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KMN-159, a novel EP 4 receptor selective agonist, stimulates osteoblastic differentiation in cultured whole rat bone marrow. Gene 2020; 748:144668. [PMID: 32334025 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
KMN-159 is the lead compound from a series of novel difluorolactam prostanoid EP4 receptor agonists aimed at inducing local bone formation while avoiding the inherent side effects of systemic EP4 activation. KMN-159 is a potent, selective small molecule possessing pharmacokinetic properties amenable to local administration. Unfractionated rat bone marrow cells (BMCs) were treated once at plating with escalating doses of KMN-159 (1 pM to 10 μM). The resulting elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels measured 9 days post-dose are consistent with increased osteoblastic differentiation and exposure to KMN-159 at low nanomolar concentrations for as little as 30 min was sufficient to induce complete osteoblast differentiation of the BMCs from both sexes and regardless of age. ALP induction was blocked by an EP4 receptor antagonist but not by EP1 or EP2 receptor antagonists and was not induced by EP2 or EP3 receptor agonists. Addition of BMCs to plates coated with KMN-159 24 days earlier resulted in ALP activation, highlighting the chemical stability of the compound. The expression of phenotype markers such as ALP, type I collagen, and osteocalcin was significantly elevated throughout the osteoblastic differentiation timecourse initiated by KMN-159 stimulation. An increased number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells was observed KMN-159 or PGE2 treated BMCs but only in the presence of exogenous receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL). No change in the number of adipocytes was observed. KMN-159 also increased bone healing in a rat calvarial defect model with a healing rate equivalent to recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Our studies show that KMN-159 is able to stimulate osteoblastic differentiation with a very short time of exposure, supporting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for augmenting bone mass.
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Doherty L, Sanjay A. LGRs in Skeletal Tissues: An Emerging Role for Wnt-Associated Adult Stem Cell Markers in Bone. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10380. [PMID: 32666024 PMCID: PMC7340442 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptors (LGRs) are adult stem cell markers that have been described across various stem cell niches, and expression of LGRs and their corresponding ligands (R-spondins) has now been reported in multiple bone-specific cell types. The skeleton harbors elusive somatic stem cell populations that are exceedingly compartment-specific and under tight regulation from various signaling pathways. Skeletal progenitors give rise to multiple tissues during development and during regenerative processes of bone, requiring postnatal endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The relevance of LGRs and the LGR/R-spondin ligand interaction in bone and tooth biology is becoming increasingly appreciated. LGRs may define specific stem cell and progenitor populations and their behavior during both development and regeneration, and their role as Wnt-associated receptors with specific ligands poses these proteins as unique therapeutic targets via potential R-spondin agonism. This review seeks to outline the current literature on LGRs in the context of bone and its associated tissues, and points to key future directions for studying the functional role of LGRs and ligands in skeletal biology. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doherty
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmingtonCTUSA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The failure of bony union following a fracture, termed a fracture nonunion, has severe patient morbidity and economic consequences. This review describes current consensuses and future directions of investigation for determining why, detecting when, and effective treatment if this complication occurs. RECENT FINDINGS Current nonunion investigation is emphasizing an expanded understanding of the biology of healing. This has led to assessments of the immune environment, multiple cytokines and morphogenetic factors, and the role of skeletogenic stem cells in the development of nonunion. Detecting biological markers and other objective diagnostic criteria is also a current objective of nonunion research. Treatment approaches in the near future will likely be dominated by the development of specific adjunct therapies to the nonunion surgical management, which will be informed by an expanded mechanistic understanding of nonunion biology. Current consensus among orthopedists is that improved diagnosis and treatment of nonunion hinges first on discoveries at the bench side with later translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bradley Reahl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Louis Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Michael Kain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Kaur A, Mohan S, Rundle CH. A segmental defect adaptation of the mouse closed femur fracture model for the analysis of severely impaired bone healing. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:130-139. [PMID: 32613172 PMCID: PMC7323699 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better characterize nonunion endochondral bone healing and evaluate novel therapeutic approaches for critical size defect healing in clinically challenging bone repair, a segmental defect model of bone injury was adapted from the three-point bending closed fracture technique in the murine femur. METHODS The mouse femur was surgically stabilized with an intramedullary threaded rod with plastic spacers and the defect adjusted to different sizes. Healing of the different defects was analyzed by radiology and histology to 8 weeks postsurgery. To determine whether this model was effective for evaluating the benefits of molecular therapy, BMP-2 was applied to the defect and healing then examined. RESULTS Intramedullary spacers were effective in maintaining the defect. Callus bone formation was initiated but was arrested at defect sizes of 2.5 mm and above, with no more progress in callus bone development evident to 8 weeks healing. Cartilage development in a critical size defect attenuated very early in healing without bone development, in contrast to the closed femur fracture healing, where callus cartilage was replaced by bone. BMP-2 therapy promoted osteogenesis of the resident cells of the defect, but there was no further callus development to indicate that healing to pre-surgery bone structure was successful. CONCLUSIONS This segmental defect adaptation of the closed femur fracture model of murine bone repair severely impairs callus development and bone healing, reflecting a challenging bone injury. It is adjustable and can be compared to the closed fracture model to ascertain healing deficiencies and the efficacy of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterResearch Service (151)Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Administration Medical CenterLoma LindaCAUSA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterResearch Service (151)Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Administration Medical CenterLoma LindaCAUSA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCAUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCAUSA
| | - Charles H. Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterResearch Service (151)Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Administration Medical CenterLoma LindaCAUSA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCAUSA
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Hu S, Ge Q, Xia C, Ying J, Ruan H, Shi Z, Xu R, Xu T, Lv S, Fang L, Zou Z, Xu H, Xiao L, Tong P, Wang PE, Jin H. Bushenhuoxue formula accelerates fracture healing via upregulation of TGF-β/Smad2 signaling in mesenchymal progenitor cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 76:153256. [PMID: 32534359 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Bushenhuoxue formula (BSHXF) is successfully used as a non-traumatic therapy in treating bone fracture in China, the molecular mechanism underlying its effects remains poorly understood. PURPOSE The present study aims to explore the therapeutic effects of BSHXF on fracture healing in mice and the underlying mechanism. METHODS We performed unilateral open transverse tibial fracture procedure in C57BL/6 mice which were treated with or without BSHXF. Fracture callus tissues were collected and analyzed by X-ray, micro-CT, biomechanical testing, histopathology and quantitative gene expression analysis. Tibial fracture procedure was also performed in Cre-negative and Gli1-CreER; Tgfbr2flox/flox conditional knockout (KO) mice (Tgfbr2Gli1ER) to determine if BSHXF enhances fracture healing in a TGF-β-dependent manner. In addition, scratch-wound assay and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay were used to evaluate the effect of BSHXF on cell migration and cell proliferation in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells, respectively. RESULTS BSHXF promoted endochondral ossification and enhanced bone strength in wild-type (WT) or Cre- control mice. In contrast, BSHXF failed to promote bone fracture healing in Tgfbr2Gli1ER conditional KO mice. In the mice receiving BSHXF treatment, TGF-β/Smad2 signaling was significantly activated. Moreover, BSHXF enhanced cell migration and cell proliferation in C3H10T1/2 cells, which was strongly attenuated by the small molecule inhibitor SB525334 against TGF-β type I receptor. CONCLUSION These data demonstrated that BSHXF promotes fracture healing by activating TGF-β/Smad2 signaling. BSHXF may be used as a type of alternative medicine for the treatment of bone fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfeng Hu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinwen Ge
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenjie Xia
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongfeng Ruan
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Taotao Xu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuaijie Lv
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luwei Xiao
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peijian Tong
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping-Er Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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106
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Alcorta-Sevillano N, Macías I, Rodríguez CI, Infante A. Crucial Role of Lamin A/C in the Migration and Differentiation of MSCs in Bone. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061330. [PMID: 32466483 PMCID: PMC7348862 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin A/C, intermediate filament proteins from the nuclear lamina encoded by the LMNA gene, play a central role in mediating the mechanosignaling of cytoskeletal forces into nucleus. In fact, this mechanotransduction process is essential to ensure the proper functioning of other tasks also mediated by lamin A/C: the structural support of the nucleus and the regulation of gene expression. In this way, lamin A/C is fundamental for the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the progenitors of osteoblasts, thus affecting bone homeostasis. Bone formation is a complex process regulated by chemical and mechanical cues, coming from the surrounding extracellular matrix. MSCs respond to signals modulating the expression levels of lamin A/C, and therefore, adapting their nuclear shape and stiffness. To promote cell migration, MSCs need soft nuclei with low lamin A content. Conversely, during osteogenic differentiation, lamin A/C levels are known to be increased. Several LMNA mutations present a negative impact in the migration and osteogenesis of MSCs, affecting bone tissue homeostasis and leading to pathological conditions. This review aims to describe these concepts by discussing the latest state-of-the-art in this exciting area, focusing on the relationship between lamin A/C in MSCs' function and bone tissue from both, health and pathological points of view.
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107
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Hsiao HY, Cheng CM, Kao SW, Liu JW, Chang CS, Harhaus L, Huang JJ. The effect of bone inhibitors on periosteum-guided cartilage regeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8372. [PMID: 32433520 PMCID: PMC7239872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration capacity of knee cartilage can be enhanced by applying periosteal grafts, but this effect varies depending on the different sources of the periosteal grafts applied for cartilage formation. Tibia periosteum can be used to enhance cartilage repair. However, long-term analysis has not been conducted. The endochondral ossification capacity of tibia periosteum during cartilage repair also needs to be investigated. In this study, both vascularized and non-vascularized tibia periosteum grafts were studied to understand the relationship between tissue perfusion of the periosteum graft and the effects on cartilage regeneration and bone formation. Furthermore, anti-ossification reagents were added to evaluate the efficacy of the prevention of bone formation along with cartilage regeneration. A critical-size cartilage defect (4 × 4 mm) was created and was covered with an autologous tibia vascularized periosteal flap or with a non-vascularized tibia periosteum patch on the knee in the rabbit model. A portion of the vascularized periosteum group was also treated with the anti-osteogenic reagents Fulvestrant and IL1β to inhibit unwanted bone formation. Our results indicated that the vascularized periosteum significantly enhanced cartilage regeneration in the cartilage defect region in long-term treatment compared to the non-vascularized group. Furthermore, the addition of anti-osteogenic reagents to the vascularized periosteum group suppressed bone formation but also reduced the cartilage regeneration rate. Our study using vascularized autologous tissue to repair cartilage defects of the knee may lead to the modification of current treatment in regard to osteoarthritis knee repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Hsiao
- Division of Microsurgery Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Kao
- Division of Microsurgery Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Liu
- Division of Microsurgery Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Shin Chang
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Leila Harhaus
- Department of Plastic Surgery of Heidelberg University, BG Trauma center Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jung-Ju Huang
- Division of Microsurgery Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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108
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Schall N, Garcia JJ, Kalyanaraman H, China SP, Lee JJ, Sah RL, Pfeifer A, Pilz RB. Protein kinase G1 regulates bone regeneration and rescues diabetic fracture healing. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135355. [PMID: 32315291 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with diabetes, who have a high incidence of fractures and exhibit poor fracture healing. Coordinated expression of osteoblast-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) is essential for fracture repair. The NO/cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway mediates osteoblast responses to estrogens and mechanical stimulation, but the pathway's role in bone regeneration is unknown. Here, we used a mouse cortical-defect model to simulate bone fractures and studied osteoblast-specific PKG1-knockout and diabetic mice. The knockout mice had normal bone microarchitecture but after injury exhibited poor bone regeneration, with decreased osteoblasts, collagen deposition, and microvessels in the bone defect area. Primary osteoblasts and tibiae from the knockout mice expressed low amounts of Vegfa and Bmp2/4 mRNAs, and PKG1 was required for cGMP-stimulated expression of these genes. Diabetic mice also demonstrated low Vegfa and Bmp2/4 expression in bone and impaired bone regeneration after injury; notably, the cGMP-elevating agent cinaciguat restored Vegfa and BMP2/4 expression and full bone healing. We conclude that PKG1 is a key orchestrator of VEGF and BMP signaling during bone regeneration and propose pharmacological PKG activation as a novel therapeutic approach to enhance fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schall
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian J Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shyamsundar Pal China
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jenna J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert L Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Serowoky MA, Arata CE, Crump JG, Mariani FV. Skeletal stem cells: insights into maintaining and regenerating the skeleton. Development 2020; 147:147/5/dev179325. [PMID: 32161063 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) generate the progenitors needed for growth, maintenance and repair of the skeleton. Historically, SSCs have been defined as bone marrow-derived cells with inconsistent characteristics. However, recent in vivo tracking experiments have revealed the presence of SSCs not only within the bone marrow but also within the periosteum and growth plate reserve zone. These studies show that SSCs are highly heterogeneous with regard to lineage potential. It has also been revealed that, during digit tip regeneration and in some non-mammalian vertebrates, the dedifferentiation of osteoblasts may contribute to skeletal regeneration. Here, we examine how these research findings have furthered our understanding of the diversity and plasticity of SSCs that mediate skeletal maintenance and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Serowoky
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Claire E Arata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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110
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Barbosa AP, Lourenço JD, Junqueira JJM, Larissa Emidio de França S, Martins JS, Oliveira Junior MC, Begalli I, Velosa APP, Olivo CR, Bastos TB, Jorgetti V, Rodolfo de Paula V, Teodoro WR, Lopes FD. The deleterious effects of smoking in bone mineralization and fibrillar matrix composition. Life Sci 2020; 241:117132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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111
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Colony Formation, Migratory, and Differentiation Characteristics of Multipotential Stromal Cells (MSCs) from "Clinically Accessible" Human Periosteum Compared to Donor-Matched Bone Marrow MSCs. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:6074245. [PMID: 31871468 PMCID: PMC6906873 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6074245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periosteum is vital for fracture healing, as a highly vascular and multipotential stromal cell- (MSC-) rich tissue. During surgical bone reconstruction, small fragments of periosteum can be “clinically accessible,” yet periosteum is currently not ultilised, unlike autologous bone marrow (BM) aspirate. This study is aimed at comparing human periosteum and donor-matched iliac crest BM MSC content and characterising MSCs in terms of colony formation, growth kinetics, phenotype, cell migration patterns, and trilineage differentiation capacity. “Clinically accessible” periosteum had an intact outer fibrous layer, containing CD271+ candidate MSCs located perivasculary; the inner cambium was rarely present. Following enzymatic release of cells, periosteum formed significantly smaller fibroblastic colonies compared to BM (6.1 mm2 vs. 15.5 mm2, n = 4, P = 0.0006). Periosteal colonies were more homogenous in size (range 2-30 mm2 vs. 2-54 mm2) and on average 2500-fold more frequent (2.0% vs. 0.0008%, n = 10, P = 0.004) relative to total viable cells. When expanded in vitro, similar growth rates up to passage 0 (P0) were seen (1.8 population doublings (PDs) per day (periosteum), 1.6 PDs per day (BM)); however, subsequently BM MSCs proliferated significantly slower by P4 (4.3 PDs per day (periosteum) vs. 9.3 PDs per day (BM), n = 9, P = 0.02). In early culture, periosteum cells were less migratory at slower speeds than BM cells. Both MSC types exhibited MSC phenotype and trilineage differentiation capacity; however, periosteum MSCs showed significantly lower (2.7-fold) adipogenic potential based on Nile red : DAPI ratios with reduced expression of adipogenesis-related transcripts PPAR-γ. Altogether, these data revealed that “clinically accessible” periosteal samples represent a consistently rich source of highly proliferative MSCs compared to donor-matched BM, which importantly show similar osteochondral capacity and lower adipogenic potential. Live cell tracking allowed determination of unique morphological and migration characteristics of periosteal MSCs that can be used for the development of novel bone graft substitutes to be preferentially repopulated by these cells.
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112
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Zhu G, Ma B, Dong P, Shang J, Gu X, Zi Y. Melatonin promotes osteoblastic differentiation and regulates PDGF/AKT signaling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:402-411. [PMID: 31535749 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Zhu
- Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA Shenyang Liaoning 110042 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Ma
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji HospitalTongji University School of Medicine Shanghai 200065 People's Republic of China
| | - Penghong Dong
- Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA Shenyang Liaoning 110042 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjun Shang
- Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA Shenyang Liaoning 110042 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochuan Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai HospitalSecond Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zi
- Department of Emergency MedicineGraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University463 Hospital of Chinese PLA Shenyang Liaoning 110042 People's Republic of China
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The Synergic Effect of Terpenoid and Steroidal Saponins Can Improve Bone Healing, by Promoting the Osteogenic Commitment of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9163426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone regeneration involves several biological processes that consistently impact the quality of tissue healing. An important step consists of the local recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells that migrate in the site to regenerate from bone marrow. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be pushed towards osteogenic commitment by specific substances, often naturally present in plants. Yunnan Baiyao (YB) is a Chinese herbal medicine, mainly working through the synergic effect of terpenoid and steroidal saponins. YB is well known for its numerous biomedical effects, including the ability to favor improved bone tissue healing. In our in vitro study, we used adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) as a study-model: We selected samples to harvest and isolate ADSCs and investigate their viability; moreover, we performed bone-related gene expression to evaluate the differentiation of MSCs. To confirm this behavior, we analyzed alkaline phosphate activity and calcium deposition, with ADSCs cultured in basal and osteogenic media, with YB at different concentrations in the medium, and at different time-points: 7, 14 and 21 days. Our results indicate that the synergic effect of terpenoid and steroidal saponins slightly favor the late ADSCs differentiation towards the osteoblasts phenotype. In osteogenic committed cells, the treatment with the lower dose of YB promoted the up-regulation of the alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL) at day seven and 14 (p < 0.01); at day 21, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity showed a slight increase, although in basal condition it maintains low rates. We assume that such molecular synergy can promote the osteogenic commitment of adipose mesenchymal stem cells, thus improving the timing and the quality of bone healing.
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Buarque de Gusmão CV, Batista NA, Vidotto Lemes VT, Maia Neto WL, de Faria LD, Alves JM, Belangero WD. Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation, Extracorporeal Shockwaves and Radial Pressure Waves on Akt, BMP-2, ERK-2, FAK and TGF-β1 During Bone Healing in Rat Tibial Defects. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2140-2161. [PMID: 31101448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted to determine whether low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS), extracorporeal shockwave treatment (ESWT) and radial pressure wave treatment (RPWT) modulate Akt, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 (ERK-2), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) during bone healing in rat tibial defects. Rat tibial defects were exposed to 500 shots of ESWT delivered at 0.12 mJ/mm2, 500 impulses of RPWT operated at 2.0 bar or to daily 20-min 30 mW/cm2 LIPUS. Following 1, 3 and 6 wk, bones were harvested to determine the expression and activity of Akt, BMP-2, ERK-2, FAK and TGF-β1. Animals exposed to ultrasound were followed up to 3 wk. Protein expression and activity were unchanged following LIPUS treatment. ESWT increased Akt activity 2.11-fold (p = 0.043) and TGF-β1 expression 9.11-fold (p = 0.016) at 1 wk and increased FAK activity 2.16-fold (p = 0.047) at 3 wk. RPWT increased FAK activity 2.6-fold (p = 0.028) at 3 wk and decreased Akt expression 0.52-fold (p = 0.05) at 6 wk. In conclusion, the protocols employed for ESWT and RPWT modulated distinct signaling pathways during fracture healing, while LIPUS standard protocol did not change the usual signaling pathways of the proteins investigated. Future studies are required to monitor osteogenesis so that the biologic meaning of our results can be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vinícius Buarque de Gusmão
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nilza Alzira Batista
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valeria Trombini Vidotto Lemes
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Leite Maia Neto
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidia Dornelas de Faria
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Marcos Alves
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William Dias Belangero
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wagner DR, Karnik S, Gunderson ZJ, Nielsen JJ, Fennimore A, Promer HJ, Lowery JW, Loghmani MT, Low PS, McKinley TO, Kacena MA, Clauss M, Li J. Dysfunctional stem and progenitor cells impair fracture healing with age. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:281-296. [PMID: 31293713 PMCID: PMC6600851 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful fracture healing requires the simultaneous regeneration of both the bone and vasculature; mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are directed to replace the bone tissue, while endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) form the new vasculature that supplies blood to the fracture site. In the elderly, the healing process is slowed, partly due to decreased regenerative function of these stem and progenitor cells. MSCs from older individuals are impaired with regard to cell number, proliferative capacity, ability to migrate, and osteochondrogenic differentiation potential. The proliferation, migration and function of EPCs are also compromised with advanced age. Although the reasons for cellular dysfunction with age are complex and multidimensional, reduced expression of growth factors, accumulation of oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species, and altered signaling of the Sirtuin-1 pathway are contributing factors to aging at the cellular level of both MSCs and EPCs. Because of these geriatric-specific issues, effective treatment for fracture repair may require new therapeutic techniques to restore cellular function. Some suggested directions for potential treatments include cellular therapies, pharmacological agents, treatments targeting age-related molecular mechanisms, and physical therapeutics. Advanced age is the primary risk factor for a fracture, due to the low bone mass and inferior bone quality associated with aging; a better understanding of the dysfunctional behavior of the aging cell will provide a foundation for new treatments to decrease healing time and reduce the development of complications during the extended recovery from fracture healing in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Wagner
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Sonali Karnik
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Zachary J Gunderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Jeffery J Nielsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Alanna Fennimore
- Department of Physical Therapy, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Hunter J Promer
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46222, United States
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46222, United States
| | - M Terry Loghmani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 United States
| | - Todd O McKinley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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Guedes PMSG, Zamarioli A, Botega II, Silva RABD, Issa JPM, Butezloff MM, Sousa YTCS, Ximenez JPB, Volpon JB. Undernutrition impairs the quality of growth plate and trabecular and cortical bones in growing rats1. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e201900301. [PMID: 30892388 PMCID: PMC6585893 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190030000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of dietary restriction on the growth plate and
long bone tissue in growing rats. Methods Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups: Control (Con)
and Diet-restricted (Res). After weaning, the Res rats were offered 50% of
the chow ingested by the control (ad libitum food intake).
The animals were subdivided into two subgroups with follow-ups up to 56 or
70 days. After euthanasia, the growth plate of tibias was analyzed by
histomorphometry, micro-computed tomography, and mechanical test. The
trabecular and compact bones were evaluated by histomorphometry, dual-energy
X-ray absorptiometry, and micro-computed tomography (μCT). Real-time PCR was
used to analyze gene expression. Results Although dietary restriction did not alter gene expression, several
phenotypic changes were seen in the growth plate; i.e., decrease in volume,
reduction in total area and height, decrease in the area ossified zones,
mechanical weakening, reduction in mass of trabecular and cortical bone,
lower bone density, deterioration of the trabecular and cortical
microarchitecture, and trabeculae with lower collagen deposition. Conclusion Dietary restriction had severe detrimental effects on the growth plate and
trabecular and cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Madalena San Gregório Guedes
- Fellow Master degree, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences Applied to the Locomotor System, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Design of the study, technical procedures, acquisition and analysis of data, manuscript preparation
| | - Ariane Zamarioli
- Researcher, Laboratory of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Interpretation and analysis of data, critical revision
| | - Iara Inácio Botega
- Fellow Master degree, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences Applied to the Locomotor System, School of Medicine, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Technical procedures, acquisition of data
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Children's Clinic, School of Dentistry, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Acquisition of data, critical revision
| | - João Paulo Mardegan Issa
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Analysis of data, critical revision
| | - Mariana Maloste Butezloff
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences Applied to the Locomotor System, School of Medicine, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Technical procedures, acquisition of data
| | | | - João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Statistical analysis
| | - José Batista Volpon
- Full Professor, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, School of Medicine, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; critical revision; final approval the manuscript
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Wang L, Tower RJ, Chandra A, Yao L, Tong W, Xiong Z, Tang K, Zhang Y, Liu XS, Boerckel JD, Guo X, Ahn J, Qin L. Periosteal Mesenchymal Progenitor Dysfunction and Extraskeletally-Derived Fibrosis Contribute to Atrophic Fracture Nonunion. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:520-532. [PMID: 30602062 PMCID: PMC6508876 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atrophic nonunion represents an extremely challenging clinical dilemma for both physicians and fracture patients alike, but its underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we established a mouse model that recapitulates clinical atrophic nonunion through the administration of focal radiation to the long bone midshaft 2 weeks before a closed, semistabilized, transverse fracture. Strikingly, fractures in previously irradiated bone showed no bony bridging with a 100% nonunion rate. Radiation triggered distinct repair responses, separated by the fracture line: a less robust callus formation at the proximal side (close to the knee) and bony atrophy at the distal side (close to the ankle) characterized by sustained fibrotic cells and type I collagen-rich matrix. These fibrotic cells, similar to human nonunion samples, lacked osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation and exhibited impaired blood vessel infiltration. Mechanistically, focal radiation reduced the numbers of periosteal mesenchymal progenitors and blood vessels and blunted injury-induced proliferation of mesenchymal progenitors shortly after fracture, with greater damage particularly at the distal side. In culture, radiation drastically suppressed proliferation of periosteal mesenchymal progenitors. Radiation did not affect hypoxia-induced periosteal cell chondrogenesis but greatly reduced osteogenic differentiation. Lineage tracing using multiple reporter mouse models revealed that mesenchymal progenitors within the bone marrow or along the periosteal bone surface did not contribute to nonunion fibrosis. Therefore, we conclude that atrophic nonunion fractures are caused by severe damage to the periosteal mesenchymal progenitors and are accompanied by an extraskeletal, fibro-cellular response. In addition, we present this radiation-induced periosteal damage model as a new, clinically relevant tool to study the biologic basis of therapies for atrophic nonunion. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Robert J Tower
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics/Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zekang Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jaimo Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Paudel S, Lee WH, Lee M, Zahoor T, Mitchell R, Yang SY, Zhao H, Schon L, Zhang Z. Intravenous administration of multipotent stromal cells and bone allograft modification to enhance allograft healing. Regen Med 2019; 14:199-211. [PMID: 30761943 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated a coordinated strategy of revitalizing bone allograft with circulating multipotent stromal cells (MSCs). Materials & methods: After chemotactic and releasing assessments, stromal cell-derived factor 1 and platelet-derived growth factor BB in copolymers were coated on the bone allograft (AlloS-P). Allograft coated with copolymers alone (Allo), as controls, or AlloS-P was implanted into the femur of athymic mice, which received intravenous injections of human MSCs or saline at weeks 1, 2 and 3. Results: At week 8, the total callus volume (both cartilaginous and bony callus) around the allograft was the largest in the AlloS-P + MSC group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Coating bone allograft with stromal cell-derived factor 1 and platelet-derived growth factor BB and intravenous injections of MSCs improved allograft incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Paudel
- Orthobiologic Laboratory, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Han Lee
- Orthobiologic Laboratory, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Moses Lee
- Orthobiologic Laboratory, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Talal Zahoor
- Orthobiologic Laboratory, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reed Mitchell
- Orthobiologic Laboratory, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shang-You Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lew Schon
- Orthobiologic Laboratory, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Orthobiologic Laboratory, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Botega II, Zamarioli A, Guedes PMSG, Silva RABD, Issa JPM, Butezloff MM, Sousa YTCS, Ximenez JPB, Volpon JB. Bone callus formation is highly disrupted by dietary restriction in growing rats sustaining a femoral fracture1. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e20190010000002. [PMID: 30785503 PMCID: PMC6585920 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190010000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of food restriction on fracture healing in growing rats. METHODS Sixty-eight male Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: (1) Control and (2) Dietary restriction. After weaning the dietary restricted animals were fed ad libitum for 42 days with 50% of the standard chow ingested by the control group. Subsequently, the animals underwent bone fracture at the diaphysis of the right femur, followed by surgical stabilization of bone fragments. On days 14 and 28 post-fracture, the rats were euthanized, and the fractured femurs were dissected, the callus was analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography, histomorphometry, mechanical tests, and gene expression. RESULTS Dietary restriction decreased body mass gain and resulted in several phenotypic changes at the bone callus (a delay in cell proliferation and differentiation, lower rate of newly formed bone and collagen deposition, reductions in bone callus density and size, decrease in tridimensional callus volume, deterioration in microstructure, and reduction in bone callus strength), together with the downregulated expression of osteoblast-related genes. CONCLUSION Dietary restriction had detrimental effects on osseous healing, with a healing delay and a lower quality of bone callus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Inácio Botega
- Fellow Master degree, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences Applied to the Locomotor System, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Design of the study, technical procedures, acquisition and interpretation of data, manuscript preparation
| | - Ariane Zamarioli
- Researcher, Laboratory of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Design of the study, interpretation of data, manuscript preparation, critical revision
| | - Patrícia Madalena San Gregório Guedes
- Fellow Master degree, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences Applied to the Locomotor System, School of Medicine, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Technical procedures, acquisition of data
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Children's Clinic, School of Dentistry, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Technical procedures, critical revision
| | - João Paulo Mardegan Issa
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Technical procedures, critical revision
| | - Mariana Maloste Butezloff
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences Applied to the Locomotor System, School of Medicine, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Technical procedures
| | | | - João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Statistical analysis, technical procedures, critical revision
| | - José Batista Volpon
- Full Professor, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, School of Medicine, USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; manuscript preparation, critical revision, final approval
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Zhang T, Han W, Zhao K, Yang W, Lu X, Jia Y, Qin A, Qian Y. Psoralen accelerates bone fracture healing by activating both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. FASEB J 2019; 33:5399-5410. [PMID: 30702934 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801797r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is a complex, dynamic process that involves various cell types, with osteoclasts and osteoblasts playing indispensable roles. In this study, we found that psoralen, the main active ingredient in Psoralea corylifolia L. fruit extract, enhanced bone fracture healing through activation of osteoclast and osteoblast activity via the ERK signaling pathway. In detail, psoralen promoted receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis, mRNA expression of osteoclast-specific genes, and osteoclastic bone resorption in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages. Meanwhile, psoralen induced osteogenic differentiation by promoting the mRNA expression of the osteoblast differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix, and osteocalcin. At the molecular level, psoralen preferentially activated ERK1/2 but not JNK or p38 MAPKs. Further experiments revealed that psoralen-induced osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation was abrogated by a specific inhibitor of phosphorylated ERK. In addition, psoralen accelerated bone fracture healing in a rat tibial fracture model, and the numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts were increased in psoralen-treated fracture callus. Taken together, our findings indicate that psoralen accelerates bone fracture healing through activation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts via ERK signaling and has potential as a novel drug in the orthopedic clinic for the treatment of bone fractures.-Zhang, T., Han, W., Zhao, K., Yang, W., Lu, X., Jia, Y., Qin, A., Qian, Y. Psoralen accelerates bone fracture healing by activating both osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Weiqi Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Kangxian Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wanlei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xuanyuan Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yewei Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
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Li L, Lu H, Zhao Y, Luo J, Yang L, Liu W, He Q. Functionalized cell-free scaffolds for bone defect repair inspired by self-healing of bone fractures: A review and new perspectives. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:1241-1251. [PMID: 30813005 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that scaffolds, a component of bone tissue engineering, play an indispensable role in bone repair. However, these scaffolds involving ex-vivo cultivated cells seeded have disadvantages in clinical practice, such as limited autologous cells, time-consuming cell expansion procedures, low survival rate and immune-rejection issues. To overcome these disadvantages, recent focus has been placed on the design of functionalized cell-free scaffolds, instead of cell-seeded scaffolds, that can reduplicate the natural self-healing events of bone fractures, such as inflammation, cell recruitment, vascularization, and osteogenic differentiation. New approaches and applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine continue to drive the development of functionalized cell-free scaffolds for bone repair. In this review, the self-healing processes were highlighted, and approaches for the functionalization were summarized. Also, ongoing efforts and breakthroughs in the field of functionalization for bone defect repair were discussed. Finally, a brief summery and new perspectives for functionalization strategies were presented to provide guidelines for further efforts in the design of bioinspired cell-free scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Orthopedic Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Orthopedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Orthopedic Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yulan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Jiangming Luo
- Center of Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Qingyi He
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Orthopedic Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China; Orthopedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Wang X, Matthews BG, Yu J, Novak S, Grcevic D, Sanjay A, Kalajzic I. PDGF Modulates BMP2-Induced Osteogenesis in Periosteal Progenitor Cells. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10127. [PMID: 31131345 PMCID: PMC6524680 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BMPs are used in various clinical applications to promote bone formation. The limited success of the BMPs in clinical settings and supraphysiological doses required for their effects prompted us to evaluate the influence of other signaling molecules, specifically platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) on BMP2‐induced osteogenesis. Periosteal cells make a major contribution to fracture healing. We detected broad expression of PDGF receptor beta (PDGFRβ) within the intact periosteum and healing callus during fracture repair. In vitro, periosteum‐derived progenitor cells were highly responsive to PDGF as demonstrated by increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis. However, PDGF blocked BMP2‐induced osteogenesis by inhibiting the canonical BMP2/Smad pathway and downstream target gene expression. This effect is mediated via PDGFRβ and involves ERK1/2 MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Therapeutic targeting of the PDGFRβ pathway in periosteum‐mediated bone repair might have profound implications in the treatment of bone disease in the future. © 2018 The Authors JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - Brya G Matthews
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences UConn Health Farmington CT USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Jungeun Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - Sanja Novak
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - Danka Grcevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology School of Medicine University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery UConn Health Farmington CT USA
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences UConn Health Farmington CT USA
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123
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Houschyar KS, Tapking C, Borrelli MR, Popp D, Duscher D, Maan ZN, Chelliah MP, Li J, Harati K, Wallner C, Rein S, Pförringer D, Reumuth G, Grieb G, Mouraret S, Dadras M, Wagner JM, Cha JY, Siemers F, Lehnhardt M, Behr B. Wnt Pathway in Bone Repair and Regeneration - What Do We Know So Far. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 6:170. [PMID: 30666305 PMCID: PMC6330281 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a central regulatory role across a remarkably diverse range of functions during embryonic development, including those involved in the formation of bone and cartilage. Wnt signaling continues to play a critical role in adult osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Disruptions in this highly-conserved and complex system leads to various pathological conditions, including impaired bone healing, autoimmune diseases and malignant degeneration. For reconstructive surgeons, critically sized skeletal defects represent a major challenge. These are frequently associated with significant morbidity in both the recipient and donor sites. The Wnt pathway is an attractive therapeutic target with the potential to directly modulate stem cells responsible for skeletal tissue regeneration and promote bone growth, suggesting that Wnt factors could be used to promote bone healing after trauma. This review summarizes our current understanding of the essential role of the Wnt pathway in bone regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow S Houschyar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Popp
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Division of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Malcolm P Chelliah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jingtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kamran Harati
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Rein
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery-Burn Center-Clinic St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Pförringer
- Clinic and Policlinic of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Reumuth
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvain Mouraret
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 7 - Denis, Diderot University, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France
| | - Mehran Dadras
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes M Wagner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jungul Y Cha
- Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Frank Siemers
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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124
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Zheng R, Xie L, Liu W, Guo Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Luo H, Kang N, Yuan Q. Recombinant growth differentiation factor 11 impairs fracture healing through inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1440:54-66. [PMID: 30575056 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a secreted member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, has been reported to have the capacity to reverse age-related pathologic changes and regulate organ regeneration after injury; however, the role of GDF11 in fracture healing and bone repair is still unclear. Here, we established a fracture model in 12-week-old male mice to observe two healing states: the cartilaginous callus and bony callus formation phases. Our results showed that recombinant GDF11 (rGDF11) injection inhibits cartilaginous callus maturation and hard callus formation, thereby impairing fracture healing in vivo. In vitro, rGDF11 administration inhibited chondrocyte differentiation and maturation by phosphorylating SMAD2/3 protein and inhibiting RUNX2 expression. Notably, inhibition of TGF-β activity by a SMAD-specific inhibitor attenuated GDF11 effects. Thus, our study demonstrates that, rather than acting as a rejuvenating agent, rGDF11 impairs fracture healing by inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongke Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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125
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Hou Q, Huang Y, Liu Y, Luo Y, Wang B, Deng R, Zhang S, Liu F, Chen D. Profiling the miRNA-mRNA-lncRNA interaction network in MSC osteoblast differentiation induced by (+)-cholesten-3-one. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:783. [PMID: 30373531 PMCID: PMC6206902 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous study showed that (+)-cholesten-3-one (CN) has the potential to induce the osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the roles of CN in targeting miRNA-mRNA-lncRNA interactions to regulate osteoblast differentiation remain poorly understood. Results A total of 77 miRNAs (36 upregulated and 41 downregulated) and 295 lncRNAs (281 upregulated and 14 downregulated) were significantly differentially expressed during CN-induced MSC osteogenic differentiation. Bioinformatic analysis identified that several pathways may play vital roles in MSC osteogenic differentiation, such as the vitamin D receptor signalling, TNF signalling, PI3K-Akt signalling, calcium signalling, and mineral absorption pathways. Further bioinformatic analysis revealed 16 core genes, including 6 mRNAs (Vdr, Mgp, Fabp3, Fst, Cd38, and Col1a1), 5 miRNAs (miR-483, miR-298, miR-361, miR-92b and miR-155) and 5 lncRNAs (NR_046246.1, NR_046239.1, XR_086062.1, XR_145872.1 and XR_146737.1), that may play important roles in regulating the CN-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Verified by the luciferase reporter, AR-S, qRT-PCR and western blot assays, we identified one miRNA (miR-298) that may enhance the osteogenic differentiation potential of MSCs via the vitamin D receptor signalling pathway. Conclusions This study revealed the global expression profile of miRNAs and lncRNAs involved in the Chinese medicine active ingredient CN-induced osteoblast differentiation of MSCs for the first time and provided a foundation for future investigations of miRNA-mRNA-lncRNA interaction networks to completely illuminate the regulatory role of CN in MSC osteoblast differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5155-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuke Hou
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Liu
- Department of Diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Luo
- Department of Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Trauma, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rudong Deng
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Saixia Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengbin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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126
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Yamaguchi T, Hosomichi K, Takahashi M, Haga S, Nakawaki T, Hikita Y, Maki K, Tajima A. Orthognathic surgery induces genomewide changes longitudinally in DNA methylation in saliva. Oral Dis 2018; 25:508-514. [PMID: 30362655 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orthognathic surgery dramatically changes morphology of the maxillofacial deformity and improves the malocclusion morphologically and functionally. We investigated the influence of orthognathic surgery on genomewide DNA methylation in saliva. METHODS Saliva was obtained from nine patients undergoing orthognathic surgery and two healthy reference individuals before and 3 months after orthognathic surgery. Genomewide DNA methylation profiling of saliva (341,482 CpG dinucleotides) was conducted using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips. RESULTS Comparison between pre- and postsurgery saliva samples revealed significant changes in DNA methylation patterns at 2,381 CpG sites (p < 0.01) with suggestive significance. The differentially methylated probe sets were significantly associated with the cancer pathway (p = 2.8 × 10-7 ; a false discovery rate q-value = 3.7 × 10-4 ) and PI3K-Akt signalling pathway (p = 2.4 × 10-5 ; a false discovery rate q-value = 3.1 × 10-2 ). CONCLUSION Pathway enrichment analysis of genes with suggestive significance demonstrated that altered DNA methylation in saliva of patients undergoing orthognathic surgery, possibly as a response to surgical stress or bone injury. Further studies with a large sample size and long-term observation are needed to validate the phenomena identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Shugo Haga
- Department of Orthodontics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yu Hikita
- Department of Orthodontics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koutaro Maki
- Department of Orthodontics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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127
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Changes in ephrin gene expression during bone healing identify a restricted repertoire of ephrins mediating fracture repair. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:43-55. [PMID: 30250975 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To identify the repertoire of ephrin genes that might regulate endochondral bone fracture repair, we examined changes in ephrin ligand and receptor (Eph) gene expression in fracture callus tissues during bone fracture healing. Ephrin and Eph proteins were then localized in the fracture callus tissues present when changes in gene expression were observed. Ephrin gene expression was widespread in fracture tissues, but the repertoire of ephrin genes with significant changes in expression that might suggest a regulatory role in fracture callus development was restricted to the ephrin A family members Epha4, Epha5 and the ephrin B family member Efnb1. After 3 weeks of healing, Epha4 fracture expression was downregulated from 1.3- to 0.8-fold and Epha5 fracture expression was upregulated from 1.2- to 1.5-fold of intact contralateral femur expression, respectively. Efnb1 expression was downregulated from 1.5- to 1.2-fold after 2 weeks post-fracture. These ephrin proteins were localized to fracture callus prehypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts, as well as to the periosteum and fibrous tissues. The observed positive correlation between mRNA levels of EfnB1 with Col10 and Epha5 with Bglap, together with colocalized expression with their respective proteins, suggest that EfnB1 is a positive mediator of prehypertrophic chondrocyte development and that Epha5 contributes to osteoblast-mediated mineralization of fracture callus. In contrast, mRNA levels of Epha4 and Efnb1 correlated negatively with Bglap, thus suggesting a negative role for these two ephrin family members in mature osteoblast functions. Given the number of family members and widespread expression of the ephrins, a characterization of changes in ephrin gene expression provides a basis for identifying ephrin family members that might regulate the molecular pathways of bone fracture repair. This approach suggests that a highly restricted repertoire of ephrins, EfnB1 and EphA5, are the major mediators of fracture callus cartilage hypertrophy and ossification, respectively, and proposes candidates for additional functional study and eventual therapeutic application.
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128
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Aanei CM, Catafal LC. Evaluation of bone marrow microenvironment could change how myelodysplastic syndromes are diagnosed and treated. Cytometry A 2018; 93:916-928. [PMID: 30211968 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic disorders. However, the therapies used against the hematopoietic stem cells clones have limited efficacy; they slow the evolution toward acute myeloid leukemia rather than stop clonal evolution and eradicate the disease. The progress made in recent years regarding the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in disease evolution may contribute to progress in this area. This review presents the recent updates on the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in myelodysplastic syndromes pathogenesis and tries to find answers regarding how this information could improve myelodysplastic syndromes diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mariana Aanei
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
| | - Lydia Campos Catafal
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
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129
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Wasnik S, Rundle CH, Baylink DJ, Yazdi MS, Carreon EE, Xu Y, Qin X, Lau KHW, Tang X. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D suppresses M1 macrophages and promotes M2 differentiation at bone injury sites. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98773. [PMID: 30185660 PMCID: PMC6171806 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An indispensable role of macrophages in bone repair has been well recognized. Previous data have demonstrated the copresence of M1 macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during the proinflammatory stage of bone repair. However, the exact role of M1 macrophages in MSC function and bone repair is unknown. This study aimed to define the role of M1 macrophages at bone injury sites via the function of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) in suppressing M1 but promoting M2 differentiation. We showed that 1,25(OH)2D suppressed M1 macrophage-mediated enhancement of MSC migration. Additionally, 1,25(OH)2D inhibited M1 macrophage secretion of osteogenic proteins (i.e., Oncostatin M, TNF-α, and IL-6). Importantly, the 1,25(OH)2D-mediated suppression of osteogenic function in M1 macrophages at the proinflammatory stage was associated with 1,25(OH)2D-mediated reduction of MSC abundance, compromised osteogenic potential of MSCs, and impairment of fracture repair. Furthermore, outside the proinflammatory stage, 1,25(OH)2D treatment did not suppress fracture repair. Accordingly, our data support 2 conclusions: (a) M1 macrophages are important for the recruitment and osteogenic priming of MSCs and, hence, are necessary for fracture repair, and (b) under vitamin D-sufficient conditions, 1,25(OH)2D treatment is unnecessary and can be detrimental if provided during the proinflammatory stage of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Wasnik
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - David J Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Mohammad Safaie Yazdi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Edmundo E Carreon
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Xuezhong Qin
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Kin-Hing William Lau
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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130
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Tyrovola JB. The "mechanostat" principle in cell differentiation. The osteochondroprogenitor paradigm. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:37-44. [PMID: 30144147 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The "mechanostat" principle may be depicted as an oscillating signal of a signaling molecule, in which the amplitude, frequency, cumulative level, delay, and duration of the curve encode the information for concrete cellular responses and biological activities. When the oscillating signal is kept sustained (present delay), cell exit may be performed, whereas when the oscillating signal remains robust, cell proliferation may take place. B-catenin-Wnt signaling pathway has a key role in the differentiation of osteochondroprogenitor cells. Sustained downregulation of the β-catenin-Wnt pathway forces osteochondroprogenitors to a chondrogenic fate instead of an osteoblastic one. Other signaling, for example, bone morphogenetic protein and Notch signaling pathways interact with the Wnt pathway. The crosstalk between biochemical and mechanical stimuli produces the final information that leads to the final cell fate decisions, through the "mechanostat" principle.
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131
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Ye C, Chen M, Chen E, Li W, Wang S, Ding Q, Wang C, Zhou C, Tang L, Hou W, Hang K, He R, Pan Z, Zhang W. Knockdown of FOXA2 enhances the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells partly via activation of the ERK signalling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:836. [PMID: 30082727 PMCID: PMC6079048 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) is a core transcription factor that controls cell differentiation and may have an important role in bone metabolism. However, the role of FOXA2 during osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) remains largely unknown. In this study, decreased expression of FOXA2 was observed during osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs (rBMSCs). FOXA2 knockdown significantly increased osteoblast-specific gene expression, the number of mineral deposits and alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas FOXA2 overexpression inhibited osteogenesis-specific activities. Moreover, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signalling was upregulated following knockdown of FOXA2. The enhanced osteogenesis due to FOXA2 knockdown was partially rescued by an ERK inhibitor. Using a rat tibial defect model, a rBMSC sheet containing knocked down FOXA2 significantly improved bone healing. Collectively, these findings indicated that FOXA2 had an essential role in osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, partly by activation of the ERK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Erman Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Weixu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qianhai Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Chenhe Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Lan Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Weiduo Hou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Kai Hang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Rongxin He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Zhijun Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Bravo D, Josephson AM, Bradaschia-Correa V, Wong MZ, Yim NL, Neibart SS, Lee SN, Huo J, Coughlin T, Mizrahi MM, Leucht P. Temporary inhibition of the plasminogen activator inhibits periosteal chondrogenesis and promotes periosteal osteogenesis during appendicular bone fracture healing. Bone 2018; 112:97-106. [PMID: 29680264 PMCID: PMC5970081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aminocaproic acid is approved as an anti-fibrinolytic for use in joint replacement and spinal fusion surgeries to limit perioperative blood loss. Previous animal studies have demonstrated a pro-osteogenic effect of aminocaproic acid in spine fusion models. Here, we tested if aminocaproic acid enhances appendicular bone healing and we sought to uncover the effect of aminocaproic acid on osteoprogenitor cells (OPCs) during bone regeneration. METHODS We employed a well-established murine femur fracture model in adult C57BL/6J mice after receiving two peri-operative injections of aminocaproic acid. Routine histological assays, biomechanical testing and micro-CT analyses were utilized to assess callus volume, and strength, progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and remodeling in vivo. Two disparate ectopic transplantation models were used to study the effect of the growth factor milieu within the early fracture hematoma on osteoprogenitor cell fate decisions. RESULTS Aminocaproic acid treated femur fractures healed with a significantly smaller cartilaginous callus, and this effect was also observed in the ectopic transplantation assays. We hypothesized that aminocaproic acid treatment resulted in a stabilization of the early fracture hematoma, leading to a change in the growth factor milieu created by the early hematoma. Gene and protein expression analysis confirmed that aminocaproic acid treatment resulted in an increase in Wnt and BMP signaling and a decrease in TGF-β-signaling, resulting in a shift from chondrogenic to osteogenic differentiation in this model of endochondral bone formation. CONCLUSION These experiments demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of the plasminogen activator during fracture healing using aminocaproic acid leads to a change in cell fate decision of periosteal osteoprogenitor cells, with a predominance of osteogenic differentiation, resulting in a larger and stronger bony callus. These findings may offer a promising new use of aminocaproic acid, which is already FDA-approved and offers a very safe risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bravo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - A M Josephson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - V Bradaschia-Correa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - M Z Wong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - N L Yim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - S S Neibart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - S N Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - J Huo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - T Coughlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - M M Mizrahi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - P Leucht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of therapeutics that target anabolic pathways involved in skeletogenesis is of great importance with regard to disease resulting in bone loss, or in cases of impaired bone repair. This review aims to summarize recent developments in this area. RECENT FINDINGS A greater understanding of how drugs that modulate signaling pathways involved in skeletogenesis exert their efficacy, and the molecular mechanisms resulting in bone formation has led to novel pharmacological bone repair strategies. Furthermore, crosstalk between pathways and molecules has suggested signaling synergies that may be exploited for enhanced tissue formation. The sequential pharmacological stimulation of the molecular cascades resulting in tissue repair is a promising strategy for the treatment of bone fractures. It is proposed that a therapeutic strategy which mimics the natural cascade of events observed during fracture repair may be achieved through temporal targeting of tissue repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Roberts
- Bone Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 3WE, UK.
| | - Hua Zhu Ke
- Bone Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 3WE, UK
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134
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Abstract
Interfragmental ischaemia is a prerequisite for the initiation of the inflammatory and immunological response to fracturing of bone.Intrafragmental ischaemia is inevitable: the extent of the initial ischaemic insult does not, however, directly relate to the outcome for healing of the fracture zones and avascular necrosis of the humeral head. The survival of distal regions of fragments with critical perfusion may be the result of a type of inosculation (blood vessel contact), which establishes reperfusion before either revascularization or neo-angiogenesis has occurred.Periosteum has a poorly defined role in fracture healing in the proximal humerus. The metaphyseal periosteal perfusion may have a profound effect, as yet undefined, on the healing of most metaphyseal fractures of the proximal humerus, and may be disturbed further by inadvertent surgical manipulation.The metaphysis can be considered as a 'torus' or ring of bone, its surface covered by periosteum antero- and posterolaterally, through which the tuberosity segments gain perfusion and capsular reflections antero- and posteromedially, through which the humeral head (articular) fragment gains perfusion.The torus is broken in relatively simple primary patterns: a fracture line at the upper surface of the torus is an anatomical 'neck' fracture; a fracture line at the lower surface of the torus is the surgical 'neck' fracture. Secondary fragmentation (through compression and/or distraction) of the torus itself creates complexity for analysis (classification), alters the capacity and outcome for healing (by variable interruption of the fragmental blood supply) and influences interfragmental stability. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180005.
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135
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Williams JN, Kambrath AV, Patel RB, Kang KS, Mével E, Li Y, Cheng YH, Pucylowski AJ, Hassert MA, Voor MJ, Kacena MA, Thompson WR, Warden SJ, Burr DB, Allen MR, Robling AG, Sankar U. Inhibition of CaMKK2 Enhances Fracture Healing by Stimulating Indian Hedgehog Signaling and Accelerating Endochondral Ossification. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:930-944. [PMID: 29314250 PMCID: PMC6549722 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 10% of all bone fractures do not heal, resulting in patient morbidity and healthcare costs. However, no pharmacological treatments are currently available to promote efficient bone healing. Inhibition of Ca2+ /calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) reverses age-associated loss of trabecular and cortical bone volume and strength in mice. In the current study, we investigated the role of CaMKK2 in bone fracture healing and show that its pharmacological inhibition using STO-609 accelerates early cellular and molecular events associated with endochondral ossification, resulting in a more rapid and efficient healing of the fracture. Within 7 days postfracture, treatment with STO-609 resulted in enhanced Indian hedgehog signaling, paired-related homeobox (PRX1)-positive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment, and chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophy, along with elevated expression of osterix, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type 1 collagen at the fracture callus. Early deposition of primary bone by osteoblasts resulted in STO-609-treated mice possessing significantly higher callus bone volume by 14 days following fracture. Subsequent rapid maturation of the bone matrix bestowed fractured bones in STO-609-treated animals with significantly higher torsional strength and stiffness by 28 days postinjury, indicating accelerated healing of the fracture. Previous studies indicate that fixed and closed femoral fractures in the mice take 35 days to fully heal without treatment. Therefore, our data suggest that STO-609 potentiates a 20% acceleration of the bone healing process. Moreover, inhibiting CaMKK2 also imparted higher mechanical strength and stiffness at the contralateral cortical bone within 4 weeks of treatment. Taken together, the data presented here underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting CaMKK2 to promote efficacious and rapid healing of bone fractures and as a mechanism to strengthen normal bones. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N. Williams
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Roshni B. Patel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kyung Shin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Elsa Mével
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ying-Hua Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Austin J Pucylowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mariah A. Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J. Voor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - William R. Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stuart J. Warden
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - David B. Burr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Matthew R. Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Uma Sankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Castelucci BG, Consonni SR, Rosa VS, Sensiate LA, Delatti PCR, Alvares LE, Joazeiro PP. Time-dependent regulation of morphological changes and cartilage differentiation markers in the mouse pubic symphysis during pregnancy and postpartum recovery. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195304. [PMID: 29621303 PMCID: PMC5886480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models commonly serve as a bridge between in vitro experiments and clinical applications; however, few physiological processes in adult animals are sufficient to serve as proof-of-concept models for cartilage regeneration. Intriguingly, some rodents, such as young adult mice, undergo physiological connective tissue modifications to birth canal elements such as the pubic symphysis during pregnancy; therefore, we investigated whether the differential expression of cartilage differentiation markers is associated with cartilaginous tissue morphological modifications during these changes. Our results showed that osteochondral progenitor cells expressing Runx2, Sox9, Col2a1 and Dcx at the non-pregnant pubic symphysis proliferated and differentiated throughout pregnancy, giving rise to a complex osteoligamentous junction that attached the interpubic ligament to the pubic bones until labour occurred. After delivery, the recovery of pubic symphysis cartilaginous tissues was improved by the time-dependent expression of these chondrocytic lineage markers at the osteoligamentous junction. This process potentially recapitulates embryologic chondrocytic differentiation to successfully recover hyaline cartilaginous pads at 10 days postpartum. Therefore, we propose that this physiological phenomenon represents a proof-of-concept model for investigating the mechanisms involved in cartilage restoration in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Gazieri Castelucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (BGC); (SRC); (PPJ)
| | - Sílvio Roberto Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (BGC); (SRC); (PPJ)
| | - Viviane Souza Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lucimara Aparecida Sensiate
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina Rugno Delatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Elvira Alvares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Pinto Joazeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (BGC); (SRC); (PPJ)
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137
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Bernardini G, Geminiani M, Gambassi S, Orlandini M, Petricci E, Marzocchi B, Laschi M, Taddei M, Manetti F, Santucci A. Novel smoothened antagonists as anti-neoplastic agents for the treatment of osteosarcoma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4961-4971. [PMID: 29215700 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an ultra-rare highly malignant tumor of the skeletal system affecting mainly children and young adults and it is characterized by an extremely aggressive clinical course. OS patients are currently treated with chemotherapy and complete surgical resection of cancer tissue. However, resistance to chemotherapy and the recurrence of disease, as pulmonary metastasis, remain the two greatest challenges in the management, and treatment of this tumor. For these reasons, it is of primary interest to find alternative therapeutic strategies for OS. Dysregulated Hedgehog signalling is involved in the development of various types of cancers including OS. It has also been implicated in tumor/stromal interaction and cancer stem cell biology, and therefore presents a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In our work, we tested the activity of five potent Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors, four acylguanidine and one acylthiourea derivatives, against an OS cell line. We found that almost all our compounds were able to inhibit OS cells proliferation and to reduce Gli1 protein levels. Our results also indicated that SMO inhibition in OS cells by such compounds, induces apoptosis with a nanomolar potency. These findings suggest that inactivation of SMO may be a useful approach to the treatment of patients with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Michela Geminiani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Gambassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Petricci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Marzocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.,UOC Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Marcella Laschi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Ceccarelli G, Presta R, Lupi SM, Giarratana N, Bloise N, Benedetti L, Cusella De Angelis MG, Rodriguez Y Baena R. Evaluation of Poly(Lactic-co-glycolic) Acid Alone or in Combination with Hydroxyapatite on Human-Periosteal Cells Bone Differentiation and in Sinus Lift Treatment. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122109. [PMID: 29207466 PMCID: PMC6149689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most recent advances in tissue engineering in the fields of oral surgery and dentistry have aimed to restore hard and soft tissues. Further improvement of these therapies may involve more biological approaches and the use of dental tissue stem cells in combination with inorganic/organic scaffolds. In this study, we analyzed the osteoconductivity of two different inorganic scaffolds based on poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid alone (PLGA-Fisiograft) or in combination with hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA-Alos) in comparison with an organic material based on equine collagen (PARASORB Sombrero) both in vitro and in vivo. We developed a simple in vitro model in which periosteum-derived stem cells were grown in contact with chips of these scaffolds to mimic bone mineralization. The viability of cells and material osteoconductivity were evaluated by osteogenic gene expression and histological analyses at different time points. In addition, the capacity of scaffolds to improve bone healing in sinus lift was examined. Our results demonstrated that the osteoconductivity of PLGA/HA-Alos and the efficacy of scaffolds in promoting bone healing in the sinus lift were increased. Thus, new clinical approaches in sinus lift follow-up should be considered to elucidate the clinical potential of these two PLGA-based materials in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Rossella Presta
- Department of Clinico-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Saturnino Marco Lupi
- Department of Clinico-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Nefele Giarratana
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Translational Cardiomyology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nora Bloise
- Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A, IRCCS, Via S. Boezio 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Laura Benedetti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maria Gabriella Cusella De Angelis
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ruggero Rodriguez Y Baena
- Department of Clinico-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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139
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Wang L, Li G, Ren L, Kong X, Wang Y, Han X, Jiang W, Dai K, Yang K, Hao Y. Nano-copper-bearing stainless steel promotes fracture healing by accelerating the callus evolution process. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8443-8457. [PMID: 29225463 PMCID: PMC5708188 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s146866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment for fractures requires internal fixation devices, which are mainly produced from stainless steel or titanium alloy without biological functions. Therefore, we developed a novel nano-copper-bearing stainless steel with nano-sized copper-precipitation (317L-Cu SS). Based on previous studies, this work explores the effect of 317L-Cu SS on fracture healing; that is, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, osteogenesis-related gene expression, and lysyl oxidase activity of human bone mesenchymal stem cells were detected in vitro. Sprague–Dawley rats were used to build an animal fracture model, and fracture healing and callus evolution were investigated by radiology (X-ray and micro-CT), histology (H&E, Masson, and safranin O/fast green staining), and histomorphometry. Further, the Cu2+ content and Runx2 level in the callus were determined, and local mechanical test of the fracture was performed to assess the healing quality. Our results revealed that 317L-Cu SS did not affect the proliferation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells, but promoted osteogenic differentiation and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. In addition, 317L-Cu SS upregulated the lysyl oxidase activity. The X-ray and micro-CT results showed that the callus evolution efficiency and fracture healing speed were superior for 317L-Cu SS. Histological staining displayed large amounts of fibrous tissues at 3 weeks, and cartilage and new bone at 6 weeks. Further, histomorphometric analysis indicated that the callus possessed higher osteogenic efficiency at 6 weeks, and a high Cu2+ content and increased Runx2 expression were observed in the callus for 317L-Cu SS. Besides, the mechanical strength of the fracture site was much better than that of the control group. Overall, we conclude that 317L-Cu SS possesses the ability to increase Cu2+ content and promote osteogenesis in the callus, which could accelerate the callus evolution process and bone formation to provide faster and better fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Guoyuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Ling Ren
- Special Materials and Device Research Department, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Yugang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Xiuguo Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- Medical 3D Printing Innovation Research Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kerong Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Ke Yang
- Special Materials and Device Research Department, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang
| | - Yongqiang Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
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140
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Deng A, Zhang H, Hu M, Liu S, Wang Y, Gao Q, Guo C. The inhibitory roles of Ihh downregulation on chondrocyte growth and differentiation. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:789-794. [PMID: 29434683 PMCID: PMC5772930 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferative rate of chondrocytes affects bone elongation. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is required for endochondral bone formation as chondrocytes secrete factors required for osteoblast differentiation and maturation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling pathway is a key regulator of skeletal development and homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of Ihh in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Ihh was knocked down in mouse chondrocyte cells using short hairpin RNA. Chondrocyte apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were assessed using flow cytometry and the results indicated that knockdown of Ihh significantly inhibited cell growth (P<0.05) and increased apoptosis (P<0.001) compared with negative control cells. Downregulation of Ihh also resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1 to S phase in chondrocytes. It was also observed that knockdown of Ihh decreased alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition of chondrocytes. The inhibitory roles of Ihh downregulation on chondrocyte growth and differentiation may be associated with the transforming growth factor-β/mothers against decapentaplegic and osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand signaling pathway. The results of the present study suggest that chondrocyte-derived Ihh is essential for maintaining bone growth plates and that manipulation of Ihh expression or its signaling components may be a novel therapeutic technique for the treatment of skeletal diseases, including achondroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Deng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Minyu Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qile Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Chaofeng Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Li G, Wang L, Jiang Y, Kong X, Fan Q, Ge S, Hao Y. Upregulation of Akt signaling enhances femoral fracture healing by accelerating atrophic quadriceps recovery. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2848-2861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Thesleff T, Lehtimäki K, Niskakangas T, Huovinen S, Mannerström B, Miettinen S, Seppänen‐Kaijansinkko R, Öhman J. Cranioplasty with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells, Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Granules and Supporting Mesh: Six-Year Clinical Follow-Up Results. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1576-1582. [PMID: 28504874 PMCID: PMC5689754 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several alternative techniques exist to reconstruct skull defects. The complication rate of the cranioplasty procedure is high and the search for optimal materials and techniques continues. To report long-term results of patients who have received a cranioplasty using autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) seeded on beta-tricalcium phosphate (betaTCP) granules. Between 10/2008 and 3/2010, five cranioplasties were performed (four females, one male; average age 62.0 years) using ASCs, betaTCP granules and titanium or resorbable meshes. The average defect size was 8.1 × 6.7 cm2 . Patients were followed both clinically and radiologically. The initial results were promising, with no serious complications. Nevertheless, in the long-term follow-up, three of the five patients were re-operated due to graft related problems. Two patients showed marked resorption of the graft, which led to revision surgery. One patient developed a late infection (7.3 years post-operative) that required revision surgery and removal of the graft. One patient had a successfully ossified graft, but was re-operated due to recurrence of the meningioma 2.2 years post-operatively. One patient had an uneventful clinical follow-up, and the cosmetic result is satisfactory, even though skull x-rays show hypodensity in the borders of the graft. Albeit no serious adverse events occurred, the 6-year follow-up results of the five cases are unsatisfactory. The clinical results are not superior to results achieved by conventional cranial repair methods. The use of stem cells in combination with betaTCP granules and supporting meshes in cranial defect reconstruction need to be studied further before continuing with clinical trials. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1576-1582.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Thesleff
- Department of Neuroscience and RehabilitationTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Kai Lehtimäki
- Department of Neuroscience and RehabilitationTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Tero Niskakangas
- Department of Neuroscience and RehabilitationTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Sanna Huovinen
- Department of PathologyFimlab Laboratories, Tampere University HospitalFinland
| | - Bettina Mannerström
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial DiseasesUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalFinland
| | - Susanna Miettinen
- Adult Stem Cells, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life SciencesUniversity of Tampere, Finland Science Center, Tampere University HospitalFinland
| | | | - Juha Öhman
- Department of Neuroscience and RehabilitationTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
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143
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Acidic pH environment induces autophagy in osteoblasts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46161. [PMID: 28382973 PMCID: PMC5382697 DOI: 10.1038/srep46161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts (OBs) play an important role in bone fracture healing, yet the extreme adverse microenvironment in fracture sites has a negative impact on the survival of OBs. Therefore, it is important to study how OBs behave in the complex fracture microenvironment. Studies have shown that autophagy plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and defending the cell against adverse microenvironments. In this study we found the induction of autophagy in OBs at femoral bone fracture sites, which may be a result of ischemia, oxidative stress and hypoxia within the local area. At fracture sites a low pH environment also developed. Until now it has been unclear whether the induction of autophagy in osteoblasts is triggered by the acidic pH environment. Therefore, we cultured OBs in vitro in media of different pH values, and found both autophagy and apoptosis increased in OBs in acidic conditions. However, when autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) was used, apoptosis increased significantly compared with that without CQ. Thus indicating that inhibition of autophagy may promote apoptosis in OBs in an acidic environment, which may provide a new therapeutic strategy to decrease cell apoptosis in OBs through the use of drugs that modulate the autophagic state.
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