101
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Gilani S, Howarth GS, Kitessa SM, Tran CD, Forder REA, Hughes RJ. New biomarkers for increased intestinal permeability induced by dextran sodium sulphate and fasting in chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:e237-e245. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Gilani
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus; Adelaide SA Australia
- Poultry CRC; University of New England; Armidale NSW Australia
| | - G. S. Howarth
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - S. M. Kitessa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Bio-security; Adelaide SA Australia
- PPPI Nutrition Research Laboratory South Australian Research & Development Institute; Roseworthy SA Australia
| | - C. D. Tran
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Bio-security; Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - R. E. A. Forder
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - R. J. Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus; Adelaide SA Australia
- PPPI Nutrition Research Laboratory South Australian Research & Development Institute; Roseworthy SA Australia
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102
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Humer E, Lucke A, Harder H, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Böhm J, Zebeli Q. Effects of Citric and Lactic Acid on the Reduction of Deoxynivalenol and Its Derivatives in Feeds. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100285. [PMID: 27690101 PMCID: PMC5086645 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds represents a serious health risk. This has necessitated the need for the establishment of practical methods for mycotoxin decontamination. This study investigated the effects of citric acid (CA) and lactic acid (LA) on common trichothecene mycotoxins in feeds contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins. Contaminated feed samples were processed either with 5% CA or 5% LA solutions in a ratio of 1:1.2 (w/v) for 5, 24, or 48 h, and analyzed for multiple mycotoxin metabolites using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method. The analyses showed that treating the feed with CA and LA lowered the concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON), whereby 5% LA lowered the original DON concentration in the contaminated feed samples by half, irrespective of the processing time. Similar lowering effects were observed for the concentrations of 15Ac-DON, 5-hydroxyculmorin, and sambucinol. The concentration of nivalenol was only lowered by the LA treatment. In contrast, CA and LA treatments showed no or only small effects on the concentration of several mycotoxins and their derivatives, including zearalenone, fumonisins, and culmorin. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the use of 5% solutions of LA and CA might reduce the concentration of common trichothecene mycotoxins, especially DON and its derivate 15Ac-DON. However, further research is required to determine the effect on overall toxicity and to identify the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Annegret Lucke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Hauke Harder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Josef Böhm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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103
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Payros D, Alassane-Kpembi I, Pierron A, Loiseau N, Pinton P, Oswald IP. Toxicology of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2931-2957. [PMID: 27663890 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the most frequently occurring natural contaminants in human and animal diet. Among them, deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by Fusarium, is one of the most prevalent and thus represents an important health risk. Recent detection methods revealed new mycotoxins and new molecules derivated from the "native" mycotoxins. The main derivates of DON are the acetylated forms produced by the fungi (3- and 15-acetyl-DON), the biologically "modified" forms produced by the plant (deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside), or after bacteria transformation (de-epoxy DON, 3-epi-DON and 3-keto-DON) as well as the chemically "modified" forms (norDON A-C and DON-sulfonates). High proportions of acetylated and modified forms of DON co-occur with DON, increasing the exposure and the health risk. DON and its acetylated and modified forms are rapidly absorbed following ingestion. At the molecular level, DON binds to the ribosome, induces a ribotoxic stress leading to the activation of MAP kinases, cellular cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. The toxic effects of DON include emesis and anorexia, alteration of intestinal and immune functions, reduced absorption of the nutrients as well as increased susceptibility to infection and chronic diseases. In contrast to DON, very little information exists concerning the acetylated and modified forms; some can be converted back to DON, their ability to bind to the ribosome and to induce cellular effects varies according to the toxin. Except for the acetylated forms, their toxicity and impact on human and animal health are poorly documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Payros
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alix Pierron
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.,BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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104
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Pierron A, Alassane-Kpembi I, Oswald IP. Impact of two mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and fumonisin on pig intestinal health. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:21. [PMID: 28405447 PMCID: PMC5382503 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that grow on a variety of substrates. Due to their high consumption of cereals and their sensitivity, pigs are highly impacted by the presence of mycotoxins. At the European level, regulations and recommendations exist for several mycotoxins in pig feed. Among these toxins, fumonisin B1 (FB1), and deoxynivalenol (DON) have a great impact on the intestine and the immune system. Indeed, the intestine is the first barrier to food contaminants and can be exposed to high concentrations of mycotoxins upon ingestion of contaminated feed. FB1 and DON alter the intestinal barrier, impair the immune response, reduce feed intake and weight gain. Their presence in feed increases the translocation of bacteria; mycotoxins can also impair the immune response and enhance the susceptibility to infectious diseases. In conclusion, because of their effect on the intestine, FB1 and DON are a major threat to pig health, welfare and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Pierron
- ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, UMR 1331, ENVT, INP Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027 Toulouse, Cedex 03 France.,BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, UMR 1331, ENVT, INP Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027 Toulouse, Cedex 03 France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, UMR 1331, ENVT, INP Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027 Toulouse, Cedex 03 France
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105
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Beyond Ribosomal Binding: The Increased Polarity and Aberrant Molecular Interactions of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8090261. [PMID: 27618101 PMCID: PMC5037487 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite and contaminant mycotoxin that is widely detected in wheat and corn products cultivated around the world. Bio-remediation methods have been extensively studied in the past two decades and promising ways to reduce DON-associated toxicities have been reported. Bacterial epimerization of DON at the C3 carbon was recently reported to induce a significant loss in the bio-toxicity of the resulting stereoisomer (3-epi-DON) in comparison to the parental compound, DON. In an earlier study, we confirmed the diminished bio-potency of 3-epi-DON using different mammalian cell lines and mouse models and mechanistically attributed it to the reduced binding of 3-epi-DON within the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center (PTC). In the current study and by inspecting the chromatographic behavior of 3-epi-DON and its molecular interactions with a well-characterized enzyme, Fusarium graminearum Tri101 acetyltransferase, we provide the evidence that the C3 carbon epimerization of DON influences its molecular interactions beyond the abrogated PTC binding.
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106
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Ajandouz EH, Berdah S, Moutardier V, Bege T, Birnbaum DJ, Perrier J, Di Pasquale E, Maresca M. Hydrolytic Fate of 3/15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol in Humans: Specific Deacetylation by the Small Intestine and Liver Revealed Using in Vitro and ex Vivo Approaches. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8080232. [PMID: 27483321 PMCID: PMC4999848 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to deoxynivalenol (DON), acetylated derivatives, i.e., 3-acetyl and 15-acetyldexynivalenol (or 3/15ADON), are present in cereals leading to exposure to these mycotoxins. Animal and human studies suggest that 3/15ADON are converted into DON after their ingestion through hydrolysis of the acetyl moiety, the site(s) of such deacetylation being still uncharacterized. We used in vitro and ex vivo approaches to study the deacetylation of 3/15ADON by enzymes and cells/tissues present on their way from the food matrix to the blood in humans. We found that luminal deacetylation by digestive enzymes and bacteria is limited. Using human cells, tissues and S9 fractions, we were able to demonstrate that small intestine and liver possess strong deacetylation capacity compared to colon and kidneys. Interestingly, in most cases, deacetylation was more efficient for 3ADON than 15ADON. Although we initially thought that carboxylesterases (CES) could be responsible for the deacetylation of 3/15ADON, the use of pure human CES1/2 and of CES inhibitor demonstrated that CES are not involved. Taken together, our original model system allowed us to identify the small intestine and the liver as the main site of deacetylation of ingested 3/15ADON in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Berdah
- Aix Marseille Univ, Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, UMRT24 IFSTTAR, Faculté de médecine secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Vincent Moutardier
- Aix Marseille Univ, Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, UMRT24 IFSTTAR, Faculté de médecine secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Thierry Bege
- Aix Marseille Univ, Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, UMRT24 IFSTTAR, Faculté de médecine secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - David Jérémie Birnbaum
- Aix Marseille Univ, Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, UMRT24 IFSTTAR, Faculté de médecine secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Josette Perrier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Eric Di Pasquale
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, Marseille, France & CSO@MyEnterix, Marseille, France.
| | - Marc Maresca
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
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107
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Dąbrowski M, Obremski K, Gajęcka M, Gajęcki MT, Zielonka Ł. Changes in the Subpopulations of Porcine Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Induced by Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON). Molecules 2016; 21:E557. [PMID: 27128894 PMCID: PMC6272943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol are secondary metabolites of fungi of the genus Fusarium. The presence of mycotoxins in cereals and the resulting contamination of feeds and foods pose health risks for animals and humans. The dangers associated with high doses of mycotoxins have been extensively researched but very little is known about NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) doses or exposure to a combination of mycotoxins (mixed mycotoxicoses). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of six-week exposure to NOAEL doses of individual and combined mycotoxins on the subpopulations of CD4⁺8(-), CD4(-)8⁺ and CD4⁺8⁺ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of pigs. The experiment was performed on 72 gilts with average body weight of 25 kg, divided into three experimental groups (E1, E2 and E3, administered zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ZEN + DON, respectively, on a daily basis) and a control group (C) receiving placebo. Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated by flow cytometry at weekly intervals (experimental days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42). A linear increase in the percentage of CD4⁺8⁺ lymphocytes was highly correlated with time (r = 0.682) in group C. The correlations and linear increase in the above subpopulation were disrupted in the remaining groups. In group E3, a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in CD4⁺8⁺ counts was observed in week 5, which could point to a transient depletion of regulatory mechanisms of immune responses. The noted results also suggest that in mixed mycotoxicosis, ZEN and DON exerted stronger immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Obremski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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108
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Cheat S, Pinton P, Cossalter AM, Cognie J, Vilariño M, Callu P, Raymond-Letron I, Oswald IP, Kolf-Clauw M. The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol show in vivo synergism on jejunum enterocytes apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 87:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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109
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Gilani S, Howarth GS, Kitessa SM, Forder REA, Tran CD, Hughes RJ. New biomarkers for intestinal permeability induced by lipopolysaccharide in chickens. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal health is influenced by a complex set of variables involving the intestinal microbiota, mucosal immunity, digestion and absorption of nutrients, intestinal permeability (IP) and intestinal integrity. An increase in IP increases bacterial or toxin translocation, activates the immune system and affects health. IP in chickens is reviewed in three sections. First, intestinal structure and permeability are discussed briefly. Second, the use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a tool to increase IP is discussed in detail. LPS, a glycolipid found in the outer coat of mostly Gram-negative bacteria, has been reported to increase IP in rats, mice and pigs. Although LPS has been used in chickens for inducing systemic inflammation, information regarding LPS effects on IP is limited. This review proposes that LPS could be used as a means to increase IP in chickens. The final section focuses on potential biomarkers to measure IP, proposing that the sugar-recovery method may be optimal for application in chickens.
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110
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Intestinal toxicity of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2037-46. [PMID: 26404761 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural food contaminants such as mycotoxins are an important problem for human health. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins detected in cereals and grains. Its toxicological effects mainly concern the immune system and the gastrointestinal tract. This toxin is a potent ribotoxic stressor leading to MAP kinase activation and inflammatory response. DON frequently co-occurs with its glucosylated form, the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside (D3G). The toxicity of this later compound remains unknown in mammals. This study aimed to assess the ability of D3G to elicit a ribotoxic stress and to induce intestinal toxicity. The toxicity of D3G and DON (0-10 µM) was studied in vitro, on the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line, and ex vivo, on porcine jejunal explants. First, an in silico analysis revealed that D3G, contrary to DON, was unable to bind to the A-site of the ribosome peptidyl transferase center, the main targets for DON toxicity. Accordingly, D3G did not activate JNK and P38 MAPKs in treated Caco-2 cells and did not alter viability and barrier function on cells, as measured by the trans-epithelial electrical resistance. Treatment of intestinal explants for 4 h with 10 µM DON induced morphological lesions and up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as measured by qPCR and pan-genomic microarray analysis. By contrast, expression profile of D3G-treated explants was similar to that of controls, and these explants did not show histomorphology alteration. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that glucosylation of DON suppresses its ability to bind to the ribosome and decreases its intestinal toxicity.
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111
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Deoxynivalenol Impairs Weight Gain and Affects Markers of Gut Health after Low-Dose, Short-Term Exposure of Growing Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2071-95. [PMID: 26067367 PMCID: PMC4488690 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the major mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi, and exposure to this mycotoxin requires an assessment of the potential adverse effects, even at low toxin levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a short-term, low-dose DON exposure on various gut health parameters in pigs. Piglets received a commercial feed or the same feed contaminated with DON (0.9 mg/kg feed) for 10 days, and two hours after a DON bolus (0.28 mg/kg BW), weight gain was determined and samples of different segments of the intestine were collected. Even the selected low dose of DON in the diet negatively affected weight gain and induced histomorphological alterations in the duodenum and jejunum. The mRNA expression of different tight junction (TJ) proteins, especially occludin, of inflammatory markers, like interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-10 and the oxidative stress marker heme-oxigenase1, were affected along the intestine by low levels of DON in the diet. Taken together, our results indicate that even after low-level exposure to DON, which has been generally considered as acceptable in animal feeds, clinically-relevant changes are measurable in markers of gut health and integrity.
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112
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Pinton P, Graziani F, Pujol A, Nicoletti C, Paris O, Ernouf P, Di Pasquale E, Perrier J, Oswald IP, Maresca M. Deoxynivalenol inhibits the expression by goblet cells of intestinal mucins through a PKR and MAP kinase dependent repression of the resistin-like molecule β. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1076-87. [PMID: 25727397 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The food-associated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is known to affect intestinal functions. However, its effect on intestinal mucus is poorly characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed the effects of DON on human goblet cells (HT29-16E cells) and porcine intestinal explants. Results showed that subtoxic doses of DON (as low as 1 μM) decreased mucin (MUC) production. qPCR analysis demonstrated that this inhibition was due to a specific decrease in the level of mRNA encoding for the intestinal membrane-associated (MUC1) and the secreted MUCs (MUC2, MUC3). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that DON effect relied on the activation of the protein kinase R and the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 ultimately leading to the inhibition of the expression of resistin-like molecule beta, a known positive regulator of MUC expression. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results show that at low doses found in food and feed, DON is able to affect the expression and production of MUCs by human and animal goblet cells. Due to the important role of MUCs in the barrier function and in the interaction of commensal bacteria with the host, such effect could explain the observed modifications in the microbial diversity and the increased susceptibility to enteric infection following exposure to DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pinton
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.,INP, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Graziani
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Ange Pujol
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Océane Paris
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Ernouf
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Josette Perrier
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.,INP, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Maresca
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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113
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Ghareeb K, Awad WA, Zebeli Q, Böhm J. Deoxynivalenol in chicken feed alters the vaccinal immune response and clinical biochemical serum parameters but not the intestinal and carcass characteristics. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:53-60. [PMID: 25900321 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of deoxynivalenol (DON) feeding either alone or in combination with a microbial feed additive (MFA) on the immune response to a viral vaccine and serum clinical chemical parameters. Forty 1-day-old boiler chicks were weighed and randomly divided into four groups, 10 birds in each group: (i) control group fed with basal diet; (ii) DON group fed with basal diet artificially contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed; (iii) DON + MFA group fed with basal diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed and supplemented with 2.5 kg of MFA/ton feed; and (iv) MFA group fed with basal diet supplemented with 2.5 kg of MFA/ton feed. At 35 days of age, birds were slaughtered and blood was collected for investigating the antibody titre against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and clinical chemical parameters. The results showed that DON reduced (p = 0.032) the titre against IBV, decreased (p = 0.005) the level of alanine transaminase (ALT) (4.2 ± 0.5 U/l) compared with control birds (6.4 ± 0.5 U/l), increased (p = 0.002) the serum cholesterol concentration (144 ± 6 mg/dl) compared with their control counterparts (123 ± 5 mg/dl) and increased (p = 0.074) the amount of circulating triglycerides (62.25 ± 7.50 mg/dl) compared with controls (39.55 ± 4.74). These results indicate that dietary DON altered the humoral immune response to viral vaccine and affected the serum clinical biochemistry. However, DON in combination with MFA did not affect serum IBV titre. Taken together, DON in the feed of broilers produced an impairment of the success of IBV vaccine and affected the health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ghareeb
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Animal Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - W A Awad
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Animal Hygiene, Poultry and Environment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Q Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Böhm
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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114
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Graziani F, Pujol A, Nicoletti C, Pinton P, Armand L, Di Pasquale E, Oswald IP, Perrier J, Maresca M. The Food-Associated Ribotoxin Deoxynivalenol Modulates Inducible NO Synthase in Human Intestinal Cell Model. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:372-82. [PMID: 25766886 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium possesses active immune functions including the production of proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial molecules such as nitric oxide (NO). As observed with immune cells, the production of NO by the intestinal epithelium is mainly due to the expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS or NOS2). Epithelial immune functions could be affected by many factors including pathogenic microorganisms and food-associated toxins (bacterial and fungal). Among the various mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) is known to alter the systemic and intestinal immunity. However, little is known about the effect of DON on the production of NO by the intestinal epithelium. We studied the impact of DON on the intestinal expression of iNOS using the Caco-2 cell model. In line with its proinflammatory activity, we observed that DON dose-dependently up-regulates the expression of iNOS mRNA. Surprisingly, DON failed to increase the expression of iNOS protein. When testing the effects of DON on cytokine-mediated induction of iNOS, we found that very low concentrations of DON (ie, 1 µM) decrease the amount of iNOS protein but not of iNOS mRNA. We demonstrated that DON's effect on iNOS protein relies on its ability to activate signal pathways and to increase iNOS ubiquitinylation and degradation through the proteasome pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate that although DON causes intestinal inflammation, it suppresses the ability of the gut epithelium to express iNOS and to produce NO, potentially explaining the increased susceptibility of animals to intestinal infection following exposure to low doses of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Graziani
- *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Ange Pujol
- *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Cendrine Nicoletti
- *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Loriane Armand
- *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Di Pasquale
- *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Josette Perrier
- *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Maresca
- *Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France, Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-3100 Toulouse, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR 7286, 13344, Marseille, France
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115
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Dual effects exerted in vitro by micromolar concentrations of deoxynivalenol on undifferentiated caco-2 cells. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:593-603. [PMID: 25690693 PMCID: PMC4344644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of crops used for food and feed production with Fusarium mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), raise important health and economic issues all along the food chain. Acute exposure to high DON concentrations can alter the intestinal barrier, while chronic exposure to lower doses may exert more subtle effects on signal transduction pathways, leading to disturbances in cellular homeostasis. Using real-time cellular impedance measurements, we studied the effects exerted in vitro by low concentrations of DON (0.37-1.50 μM), relevant for mycotoxin-contaminated food, on the proliferation of undifferentiated Caco-2 cells presenting a tumorigenic phenotype. A 1.5 μM concentration of DON maintained cell adherence of non-proliferating Caco-2 cells, whilst arresting the growth of actively proliferating cells compared with control Caco-2 cells in vitro. At 0.37 μM, DON enhanced Caco-2 cell metabolism, thereby triggering a moderate increase in cell proliferation. The results of the current study suggested that low concentrations of DON commonly detected in food may either limit or sustain the proliferation of colon cancer cells, depending on their proliferation status and on DON concentration. Soluble factors released by Lactobacillus strains can partially counteract the inhibitory action of DON on actively proliferating colon cancer cells. The study also emphasized that real-time cellular impedance measurements were a valuable tool for investigating the dynamics of cellular responses to xenobiotics.
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