101
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Hemispheric asymmetries in visual mental imagery. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:697-708. [PMID: 33885966 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Visual mental imagery is the faculty whereby we can "visualize" objects that are not in our line of sight. Longstanding evidence dating back over thirty years has shown that unilateral brain lesions, especially in the left temporal lobe, can impair aspects of this ability. Yet, there is currently no attempt to identify analogies between these neuropsychological findings of hemispheric asymmetry and those from other neuroscientific approaches. Here, we present a critical review of the available literature on the hemispheric laterality of visual mental imagery, by looking at cross-method patterns of evidence in the domains of lesion neuropsychology, neuroimaging, and direct cortical stimulation. Results can be summarized under three main axes. First, frontoparietal networks in both hemispheres appear to be associated with visual mental imagery. Second, lateralization patterns emerge in the temporal lobes, with the left inferior temporal lobe being the most common finding in the literature for endogenously generated images, especially, but not exclusively, when orthographic material is used to ignite imagery. Third, an opposite pattern of hemispheric laterality emerges when visual mental images are induced by exogenous stimulation; direct cortical electrical stimulation tends to produce visual imagery experiences predominantly when applied to the right temporal lobe. These patterns of hemispheric asymmetry are difficult to reconcile with the dominant model of visual mental imagery, which emphasizes the implication of early sensory cortices. They suggest instead that visual mental imagery relies on large-scale brain networks, with a crucial participation of high-level visual regions in the temporal lobes.
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102
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Amemiya K, Morita T, Hirose S, Ikegami T, Hirashima M, Naito E. Neurological and behavioral features of locomotor imagery in the blind. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:656-676. [PMID: 32240463 PMCID: PMC8032591 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In people with normal sight, mental simulation (motor imagery) of an experienced action involves a multisensory (especially kinesthetic and visual) emulation process associated with the action. Here, we examined how long-term blindness influences sensory experience during motor imagery and its neuronal correlates by comparing data obtained from blind and sighted people. We scanned brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while 16 sighted and 14 blind male volunteers imagined either walking or jogging around a circle of 2 m radius. In the training before fMRI, they performed these actions with their eyes closed. During scanning, we explicitly instructed the blindfolded participants to generate kinesthetic motor imagery. After the experimental run, they rated the degree to which their motor imagery became kinesthetic or spatio-visual. The imagery of blind people was more kinesthetic as per instructions, while that of the sighted group became more spatio-visual. The imagery of both groups commonly activated bilateral frontoparietal cortices including supplementary motor areas (SMA). Despite the lack of group differences in degree of brain activation, we observed stronger functional connectivity between the SMA and cerebellum in the blind group compared to that in the sighted group. To conclude, long-term blindness likely changes sensory emulation during motor imagery to a more kinesthetic mode, which may be associated with stronger functional coupling in kinesthetic brain networks compared with that in sighted people. This study adds valuable knowledge on motor cognition and mental imagery processes in the blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Amemiya
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Morita
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikegami
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Hirashima
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Naito
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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103
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Van der Lubbe RHJ, Sobierajewicz J, Jongsma MLA, Verwey WB, Przekoracka-Krawczyk A. Frontal brain areas are more involved during motor imagery than during motor execution/preparation of a response sequence. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 164:71-86. [PMID: 33647383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Results of several neuroimaging studies support the functional equivalence model, which states that motor imagery (MI) and motor execution (ME) involve the same processes, except for the final execution component. In contrast, the motor-cognitive model implies that MI additionally involves frontal executive control processes. However, according to some authors MI may actually be more comparable to motor preparation (MP). In the current electroencephalographic study, a version of the discrete sequence production paradigm was employed in which human participants initially had to prepare a sequence of five finger movements that subsequently had to be executed, imagined, or withheld. MI, ME, and MP were compared by computing event-related (de)-synchronization in the theta, alpha/mu, and beta bands. Results revealed a major increase in frontal theta power during MI as compared to ME and MP. At the end of the examined intervals, a posterior reduction in alpha power was present during ME and MP, but not during MI. Finally, above sensorimotor areas a decrease in beta power was observed that was most pronounced in the case of ME. The increase of frontal theta activity during MI may reflect increased effort, while the absence of a reduction in posterior alpha power suggests no major involvement of visuospatial attention and/or visual imagery. The present findings favor the motor-cognitive model, as it predicts extra involvement of frontal executive processes during MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob H J Van der Lubbe
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, Faculty of Behavior, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Laboratory of Vision and Neuroscience, NanoBiomedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jagna Sobierajewicz
- Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Laboratory of Vision and Neuroscience, NanoBiomedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marijtje L A Jongsma
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem B Verwey
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, Faculty of Behavior, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Przekoracka-Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Laboratory of Vision and Neuroscience, NanoBiomedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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104
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Yang YJ, Jeon EJ, Kim JS, Chung CK. Characterization of kinesthetic motor imagery compared with visual motor imageries. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3751. [PMID: 33580093 PMCID: PMC7881019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) is the only way for disabled subjects to robustly use a robot arm with a brain-machine interface. There are two main types of MI. Kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) is proprioceptive (OR somato-) sensory imagination and Visual motor imagery (VMI) represents a visualization of the corresponding movement incorporating the visual network. Because these imagery tactics may use different networks, we hypothesized that the connectivity measures could characterize the two imageries better than the local activity. Electroencephalography data were recorded. Subjects performed different conditions, including motor execution (ME), KMI, VMI, and visual observation (VO). We tried to classify the KMI and VMI by conventional power analysis and by the connectivity measures. The mean accuracies of the classification of the KMI and VMI were 98.5% and 99.29% by connectivity measures (alpha and beta, respectively), which were higher than those by the normalized power (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon paired rank test). Additionally, the connectivity patterns were correlated between the ME-KMI and between the VO-VMI. The degree centrality (DC) was significantly higher in the left-S1 at the alpha-band in the KMI than in the VMI. The MI could be well classified because the KMI recruits a similar network to the ME. These findings could contribute to MI training methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Yang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - June Sic Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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105
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Zhang R, Li F, Zhang T, Yao D, Xu P. Subject inefficiency phenomenon of motor imagery brain-computer interface: Influence factors and potential solutions. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2020.9050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery brain–computer interfaces (MI‐BCIs) have great potential value in prosthetics control, neurorehabilitation, and gaming; however, currently, most such systems only operate in controlled laboratory environments. One of the most important obstacles is the MI‐BCI inefficiency phenomenon. The accuracy of MI‐BCI control varies significantly (from chance level to 100% accuracy) across subjects due to the not easily induced and unstable MI‐related EEG features. An MI‐BCI inefficient subject is defined as a subject who cannot achieve greater than 70% accuracy after sufficient training time, and multiple survey results indicate that inefficient subjects account for 10%–50% of the experimental population. The widespread use of MI‐BCI has been seriously limited due to these large percentages of inefficient subjects. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the cause of MI‐BCI inefficiency from resting‐state brain function, task‐related brain activity, brain structure, and psychological perspectives. These factors help understand the reasons for inter‐subject MI‐BCI control performance variability, and it can be concluded that the lower resting‐state sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) is the key factor in MI‐BCI inefficiency, which has been confirmed by multiple independent laboratories. We then propose to divide MI‐BCI inefficient subjects into three categories according to the resting‐state SMR and offline/online accuracy to apply more accurate approaches to solve the inefficiency problem. The potential solutions include developing transfer learning algorithms, new experimental paradigms, mindfulness meditation practice, novel training strategies, and identifying new motor imagery‐related EEG features. To date, few studies have focused on improving the control accuracy of MI‐BCI inefficient subjects; thus, we appeal to the BCI community to focus more on this research area. Only by reducing the percentage of inefficient subjects can we create the opportunity to expand the value and influence of MI‐BCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain‐Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Fali Li
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Science of School, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain‐Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Xu
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
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106
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Kline A, Gaina Ghiroaga C, Pittman D, Goodyear B, Ronsky J. EEG differentiates left and right imagined Lower Limb movement. Gait Posture 2021; 84:148-154. [PMID: 33340844 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying which EEG signals distinguish left from right leg movements in imagined lower limb movement is crucial to building an effective and efficient brain-computer interface (BCI). Past findings on this issue have been mixed, partly due to the difficulty in collecting and isolating the relevant information. The purpose of this study was to contribute to this new and important literature. RESEARCH QUESTION Can left versus right imagined stepping be differentiated using the alpha, beta, and gamma frequencies of EEG data at four electrodes (C1, C2, PO3, and PO4)? METHODS An experiment was conducted with a sample of 16 healthy male participants. They imagined left and right lower limb movements across 60 trials at two time periods separated by one week. Participants were fitted with a 64-electrode headcap, lay supine on a specially designed device and then completed the imagined task while observing a customized computer-generated image of a human walking to signify the left and right steps, respectively. RESULTS Findings showed that eight of the twelve frequency bands from 4 EEG electrodes were significant in differentiating imagined left from right lower limb movement. Using these data points, a neural network analysis resulted in an overall participant average test classification accuracy of left versus right movements at 63 %. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides support for using the alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands at the sensorimotor areas (C1 and C2 electrodes) and incorporating information from the parietal/occipital lobes (PO3 and PO4 electrodes) for focused, real-time EEG signal processing to assist in creating a BCI for those with lower limb compromised mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Kline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada.
| | - Calin Gaina Ghiroaga
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Pittman
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Janet Ronsky
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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107
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Bencivenga F, Sulpizio V, Tullo MG, Galati G. Assessing the effective connectivity of premotor areas during real vs imagined grasping: a DCM-PEB approach. Neuroimage 2021; 230:117806. [PMID: 33524574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The parieto-frontal circuit underlying grasping, which requires the serial involvement of the anterior intraparietal area (aIPs) and the ventral premotor cortex (PMv), has been recently extended enlightening the role of the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). The supplementary motor area (SMA) has been also suggested to encode grip force for grasping actions; furthermore, both PMd and SMA are known to play a crucial role in motor imagery. Here, we aimed at assessing the dynamic couplings between left aIPs, PMv, PMd, SMA and primary motor cortex (M1) by comparing executed and imagined right-hand grasping, using Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) and Parametrical Empirical Bayes (PEB) analyses. 24 subjects underwent an fMRI exam (3T) during which they were asked to perform or imagine a grasping movement visually cued by photographs of commonly used objects. We tested whether the two conditions a) exert a modulatory effect on both forward and feedback couplings among our areas of interest, and b) differ in terms of strength and sign of these parameters. Results of the real condition confirmed the serial involvement of aIPs, PMv and M1. PMv also exerted a positive influence on PMd and SMA, but received an inhibitory feedback only from PMd. Our results suggest that a general motor program for grasping is planned by the aIPs-PMv circuit; then, PMd and SMA encode high-level features of the movement. During imagery, the connection strength from aIPs to PMv was weaker and the information flow stopped in PMv; thus, a less complex motor program was planned. Moreover, results suggest that SMA and PMd cooperate to prevent motor execution. In conclusion, the comparison between execution and imagery reveals that during grasping premotor areas dynamically interplay in different ways, depending on task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bencivenga
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Sulpizio
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Tullo
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Gaspare Galati
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
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108
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Irie K, Matsumoto A, Zhao S, Kato T, Liang N. Neural Basis and Motor Imagery Intervention Methodology Based on Neuroimaging Studies in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorders: A Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:620599. [PMID: 33551781 PMCID: PMC7862701 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.620599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the neural bases of the brain associated with movement disorders in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are becoming clearer, the information is not sufficient because of the lack of extensive brain function research. Therefore, it is controversial about effective intervention methods focusing on brain function. One of the rehabilitation techniques for movement disorders involves intervention using motor imagery (MI). MI is often used for movement disorders, but most studies involve adults and healthy children, and the MI method for children with DCD has not been studied in detail. Therefore, a review was conducted to clarify the neuroscientific basis of the methodology of intervention using MI for children with DCD. The neuroimaging review included 20 magnetic resonance imaging studies, and the neurorehabilitation review included four MI intervention studies. In addition to previously reported neural bases, our results indicate decreased activity of the bilateral thalamus, decreased connectivity of the sensory-motor cortex and the left posterior middle temporal gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, loss of connectivity superiority in the abovementioned areas. Furthermore, reduction of gray matter volume in the right superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus, lower fractional anisotropy, and axial diffusivity in regions of white matter pathways were found in DCD. As a result of the review, children with DCD had less activation of the left brain, especially those with mirror neurons system (MNS) and sensory integration functions. On the contrary, the area important for the visual space processing of the right brain was activated. Regarding of characteristic of the MI methods was that children observed a video related to motor skills before the intervention. Also, they performed visual-motor tasks before MI training sessions. Adding action observation during MI activates the MNS, and performing visual-motor tasks activates the basal ganglia. These methods may improve the deactivated brain regions of children with DCD and may be useful as conditioning before starting training. Furthermore, we propose a process for sharing the contents of MI with the therapist in language and determining exercise strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Irie
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Amiri Matsumoto
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuo Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Toshihiro Kato
- Rehabilitation of Developmental Disorders, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nan Liang
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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109
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Okawada M, Kaneko F, Shindo K, Yoneta M, Sakai K, Okuyama K, Akaboshi K, Liu M. Kinesthetic illusion induced by visual stimulation influences sensorimotor event-related desynchronization in stroke patients with severe upper-limb paralysis: A pilot study. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 38:455-465. [PMID: 33325415 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetition of motor imagery improves the motor function of patients with stroke. However, patients who develop severe upper-limb paralysis after chronic stroke often have an impaired ability to induce motor imagery. We have developed a method to passively induce kinesthetic perception using visual stimulation (kinesthetic illusion induced by visual stimulation [KINVIS]). OBJECTIVE This pilot study further investigated the effectiveness of KINVIS in improving the induction of kinesthetic motor imagery in patients with severe upper-limb paralysis after stroke. METHODS Twenty participants (11 with right hemiplegia and 9 with left hemiplegia; mean time from onset [±standard deviation], 67.0±57.2 months) with severe upper-limb paralysis who could not extend their paretic fingers were included in this study. The ability to induce motor imagery was evaluated using the event-related desynchronization (ERD) recorded during motor imagery before and after the application of KINVIS for 20 min. The alpha- and beta-band ERDs around the premotor, primary sensorimotor, and posterior parietal cortices of the affected and unaffected hemispheres were evaluated during kinesthetic motor imagery of finger extension and before and after the intervention. RESULTS Beta-band ERD recorded from the affected hemisphere around the sensorimotor area showed a significant increase after the intervention, while the other ERDs remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS In patients with chronic stroke who were unable to extend their paretic fingers for a prolonged period of time, the application of KINVIS, which evokes kinesthetic perception, improved their ability to induce motor imagery. Our findings suggest that although KINVIS is a passive intervention, its short-term application can induce changes related to the motor output system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Okawada
- Department of Rehabilitation of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.,Hokuto Social Medical Corporation, Kisen, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fuminari Kaneko
- Department of Rehabilitation of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Shindo
- Department of Rehabilitation of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoneta
- Department of Rehabilitation of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.,Hokuto Social Medical Corporation, Kisen, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- Department of Rehabilitation of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kohei Okuyama
- Department of Rehabilitation of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Akaboshi
- Department of Rehabilitation of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.,Hokuto Social Medical Corporation, Kisen, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Meigen Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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110
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O’Brien J, Bracewell RM, Castillo JA. The effects of kinesthetic and visual motor imagery on interjoint coordination in the hemiplegic index finger: an experimental study using the index of temporal coordination. CADERNOS BRASILEIROS DE TERAPIA OCUPACIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2526-8910.ctoao2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Upper limb hemiparesis is a common impairment following stroke and can affect interjoint coordination. Motor imagery training is one treatment strategy. However, motor imagery can use visual or kinesthetic modalities and there has been a lack of research comparing the effectiveness of these modalities when treating the upper limb. The aim of this study was to compare visual and kinesthetic motor imagery in improving interjoint coordination in the hemiparetic index finger. Fifteen stroke survivors with upper limb hemiparesis were allocated to groups using kinesthetic or visual motor imagery, or a control group using guided relaxation. Reaching and grasping movements of the upper limb were captured using optoelectronic motion capture. Interjoint coordination of the hemiparetic index finger was analysed using the index of temporal coordination. No significant differences were found for interjoint coordination following treatment in either condition. Future work should focus on comparing kinesthetic and visual motor imagery in the rehabilitation of more proximal upper limb joints.
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111
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Bahmani M, Babak M, Land WM, Howard JT, Diekfuss JA, Abdollahipour R. Children's motor imagery modality dominance modulates the role of attentional focus in motor skill learning. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 75:102742. [PMID: 33310380 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether children's motor imagery dominance modulated the relationship between attentional focus and motor learning of a tossing task. One hundred and thirty-eight boys (age: M = 10.13, SD = 0.65) completed the Movement Imagery Questionnaire - Children (MIQ-C) to determine imagery modality dominance (kinesthetic, internal-visual, external-visual) and were randomly assigned to either an internal (n = 71) or external (n = 67) attentional focus group. Participants completed 60 trials of a tossing task with their non-dominant hand on day 1. Participants in the internal focus group were asked "to focus on the throwing arm", whereas participants in the external focus group were instructed "to focus on the ball." A retention test was conducted 24 h later to assess motor learning. Overall, the results from a nested, multiple linear regression analysis indicated the degree to which internal or external focus influences children's throwing accuracy is dependent upon their motor imagery modality dominance. Specifically, higher levels of external-visual imagery dominance resulted in greater motor learning for children adopting an external focus. In contrast, higher values of kinesthetic imagery dominance resulted in reduced motor learning for children who adopted an external focus. Despite the need for future research, we recommend motor imagery modality dominance assessments be considered when investigating the influence of attentional focus on motor learning, particularly when the target population is children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Bahmani
- Department of Motor Behavior, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Babak
- Department of Motor Behavior, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - William M Land
- Department of Kinesiology, College for Health, Community & Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA.
| | - Jeffery T Howard
- Department of Public Health, College for Health, Community & Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA.
| | - Jed A Diekfuss
- The SPORT Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Reza Abdollahipour
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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112
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Jacquet T, Lepers R, Poulin-Charronnat B, Bard P, Pfister P, Pageaux B. Mental fatigue induced by prolonged motor imagery increases perception of effort and the activity of motor areas. Neuropsychologia 2020; 150:107701. [PMID: 33276035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent literature suggests that when prolonged, motor imagery (MI) induces mental fatigue and negatively impacts subsequent physical exercise. The aim of this study was to confirm this possibility with neurophysiological and self-reported measures. Thirteen participants performed 200 imagined isometric knee extension contractions (Prolonged MI condition) or watched a documentary (Control condition), and then performed 150 actual isometric knee extensions. Electroencephalography was continuously recorded to obtain motor-related cortical potential amplitude at Cz electrode (MRCP, index of motor area activity) for each imagined and actual contraction. Electromyography of the vastus lateralis muscle as well as the perceived effort required to perform prolonged MI, watch the documentary, and perform the actual contractions were measured. During prolonged MI, mental fatigue level, the effort required to imagine the contractions and MRCP amplitude increased over time. The increase in the effort required to imagine the contractions was significantly correlated with the MRCP amplitude. During the physical exercise, a significant condition × time interaction revealed a greater increase over time in perceived effort in the prolonged MI condition compared to the control condition, as well as a specific alteration in EMG RMS of the vastus lateralis muscle. These alterations observed in the presence of mental fatigue during actual contractions, combined with those observed during prolonged MI, suggest that prolonged MI may impair the motor command required to perform imagined or actual contractions. While the observed effect of mental fatigue on MRCP amplitude was clear during MI, future studies should tailor the physical exercise to minimize the exercise-induced decrease in force production capacity and control for its confounding effects on MRCP amplitude in the presence of mental fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jacquet
- LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000, France.
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences Du Sport, Dijon, F-21000, France
| | | | - Patrick Bard
- LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - Philippe Pfister
- LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences Du Sport, Dijon, F-21000, France; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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113
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvyn A Goodale
- Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7;
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C2
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114
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Lindig-León C, Rimbert S, Bougrain L. Multiclass Classification Based on Combined Motor Imageries. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:559858. [PMID: 33328845 PMCID: PMC7710761 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.559858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) allows the design of self-paced brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), which can potentially afford an intuitive and continuous interaction. However, the implementation of non-invasive MI-based BCIs with more than three commands is still a difficult task. First, the number of MIs for decoding different actions is limited by the constraint of maintaining an adequate spacing among the corresponding sources, since the electroencephalography (EEG) activity from near regions may add up. Second, EEG generates a rather noisy image of brain activity, which results in a poor classification performance. Here, we propose a solution to address the limitation of identifiable motor activities by using combined MIs (i.e., MIs involving 2 or more body parts at the same time). And we propose two new multilabel uses of the Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) algorithm to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio, namely MC2CMI and MC2SMI approaches. We recorded EEG signals from seven healthy subjects during an 8-class EEG experiment including the rest condition and all possible combinations using the left hand, right hand, and feet. The proposed multilabel approaches convert the original 8-class problem into a set of three binary problems to facilitate the use of the CSP algorithm. In the case of the MC2CMI method, each binary problem groups together in one class all the MIs engaging one of the three selected body parts, while the rest of MIs that do not engage the same body part are grouped together in the second class. In this way, for each binary problem, the CSP algorithm produces features to determine if the specific body part is engaged in the task or not. Finally, three sets of features are merged together to predict the user intention by applying an 8-class linear discriminant analysis. The MC2SMI method is quite similar, the only difference is that any of the combined MIs is considered during the training phase, which drastically accelerates the calibration time. For all subjects, both the MC2CMI and the MC2SMI approaches reached a higher accuracy than the classic pair-wise (PW) and one-vs.-all (OVA) methods. Our results show that, when brain activity is properly modulated, multilabel approaches represent a very interesting solution to increase the number of commands, and thus to provide a better interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lindig-León
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LORIA, Inria, Nancy, France.,Faculty of Engineering, Computer Science and Psychology, Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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115
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Practice modality of motor sequences impacts the neural signature of motor imagery. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19176. [PMID: 33154478 PMCID: PMC7645615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery is conceptualized as an internal simulation that uses motor-related parts of the brain as its substrate. Many studies have investigated this sharing of common neural resources between the two modalities of motor imagery and motor execution. They have shown overlapping but not identical activation patterns that thereby result in a modality-specific neural signature. However, it is not clear how far this neural signature depends on whether the imagined action has previously been practiced physically or only imagined. The present study aims to disentangle whether the neural imprint of an imagined manual pointing sequence within cortical and subcortical motor areas is determined by the nature of this prior practice modality. Each participant practiced two sequences physically, practiced two other sequences mentally, and did a behavioural pre-test without any further practice on a third pair of sequences. After a two-week practice intervention, participants underwent fMRI scans while imagining all six sequences. Behavioural data demonstrated practice-related effects as well as very good compliance with instructions. Functional MRI data confirmed the previously known motor imagery network. Crucially, we found that mental and physical practice left a modality-specific footprint during mental motor imagery. In particular, activation within the right posterior cerebellum was stronger when the imagined sequence had previously been practiced physically. We conclude that cerebellar activity is shaped specifically by the nature of the prior practice modality.
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116
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Hernandez-Martin E, Marcano F, Modroño C, Janssen N, González-Mora JL. Diffuse optical tomography to measure functional changes during motor tasks: a motor imagery study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6049-6067. [PMID: 33282474 PMCID: PMC7687968 DOI: 10.1364/boe.399907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work shows the spatial reliability of the diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system in a group of healthy subjects during a motor imagery task. Prior to imagery task performance, the subjects executed a motor task based on the finger to thumb opposition for motor training, and to corroborate the DOT spatial localization during the motor execution. DOT technology and data treatment allows us to distinguish oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin at the cerebral gyri level unlike the cerebral activations provided by fMRI series that were processed using different approaches. Here we show the DOT reliability showing functional activations at the cerebral gyri level during motor execution and motor imagery, which provide subtler cerebral activations than the motor execution. These results will allow the use of the DOT system as a monitoring device in a brain computer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Hernandez-Martin
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
| | - Francisco Marcano
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Cristian Modroño
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Niels Janssen
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Psychology Department, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
| | - Jose Luis González-Mora
- Department of Basic Medical Science (Physiology), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Section, Universidad de La Laguna 38071, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain
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117
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Abstract
What are the principles of brain organization? In the motor domain, separate pathways were found for reaching and grasping actions performed by the hand. To what extent is this organization specific to the hand or based on abstract action types, regardless of which body part performs them? We tested people born without hands who perform actions with their feet. Activity in frontoparietal association motor areas showed preference for an action type (reaching or grasping), regardless of whether it was performed by the foot in people born without hands or by the hand in typically-developed controls. These findings provide evidence that some association areas are organized based on abstract functions of action types, independent of specific sensorimotor experience and parameters of specific body parts. Many parts of the visuomotor system guide daily hand actions, like reaching for and grasping objects. Do these regions depend exclusively on the hand as a specific body part whose movement they guide, or are they organized for the reaching task per se, for any body part used as an effector? To address this question, we conducted a neuroimaging study with people born without upper limbs—individuals with dysplasia—who use the feet to act, as they and typically developed controls performed reaching and grasping actions with their dominant effector. Individuals with dysplasia have no prior experience acting with hands, allowing us to control for hand motor imagery when acting with another effector (i.e., foot). Primary sensorimotor cortices showed selectivity for the hand in controls and foot in individuals with dysplasia. Importantly, we found a preference based on action type (reaching/grasping) regardless of the effector used in the association sensorimotor cortex, in the left intraparietal sulcus and dorsal premotor cortex, as well as in the basal ganglia and anterior cerebellum. These areas also showed differential response patterns between action types for both groups. Intermediate areas along a posterior–anterior gradient in the left dorsal premotor cortex gradually transitioned from selectivity based on the body part to selectivity based on the action type. These findings indicate that some visuomotor association areas are organized based on abstract action functions independent of specific sensorimotor parameters, paralleling sensory feature-independence in visual and auditory cortices in people born blind and deaf. Together, they suggest association cortices across action and perception may support specific computations, abstracted from low-level sensorimotor elements.
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118
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Kline A, Pittman D, Ronsky J, Goodyear B. Differentiating the Brain's involvement in Executed and Imagined Stepping using fMRI. Behav Brain Res 2020; 394:112829. [PMID: 32717374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to extend the extant literature regarding brain areas that are activated during executed and imagined lower limb movement. Past research suggests that stepping, as a cyclical movement, should activate the motor control areas of the brain that integrates smooth movements with spinal cord nerves. The neuronal activity needed to imagine that same activity is likely to recruit additional sensory-motor areas that provide initiation and inhibition signals, making this task take on a neuronal activity pattern that is more similar to discrete movements. To assess this research question, 16 participants took part in the current study where they executed and imagined stepping, with movement at the hip, knee, and ankle joints, while viewing a computer-generated image of a human walking. A block design with a total of 10 blocks for rest and task for each condition was used. Rest blocks lasted 18 seconds, followed by an 18-second display of the visual stimulus. Results showed that in the executed condition, areas of the brain that are most prominently associated with sensory-motor activity were activated. In the imagined condition areas of the brain associated with movement control, inhibition of movement, and the integration of sensory input and motor output (parietal and occipital) were also activated. These findings contribute to the literature identifying brain areas that are activated in lower limb locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Kline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Daniel Pittman
- Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Janet Ronsky
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley Goodyear
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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119
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Menicucci D, Di Gruttola F, Cesari V, Gemignani A, Manzoni D, Sebastiani L. Task-independent Electrophysiological Correlates of Motor Imagery Ability from Kinaesthetic and Visual Perspectives. Neuroscience 2020; 443:176-187. [PMID: 32736068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) ability is highly subjective, as indicated by the individual scores of the MIQ-3 questionnaire, and poor imagers compensate for the difficulty in performing MI with larger cerebral activations, as demonstrated by MI studies involving hands/limbs. In order to identify general, task-independent MI ability correlates, 16 volunteers were stratified with MIQ-3. The scores in the kinaesthetic (K) and 1st-person visual (V) perspectives were associated with EEG patterns obtained during K-MI and V-MI of the same complex MIQ-3 movements during these MI tasks (Spearman's correlation, significance at <0.05, SnPM corrected). EEG measures were relative to rest (relaxation, closed eyes), and based on six electrode clusters both for band spectral content and connectivity (Granger causality). Lower K-MI ability was associated with greater theta decreases during tasks in fronto-central clusters and greater inward information flow to prefrontal clusters for theta, high alpha and beta bands. On the other hand, power band relative decreases were associated with V-MI ability in fronto-central clusters for low alpha and left fronto-central and both centro-parietal clusters for beta bands. The results thus suggest different computational mechanisms for MI-V and MI-K. The association between low alpha/beta desynchronization and V-MIQ scores and between theta changes and K-MIQ scores suggest a cognitive effort with greater cerebral activation in participants with lower V-MI ability. The association between information flow to prefrontal hub and K-MI ability suggest the need for a continuous update of information to support MI-related executive functions in subjects with poor K-MI ability.
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120
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Courson M, Tremblay P. Neural correlates of manual action language: Comparative review, ALE meta-analysis and ROI meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:221-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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121
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Hirao T, Masaki H. The Effects of Computer-Based and Motor-Imagery Training on Scoring Ability in Lacrosse. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1588. [PMID: 32848992 PMCID: PMC7406689 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that the temporal attentional control created by the repetition of stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) tasks was transferred to shooting skills in lacrosse players. In the current study, we investigated whether combining motor imagery training with SRC tasks could enhance the scoring ability of lacrosse players. We grouped 33 male lacrosse players into three groups: an SRC task and motor imagery group (referred as to SRC + Image), an SRC task group, and a control group. Players in the first two groups underwent five sessions of 200 SRC task trials. In addition, the SRC + Image group completed five sessions of motor-imagery training. The control group underwent no training interventions. All three groups performed a lacrosse shooting test and a Simon task before and after training sessions to assess the magnitude of the interference effects of the various types of training they underwent. The results of the Simon task showed that repetition of 1,000 trials was enough to create a short-term representation with the incompatible special mapping being transferred to a dynamic activity like lacrosse shooting. Moreover, a combination of a computer-based Type 2 task and motor-imagery training could effectively increase players’ scoring abilities in a field of large spatial conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hirao
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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122
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Bello UM, Kranz GS, Winser SJ, Chan CCH. Neural Processes Underlying Mirror-Induced Visual Illusion: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:276. [PMID: 32848663 PMCID: PMC7412952 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroimaging studies on neural processes associated with mirror-induced visual illusion (MVI) are growing in number. Previous systematic reviews on these studies used qualitative approaches. Objective: The present study conducted activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis to locate the brain areas for unfolding the neural processes associated with the MVI. Method: We searched the CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, and PubMed databases and identified eight studies (with 14 experiments) that met the inclusion criteria. Results: Contrasting with a rest condition, strong convergence in the bilateral primary and premotor areas and the inferior parietal lobule suggested top-down motor planning and execution. In addition, convergence was identified in the ipsilateral precuneus, cerebellum, superior frontal gyrus, and superior parietal lobule, clusters corresponding to the static hidden hand indicating self-processing operations, somatosensory processing, and motor control. When contrasting with an active movement condition, additional substantial convergence was revealed in visual-related areas, such as the ipsilateral cuneus, fusiform gyrus, middle occipital gyrus (visual area V2) and lingual gyrus, which mediate basic visual processing. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, the current meta-analysis is the first to reveal the visualization, mental rehearsal and motor-related processes underpinning the MVI and offers theoretical support on using MVI as a clinical intervention for post-stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Muhammad Bello
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Physiotherapy, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stanley John Winser
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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123
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Bello UM, Winser SJ, Chan CCH. Role of kinaesthetic motor imagery in mirror-induced visual illusion as intervention in post-stroke rehabilitation. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:659-674. [PMID: 32229682 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mirror-induced visual illusion obtained through mirror therapy is widely used to facilitate motor recovery after stroke. Activation of primary motor cortex (M1) ipsilateral to the moving limb has been reported during mirror-induced visual illusion. However, the mechanism through which the mirror illusion elicits motor execution processes without movements observed in the mirrored limb remains unclear. This study aims to review evidence based on brain imaging studies for testing the hypothesis that neural processes associated with kinaesthetic motor imagery are attributed to ipsilateral M1 activation. Four electronic databases were searched. Studies on functional brain imaging, investigating the instant effects of mirror-induced visual illusion among stroke survivors and healthy participants were included. Thirty-five studies engaging 78 stroke survivors and 396 healthy participants were reviewed. Results of functional brain scans (n = 20) indicated that half of the studies (n = 10, 50%) reported significant changes in the activation of ipsilateral M1, which mediates motor preparation and execution. Other common neural substrates included primary somatosensory cortex (45%, kinaesthesia), precuneus (40%, image generation and self-processing operations) and cerebellum (20%, motor control). Similar patterns of ipsilateral M1 activations were observed in the two groups. These neural substrates mediated the generation, maintenance, and manipulation of motor-related images, which were the key processes in kinaesthetic motor imagery. Relationships in terms of shared neural substrates and mental processes between mirror-induced visual illusion and kinaesthetic motor imagery generate new evidence on the role of the latter in mirror therapy. Future studies should investigate the imagery processes in illusion training for post-stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar M Bello
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Physiotherapy, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital, Along Potiskum Road, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
| | - Stanley J Winser
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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124
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B. Aledi L, Flumignan CDQ, Guedes Neto HJ, Trevisani VFM, Miranda Jr F. Interventions for motor rehabilitation in patients with below-knee amputation due to peripheral arterial disease or diabetes. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciane B. Aledi
- Department of Surgery; UNIFESP - Federal University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carolina DQ Flumignan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Virginia FM Trevisani
- Medicina de Urgência and Rheumatology; Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Universidade de Santo Amaro; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fausto Miranda Jr
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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125
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Imagining handwriting movements in a usual or unusual position: effect of posture congruency on visual and kinesthetic motor imagery. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:2237-2247. [PMID: 32743730 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01399-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery has been used in training programs to improve the performance of motor skills. Handwriting movement may benefit from motor imagery training. To optimize the efficacy of this kind of training, it is important to identify the factors that facilitate the motor imagery process for handwriting movements. Several studies have shown that motor imagery is more easily achieved when there is maximum compatibility between the actual posture and the imagined movement. We, therefore, examined the effect of posture congruency on visual and kinesthetic motor imagery for handwriting movements. Adult participants had to write and imagine writing a sentence by focusing on the evocation of either the kinesthetic or visual consequences of the motion. Half the participants performed the motor imagery task in a congruent posture (sitting with a hand ready for writing), and half in an incongruent one (standing with arms crossed behind the back and fingers spread wide). The temporal similarity between actual and imagined movement times and the vividness of the motor imagery were evaluated. Results revealed that temporal similarity was stronger in the congruent posture condition than in the incongruent one. Furthermore, in the incongruent posture condition, participants reported greater difficulty forming a precise kinesthetic motor image of themselves writing than a visual image, whereas no difference was observed in the congruent posture condition. Taken together, our results show that postural information is taken into account during the mental simulation of handwriting movements. The implications of these findings for guiding the design of motor imagery training are discussed.
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126
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Is Visual Creativity Embodied? Thinking Aloud While Performing the Creative Mental Synthesis Task. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070455. [PMID: 32708579 PMCID: PMC7407976 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over time, the view that creativity is embodied has emerged. In order to explore if visual creativity is supported by embodied mechanisms, the simulation approach was used as a framework of reference. The idea that visual creativity relies on mental representations that implement motor processes was faced. Participants were instructed to think aloud while carrying out the Creative Mental Synthesis Task, which allows to form pre-inventive structures and interpret them according to a specific category. Two independent judges scored verbal protocols in terms of the number of motor, spatial, and visual thoughts reported during the pre-inventive and inventive phases, and also evaluated the final objects according to originality and appropriateness. Originality was predicted positively by inventive motor thoughts and by pre-inventive spatial thoughts, but negatively by inventive spatial thoughts; appropriateness was only predicted by inventive visual thoughts. These results suggest that actions for future object utilization were simulated while interpreting pre-inventive structures, increasing originality of objects. In addition, spatial transformations are useful to construct the pre-inventive structures, but not to interpret them. Yet, thinking of the pictorial details of the object is also essential to classify it in a given category. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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127
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Mehler DMA, Williams AN, Whittaker JR, Krause F, Lührs M, Kunas S, Wise RG, Shetty HGM, Turner DL, Linden DEJ. Graded fMRI Neurofeedback Training of Motor Imagery in Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke Patients: A Preregistered Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:226. [PMID: 32760259 PMCID: PMC7373077 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), a major brain vessel that supplies the primary motor and premotor cortex, is one of the most common causes for severe upper limb impairment. Currently available motor rehabilitation training largely lacks satisfying efficacy with over 70% of stroke survivors showing residual upper limb dysfunction. Motor imagery-based functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (fMRI-NF) has been suggested as a potential therapeutic technique to improve motor impairment in stroke survivors. In this preregistered proof-of-concept study (https://osf.io/y69jc/), we translated graded fMRI-NF training, a new paradigm that we have previously studied in healthy participants, to first-time MCA stroke survivors with residual mild to severe impairment of upper limb motor function. Neurofeedback was provided from the supplementary motor area (SMA) targeting two different neurofeedback target levels (low and high). We hypothesized that MCA stroke survivors will show (1) sustained SMA-region of interest (ROI) activation and (2) a difference in SMA-ROI activation between low and high neurofeedback conditions during graded fMRI-NF training. At the group level, we found only anecdotal evidence for these preregistered hypotheses. At the individual level, we found anecdotal to moderate evidence for the absence of the hypothesized graded effect for most subjects. These null findings are relevant for future attempts to employ fMRI-NF training in stroke survivors. The study introduces a Bayesian sequential sampling plan, which incorporates prior knowledge, yielding higher sensitivity. The sampling plan was preregistered together with a priori hypotheses and all planned analysis before data collection to address potential publication/researcher biases. Unforeseen difficulties in the translation of our paradigm to a clinical setting required some deviations from the preregistered protocol. We explicitly detail these changes, discuss the accompanied additional challenges that can arise in clinical neurofeedback studies, and formulate recommendations for how these can be addressed. Taken together, this work provides new insights about the feasibility of motor imagery-based graded fMRI-NF training in MCA stroke survivors and serves as a first example for comprehensive study preregistration of an (fMRI) neurofeedback experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. A. Mehler
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Angharad N. Williams
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Adaptive Memory Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph R. Whittaker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Krause
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Lührs
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Research Department, Brain Innovation B.V., Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Kunas
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard G. Wise
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Duncan L. Turner
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David E. J. Linden
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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128
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Krüger B, Zabicki A, Grosse L, Naumann T, Munzert J. Sensory features of mental images in the framework of human actions. Conscious Cogn 2020; 83:102970. [PMID: 32540626 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
What determines the sensory impression of a self-generated motor image? Motor imagery is a process in which subjects imagine executing a body movement with a strong kinesthetic and/or visual component from a first-person perspective. Both sensory modalities can be combined flexibly to form a motor image. 90 participants of varying ages had to freely generate motor images from a large set of movements. They were asked to rate their kinesthetic as well as their visual impression, the perceived vividness, and their personal experience with the imagined movement. Data were subjected to correlational analyses, linear regressions, and representation similarity analyses. Results showed that both action characteristics and experience drove the sensory impression of motor images with a strong individual component. We conclude that imagining actions that impose varying demands can be considered as reexperiencing actions by using one's own sensorimotor representations that represent not only individual experience but also action demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Krüger
- NemoLab - Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
| | - Adam Zabicki
- NemoLab - Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Lars Grosse
- NemoLab - Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Naumann
- NemoLab - Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörn Munzert
- NemoLab - Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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129
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Bovonsunthonchai S, Aung N, Hiengkaew V, Tretriluxana J. A randomized controlled trial of motor imagery combined with structured progressive circuit class therapy on gait in stroke survivors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6945. [PMID: 32332810 PMCID: PMC7181781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Structured Progressive Circuit Class Therapy (SPCCT) was developed based on task-oriented therapy, providing benefits to patients’ motivation and motor function. Training with Motor Imagery (MI) alone can improve gait performance in stroke survivors, but a greater effect may be observed when combined with SPCCT. Health education (HE) is a basic component of stroke rehabilitation and can reduce depression and emotional distress. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of MI with SPCCT against HE with SPCCT on gait in stroke survivors. Two hundred and ninety stroke survivors from 3 hospitals in Yangon, Myanmar enrolled in the study. Of these, 40 stroke survivors who passed the selection criteria were randomized into an experimental (n = 20) or control (n = 20) group. The experimental group received MI training whereas the control group received HE for 25 minutes prior to having the same 65 minutes SPCCT program, with both groups receiving training 3 times a week over 4 weeks. Temporo-spatial gait variables and lower limb muscle strength of the affected side were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after intervention. After 4 weeks of training, the experimental group showed greater improvement than the control group in all temporospatial gait variables, except for the unaffected step length and step time symmetry which showed no difference. In addition, greater improvements of the affected hip flexor and knee extensor muscle strength were found in the experimental group. In conclusion, a combination of MI with SPCCT provided a greater therapeutic effect on gait and lower limb muscle strengths in stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilar Aung
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Medical Technology, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Vimonwan Hiengkaew
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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130
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Frenkel-Toledo S, Einat M, Kozol Z. The Effects of Instruction Manipulation on Motor Performance Following Action Observation. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:33. [PMID: 32210778 PMCID: PMC7073404 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of action observation (AO) on motor performance can be modulated by instruction. The effects of two top-down aspects of the instruction on motor performance have not been fully resolved: those related to attention to the observed task and the incorporation of motor imagery (MI) during AO. In addition, the immediate vs. 24-h retention test effects of those instruction’s aspects are yet to be elucidated. Forty-eight healthy subjects were randomly instructed to: (1) observe reaching movement (RM) sequences toward five lighted units with the intention of reproducing the same sequence as fast and as accurate as possible (Intentional + Attentional group; AO+At); (2) observe the RMs sequence with the intention of reproducing the same sequence as fast and as accurate as possible and simultaneously to the observation to imagine performing the RMs (Intentional + attentional + MI group; AO+At+MI); and (3) observe the RMs sequence (Passive AO group). Subjects’ performance was tested before and immediately after the AO and retested after 24 h. During each of the pretest, posttest, and retest, the subject performed RMs toward the units that were activated in the same order as the observed sequence. Occasionally, the sequence order was changed by beginning the sequence with a different activated unit. The outcome measures were: averaged response time of the RMs during the sequences, difference between the response time of the unexpected and expected RMs and percent of failures to reach the target within 1 s. The averaged response time and the difference between the response time of the unexpected and expected RMs were improved in all groups at posttest compared to pretest, regardless of instruction. Averaged response time was improved in the retest compared to the posttest only in the Passive AO group. The percent of failures across groups was higher in pretest compared to retest. Our findings suggest that manipulating top-down aspects of instruction by adding attention and MI to AO in an RM sequence task does not improve subsequent performance more than passive observation. Off-line learning of the sequence in the retention test was improved in comparison to posttest following passive observation only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvi Frenkel-Toledo
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Hospital, Raanana, Israel
| | - Moshe Einat
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Zvi Kozol
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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131
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Glover S, Bibby E, Tuomi E. Executive functions in motor imagery: support for the motor-cognitive model over the functional equivalence model. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:931-944. [PMID: 32179942 PMCID: PMC7181437 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The motor-cognitive model holds that motor imagery relies on executive resources to a much greater extent than do overt actions. According to this view, engaging executive resources with an interference task during motor imagery or overt actions will lead to a greater lengthening of the time required to imagine a movement than to execute it physically. This model is in contrast to a currently popular view, the functional equivalence model, which holds that motor imagery and overt action use identical mental processes, and thus should be equally affected by task manipulations. The two competing frameworks were tested in three experiments that varied the amount and type of executive resources needed to perform an interference task concurrent with either an overt or imagined version of a grasping and placing action. In Experiment 1, performing a concurrent calculation task led to a greater lengthening of the time required to execute motor imagery than overt action relative to a control condition involving no interference task. Further, an increase in the number of responses used to index performance affected the timing of motor imagery but not overt actions. In Experiment 2, a low-load repetition task interfered with the timing of motor imagery, but less so than a high load calculation task; both tasks had much smaller effects on overt actions. In Experiment 3, a word generation task also interfered with motor imagery much more than with overt actions. The results of these experiments provide broad support for the motor-cognitive model over the functional equivalence model in showing that interfering with executive functions had a much greater impact on the timing of motor imagery than on overt actions. The possible roles of different executive processes in motor imagery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Glover
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, London, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK.
| | - Elys Bibby
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, London, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
| | - Elsa Tuomi
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, London, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
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132
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Orlandi A, Arno E, Proverbio AM. The Effect of Expertise on Kinesthetic Motor Imagery of Complex Actions. Brain Topogr 2020; 33:238-254. [PMID: 32112306 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to mentally simulate an action by recalling the body sensations relative to the real execution is referred to as kinesthetic motor imagery (MI). Frontal and parietal motor-related brain regions are generally engaged during MI. The present study aimed to investigate the time course and neural correlates of complex action imagery and possible effects of expertise on the underlying action representation processes. Professional ballet dancers and controls were presented with effortful and effortless ballet steps and instructed to mentally reproduce each movement during EEG recording. Time-locked MI was associated with an Anterior Negativity (AN) component (400-550 ms) that was larger in dancers relative to controls. The AN was differentially modulated by the motor content (effort) as a function of ballet expertise. It was more negative in response to effortful (than effortless) movements in control participants only. This effect also had a frontal distribution in controls and a centro-parietal distribution in dancers, as shown by the topographic maps of the scalp voltage. The source reconstruction (swLORETA) of the recorded potentials in the AN time-window showed enhanced engagement of prefrontal regions in controls (BA 10/47) relative to dancers, and occipitotemporal (BA 20) and bilateral sensorimotor areas in dancers (BA6/40) compared with controls. This evidence seems to suggest that kinesthetic MI of complex action relied on visuomotor simulation processes in participants with acquired dance expertise. Simultaneously, increased cognitive demands occurred in participants lacking in motor knowledge with the specific action. Hence, professional dance training may lead to refined action representation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orlandi
- Department of Psychology, Neuro-MI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisa Arno
- Department of Psychology, Neuro-MI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Mado Proverbio
- Department of Psychology, Neuro-MI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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133
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Bello UM, Winser SJ, Chan CCH. Does task complexity influence motor facilitation and visuo-motor memory during mirror therapy in post-stroke patients? Med Hypotheses 2020; 138:109590. [PMID: 32036194 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of mortality and reduced disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Hemiparesis due to reduced skeletal-muscle power is an effect of brain lesions. Mirror therapy can significantly improve motor performance among post-stroke patients. To determine if altering the complexity of the mirror task in the mirror therapy paradigm would enhance top-down motor facilitation and visuo-motor memory demand, we conducted a pilot study on four post-stroke patients. Our preliminary results showed that performing complex finger tapping task resulted in enhanced activities in the primary motor cortex and precuneus, ipsilateral to the moving hand in the mirror therapy paradigm. We hypothesise the following: (a) complex finger tapping would result in stronger top-down motor facilitation and higher demand on visuo-motor memory than simple finger tapping in the mirror therapy paradigm, and (b) observing a blurred mirror image would result in increased top-down motor facilitation and higher demand on visuo-motor memory than a clear mirror image. To confirm these hypotheses, we propose a cross-sectional observational study on a large sample of post-stroke patients. This paper reports the findings of the pilot study, the rationale for testing the hypotheses, the experimental set-up, the task design and the assessment protocol for functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Muhammad Bello
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Stanley John Winser
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
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134
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Raś M, Nowik AM, Klawiter A, Króliczak G. When is the brain ready for mental actions? Readiness potential for mental calculations. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2019-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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135
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Bek J, Arakaki AI, Lawrence A, Sullivan M, Ganapathy G, Poliakoff E. Dance and Parkinson's: A review and exploration of the role of cognitive representations of action. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 109:16-28. [PMID: 31846651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that causes both sensorimotor and non-motor impairments, and there is a clear need for non-medical approaches to improve quality of life. Dance is an increasingly popular activity among people with PD, which demonstrates potential therapeutic benefits. However, findings to date have been inconsistent, and little is known about the mechanisms underlying benefits of dance in PD. In this review, we provide an overview of research into dance for people with PD. The majority of quantitative evidence is in the sensorimotor domain, but cognitive, psychological and social effects have also been reported. We consider the role of cognitive representations of action within dance through observation, imitation and imagery, which may contribute to both sensorimotor and non-motor outcomes for people with PD. Moreover, we discuss how these processes may be enhanced through dance to provide further benefits in everyday life. Finally, we propose avenues for future research to increase understanding of action representation in dance for PD, which has the potential to inform practice and maximize benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bek
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Aline I Arakaki
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam Lawrence
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Sullivan
- School of Science and the Environment, E432 John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, M16 5BH, United Kingdom.
| | - Gayathri Ganapathy
- Equilibrium International, 6 Stretton Avenue, Manchester, M20 6HE, United Kingdom.
| | - Ellen Poliakoff
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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136
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Shao S, Zhou Q, Liu Z. Mental workload characteristics of manipulator teleoperators with different spatial cognitive abilities. INT J ADV ROBOT SYST 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1729881419888042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main research on manipulator teleoperation includes robust of high-degree of freedom manipulators, sensor measurement accuracy, time delay, and mechanical structure design. Increased mental capacity requirements for complex assignments result in an increased mental workload. Spatial cognitive ability was considered to be the key factor affecting teleoperation performance. To accomplish this, we had 50 participants performed teleoperation while recorded their electroencephalogram. Electroencephalogram data of each task were divided into two periods, which correspond to the observation and large-scale transfer stages of teleoperation, respectively (period 1) and adjust the attitude of the manipulator to approach and align with the target stage (period 2). Brain topographic maps of period 1 (period 1 wavelet packet energy minus resting state wavelet packet energy) and period 2 (period 2 wavelet packet energy minus resting state wavelet packet energy) show that the frontal, central, and occipital regions are the main working areas of low spatial cognitive operators in period 1, while the frontal, central, and occipital regions are the main working areas of high spatial cognitive operators in period 1. The main changes in period 2 were frontal, central, parietal, and occipital regions. This study has implication for the analysis of electroencephalogram signal characteristics of mental workload in different populations to improve operators’ well-being and safety at teleoperation work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Shao
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianxiang Zhou
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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137
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Zhang Q, Li L, Guo X, Zheng L, Wu Y, Zhou C. Implicit learning of symmetry of human movement and gray matter density: Evidence against pure domain general and pure domain specific theories of implicit learning. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 147:60-71. [PMID: 31734444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Theories of the neural basis of implicit learning postulated that specific regions were responsible for specific structures (e.g., supra-finite state) regardless of domain (e.g., vision, movement); others assumed that implicit learning was the adaptation that occurred within neural regions dealing with each domain. We explored whether people could implicitly learn to detect symmetry in biological motion, and if so, based on voxel-based morphometry (VBM), whether the learning was associated with language-related regions involved with supra-finite state grammars (such as symmetry) or motor-related regions. To explore the relevance of motor-related regions, we investigated brain structural changes in athletes compared with non-athletes and the advantage of athletes in implicit learning of action symmetry. Further, we examined whether motor imagery ability could account for the role of motor-related regions in this learning. Participants passively observed and memorized a number of biological motion sequences instantiating a symmetry rule and then judged new sequences as grammatical or not. Behaviorally, the implicit acquisition of symmetry could extend to process biological motion. Athletes showed superior classification accuracy and kinesthetic imagery ability, and gave more familiarity attributions. VBM results showed that athletes exhibited greater gray matter density in the right cerebellum, as well as the left lingual gyrus, the left precuneus, the left calcarine gyrus, and the right thalamus. Correlation analysis showed that the cerebellar gray matter density was positively associated with classification accuracy, which was mediated by kinesthetic imagery ability. Moreover, gray matter density of the left inferior frontal cortex was also positively associated with classification accuracy, indicating the involvement of regions related to symmetry learning across domains. The study provides initial evidence that implicit learning involves both adaptation within brain regions responsible for the specific domain as well as brain regions processing the same structure across domains, at least in a case of supra-finite state grammars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiuyan Guo
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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138
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Papitto G, Friederici AD, Zaccarella E. The topographical organization of motor processing: An ALE meta-analysis on six action domains and the relevance of Broca's region. Neuroimage 2019; 206:116321. [PMID: 31678500 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Action is a cover term used to refer to a large set of motor processes differing in domain specificities (e.g. execution or observation). Here we review neuroimaging evidence on action processing (N = 416; Subjects = 5912) using quantitative Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) and Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling (MACM) approaches to delineate the functional specificities of six domains: (1) Action Execution, (2) Action Imitation, (3) Motor Imagery, (4) Action Observation, (5) Motor Learning, (6) Motor Preparation. Our results show distinct functional patterns for the different domains with convergence in posterior BA44 (pBA44) for execution, imitation and imagery processing. The functional connectivity network seeding in the motor-based localized cluster of pBA44 differs from the connectivity network seeding in the (language-related) anterior BA44. The two networks implement distinct cognitive functions. We propose that the motor-related network encompassing pBA44 is recruited when processing movements requiring a mental representation of the action itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Papitto
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emiliano Zaccarella
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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139
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Rimbert S, Zaepffel M, Riff P, Adam P, Bougrain L. Hypnotic State Modulates Sensorimotor Beta Rhythms During Real Movement and Motor Imagery. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2341. [PMID: 31695643 PMCID: PMC6817584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypnosis techniques are currently used in the medical field and directly influences the patient's state of relaxation, perception of the body, and its visual imagination. There is evidence to suggest that a hypnotic state may help patients to better achieve tasks of motor imagination, which is central in the rehabilitation protocols after a stroke. However, the hypnosis techniques could also alter activity in the motor cortex. To the best of our knowledge, the impact of hypnosis on the EEG signal during a movement or an imagined movement is poorly investigated. In particular, how event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS) patterns would be modulated for different motor tasks may provide a better understanding of the potential benefits of hypnosis for stroke rehabilitation. To investigate this purpose, we recorded EEG signals from 23 healthy volunteers who performed real movements and motor imageries in a closed eye condition. Our results suggest that the state of hypnosis changes the sensorimotor beta rhythm during the ERD phase but maintains the ERS phase in the mu and beta frequency band, suggesting a different activation of the motor cortex in a hypnotized state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Riff
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, Nancy, France
| | - Perrine Adam
- Hemodialysis Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Moukarzel M, Guillot A, Di Rienzo F, Hoyek N. The therapeutic role of motor imagery during the chronic phase after total knee arthroplasty: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2019; 55:806-815. [PMID: 31615192 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.19.05136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is now ample evidence that motor imagery contributes to enhance motor learning and promote motor recovery in patients with motor disorders. Whether motor imagery practice is likely to facilitate mobility in patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis, at 6-months after total knee arthroplasty, remains unknown. AIM This trial was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of implementing motor imagery into the classical course of physical therapy at 6-months after total knee arthroplasty. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. POPULATION Twenty-four patients with unilateral total knee arthroplasty were assigned to a motor imagery or control group in a test-retest procedure, following a rehabilitation program as outpatients. METHODS During both the pre- and post-test, a set of strength and functional mobility measures were assessed: quadriceps strength, peak knee flexion during the swing phase, performance at the timed up and go test, stair climbing test, and 6-minute walk test, and finally Oxford knee score. In addition to a common physical therapy program, the motor imagery group practiced additional motor imagery exercises, while participants of the control group were subjected to a period of neutral activities for an equivalent amount of time. RESULTS Data provided evidence that motor imagery enhanced the quadriceps muscle strength of the operated knee (F (1, 22)=10.36, P=0.003), improved the peak knee flexion during the swing phase (F (1, 22)=31.52, P<0.001), and increased the speed to climb and descend stairs (F (1, 22)=14.28, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the effectiveness of motor imagery exercises in gait performance and functional recovery in a small sample of individuals who underwent total knee arthroplasty. However, before drawing final conclusions sample size calculation should be conducted in the future. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT While waiting for further research, our findings encourage incorporating motor imagery exercises into classical physical therapy protocols at 6-months after total knee arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Moukarzel
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM, EA7424), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Jounieh (USEK), Kaslik, Lebanon
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM, EA7424), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Franck Di Rienzo
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM, EA7424), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Nady Hoyek
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM, EA7424), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France -
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Lee WH, Kim E, Seo HG, Oh BM, Nam HS, Kim YJ, Lee HH, Kang MG, Kim S, Bang MS. Target-oriented motor imagery for grasping action: different characteristics of brain activation between kinesthetic and visual imagery. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12770. [PMID: 31484971 PMCID: PMC6726765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) for target-oriented movements, which is a basis for functional activities of daily living, can be more appropriate than non-target-oriented MI as tasks to promote motor recovery or brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. This study aimed to explore different characteristics of brain activation among target-oriented kinesthetic imagery (KI) and visual imagery (VI) in the first-person (VI-1) and third-person (VI-3) perspectives. Eighteen healthy volunteers were evaluated for MI ability, trained for the three types of target-oriented MIs, and scanned using 3 T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under MI and perceptual control conditions, presented in a block design. Post-experimental questionnaires were administered after fMRI. Common brain regions activated during the three types of MI were the left premotor area and inferior parietal lobule, irrespective of the MI modalities or perspectives. Contrast analyses showed significantly increased brain activation only in the contrast of KI versus VI-1 and KI versus VI-3 for considerably extensive brain regions, including the supplementary motor area and insula. Neural activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and cerebellum during VI-1 and KI was significantly correlated with MI ability measured by mental chronometry and a self-reported questionnaire, respectively. These results can provide a basis in developing MI-based protocols for neurorehabilitation to improve motor recovery and BCI training in severely paralyzed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Hyung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gil Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Nam
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Haeng Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University Hospital, 120-1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gu Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Suk Bang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Rimbert S, Schmartz D, Bougrain L, Meistelman C, Baumann C, Guerci P. MOTANA: study protocol to investigate motor cerebral activity during a propofol sedation. Trials 2019; 20:534. [PMID: 31455386 PMCID: PMC6712668 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accidental Accidental awareness during general anesthesia (AAGA) occurs in 1–2% of high-risk practice patients and is a cause of severe psychological trauma, termed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, no monitoring techniques can accurately predict or detect AAGA. Since the first reflex for a patient during AAGA is to move, a passive brain-computer interface (BCI) based on the detection of an intention of movement would be conceivable to alert the anesthetist. However, the way in which propofol (i.e., an anesthetic commonly used for the general anesthesia induction) affects motor brain activity within the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal has been poorly investigated and is not clearly understood. For this reason, a detailed study of the motor activity behavior with a step-wise increasing dose of propofol is required and would provide a proof of concept for such an innovative BCI. The main goal of this study is to highlight the occurrence of movement attempt patterns, mainly changes in oscillations called event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS), in the EEG signal over the motor cortex, in healthy subjects, without and under propofol sedation, during four different motor tasks. Methods MOTANA is an interventional, prospective, exploratory, physiological, monocentric, and randomized study conducted in healthy volunteers under light anesthesia, involving EEG measurements before and after target-controlled infusion of propofol at three different effect-site concentrations (0 μg.ml −1, 0.5 μg.ml −1, and 1.0 μg.ml −1). In this exploratory study, 30 healthy volunteers will perform 50 trials for the four motor tasks (real movement, motor imagery, motor imagery with median nerve stimulation, and median nerve stimulation alone) in a randomized sequence. In each conditions and for each trial, we will observe changes in terms of ERD and ERS according to the three propofol concentrations. Pre- and post-injection comparisons of propofol will be performed by paired series tests. Discussion MOTANA is an exploratory study aimed at designing an innovative BCI based on EEG-motor brain activity that would detect an attempt to move by a patient under anesthesia. This would be of interest in the prevention of AAGA. Trial registration Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament (EUDRACT 2017-004198-1), NCT03362775. Registered on 29 August 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03362775?term=03362775&rank=1 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3596-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Rimbert
- Université de Lorraine, Inria, LORIA, Neurosys team, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Denis Schmartz
- CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Place A.Van Gehuchten 4, Bruxelles, 1020, Belgium
| | - Laurent Bougrain
- Université de Lorraine, Inria, LORIA, Neurosys team, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Claude Meistelman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Universisty Hospital of Nancy, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - Cédric Baumann
- CHRU Nancy, plateforme d'aide à la recherche clinique, UMDS, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - Philippe Guerci
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Universisty Hospital of Nancy, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France.,INSERM, U1116, Université de Lorraine, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Paravlic AH, Pisot R, Marusic U. Specific and general adaptations following motor imagery practice focused on muscle strength in total knee arthroplasty rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221089. [PMID: 31412056 PMCID: PMC6693761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor imagery (MI) has been a widely used strategy in the past two decades to enhance physical capabilities among orthopaedic patients. However, its effectiveness is still questioned, since the demonstrated effects were likely task-dependent, with little evidence of transfer to tasks not specifically trained with MI. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether an MI practice focused on maximal isometric knee extension strength, causes additional specific and general adaptations upon neuromuscular and functional variables when compared to conventional rehabilitation only, in patients submitted to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). DESIGN Parallel group randomized controlled clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four patients (56% man) submitted to TKA. PROGRAM Patients were randomly assigned to an MI practice group (MIp: 15 minutes per day/5 days per week in addition to routine physical therapy) or control group (CON) that performed routine physical therapy alone for four weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES The maximal isometric knee extension strength of the operated leg was defined as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were spatial and temporal gait parameters, 30-second chair sit-to-stand performance, a self-reported physical function assessed by the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) questionnaire, and an MI ability score. All measurements were conducted before and one month after TKA. RESULTS Significant differences in treatment effects were observed for the MIp group compared to CON: the MIp showed less strength decrease (ES = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.32, 1.99, p = 0.022); faster self-selected speed under single (ES = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.08, p = 0.001) and dual task (ES = 1.59, large, 95% CI: 0.67, 2.50, p = 0.002) conditions; brisk-pace gait speed during single (ES = 1.32, 95% CI: 0.47, 2.17, p = 0.020) and dual task conditions (ES = 1.31, large, 95% CI: 0.38, 2.23, p = 0.013); improved chair sit-to-stand (ES = 1.45, large, 95% CI: 0.58, 2.31, p = 0.004) performance; and a higher score on MI ability questionnaires for kinaesthetic imagery (KI) (ES = 0.55, 95% CI: -0.23, 1.34, p = 0.010) and internal visual imagery (EVI) (ES = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.80, p = 0.039) scales, respectively. In addition, only MIp showed unaltered single and double support periods, as well as stride length and cadence during single task self-selected gait condition. Finally, analysis showed that the improved MI ability score achieved at the end of MI training was significantly correlated with the changes in the strength of the operated leg (kinaesthetic imagery: r = 0.741, p = 0.004; and internal visual imagery: r = 0.623, p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS MI training, when added in a corollary to routine physical therapy, led to improvements in both specific and general adaptations that were related to patients' physical capabilities. While future studies must also evaluate the long-term effects, conducting MI training during acute and post-acute rehabilitation phases is advised, especially when the extent and range of physical exercise is limited or made impossible. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03684148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin H. Paravlic
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pisot
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uros Marusic
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea-ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
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145
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Shironouchi F, Ohtaka C, Mizuguchi N, Kato K, Kakigi R, Nakata H. Remote effects on corticospinal excitability during motor execution and motor imagery. Neurosci Lett 2019; 707:134284. [PMID: 31125583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the remote effect on corticospinal excitability of resting left and right hand muscles during motor execution and motor imagery when performing left or right foot plantar flexion. Fifteen right-handed subjects performed two conditions with three tasks: Condition (Motor Execution (ME) vs. Motor Imagery (MI)): Task (Control, Ipsilateral, and Contralateral). From the left and right first dorsal interosseous, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the left or right primary motor cortices (M1) were recorded under all six trials. MEP amplitudes were significantly larger under the ME than MI condition, irrespective of hands and tasks. MEP amplitudes were also the largest during the Contralateral tasks, irrespective of the condition and hands. The correlation analysis showed that MEP amplitudes were significantly correlated between ME and MI conditions with both left and right hands. Our results indicate that the magnitude of the remote effect on corticospinal excitability of hand muscles differs between motor execution and motor imagery, and between ipsi- and contralateral limbs, when performing foot plantar flexion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Shironouchi
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara City, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ohtaka
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara City, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mizuguchi
- The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kouki Kato
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakata
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara City, Japan.
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146
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Tsuchimoto S, Shindo K, Hotta F, Hanakawa T, Liu M, Ushiba J. Sensorimotor Connectivity after Motor Exercise with Neurofeedback in Post-Stroke Patients with Hemiplegia. Neuroscience 2019; 416:109-125. [PMID: 31356896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Impaired finger motor function in post-stroke hemiplegia is a debilitating condition with no evidence-based or accessible treatments. Here, we evaluated the neurophysiological effectiveness of direct brain control of robotic exoskeleton that provides movement support contingent with brain activity. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the neurofeedback intervention, we assessed resting-state functional connectivity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfcMRI) between the ipsilesional sensory and motor cortices before and after a single 1-h intervention. Eighteen stroke patients were randomly assigned to crossover interventions in a double-blind and sham-controlled design. One patient dropped out midway through the study, and 17 patients were included in this analysis. Interventions involved motor imagery, robotic assistance, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation administered to a paretic finger. The neurofeedback intervention delivered stimulations contingent on desynchronized ipsilesional electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations during imagined movement, and the control intervention delivered sensorimotor stimulations that were independent of EEG oscillations. There was a significant time × intervention interaction in rsfcMRI in the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex. Post-hoc analysis showed a larger gain in increased functional connectivity during the neurofeedback intervention. Although the neurofeedback intervention delivered fewer total sensorimotor stimulations compared to the sham-control, rsfcMRI in the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortices was increased during the neurofeedback intervention compared to the sham-control. Higher coactivation of the sensory and motor cortices during neurofeedback intervention enhanced rsfcMRI in the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortices. This study showed neurophysiological evidence that EEG-contingent neurofeedback is a promising strategy to induce intrinsic ipsilesional sensorimotor reorganization, supporting the importance of integrating closed-loop sensorimotor processing at a neurophysiological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Tsuchimoto
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Shindo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Kanagawa, 252-0816, Japan
| | - Fujiko Hotta
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Tokyo Metropolitan Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokyo, 131-0034, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, 332-0012, Saitama, Japan
| | - Meigen Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan; Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
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147
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Visual and kinesthetic modes affect motor imagery classification in untrained subjects. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9838. [PMID: 31285468 PMCID: PMC6614413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for motor imagery (MI) is essential for the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and bioprosthetics. Our magnetoencephalographic (MEG) experiments with voluntary participants confirm the existence of two types of motor imagery, kinesthetic imagery (KI) and visual imagery (VI), distinguished by activation and inhibition of different brain areas in motor-related α- and β-frequency regions. Although the brain activity corresponding to MI is usually observed in specially trained subjects or athletes, we show that it is also possible to identify particular features of MI in untrained subjects. Similar to real movement, KI implies muscular sensation when performing an imaginary moving action that leads to event-related desynchronization (ERD) of motor-associated brain rhythms. By contrast, VI refers to visualization of the corresponding action that results in event-related synchronization (ERS) of α- and β-wave activity. A notable difference between KI and VI groups occurs in the frontal brain area. In particular, the analysis of evoked responses shows that in all KI subjects the activity in the frontal cortex is suppressed during MI, while in the VI subjects the frontal cortex is always active. The accuracy in classification of left-arm and right-arm MI using artificial intelligence is similar for KI and VI. Since untrained subjects usually demonstrate the VI imagery mode, the possibility to increase the accuracy for VI is in demand for BCIs. The application of artificial neural networks allows us to classify MI in raising right and left arms with average accuracy of 70% for both KI and VI using appropriate filtration of input signals. The same average accuracy is achieved by optimizing MEG channels and reducing their number to only 13.
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148
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Fuchigami T, Morioka S. Differences between the Influence of Observing One's Own Movements and Those of Others in Patients with Stroke. Stroke Res Treat 2019; 2019:3083248. [PMID: 31354933 PMCID: PMC6633964 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3083248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate differences between the influence of observing one's own actions and those of others in patients with stroke with hemiplegia. Thirty-four patients with stroke who had experienced a right or left hemispheric lesion (RHL: n = 17; LHL: n = 17) participated in this study. Participants viewed video clips (0.5× speed) of their own stepping movements (SO) as well as those of others (OO). After viewing the video clips, participants were asked to evaluate the vividness of the mental image of the observed stepping movement using a five-point scale, in accordance with that utilized in the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ). We also examined changes in imagery and execution times following action observation. When all patients were considered, there were no significant differences between SO and OO conditions. However, in the RHL subgroup, KVIQ kinesthetic subscore and changes in imagery and execution times were greater in the OO condition than in the SO condition. In the LHL subgroup, changes in imagery times were greater in the SO condition than in the OO condition. These findings indicated that viewing the movements of others led to more vivid imagery and alteration in performance in patients with right-sided stroke, when compared to viewing one's own movements. Therefore, the present study suggests that clinicians should consider the side of the damaged hemisphere when implementing action observation therapy for patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fuchigami
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kishiwada Rehabilitation Hospital, Kishiwada 596-0827, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara 635-0832, Japan
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149
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Rimbert S, Riff P, Gayraud N, Schmartz D, Bougrain L. Median Nerve Stimulation Based BCI: A New Approach to Detect Intraoperative Awareness During General Anesthesia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:622. [PMID: 31275105 PMCID: PMC6593137 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of general anesthesia are performed each year on patients all over the world. Among these patients, 0.1–0.2% are victims of Accidental Awareness during General Anesthesia (AAGA), i.e., an unexpected awakening during a surgical procedure under general anesthesia. Although anesthesiologists try to closely monitor patients using various techniques to prevent this terrifying phenomenon, there is currently no efficient solution to accurately detect its occurrence. We propose the conception of an innovative passive brain-computer interface (BCI) based on an intention of movement to prevent AAGA. Indeed, patients typically try to move to alert the medical staff during an AAGA, only to discover that they are unable to. First, we examine the challenges of such a BCI, i.e., the lack of a trigger to facilitate when to look for an intention to move, as well as the necessity for a high classification accuracy. Then, we present a solution that incorporates Median Nerve Stimulation (MNS). We investigate the specific modulations that MNS causes in the motor cortex and confirm that they can be altered by an intention of movement. Finally, we perform experiments on 16 healthy participants to assess whether an MI-based BCI using MNS is able to generate high classification accuracies. Our results show that MNS may provide a foundation for an innovative BCI that would allow the detection of AAGA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Riff
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, Nancy, France
| | - Nathalie Gayraud
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, Sophia-Antipolis Méditerrannée, Athena Team, Nice, France
| | - Denis Schmartz
- Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Chan JS, Jin Y, Luo Y, Yan JH. Dysfunctional preparatory processes in hazardous drinkers: An ERP study. Alcohol 2019; 77:71-77. [PMID: 30355520 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol drinking is associated with impaired cognitive and motor performance. This electrophysiological study examined the differences in the preparatory processes preceding motor imagery (visual and kinesthetic) and execution between hazardous drinkers and non-hazardous drinking controls. Twenty-two hazardous drinkers and 22 non-hazardous drinking controls were recruited to participate in the study. They were required to produce a 3-key response sequence physically or mentally 3 s after the appearance of a corresponding cue. Here we showed significantly smaller amplitudes of both early and late negative contingent variation in hazardous drinkers compared to controls. In addition, the early negative contingent variation preceding motor execution was greater than those in the motor imagery conditions in both groups. Results of this study suggest impairments of attentional control and motor preparation in hazardous drinkers. Preparatory processes of motor execution and motor imagery mainly differ from each other in voluntary attention orientation, but not in motor preparation.
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