewood chips were pyrolyzed at 340 °C and 600 °C. The cumulated yields of bio-oil were lower in both continuous and stepwise pyrolysis for agro-residues in comparison with woody biomass, with a corresponding increase in biochar and pyrolysis gas yields. Approximately 50% of the pinewood and 31-40% of the agro-residues were converted to bio-oil through both methods. This trend is explained by the differing biochemical composition of biomasses, and concentrations of inorganic components. Bio-oil fractions were separated into water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds before characterization. Bio-oil obtained in the first step was richer in organic acids, anhydrosugars, and carbonyl compounds, while the later fraction of bio-oil was richer in unbranched phenolic compounds. Thus, compounds known to promote bio-oil aging were separated into different fractions. Further, stepwise pyrolysis proved to be most effective for groundnut shells in isolating chemicals with a minimum loss of yield compared to continuous pyrolysis. A preliminary economic assessment of bio-oil showed that the value of bio-oil for crop residues was improved by 2-2.5 times during stepwise heating while for pinewood it reduced by half. This study provides a good starting point for further research in optimizing the temperature steps for pyrolysis and separation of chemicals from bio-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Tolvanen
- Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Jukka Konttinen
- Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, Tampere 33720, Finland
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143
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Abu Bakar MS, Ahmed A, Jeffery DM, Hidayat S, Sukri RS, Mahlia TMI, Jamil F, Khurrum MS, Inayat A, Moogi S, Park YK. Pyrolysis of solid waste residues from Lemon Myrtle essential oils extraction for bio-oil production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:123913. [PMID: 32753242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid waste residues from the extraction of essential oils are projected to increase and need to be treated appropriately. Valorization of waste via pyrolysis can generate value-added products, such as chemicals and energy. The characterization of lemon myrtle residues (LMR) highlights their suitability for pyrolysis, with high volatile matter and low ash content. Thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetric revealed the maximum pyrolytic degradation of LMR at 335 °C. The pyrolysis of LMR for bio-oil production was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor within a temperature range of 350-550 °C. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the bio-oil contained abundant amounts of acetic acid, phenol, 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione, 1,2-benzenediol, guaiacol, 2-furanmethanol, and methyl dodecanoate. An increase in pyrolysis temperature led to a decrease in organic acid and ketones from 18.09% to 8.95% and 11.99% to 8.75%, respectively. In contrast, guaiacols and anhydrosugars increased from 24.23% to 30.05% and from 3.57% to 7.98%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Ashfaq Ahmed
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Deane M Jeffery
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Syarif Hidayat
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Banten Jaya, Jl. Ciwaru Raya, Serang, Banten 42121, Indonesia
| | - Rahayu S Sukri
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
- School of Systems, Management and Leadership, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Farrukh Jamil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Khurrum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abrar Inayat
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Surendar Moogi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
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144
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Ponnuchamy V, Gordobil O, Diaz RH, Sandak A, Sandak J. Fractionation of lignin using organic solvents: A combined experimental and theoretical study. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:792-805. [PMID: 33242547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Refining of industrial lignin to produce homogeneous fractions is essential for high-value applications. However, the understanding of key interactions between a variety of solvents with lignin polymer is still uncertain. In this work, single-step fractionation of industrial hardwood kraft lignin (HKL) using organic solvents of different polarities - ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether and hexane - was investigated by combining an experimental and theoretical approach. Experimental results revealed that higher polarity solvents (ethanol and acetone) exhibited higher solubility yield compared to moderate and low polarity solvents. The chemical differences between lignin fractions were proven by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry and near infrared spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicated that ethanol presented higher interaction energy followed by acetone, diethyl ether and hexane, which was consistent with experimental findings. Hydrogen bond and non-covalent interaction results from DFT demonstrated that the predominant interaction was found for high polarity of ethanol over other solvents and γ-OH in the lignin model is the key site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerapandian Ponnuchamy
- InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Titov trg 4, 6000 Koper, Slovenia.
| | | | - René Herrera Diaz
- InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Anna Sandak
- InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jakub Sandak
- InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Titov trg 4, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
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145
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Muldoon JA, Harvey BG. Bio-Based Cycloalkanes: The Missing Link to High-Performance Sustainable Jet Fuels. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5777-5807. [PMID: 32810345 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of sustainable energy solutions that reduce global carbon emissions, while maintaining high living standards, is one of the grand challenges of the current century. Transportation fuels are critical to economic development, globalization, and the advancement of society. Although ground vehicles and small aircraft are beginning a slow transition toward electric propulsion with energy sourced from solar radiation or wind, the extreme power requirements of jet aircraft require a more concentrated source of energy that is conveniently provided by liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This Review describes recent efforts to develop efficient routes for the conversion of crude biomass sources (e. g., lignocellulose) to cycloalkanes. These cycloalkanes impart advantageous properties to jet fuels, including increased density, higher volumetric heat of combustion, and enhanced operability. The combination of bio-based cycloalkanes and synthetic paraffinic kerosenes allows for the preparation of 100 % bio-based fuels that can outperform conventional petroleum-based fuels. In this Review methods are described that convert biomass-derived small molecules, including furfural, furfuryl alcohol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, cyclic ketones, phenolics, acyclic ketones, cyclic alcohols, furans, esters, and alkenes to high-density cycloalkanes. In addition to describing the chemical transformations and catalysts that have been developed to efficiently produce various cycloalkanes, this Review includes summaries of key fuel properties, which highlight the ability to generate fuels with customized performance metrics. This work is intended to inspire other researchers to study the conversion of sustainable feedstocks to full-performance aviation fuels. An acceleration of this research is critical to reducing the carbon footprint of commercial and military aviation on a timescale that will help blunt the impacts of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Muldoon
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Department, Chemistry Branch, China Lake, California, 93555, USA
| | - Benjamin G Harvey
- US NAVY, NAWCWD, Research Department, Chemistry Branch, China Lake, California, 93555, USA
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146
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Li T, Li H, Li C. Progress in Effects of Microenvironment of Carbon‐based Catalysts on Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology 8 Guangrong Road Tianjin 300000 P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology 8 Guangrong Road Tianjin 300000 P. R. China
| | - Chunli Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology 8 Guangrong Road Tianjin 300000 P. R. China
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147
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Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Pine Wood Sawdust Mixed with Activated Carbon for Bio-Oil and Bio-Char Production. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis of pine wood sawdust was carried out using microwave-heating technology in the presence of activated carbon (AC). Experimental conditions were of 20 min processing time, 10 wt.% of AC, and a microwave power varying from 100 to 800 W. The results obtained showed that the microwave absorber allowed increasing the bio-oil yield up to 2 folds by reducing the charcoal fraction. The maximum temperature reached was 505 °C at 800 W. The higher heating values (HHV) of the solid residues ranged from 17.6 to 30.3 MJ/kg. The highest HHV was obtained for the sample heated at 800 W with 10 wt.% of AC, which was 33% higher than the non-charged sample heated at the same power. Furthermore, the addition of AC allowed showing the probable catalytic effect of the AC in the charged sample pyrolysis bio-oils.
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148
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Blanco E, Dongil AB, Escalona N. Synergy between Ni and Co Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon in Guaiacol Conversion. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2199. [PMID: 33158119 PMCID: PMC7694197 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-cobalt bimetallic catalysts supported on high surface area graphite with different Ni:Co ratios (3:1, 2:1 and 1:1) and the monometallic Ni and Co were prepared by wetness impregnation method. The catalysts were tested in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol in the liquid phase at 50 bar of H2 and 300 °C. The materials were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, TEM/STEM, H2-TPR, and CO-chemisorption to assess their properties and correlate them with the catalytic results. The activity was higher on the bimetallic catalysts and followed the trend NiCo2:1/G ∼ NiCo3:1/G > NiCo1:1/G > Co/G > Ni/G. Also, selectivity results showed that Ni was more active in the hydrogenation favoring cyclohexanol production from phenol, while this was inhibited on the Co-containing catalysts. Hence, the results showed that synergy was created between Ni and Co and that their interaction, properties, and catalytic performance depend on the metals' ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Blanco
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Nuclei on Catalytic Process towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Ana Belen Dongil
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Néstor Escalona
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Nuclei on Catalytic Process towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción, Coronel 4191996, Chile
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Liao JJ, Latif NHA, Trache D, Brosse N, Hussin MH. Current advancement on the isolation, characterization and application of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:985-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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150
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Microbial lignin peroxidases: Applications, production challenges and future perspectives. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 141:109669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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