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Nich C, Takakubo Y, Pajarinen J, Ainola M, Salem A, Sillat T, Rao AJ, Raska M, Tamaki Y, Takagi M, Konttinen YT, Goodman SB, Gallo J. Macrophages-Key cells in the response to wear debris from joint replacements. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3033-45. [PMID: 23568608 PMCID: PMC3775910 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The generation of wear debris is an inevitable result of normal usage of joint replacements. Wear debris particles stimulate local and systemic biological reactions resulting in chronic inflammation, periprosthetic bone destruction, and eventually, implant loosening, and revision surgery. The latter may be indicated in up to 15% patients in the decade following the arthroplasty using conventional polyethylene. Macrophages play multiple roles in both inflammation and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. As sentinels of the innate immune system, they are central to the initiation of this inflammatory cascade, characterized by the release of proinflammatory and pro-osteoclastic factors. Similar to the response to pathogens, wear particles elicit a macrophage response, based on the unique properties of the cells belonging to this lineage, including sensing, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and adaptive stimulation. The biological processes involved are complex, redundant, both local and systemic, and highly adaptive. Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are implicated in this phenomenon, ultimately resulting in differentiation and activation of bone resorbing osteoclasts. Simultaneously, other distinct macrophage populations inhibit inflammation and protect the bone-implant interface from osteolysis. Here, the current knowledge about the physiology of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells is reviewed. In addition, the pattern and consequences of their interaction with wear debris and the recent developments in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Nich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Biomatériaux Ostéo-Articulaires-UMR CNRS 7052, Faculté de Médecine-Université Paris 7, Paris, France; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, European Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris-Université Paris 5, Paris, France
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102
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Nowocin AK, Southgate A, Gabe SM, Ansari T. Biocompatibility and potential of decellularized porcine small intestine to support cellular attachment and growth. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E23-33. [PMID: 23894134 DOI: 10.1002/term.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to decellularize a 30 cm long segment of porcine small intestine, determine its in vivo behaviour and assess the type of immunological reaction it induces in a quantitative manner. A segment of porcine ileum up to 30 cm long, together with its attached vasculature, was decellularized via its mesenteric arcade as a single entity. The quality of the acellular scaffold was assessed histologically and using molecular tools. The host response to the scaffold was evaluated in a rodent model. Stereological techniques were incorporated into quantitative analysis of the phenotype of the macrophages infiltrating the scaffold in vivo. Lengths of ileal scaffold, together with its attached vasculature, were successfully decellularized, with no evidence of intact cells and DNA or collagen and GAGs overdegradation. Analysis of explants harvested over 2 months postimplantation revealed full-thickness recellularization and no signs of foreign body or immune reactions. Macrophage profiling proved that between weeks 4 and 8 in vivo there was a switch from an M1 (pro-inflammatory) to an M2 (pro-remodelling) type of response. We show here that the decellularization process results in a biocompatible and non-toxic matrix that upon implantation triggers cellular infiltration and angiogenesis, primarily characterized by a pro-remodelling type of mononuclear response, without inducing foreign body reaction or fibrosis.
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103
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Amini AR, Laurencin CT, Nukavarapu SP. Bone tissue engineering: recent advances and challenges. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 40:363-408. [PMID: 23339648 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v40.i5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1314] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide incidence of bone disorders and conditions has trended steeply upward and is expected to double by 2020, especially in populations where aging is coupled with increased obesity and poor physical activity. Engineered bone tissue has been viewed as a potential alternative to the conventional use of bone grafts, due to their limitless supply and no disease transmission. However, bone tissue engineering practices have not proceeded to clinical practice due to several limitations or challenges. Bone tissue engineering aims to induce new functional bone regeneration via the synergistic combination of biomaterials, cells, and factor therapy. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of bone tissue engineering, highlighting the current state of this field. Further, we review the recent advances of biomaterial and cell-based research, as well as approaches used to enhance bone regeneration. Specifically, we discuss widely investigated biomaterial scaffolds, micro- and nano-structural properties of these scaffolds, and the incorporation of biomimetic properties and/or growth factors. In addition, we examine various cellular approaches, including the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and their clinical application strengths and limitations. We conclude by overviewing the challenges that face the bone tissue engineering field, such as the lack of sufficient vascularization at the defect site, and the research aimed at functional bone tissue engineering. These challenges will drive future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami R Amini
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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104
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Boccafoschi F, Mosca C, Ramella M, Carmagnola I, Chiono V, Ciardelli G, Cannas M. Biological evaluation of materials for cardiovascular application: The role of the short-term inflammatory response in endothelial regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3131-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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105
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Stoppato M, Stevens HY, Carletti E, Migliaresi C, Motta A, Guldberg RE. Effects of silk fibroin fiber incorporation on mechanical properties, endothelial cell colonization and vascularization of PDLLA scaffolds. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4573-81. [PMID: 23522374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Attainment of functional vascularization of engineered constructs is one of the fundamental challenges of tissue engineering. However, the development of an extracellular matrix in most tissues, including bone, is dependent upon the establishment of a well developed vascular supply. In this study a poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PDLLA) salt-leached sponge was modified by incorporation of silk fibroin fibers to create a multicomponent scaffold, in an effort to better support endothelial cell colonization and to promote in vivo vascularization. Scaffolds with and without silk fibroin fibers were compared for microstructure, mechanical properties, ability to maintain cell populations in vitro as well as to permit vascular ingrowth into acellular constructs in vivo. We demonstrated that adding silk fibroin fibers to a PDLLA salt-leached sponge enhanced scaffold properties and heightened its capacity to support endothelial cells in vitro and to promote vascularization in vivo. Therefore refinement of scaffold properties by inclusion of materials with beneficial attributes may promote and shape cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Stoppato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Biotech Research Center, University of Trento, Italy
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106
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Ruiz A, Flanagan CE, Masters KS. Differential support of cell adhesion and growth by copolymers of polyurethane with hyaluronic acid. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:2870-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaliris Ruiz
- Materials Science Program; University of Wisconsin; Madison; Wisconsin
| | - Claire E. Flanagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Wisconsin; Madison; Wisconsin
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107
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Garg K, Pullen NA, Oskeritzian CA, Ryan JJ, Bowlin GL. Macrophage functional polarization (M1/M2) in response to varying fiber and pore dimensions of electrospun scaffolds. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4439-51. [PMID: 23515178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of fiber and pore size of an electrospun scaffold on the polarization of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦs) towards regenerative (M2) or inflammatory (M1) phenotypes. BMMΦs were seeded on Polydioxanone (PDO) scaffolds electrospun from varying polymer concentrations (60, 100, and 140 mg/ml). Higher polymer concentrations yielded larger diameter fibers with larger pore sizes and porosity. BMMΦ cultured on these scaffolds showed a correlation between increasing fiber/pore size and increased expression of the M2 marker Arginase 1 (Arg1), along with decreased expression of the M1 marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Secretion of the angiogenic cytokines VEGF, TGF-β1 and bFGF was higher among cultures employing larger fiber/pore size scaffolds (140 mg/ml). Using a 3D in vitro angiogenesis bead assay, we have demonstrated that the M2-like profile of BMMΦ induced by the 140 mg/ml is functional. Furthermore, our results show that the pore size of a scaffold is a more critical regulator of the BMMΦ polarization compared to the fiber diameter. The study also shows a potential role for MyD88 in regulating M1 BMMΦ signaling on the large vs. small fiber/pore size PDO scaffold. These data are instructive for the rationale design of implantable prosthetics designed to promote in situ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyal Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3067, USA
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108
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Liu C, Li Y, Yu J, Feng L, Hou S, Liu Y, Guo M, Xie Y, Meng J, Zhang H, Xiao B, Ma C. Targeting the shift from M1 to M2 macrophages in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice treated with fasudil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54841. [PMID: 23418431 PMCID: PMC3572131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We observed the therapeutic effect of Fasudil and explored its mechanisms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Fasudil, a selective Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, was injected intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg/d in early and late stages of EAE induction. Fasudil ameliorated the clinical severity of EAE at different stages, and decreased the expression of ROCK-II in spleen, accompanied by an improvement in demyelination and inhibition of inflammatory cells. Fasudil mainly inhibited CD4+IL-17+ T cells in early treatment, but also elevated CD4+IL-10+ regulatory T cells and IL-10 production in late treatment. The treatment of Fasudil shifted inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in both early and late treatment, being shown by inhibiting CD16/32, iNOS, IL-12, TLR4 and CD40 and increasing CD206, Arg-1, IL-10 and CD14 in spleen. By using Western blot and immunohistochemistry, iNOS and Arg-1, as two most specific markers for M1 and M2, was inhibited or induced in splenic macrophages and spinal cords of EAE mice treated with Fasudil. In vitro experiments also indicate that Fasudil shifts M1 to M2 phenotype, which does not require the participation or auxiliary of other cells. The polarization of M2 macrophages was associated with the decrease of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1. These results demonstrate that Fasudil has therapeutic potential in EAE possibly through inducing the polarization of M2 macrophages and inhibiting inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyun Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jiezhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Shaowei Hou
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yueting Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Mingfang Guo
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jian Meng
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Haifei Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Baoguo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BX); (CM)
| | - Cungen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
- * E-mail: (BX); (CM)
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109
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Swartzlander MD, Lynn AD, Blakney AK, Kyriakides TR, Bryant SJ. Understanding the host response to cell-laden poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels. Biomaterials 2012; 34:952-64. [PMID: 23149012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels are promising in situ cell carriers for tissue engineering. However, their success in vivo will in part depend upon the foreign body reaction (FBR). This study tests the hypothesis that the FBR affects cells encapsulated within PEG hydrogels, and in turn influences the severity of the FBR. Fibroblasts were encapsulated within PEG hydrogels containing RGD to support cell attachment. Macrophages were seeded on top of cell-laden hydrogels to mimic in vivo macrophage interrogation and treated with lipopolysaccharide to induce an inflammatory phenotype. The presence of activated macrophages reduced fibroblast gene expression for extracellular matrix molecules and remodeling, but stimulated VEGF and IL-1β gene expression. Fibroblasts impacted macrophage phenotype leading to increased iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α expressions. Syngeneic cell-laden and acellular hydrogels were also implanted subcutaneously into C57bl/6 mice for 2, 7 and 28 days. Encapsulated fibroblasts secreted collagen type I during the first week, but tissue deposition and cellularity decreased by 28 days. The presence of encapsulated fibroblasts led to greater acute inflammation, but did not influence the fibrotic response. In summary, this work emphasizes the importance of the host response in tissue engineering, and the potentially deleterious impact it may have on cell-laden synthetic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Swartzlander
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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110
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Recombinant spider silk matrices for neural stem cell cultures. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7712-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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111
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Burk J, Badylak SF, Kelly J, Brehm W. Equine cellular therapy--from stall to bench to bedside? Cytometry A 2012; 83:103-13. [PMID: 23081833 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pioneering clinical stem cell research is being performed in the horse, a recipient of cutting edge veterinary medicine as well as a unique animal model, paving the way for human medical applications. Although demonstrable progress has been made on the clinical front, in vitro characterization of equine stem cells is still in comparatively early stages. To translate the promising results of clinical stem cell therapy in the horse, advances must be made in the characterization of equine stem cells. Aiming to improve communication between veterinarians and other natural scientists, this review gives an overview of veterinary "bedside" achievements, focusing on stem cell therapies in equine orthopedics as well as the current state of in vitro characterization of equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and equine embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Burk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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112
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Maciel J, Oliveira MI, Gonçalves RM, Barbosa MA. The effect of adsorbed fibronectin and osteopontin on macrophage adhesion and morphology on hydrophilic and hydrophobic model surfaces. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:3669-77. [PMID: 22705043 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in the host response to biomaterials. Here we investigated the effect of adsorbed fibronectin (FN) and osteopontin (OPN), two important proteins for tissue repair, on macrophage adhesion and morphology. Since cell-biomaterial interactions are modulated via proteins adsorbed onto biomaterial surfaces, FN and OPN were adsorbed on model self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on gold with different functional terminal groups (CH(3), OH and tetra(ethylene-glycol)). The initial interaction of inflammatory cells with a biomaterial is crucial for the ensuing phases of an inflammatory reaction. For this reason short-term cultures of primary human macrophages were performed. To account for the competitive adsorption of other proteins serum was added to the culture medium and the effect compared with serum-free medium cultures. In the presence of serum hydrophilic surfaces increased macrophage adhesion. In particular, FN induced a higher cell density, while OPN tended to decrease it. In serum-free medium cell adhesion was greater on hydrophobic surfaces, except for OPN-coated SAMs. Importantly, FN no longer enhanced macrophage adhesion, while OPN maintained its inhibitory effect. Cell polarization studies indicated that macrophage morphology variations induced by surface chemistry are overcome by pre-adsorbed OPN. Taken together our results show that in the presence of serum macrophage adhesion is promoted by FN hydrophilic surfaces, but impaired on OPN-coated surfaces. The effects of inhibited macrophage adhesion on macrophage fusion, and its relevance to the initial stages of the inflammatory response to biomaterials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maciel
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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113
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Tous E, Weber HM, Lee MH, Koomalsingh KJ, Shuto T, Kondo N, Gorman JH, Lee D, Gorman RC, Burdick JA. Tunable hydrogel-microsphere composites that modulate local inflammation and collagen bulking. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:3218-27. [PMID: 22659176 PMCID: PMC3408556 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Injectable biomaterials alone may alter local tissue responses, including inflammatory cascades and matrix production (e.g. stimulatory dermal fillers are used as volumizing agents that induce collagen production). To expand upon the available material compositions and timing of presentation, a tunable hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere composite system was formulated and assessed in subcutaneous and cardiac tissues. HA functionalized with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HeMA) was used as a precursor to injectable and degradable hydrogels that carry PLGA microspheres (~50 μm diameter) to tissues, where the HA hydrogel degradation (~20 or 70 days) and quantity of PLGA microspheres (0-300 mgml(-1)) are readily varied. When implanted subcutaneously, faster hydrogel degradation and more microspheres (e.g. 75 mgml(-1)) generally induced more rapid tissue and cellular interactions and a greater macrophage response. In cardiac applications, tissue bulking may be useful to alter stress profiles and to stabilize the tissue after infarction, limiting left ventricular (LV) remodeling. When fast degrading HeMA-HA hydrogels containing 75 mgml(-1) microspheres were injected into infarcted tissue in sheep, LV dilation was limited and the thickness of the myocardial wall and the presence of vessels in the apical infarct region were increased ~35 and ~60%, respectively, compared to empty hydrogels. Both groups decreased volume changes and infarct areas at 8 weeks, compared to untreated controls. This work illustrates the importance of material design in expanding the application of tissue bulking composites to a range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tous
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Heather M. Weber
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Myung Han Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kevin J. Koomalsingh
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Glenolden, Pennsylvania 19036, United States
| | - Takashi Shuto
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Glenolden, Pennsylvania 19036, United States
| | - Norihiro Kondo
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Glenolden, Pennsylvania 19036, United States
| | - Joseph H. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Glenolden, Pennsylvania 19036, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert C. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Glenolden, Pennsylvania 19036, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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114
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Lewis JS, Zaveri TD, Crooks CP, Keselowsky BG. Microparticle surface modifications targeting dendritic cells for non-activating applications. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7221-32. [PMID: 22796161 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microparticulate systems for delivery of therapeutics to DCs for immunotherapy have gained attention recently. However, reports addressing the optimization of DC-targeting microparticle delivery systems are limited, particularly for cases where the goal is to deliver payload to DCs in a non-activating fashion. Here, we investigate targeting DCs using poly (d lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles (MPs) in a non-stimulatory manner and assess efficacy in vitro and in vivo. We modified MPs by surface immobilizing DC receptor targeting molecules - antibodies (anti-CD11c, anti-DEC-205) or peptides (P-D2, RGD), where anti-CD11c antibody, P-D2 and RGD peptides target integrins and anti-DEC-205 antibody targets the c-type lectin receptor DEC-205. Our results demonstrate the modified MPs are neither toxic nor activating, and DC uptake of MPs in vitro is improved by the anti-DEC-205 antibody, the anti-CD11c antibody and the P-D2 peptide modifications. The P-D2 peptide MP modification significantly improved DC antigen presentation in vitro both at immediate and delayed time points. Notably, MP functionalization with P-D2 peptide and anti-CD11c antibody increased the rate and extent of MP translocation in vivo by DCs and MΦs, with the P-D2 peptide modified MPs demonstrating the highest translocation. This work informs the design of non-activating polymeric microparticulate applications such as vaccines for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal S Lewis
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA
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115
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Rudra JS, Mishra S, Chong AS, Mitchell RA, Nardin EH, Nussenzweig V, Collier JH. Self-assembled peptide nanofibers raising durable antibody responses against a malaria epitope. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6476-84. [PMID: 22695068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials that modulate innate and adaptive immune responses are receiving increasing interest as adjuvants for eliciting protective immunity against a variety of diseases. Previous results have indicated that self-assembling β-sheet peptides, when fused with short peptide epitopes, can act as effective adjuvants and elicit robust and long-lived antibody responses. Here we investigated the mechanism of immunogenicity and the quality of antibody responses raised by a peptide epitope from Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein, (NANP)(3),conjugated to the self-assembling peptide domain Q11. The mechanism of adjuvant action was investigated in knockout mice with impaired MyD88, NALP3, TLR-2, or TLR-5 function, and the quality of antibodies raised against (NANP)(3)-Q11 was assessed using a transgenic sporozoite neutralizing (TSN) assay for malaria infection. (NANP)(3)-Q11 self-assembled into nanofibers, and antibody responses lasted up to 40 weeks in C57BL/6 mice. The antibody responses were T cell- and MyD88-dependent. Sera from mice primed with either irradiated sporozoites or a synthetic peptide, (T1BT*)(4)-P3C, and boosted with (NANP)(3)-Q11 showed significant increases in antibody titers and significant inhibition of sporozoite infection in TSN assays. In addition, two different epitopes could be self-assembled together without compromising the strength or duration of the antibody responses raised against either of them, making these materials promising platforms for self-adjuvanting multi-antigenic immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai S Rudra
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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116
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Hume PS, He J, Haskins K, Anseth KS. Strategies to reduce dendritic cell activation through functional biomaterial design. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3615-25. [PMID: 22361099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a key role in determining adaptive immunity, and there is growing interest in characterizing and manipulating the interactions between dendritic cells and biomaterial surfaces. Contact with several common biomaterials can induce the maturation of immature dendritic cells, but substrates that reduce dendritic cell maturation are of particular interest within the field of cell-based therapeutics where the goal is to reduce the immune response to cell-laden material carriers. In this study, we use a materials-based strategy to functionalize poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with immobilized immunosuppressive factors (TGF-β1 and IL-10) to reduce the maturation of immature dendritic cells. TGF-β1 and IL-10 are commonly employed as soluble factors to program dendritic cells in vitro, and we demonstrate that these proteins retain bioactivity towards dendritic cells when immobilized on hydrogel surfaces. Following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or cytokines, a dendritic cell line interacting with the surfaces of immunosuppressive hydrogels expressed reduced markers of maturation, including IL-12 and MHCII. The bioactivity of these immunomodulatory hydrogels was further confirmed with primary bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) isolated from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, as quantified by a decrease in activation markers and a significantly reduced capacity to activate T cells. Furthermore, by introducing a second signal to promote BMDC-material interactions combined with the presentation of tolerizing signals, the multifunctional PEG hydrogels were found to further increase signaling towards BMDCs, as evidenced by greater reductions in maturation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Hume
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 424 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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117
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Soybean agglutinin coated PLA particles entrapping candidate vaccines induces enhanced primary and sustained secondary antibody response from single point immunization. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:282-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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118
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Boehler RM, Graham JG, Shea LD. Tissue engineering tools for modulation of the immune response. Biotechniques 2012; 51:239-40, 242, 244 passim. [PMID: 21988690 DOI: 10.2144/000113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2001] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds have emerged as a powerful tool within regenerative medicine. These materials are being designed to create environments that promote regeneration through a combination of: (i) scaffold architecture, (ii) the use of scaffolds as vehicles for transplanting progenitor cells, and/or (iii) localized delivery of inductive factors or genes encoding for these inductive factors. This review describes the techniques associated with each of these components. Additionally, the immune response is increasingly recognized as a factor influencing regeneration. The immune reaction to an implant begins with an acute response to the injury and innate recognition of foreign materials, with the subsequent chronic immune response involving specific recognition of antigens (e.g., transplanted cells) by the adaptive immune response, which can eventually lead to rejection of the implant. Thus, we also describe the impact of each component on the immune response, and strategies (e.g., material design, anti-inflammatory cytokine delivery, and immune cell recruitment/transplantation) to modulate, yet not eliminate, the local immune response in order to promote regeneration, which represents another important tool for regenerative medicine.
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119
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Kauffman KJ, Kanthamneni N, Meenach SA, Pierson BC, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Optimization of rapamycin-loaded acetalated dextran microparticles for immunosuppression. Int J Pharm 2012; 422:356-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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120
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Kou PM, Pallassana N, Bowden R, Cunningham B, Joy A, Kohn J, Babensee JE. Predicting biomaterial property-dendritic cell phenotype relationships from the multivariate analysis of responses to polymethacrylates. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1699-713. [PMID: 22136715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in orchestrating the host responses to a wide variety of foreign antigens and are essential in maintaining immune tolerance. Distinct biomaterials have been shown to differentially affect the phenotype of DCs, which suggested that biomaterials may be used to modulate immune response toward the biologic component in combination products. The elucidation of biomaterial property-DC phenotype relationships is expected to inform rational design of immuno-modulatory biomaterials. In this study, DC response to a set of 12 polymethacrylates (pMAs) was assessed in terms of surface marker expression and cytokine profile. Principal component analysis (PCA) determined that surface carbon correlated with enhanced DC maturation, while surface oxygen was associated with an immature DC phenotype. Partial square linear regression, a multivariate modeling approach, was implemented and successfully predicted biomaterial-induced DC phenotype in terms of surface marker expression from biomaterial properties with R(prediction)(2) = 0.76. Furthermore, prediction of DC phenotype was effective based on only theoretical chemical composition of the bulk polymers with R(prediction)(2) = 0.80. These results demonstrated that immune cell response can be predicted from biomaterial properties, and computational models will expedite future biomaterial design and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Meng Kou
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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121
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Inflammasome components Asc and caspase-1 mediate biomaterial-induced inflammation and foreign body response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20095-100. [PMID: 22109549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105152108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of biomaterials and devices into soft tissues leads to the development of the foreign body response (FBR), which can interfere with implant function and eventually lead to failure. The FBR consists of overlapping acute and persistent inflammatory phases coupled with collagenous encapsulation and currently there are no therapeutic options. Initiation of the FBR involves macrophage activation, proceeding to giant cell formation, fibroblast activation, and collagen matrix deposition. Despite the recognition of this sequence of events, the molecular pathways required for the FBR have not been elucidated. We have identified that the acute inflammatory response to biomaterials requires nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing 3 (Nlrp3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (Asc), and caspase-1, as well as plasma membrane cholesterol, and Syk signaling. Full development of the FBR is dependent on Asc and caspase-1, but not Nlrp3. The common antiinflammatory drug aspirin can reduce inflammasome activation and significantly reduce the FBR. Taken together, these findings expand the role of the inflammasome from one of sensing damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to sensing all particulate matter irrespective of size. In addition, implication of the inflammasome in biomaterial recognition identifies key pathways, which can be targeted to limit the FBR.
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122
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Freytes DO, Santambrogio L, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Optimizing dynamic interactions between a cardiac patch and inflammatory host cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:171-82. [PMID: 21996612 DOI: 10.1159/000331392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged heart muscle has only a minimal ability for regeneration following myocardial infarction in which cardiomyocytes are lost to ischemia. The most clinically promising approach to regeneration of cardiac muscle currently under investigation is that of injecting cardiogenic repair cells or implanting a preformed tissue-engineered patch. While major advances are being made in the derivation of functional human cardiomyocytes and the development of tissue-engineering modalities for cardiac repair, the host environment into which the repair cells are placed is largely overlooked. Within seconds of myocardial ischemia, hypoxia sets in in the myocardium and the inflammatory response starts, characterized by rapid deployment of circulating cells and the release of paracrine and autocrine signals. Therefore, the inflammatory conditions under which these interactions take place, the design of the scaffold material used, and the maturity of the implanted cells will determine the outcomes of any stem cell-based therapy. We discuss here the interactions between implanted and inflammatory cells of the host, which are critical for the design of effective heart repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald O Freytes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., USA
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123
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Widhe M, Johansson J, Hedhammar M, Rising A. Current progress and limitations of spider silk for biomedical applications. Biopolymers 2011; 97:468-78. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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124
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Badylak SF, Hoppo T, Nieponice A, Gilbert TW, Davison JM, Jobe BA. Esophageal preservation in five male patients after endoscopic inner-layer circumferential resection in the setting of superficial cancer: a regenerative medicine approach with a biologic scaffold. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1643-50. [PMID: 21306292 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of injury caused by chronic gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma are rapidly increasing problems in the United States. The current standard of care involves esophagectomy, a procedure associated with a high morbidity, a negative impact on long term quality of life, and a mortality rate of 1-6 percent. An entirely endoscopic technique for circumferential, long segment en bloc removal of the mucosa and submucosa with subsequent placement of a biologic scaffold material that promotes a constructive remodeling response and minimizes stricture is described herein. The results of this approach are reported for five patients with 4-24-month follow-up. Restoration of normal mature, K4+/K14+, squamous epithelium, and return to a normal diet without significant dysphagia is reported for all patients. Two of five patients show a small focus of recurrent Barrett's esophagus at the gastroesophageal junction, but the entire length and circumference of the reconstituted esophageal mucosa remains free of disease. This experience provides evidence that a regenerative medicine approach may, for the first time, enable aggressive endoscopic resection of early stage neoplasia without the need for esophagectomy and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Badylak
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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125
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Saino E, Focarete ML, Gualandi C, Emanuele E, Cornaglia AI, Imbriani M, Visai L. Effect of electrospun fiber diameter and alignment on macrophage activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1900-11. [PMID: 21417396 DOI: 10.1021/bm200248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation can be modulated by biomaterial topography according to the biological scale (micrometric and nanometric range). In this study, we investigated the effect of fiber diameter and fiber alignment of electrospun poly(L-lactic) (PLLA) scaffolds on macrophage RAW 264.7 activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines at 24 h and 7 days. Macrophages were cultured on four different types of fibrous PLLA scaffold (aligned microfibers, aligned nanofibers, random microfibers, and random nanofibers) and on PLLA film (used as a reference). Substrate topography was found to influence the immune response activated by macrophages, especially in the early inflammation stage. Secretion of proinflammatory molecules by macrophage cells was chiefly dependent on fiber diameter. In particular, nanofibrous PLLA scaffolds minimized the inflammatory response when compared with films and microfibrous scaffolds. The histological evaluation demonstrated a higher number of foreign body giant cells on the PLLA film than on the micro- and nanofibrous scaffolds. In summary, our results indicate that the diameter of electrospun PLLA fibers, rather than fiber alignment, plays a relevant role in influencing in vitro macrophage activation and secretion of proinflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Saino
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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