101
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Moresco RM, De Oliveira C. A Comparative Study of the Extracutaneous Pigmentary System in Three Anuran Amphibian Species Evaluated During the Breeding Season. SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.2994/057.004.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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102
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Kobayashi M, Tajima C, Sugimoto M. Effects of Androgens on the Development of Nuptial Coloration and Chromatophores in the BitterlingRhodeus ocellatus ocellatus. Zoolog Sci 2009; 26:125-30. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.26.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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103
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Whiteley AR, Gende SM, Gharrett AJ, Tallmon DA. Background matching and color-change plasticity in colonizing freshwater sculpin populations following rapid deglaciation. Evolution 2009; 63:1519-29. [PMID: 19154389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic-induced change is forcing organisms to shift their distributions and colonize novel habitats at an increasing rate, which leads to complex interactions among evolutionary processes. Coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus) have colonized recently deglaciated streams of Glacier Bay in Alaska within the last 220 years. We examined divergence among populations in background matching coloration and tested the hypothesis that observed variation is due to morphological color plasticity. To examine how color-change plasticity has interacted with other evolutionary processes, we also determined the influence of colonization on neutral genetic diversity. We observed clinal variation in substrate-matching fish color along the chronological continuum of streams. Microsatellites provided little evidence of genetic subdivision among sculpin populations. Fish color was significantly correlated to substrate color, but was not correlated to neutral population genetic structure. Furthermore, a laboratory experiment revealed that morphological color plasticity could explain much, but not all, of the observed fish color divergence. Our study demonstrates that sculpin in Glacier Bay have colonized and adapted to recently deglaciated habitat and suggests that color change plasticity has aided in this process. This research, therefore, highlights the important role phenotypic plasticity may play in the adaptation of species to rapid climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Whiteley
- Biology and Marine Biology Programs, University of Alaska Southeast, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, Alaska 99801, USA.
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104
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Mills MG, Patterson LB. Not just black and white: pigment pattern development and evolution in vertebrates. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 20:72-81. [PMID: 19073271 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Animals display diverse colors and patterns that vary within and between species. Similar phenotypes appear in both closely related and widely divergent taxa. Pigment patterns thus provide an opportunity to explore how development is altered to produce differences in form and whether similar phenotypes share a common genetic basis. Understanding the development and evolution of pigment patterns requires knowledge of the cellular interactions and signaling pathways that produce those patterns. These complex traits provide unparalleled opportunities for integrating studies from ecology and behavior to molecular biology and biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Mills
- Department of Biology, Box 351800, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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105
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Wedekind C, Jacob A, Evanno G, Nusslé S, Müller R. Viability of brown trout embryos positively linked to melanin-based but negatively to carotenoid-based colours of their fathers. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1737-44. [PMID: 18445560 PMCID: PMC2453293 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Good-genes’ models of sexual selection predict significant additive genetic variation for fitness-correlated traits within populations to be revealed by phenotypic traits. To test this prediction, we sampled brown trout (Salmo trutta) from their natural spawning place, analysed their carotenoid-based red and melanin-based dark skin colours and tested whether these colours can be used to predict offspring viability. We produced half-sib families by in vitro fertilization, reared the resulting embryos under standardized conditions, released the hatchlings into a streamlet and identified the surviving juveniles 20 months later with microsatellite markers. Embryo viability was revealed by the sires' dark pigmentation: darker males sired more viable offspring. However, the sires' red coloration correlated negatively with embryo survival. Our study demonstrates that genetic variation for fitness-correlated traits is revealed by male colour traits in our study population, but contrary to predictions from other studies, intense red colours do not signal good genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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106
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Arduini BL, Gallagher GR, Henion PD. Zebrafish endzone regulates neural crest-derived chromatophore differentiation and morphology. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2845. [PMID: 18665240 PMCID: PMC2483736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neural crest-derived pigment cells has been studied extensively as a model for cellular differentiation, disease and environmental adaptation. Neural crest-derived chromatophores in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) consist of three types: melanophores, xanthophores and iridiphores. We have identified the zebrafish mutant endzone (enz), that was isolated in a screen for mutants with neural crest development phenotypes, based on an abnormal melanophore pattern. We have found that although wild-type numbers of chromatophore precursors are generated in the first day of development and migrate normally in enz mutants, the numbers of all three chromatophore cell types that ultimately develop are reduced. Further, differentiated melanophores and xanthophores subsequently lose dendricity, and iridiphores are reduced in size. We demonstrate that enz function is required cell autonomously by melanophores and that the enz locus is located on chromosome 7. In addition, zebrafish enz appears to selectively regulate chromatophore development within the neural crest lineage since all other major derivatives develop normally. Our results suggest that enz is required relatively late in the development of all three embryonic chromatophore types and is normally necessary for terminal differentiation and the maintenance of cell size and morphology. Thus, although developmental regulation of different chromatophore sublineages in zebrafish is in part genetically distinct, enz provides an example of a common regulator of neural crest-derived chromatophore differentiation and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte L. Arduini
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Glen R. Gallagher
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Henion
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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107
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Chapter 6 New Insights into Melanosome Transport in Vertebrate Pigment Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 272:245-302. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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108
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Shikano T, Shimada Y, Nakamura A. Chromatophore distribution and inferior performance of albino Japanese flounderParalichthys olivaceus with special reference to different chromatophore expression between albinism and pseudo-albinism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 307:263-73. [PMID: 17366621 DOI: 10.1002/jez.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Albinism with a large variation in body color was found in a hatchery population of Japanese flounder. In addition to albinism, ambicoloration and pseudo-albinism were simultaneously observed in some individuals. Albinos had a remarkably lower number of melanophores on the scales of ocular side than wild-type individuals did, although no significant difference was observed in the numbers of xanthophores and iridophores. The intensity of body color significantly correlated with the number of melanophores among the albinos. No significant differences were observed in the intensity of body color and the number of melanophores between the ocular side and the ambicoloration area. Pseudo-albinism was accompanied by the reductions of melanophores and xanthophores, indicating the different expression patterns of chromatophores between albinism and pseudo-albinism. The combined effects of albinism and pseudo-albinism caused the disappearances of melanophores and xanthophores in the pseudo-albinism area of albinos. In addition to chromatophores, the different characteristics of several phenotypic traits were observed between albinos and wild-type individuals. Growth-related traits of the albinos were inferior to those of the wild-type individuals. Furthermore, the albinos had a larger pseudo-albinism area and a higher vertebral deformed rate than the wild-type individuals did. Individual multilocus heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient measured by microsatellite loci did not show any indication that the albinos had higher inbreeding coefficient than the wild-type individuals did. This study demonstrated the expression patterns of chromatophores in the body color abnormalities of a flatfish species and the potential pleiotropic effects of an albinism gene on some phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Shikano
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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109
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Takahashi A, Kawauchi H. Evolution of melanocortin systems in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 148:85-94. [PMID: 16289182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a common precursor of melanocortin (MC), the collective term for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH), and of beta-endorphin (beta-END). Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the analysis of the POMC gene from a board taxonomic group of vertebrates and invertebrates. The results suggest that three MSHs (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH) and a single END were established in ancestral invertebrates. Thereafter, unequal crossing over may have resulted in class-specific numbers of MSH segments during the radiation of fish. Moreover, duplication of the entire POMC gene may have led to the differentiation of POMC as shown in lampreys; one of the two subtypes is a precursor for ACTH and beta-END, the other is a precursor for two forms of MSH and the other form of beta-END. On the other hand, at least five subtypes of MC receptor (MCR) have been observed in fish. These are G-protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane domains. The ancestral MCR is suggested to have appeared before vertebrates, and then MCRs may have diverged by genome duplication and local duplication of each receptor gene during the evolution of vertebrates. They are distributed in many tissues in rather a subtype-specific manner and are responsible for a variety of biological functions. Thus, MC systems may have diverged by producing structurally different MC peptides from POMC and expressing MCR subtypes differing in ligand selectivity in a variety of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Sanriku, Ofunato, Iwate 022-0101, Japan.
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110
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Svensson PA, Forsgren E, Amundsen T, Sköld HN. Chromatic interaction between egg pigmentation and skin chromatophores in the nuptial coloration of female two-spotted gobies. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:4391-7. [PMID: 16339859 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
In two-spotted gobies (Gobiusculus flavescens Fabricius 1779),females develop an orange belly as they approach sexual maturity. Bright belly coloration is preferred by males and has been suggested to act as a female ornament. This coloration is unusual in that it originates partly from pigmentation of the abdominal skin but also from strongly pigmented gonads directly visible through the skin. In addition, females have been observed to temporarily become more colourful during courtship and competition. To understand how gonad and skin pigmentation interact in this nuptial coloration, the potential for colour modification via regulation of skin chromatophores was investigated. Noradrenaline caused aggregation of chromatophore pigment and was used to experimentally reduce the contribution of skin chromatophores to the nuptial coloration. Chromatophore pigment aggregation caused bellies to become less colourful and abdominal skin biopsies to become less colourful and more transparent. There was a strong positive relationship between belly coloration and the coloration of the underlying gonads. This shows that belly coloration honestly reflects egg pigmentation, mainly because the transparency of the abdominal skin allows other fish to see the gonads directly. Interestingly, when noradrenaline caused pigment to aggregate and thereby increased the transparency of the skin, the relationship between belly and gonad coloration weakened. We conclude that female G. flavescens have a potential to use skin chromatophores to rapidly alter their nuptial coloration, thereby affecting the efficacy with which information about gonad coloration is conveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Andreas Svensson
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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111
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Avanesov A, Dahm R, Sewell WF, Malicki JJ. Mutations that affect the survival of selected amacrine cell subpopulations define a new class of genetic defects in the vertebrate retina. Dev Biol 2005; 285:138-55. [PMID: 16231865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amacrine neurons are among the most diverse cell classes in the vertebrate retina. To gain insight into mechanisms vital to the production and survival of amacrine cell types, we investigated a group of mutations in three zebrafish loci: kleks (kle), chiorny (chy), and bergmann (bgm). Mutants of all three genes display a severe loss of selected amacrine cell subpopulations. The numbers of GABA-expressing amacrine interneurons are sharply reduced in all three mutants, while cell loss in other amacrine cell subpopulations varies and some cells are not affected at all. To investigate how amacrine cell loss affects retinal function, we performed electroretinograms on mutant animals. While the kle mutation mostly influences the function of the inner nuclear layer, unexpectedly the chy mutant phenotype also involves a loss of photoreceptor cell activity. The precise ration and arrangement of amacrine cell subpopulations suggest that cell-cell interactions are involved in the differentiation of this cell class. To test whether defects of such interactions may be, at least in part, responsible for mutant phenotypes, we performed mosaic analysis and demonstrated that the loss of parvalbumin-positive amacrine cells in chy mutants is due to extrinsic (cell-nonautonomous) causes. The phenotype of another amacrine cell subpopulation, the GABA-positive cells, does not display a clear cell-nonautonomy in chy animals. These results indicate that environmental factors, possibly interactions among different subpopulations of amacrine neurons, are involved in the development of the amacrine cell class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Avanesov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School/MEEI, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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112
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van der Salm AL, Metz JR, Bonga SEW, Flik G. Alpha-MSH, the melanocortin-1 receptor and background adaptation in the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 144:140-9. [PMID: 16019002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of skin darkness in vertebrates is mediated by alpha-melanophore-stimulating-hormone (alphaMSH). For this action, alphaMSH binds to the melanocortin (MC)-1 receptor, a 7-transmembrane receptor located in melanophore cell membranes. The Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, can change the hue of its body in response to a change in background, a process that may involve alphaMSH and the MC1R. Scale melanophores were isolated from tilapia that were acclimatised for 25 days to a black, control grey or white background and then tested for their sensitivity to des-, mono-, and di-acetylated alphaMSH. On all backgrounds, mono-acetylated alphaMSH was the dominant isoform present in pituitary homogenates. Mono-acetylated alphaMSH also had the highest potency to disperse melanosomes. Black background adapted fish showed the highest dispersing response to alphaMSH, independent of the isoform applied. We elucidated the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the tilapia MC1R. We show that its expression in skin does not change when tilapia are acclimatised for 25 days to a black, grey or white background, while a clear change in hue is visible. This finding, combined with the absence of differential MC1R gene expression following background acclimation indicates that the increased sensitivity to alphaMSH is most likely a result of changes in the intracellular signalling system in melanophores of black background adapted fish, rather than up-regulation of the MC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L van der Salm
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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113
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Ban E, Kasai A, Sato M, Yokozeki A, Hisatomi O, Oshima N. The signaling pathway in photoresponses that may be mediated by visual pigments in erythrophores of Nile tilapia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 18:360-9. [PMID: 16162176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to increase the synthesis or vary the distribution of pigment in response to light is an important feature of many pigment cells. Unlike other light-sensitive pigment cells, erythrophores of Nile tilapia change the direction of pigment migration depending on the peak wavelength of incident light: light near 365, 400 or 600 nm induces pigment aggregation, while dispersion occurs in response to light at 500 nm. How these phenomena are achieved is currently unknown. In the present study, the phototransduction involved in the pigment dispersion caused by light at 500 nm or the aggregation by light at 600 nm was examined, using pertussis toxin, cholera toxin, blockers of ion channels, various chemicals affecting serial steps of signaling pathways and membrane-permeable cAMP analog. The results show that light-induced bidirectional movements in tilapia erythrophores may be controlled by cytosolic cAMP levels via Gi- or Gs-type G proteins. In addition, RT-PCR demonstrated for the first time the expression of mRNAs encoding red and green opsins in tilapia fins, only where erythrophores exist. Here, we suggest that multiple cone-type visual pigments may be present in the erythrophores, and that unique cascades in which such opsins couple to Gi or Gs-type G proteins are involved in the photoresponses in these pigment cells. Thus, tilapia erythrophore system seems to be a nice model for understanding the photoresponses of cells other than visual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Ban
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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114
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van der Salm AL, Spanings FAT, Gresnigt R, Bonga SEW, Flik G. Background adaptation and water acidification affect pigmentation and stress physiology of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 144:51-9. [PMID: 16005875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to adjust skin darkness to the background is a common phenomenon in fish. The hormone alpha-melanophore-stimulating hormone (alphaMSH) enhances skin darkening. In Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus L., alphaMSH acts as a corticotropic hormone during adaptation to water with a low pH, in addition to its role in skin colouration. In the current study, we investigated the responses of this fish to these two environmental challenges when it is exposed to both simultaneously. The skin darkening of tilapia on a black background and the lightening on grey and white backgrounds are compromised in water with a low pH, indicating that the two vastly different processes both rely on alphaMSH-regulatory mechanisms. If the water is acidified after 25 days of undisturbed background adaptation, fish showed a transient pigmentation change but recovered after two days and continued the adaptation of their skin darkness to match the background. Black backgrounds are experienced by tilapia as more stressful than grey or white backgrounds both in neutral and in low pH water. A decrease of water pH from 7.8 to 4.5 applied over a two-day period was not experienced as stressful when combined with background adaptation, based on unchanged plasma pH and plasma alphaMSH, and Na levels. However, when water pH was lowered after 25 days of undisturbed background adaptation, particularly alphaMSH levels increased chronically. In these fish, plasma pH and Na levels had decreased, indicating a reduced capacity to maintain ion-homeostasis, implicating that the fish indeed experience stress. We conclude that simultaneous exposure to these two types of stressor has a lower impact on the physiology of tilapia than subsequent exposure to the stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L van der Salm
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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115
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Bolker JA, Hakala TF, Quist JE. Pigmentation development, defects, and patterning in summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). ZOOLOGY 2005; 108:183-93. [PMID: 16351966 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Flounders offer unique opportunities to study the cytological basis of vertebrate pigmentation. Individual skin pigment cells are clearly visible at hatching, and flounder ontogeny includes a dramatic shift in overall pigmentation (from symmetrical to asymmetrical) during metamorphosis. Moreover, several types of malpigmentation occur in hatchery populations; although much effort has gone into reducing the frequency of such defects, their etiology remains poorly understood, and they have rarely been described at the cellular level. In this paper, we use light and fluorescence microscopy to describe the cytological basis of normal developmental changes and of common types of malpigmentation. We then discuss the implications of these observations for underlying patterning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bolker
- Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, 216 Rudman Hall, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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116
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Ruane NM, Lambert JGD, Goos HJT, Komen J. Hypocorticism and interrenal hyperplasia are not directly related to masculinization in XX mas(-1)/mas(-1) carp, Cyprinus carpio. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 143:66-74. [PMID: 15993106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on a homozygous XX male strain of common carp (E5), which fail to mount a normal cortisol stress response. Earlier classical genetic analysis had indicated that masculinization of E5 fish was caused by a putative recessive mutation (mas(-1)/mas(-1)). Hypocorticism in E5 fish was studied to investigate if it was related to masculinization. Head-kidney tissues isolated from E5 fish showed a low cortisol-producing capacity in vitro, and also demonstrated a reduced sensitivity to stimulation with ACTH, when compared with an isogenic XY male carp strain (STD). There was no strain difference in androgen production by head-kidney tissues in vitro. E5 fish exhibited significant hyperplasia of the interrenal tissue (adrenal homologue of teleost fish) located in the head-kidney. Conversion of pregnenolone was significantly lower in E5 head-kidney homogenates, compared to STD homogenates, however, no strain difference was found in the conversion of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone into cortisol. Gonad homogenates incubated with pregnenolone showed no strain difference in conversion to corticosteroids and androgens. Results indicate that the interrenal hyperplasia and hypocorticism in this strain of carp may be due to a dysfunction of the 17alpha-hydroxylase activity of the enzyme P450c17 in the interrenal, but that this defect may not be the primary factor resulting in masculinization of these XX genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Ruane
- Fish Culture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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117
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Sugimoto M, Yuki M, Miyakoshi T, Maruko K. The influence of long-term chromatic adaptation on pigment cells and striped pigment patterns in the skin of the zebrafish,Danio rerio. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 303:430-40. [PMID: 15880775 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The striped pigment patterns in the flanks of zebrafish result from chromatophores deep within the dermis or hypodermis, while superficial melanophores associated with dermal scales add a dark tint to the dorsal coloration. The responses of these chromatophores were compared during the long-term adaptation of zebrafish to a white or a black background. In superficial skin, melanophores, xanthophores, and two types of iridophores are distributed in a gradient along the dorso-ventral axis independent of the hypodermal pigment patterns. Within one week the superficial melanophores and iridophores changed their density and/or areas of distribution, which adopted the dorsal skin color and the hue of the flank to the background, but did not affect the striped pattern. The increases or decreases in superficial melanophores are thought to be caused by apoptosis or by differentiation, respectively. When the adaptation period was prolonged for more than several months, the striped color pattern was also affected by changes in the width of the black stripes. Some black stripes disappeared and interstripe areas were emphasized with a yellow color within one year on a white background. Such long-term alteration in the pigment pattern was caused by a decrease in the distribution of melanophores and a concomitant increase in xanthophores in the hypodermis. These results indicate that morphological responses of superficial chromatophores contribute to the effective and rapid background adaptation of dorsal skin and while prolonged adaptation also affects hypodermal chromatophores in the flank to alter the striped pigment patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Sugimoto
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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118
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Itoh M, Nagatomo K, Kubo Y, Sugimoto M, Saitoh O. Molecular cloning and characterization of a new RGS protein of Medaka. Gene X 2005; 345:165-71. [PMID: 15716102 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified eight genes of putative RGS proteins in skin of Medaka fish using PCR amplification with degenerate primers for the RGS domain of known RGS proteins. Then, we cloned a full-length cDNA for a new RGS protein. This RGS protein was similar to human RGS3 within the RGS domain, but other parts were unique among known RGS proteins. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that this Medaka RGS3-like protein (MeRGS3L) is mainly expressed in skin and heart. When coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes, MeRGS3L accelerated the turning-on and -off of Gi/o-mediated modulation of GIRK channels without apparent desensitization in the presence of ligand. MeRGS3L also decreased the response of Gq signaling upon activation of m1 muscarinic receptor. This new RGS protein may play important roles in regulation of melanophore responses in Medaka skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Itoh
- Department of Bio-Science, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-cho, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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119
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Quigley IK, Manuel JL, Roberts RA, Nuckels RJ, Herrington ER, MacDonald EL, Parichy DM. Evolutionary diversification of pigment pattern in Danio fishes: differential fms dependence and stripe loss in D. albolineatus. Development 2004; 132:89-104. [PMID: 15563521 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The developmental bases for species differences in adult phenotypes remain largely unknown. An emerging system for studying such variation is the adult pigment pattern expressed by Danio fishes. These patterns result from several classes of pigment cells including black melanophores and yellow xanthophores, which differentiate during metamorphosis from latent stem cells of presumptive neural crest origin. In the zebrafish D. rerio, alternating light and dark horizontal stripes develop, in part, owing to interactions between melanophores and cells of the xanthophore lineage that depend on the fms receptor tyrosine kinase; zebrafish fms mutants lack xanthophores and have disrupted melanophore stripes. By contrast, the closely related species D. albolineatus exhibits a uniform pattern of melanophores, and previous interspecific complementation tests identified fms as a potential contributor to this difference between species. Here, we survey additional species and demonstrate marked variation in the fms-dependence of hybrid pigment patterns, suggesting interspecific variation in the fms pathway or fms requirements during pigment pattern formation. We next examine the cellular bases for the evolutionary loss of stripes in D. albolineatus and test the simplest model to explain this transformation, a loss of fms activity in D. albolineatus relative to D. rerio. Within D. albolineatus, we demonstrate increased rates of melanophore death and decreased melanophore migration, different from wild-type D. rerio but similar to fms mutant D. rerio. Yet, we also find persistent fms expression in D. albolineatus and enhanced xanthophore development compared with wild-type D. rerio, and in stark contrast to fms mutant D. rerio. These findings exclude the simplest model in which stripe loss in D. albolineatus results from a loss of fms-dependent xanthophores and their interactions with melanophores. Rather, our results suggest an alternative model in which evolutionary changes in pigment cell interactions themselves have contributed to stripe loss, and we test this model by manipulating melanophore numbers in interspecific hybrids. Together, these data suggest evolutionary changes in the fms pathway or fms requirements, and identify changes in cellular interactions as a likely mechanism of evolutionary change in Danio pigment patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian K Quigley
- Section of Integrative Biology, Section of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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120
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Quigley IK, Turner JM, Nuckels RJ, Manuel JL, Budi EH, MacDonald EL, Parichy DM. Pigment pattern evolution by differential deployment of neural crest and post-embryonic melanophore lineages in Danio fishes. Development 2004; 131:6053-69. [PMID: 15537688 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Latent precursors or stem cells of neural crest origin are present in a variety of post-embryonic tissues. Although these cells are of biomedical interest for roles in human health and disease, their potential evolutionary significance has been underappreciated. As a first step towards elucidating the contributions of such cells to the evolution of vertebrate form, we investigated the relative roles of neural crest cells and post-embryonic latent precursors during the evolutionary diversification of adult pigment patterns in Danio fishes. These pigment patterns result from the numbers and arrangements of embryonic melanophores that are derived from embryonic neural crest cells, as well as from post-embryonic metamorphic melanophores that are derived from latent precursors of presumptive neural crest origin. In the zebrafish D. rerio, a pattern of melanophore stripes arises during the larval-to-adult transformation by the recruitment of metamorphic melanophores from latent precursors. Using a comparative approach in the context of new phylogenetic data, we show that adult pigment patterns in five additional species also arise from metamorphic melanophores, identifying this as an ancestral mode of adult pigment pattern development. By contrast, superficially similar adult stripes of D. nigrofasciatus (a sister species to D. rerio) arise by the reorganization of melanophores that differentiated at embryonic stages, with a diminished contribution from metamorphic melanophores. Genetic mosaic and molecular marker analyses reveal evolutionary changes that are extrinsic to D. nigrofasciatus melanophore lineages, including a dramatic reduction of metamorphic melanophore precursors. Finally, interspecific complementation tests identify a candidate genetic pathway for contributing to the evolutionary reduction in metamorphic melanophores and the increased contribution of early larval melanophores to D. nigrofasciatus adult pigment pattern development. These results demonstrate an important role for latent precursors in the diversification of pigment patterns across danios. More generally, differences in the deployment of post-embryonic neural crest-derived stem cells or their specified progeny may contribute substantially to the evolutionary diversification of adult form in vertebrates, particularly in species that undergo a metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian K Quigley
- Section of Integrative Biology, Section of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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121
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Fukamachi S, Sugimoto M, Mitani H, Shima A. Somatolactin selectively regulates proliferation and morphogenesis of neural-crest derived pigment cells in medaka. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10661-6. [PMID: 15249680 PMCID: PMC489991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401278101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Species-specific colors and patterns on animal body surfaces are determined primarily by neural-crest-derived pigment cells in the skin (chromatophores). However, even closely related species display widely differing patterns. These contrasting aspects of chromatophores (i.e., the fixed developmental control within species and extreme diversity among species) seem to be a curious and suitable subject for understanding evolution and diversity of organisms. Here we identify a gene responsible for medaka "color interfere" mutants by positional cloning. These mutants do not show any obvious morphological and physiological defects other than defects in chromatophore proliferation and morphogenesis. The mutation has been identified as an 11-base deletion in somatolactin, which causes truncation 91 aa upstream of the C terminus of the protein's 230 aa. Somatolactin transcription changed dramatically during morphological body color adaptation to different backgrounds. This genetic evidence explains somatolactin function. Studying this mutant will provide further insights into the development and regulation of chromatophores and clues for reassessing other functions of somatolactin suggested in other fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Fukamachi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
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122
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Anichtchik OV, Kaslin J, Peitsaro N, Scheinin M, Panula P. Neurochemical and behavioural changes in zebrafish Danio rerio after systemic administration of 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. J Neurochem 2003; 88:443-53. [PMID: 14690532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic deficiency in the brain of zebrafish was produced by systemic administration of two catecholaminergic neurotoxins, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and the neurochemical and behavioural changes were characterized. The levels of dopamine and noradrenaline decreased significantly after the injection of MPTP and 6-OHDA. Corresponding to these changes, fish exhibited characteristic changes in locomotor behaviour, i.e. the total distance moved and velocity decreased after both neurotoxins. Tyrosine hydroxylase and caspase 3 protein levels were not altered after MPTP or 6-OHDA injections, as studied by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The catecholaminergic cell clusters suggested to correspond to the mammalian nigrostriatal cell group displayed normal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity after the toxin treatment and did not show signs of DNA fragmentation that would indicate activation of cascades that lead to cell death. The results show that single systemic injections of MPTP and 6-OHDA induce both biochemical and behavioural changes in zebrafish, albeit failing to produce any significant morphological alteration in catecholaminergic cell clusters at the tested doses. This approach may be used for the screening of chemicals affecting the dopaminergic system. The model may be especially useful for evaluation of the role of novel genes in neurotoxicity, as a large number of zebrafish mutants are becoming available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Anichtchik
- Neuroscience Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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123
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Parichy DM, Turner JM. Temporal and cellular requirements for Fms signaling during zebrafish adult pigment pattern development. Development 2003; 130:817-33. [PMID: 12538511 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ectothermic vertebrates exhibit a diverse array of adult pigment patterns. A common element of these patterns is alternating dark and light stripes each comprising different classes of neural crest-derived pigment cells. In the zebrafish, Danio rerio, alternating horizontal stripes of black melanophores and yellow xanthophores are a prominent feature of the adult pigment pattern. In fms mutant zebrafish, however, xanthophores fail to develop and melanophore stripes are severely disrupted. fms encodes a type III receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by xanthophores and their precursors and is the closest known homologue of kit, which has long been studied for roles in pigment pattern development in amniotes. In this study we assess the cellular and temporal requirements for Fms activity in promoting adult pigment pattern development. By transplanting cells between fms mutants and either wild-type or nacre mutant zebrafish, we show that fms acts autonomously to the xanthophore lineage in promoting the striped arrangement of adult melanophores. To identify critical periods for fms activity, we isolated temperature sensitive alleles of fms and performed reciprocal temperature shift experiments at a range of stages from embryo to adult. These analyses demonstrate that Fms is essential for maintaining cells of the xanthophore lineage as well as maintaining the organization of melanophore stripes throughout development. Finally, we show that restoring Fms activity even at late larval stages allows essentially complete recovery of xanthophores and the development of a normal melanophore stripe pattern. Our findings suggest that fms is not required for establishing a population of precursor cells during embryogenesis but is required for recruiting pigment cell precursors to xanthophore fates, with concomitant effects on melanophore organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Parichy
- Section of Integrative Biology, Section of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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