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Mercadante AZ, Rodrigues DB, Petry FC, Mariutti LRB. Carotenoid esters in foods - A review and practical directions on analysis and occurrence. Food Res Int 2016; 99:830-850. [PMID: 28847421 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are naturally found in both free form and esterified with fatty acids in most fruits and some vegetables; however, up to now the great majority of studies presents data on carotenoid composition only after saponification. The reasons for this approach are that a single xanthophyll can be esterified with several different fatty acids, generating a great number of different compounds with similar chemical and structural characteristics, thus, increasing the complexity of analysis compared to the respective saponified extract. This means that since UV/Vis spectrum does not change due to esterification, differentiation between free and acylated xanthophylls is dependent at least on elution order and mass spectrometry (MS) features. The presence of interfering compounds, especially triacylglycerides (TAGs), in the non-saponified extract of carotenoids can also impair carotenoid ester analyses by MS due to high background noise and ionization suppression since TAGs can be present in much higher concentrations than the carotenoid esters. This leads to the need of development of new and effective clean-up procedures to remove the potential interferents. In addition, only few standards of xanthophyll esters are commercially available, making identification and quantification of such compounds even more difficult. Xanthophyll esterification may also alter some properties of these compounds, including solubility, thermostability and bioavailability. Considering that commonly consumed foods are dietary sources of xanthophyll esters and that it is the actual form of ingestion of such compounds, an increasing interest on the native carotenoid composition of foods is observed nowadays. This review presents a compilation of the current available information about xanthophyll ester analyses and occurrence and a practical guide for extraction, pre-chromatographic procedures, separation and identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniele B Rodrigues
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiane C Petry
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Regina Barros Mariutti
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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102
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Zhu J, Sun X, Chen X, Wang S, Wang D. Chemical cleavage of fucoxanthin from Undaria pinnatifida and formation of apo-fucoxanthinones and apo-fucoxanthinals identified using LC-DAD-APCI-MS/MS. Food Chem 2016; 211:365-73. [PMID: 27283644 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundant carotenoid in nature, fucoxanthin is susceptible to oxidation under some conditions, forming cleavage products that possibly exhibit both positive and negative health effects in vitro and in vivo. Thus, to produce relatively high amounts of cleavage products, chemical oxidation of fucoxanthin was performed. Kinetic models for oxidation were probed and reaction products were identified. The results indicated that both potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HClO/ClO(-)) treatment fitted a first-order kinetic model, while oxidation promoted by hydroxyl radical (OH) followed second-order kinetics. With the help of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a total of 14 apo-fucoxanthins were detected as predominant cleavage products, with structural and geometric isomers identified among them. Three apo-fucoxanthinones and eleven apo-fucoxanthinals, of which five were cis-apo-fucoxanthinals, were detected upon oxidation by the three oxidizing agents (KMnO4, HClO/ClO(-), and OH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Qingdao 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
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103
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Smith JW, Rogers RB, Jeon S, Rubakhin SS, Wang L, Sweedler JV, Neuringer M, Kuchan MJ, Erdman JW. Carrot solution culture bioproduction of uniformly labeled 13C-lutein and in vivo dosing in non-human primates. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:305-315. [PMID: 27798119 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216675067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a xanthophyll abundant in nature and most commonly present in the human diet through consumption of leafy green vegetables. With zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin, lutein is a component of the macular pigment of the retina, where it protects against photooxidation and age-related macular degeneration. Recent studies have suggested that lutein may positively impact cognition throughout the lifespan, but outside of the retina, the deposition, metabolism, and function(s) of lutein are poorly understood. Using a novel botanical cell culture system ( Daucus carota), the present study aimed to produce a stable isotope lutein tracer for use in future investigations of dietary lutein distribution and metabolism. Carrot cultivars were initiated into liquid solution culture, lutein production conditions optimized, and uniformly labeled 13C-glucose was provided as the sole media carbon source for four serial growth cycles. Lutein yield was 2.58 ± 0.24 µg/g, and mass spectrometry confirmed high enrichment of 13C: 64.9% of lutein was uniformly labeled and 100% of lutein was labeled on at least 37 of 40 possible carbons. Purification of carrot extracts yielded a lutein dose of 1.92 mg with 96.0 ± 0.60% purity. 13C-lutein signals were detectable in hepatic extracts of an adult rhesus macaque monkey ( Macaca mulatta) dosed with 13C-lutein, but not in hepatic samples collected from control animals. This novel botanical biofactory approach can be used to produce sufficient quantities of highly enriched and pure 13C-lutein doses for use in tracer studies investigating lutein distribution, metabolism, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Smith
- 1 Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Randy B Rogers
- 2 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sookyoung Jeon
- 1 Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martha Neuringer
- 4 Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - John W Erdman
- 1 Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,2 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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104
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Sowani H, Mohite P, Damale S, Kulkarni M, Zinjarde S. Carotenoid stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles derived from the Actinomycete Gordonia amicalis HS-11 as effective free radical scavengers. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 95:164-173. [PMID: 27866612 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Actinomycete Gordonia amicalis HS-11 produced orange pigments when cultivated on n-hexadecane as the sole carbon source. When cells of this pigmented bacterium were incubated with 1mM chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) or silver nitrate (AgNO3), pH 9.0, at 25°C, gold and silver nanoparticles, respectively, were obtained in a cell associated manner. It was hypothesized that the pigments present in the cells may be mediating metal reduction reactions. After solvent extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography, two major pigments displaying UV-vis spectra characteristic of carotenoids were isolated. These were identified on the basis of Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (APCI-MS) in the positive mode as 1'-OH-4-keto-γ-carotene (Carotenoid K) and 1'-OH-γ-carotene (Carotenoid B). The hydroxyl groups present in the carotenoids were eliminated under alkaline conditions and provided the reducing equivalents necessary for synthesizing nanoparticles. Cell associated and carotenoid stabilized nanoparticles were characterized by different analytical techniques. In vitro free radical scavenging activities of cells (control, gold and silver nanoparticle loaded), purified carotenoids and carotenoid stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles were evaluated. Silver nanoparticle loaded cells and carotenoid stabilized silver nanoparticles exhibited improved nitric oxide (NO) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities compared to their control and gold counterparts. This paper thus reports cell associated nanoparticle synthesis by G. amicalis, describes for the first time the role of carotenoid pigments in metal reduction processes and demonstrates enhanced free radical scavenging activities of the carotenoid stabilized nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshada Sowani
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Pallavi Mohite
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007 India, India
| | - Shailesh Damale
- Shimadzu Analytical (India) Pvt. Ltd, Andheri East, Mumbai 400059, India
| | - Mohan Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India.
| | - Smita Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007 India, India; Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India.
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105
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Neto FC, Guaratini T, Costa-Lotufo L, Colepicolo P, Gates PJ, Lopes NP. Re-investigation of the fragmentation of protonated carotenoids by electrospray ionization and nanospray tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1540-1548. [PMID: 27321841 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carotenoids are polyene isoprenoids with an important role in photosynthesis and photoprotection. Their characterization in biological matrices is a crucial subject for biochemical research. In this work we report the full fragmentation of 16 polyenes (carotenes and xanthophylls) by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-CID-MS/MS) and nanospray tandem mass spectrometry (nanoESI-CID-MS/MS). METHODS Analyses were carried out on a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer coupled with a nanoESI source and on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer with an ESI source. The formulae of the product ions were determined by accurate-mass measurements. RESULTS It is demonstrated that the fragmentation routes observed for the protonated carotenoids derive essentially from charge-remote fragmentations and pericyclic rearrangements, such as electrocyclic and retro-ene eliminations (assisted or not by a sigmatropic hydrogen shift). All mechanisms are dependent on cis-trans isomerization through the formation of several conjugated polyene carbocation intermediates. Some specific ions for the carotenoid epoxides were justified through formation of cyclic oxonium ions. CONCLUSIONS Complete fragmentation pathways of protonated carotenoids by ESI- and nanoESI-CID-MS/MS provided structural information about functional groups, polyene chain and double bonds, and contribute to identification of carotenoids based on MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Carnevale Neto
- NPPNS, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Guaratini
- NPPNS, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Lychnoflora Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Produtos Naturais LTDA, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia Costa-Lotufo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul J Gates
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, UK
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- NPPNS, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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106
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Jumaah F, Plaza M, Abrahamsson V, Turner C, Sandahl M. A fast and sensitive method for the separation of carotenoids using ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5883-5894. [PMID: 27349917 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid and sensitive ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS) method has been developed and partially validated for the separation of carotenoids within less than 6 min. Six columns of orthogonal selectivity were examined, and the best separation was obtained by using a 1-aminoanthracene (1-AA) column. The length of polyene chain as well as the number of hydroxyl groups in the structure of the studied carotenoids determines their differences in the physiochemical properties and thus the separation that is achieved on this column. All of the investigated carotenoids were baseline separated with resolution values greater than 1.5. The effects of gradient program, back pressure, and column temperature were studied with respect to chromatographic properties such as retention and selectivity. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) were compared in both positive and negative mode, using both direct infusion and hyphenated with UHPSFC. The ESI in positive mode provided the highest response. The coefficient of determination (R (2)) for all calibration curves were greater than 0.998. Limit of detection (LOD) was in the range of 2.6 and 25.2 ng/mL for α-carotene and astaxanthin, respectively, whereas limit of quantification (LOQ) was in the range of 7.8 and 58.0 ng/mL for α-carotene and astaxanthin, respectively. Repeatability and intermediate precision of the developed UHPSFC-MS method were determined and found to be RSD < 3 % and RSD < 6 %, respectively. The method was applied in order to determine carotenoids in supercritical fluid extracts of microalgae and rosehip. Graphical Abstract Ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-a rapid separation method for the analysis of carotenoids in rosehip and microalgae samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Jumaah
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Merichel Plaza
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Victor Abrahamsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
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107
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Rivera Vélez SM. Guide for Carotenoid Identification in Biological Samples. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1473-1484. [PMID: 27158746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been considerable interest in carotenoids with respect to their biological roles in animals, microorganisms, and plants, in addition to their use in the chemical, cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical, poultry, and other industries. However, the structural diversity, the different range of concentration, and the presence of cis/trans-isomers complicate the identification of carotenoids. This review provides updated information on their physical and chemical properties as well as spectroscopic and chromatographic data for the unambiguous determination of carotenoids in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Maiam Rivera Vélez
- Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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108
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Zhong L, Gustavsson KE, Oredsson S, Głąb B, Yilmaz JL, Olsson ME. Determination of free and esterified carotenoid composition in rose hip fruit by HPLC-DAD-APCI(+)-MS. Food Chem 2016; 210:541-50. [PMID: 27211680 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rose hip fruit, which contains high concentration of carotenoids is commonly used for different food products in Europe and it is considered to have medical properties. In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient HPLC-DAD-APCI(+)-MS method was developed and applied to identify and quantify the carotenoids in rose hip fruit of four rose species, including both unsaponified and saponified extract. In the unsaponified extract 23 carotenoid esters were detected, in which either rubixanthin ester or violaxanthin ester was the dominant component of the ester composition. In the saponified extract 21 carotenoids, including 11 xanthophylls and 10 carotenes were detected. This is the first time the total carotenoid composition, including the carotenoid esters in rose hip fruit were identified and quantified. This work reveals the potential of rose hip fruit to be utilized as a healthy dietary material and give chemical information for the possible future development in the pharmacology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhong
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Karl-Erik Gustavsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Stina Oredsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bartosz Głąb
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Marie E Olsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
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109
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Kumar B N V, Kampe B, Rösch P, Popp J. Characterization of carotenoids in soil bacteria and investigation of their photodegradation by UVA radiation via resonance Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2016; 140:4584-93. [PMID: 26029748 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00438a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A soil habitat consists of an enormous number of pigmented bacteria with the pigments mainly composed of diverse carotenoids. Most of the pigmented bacteria in the top layer of the soil are photoprotected from exposure to huge amounts of UVA radiation on a daily basis by these carotenoids. The photostability of these carotenoids depends heavily on the presence of specific features like a carbonyl group or an ionone ring system on its overall structure. Resonance Raman spectroscopy is one of the most sensitive and powerful techniques to detect and characterize these carotenoids and also monitor processes associated with them in their native system at a single cell resolution. However, most of the resonance Raman profiles of carotenoids have very minute differences, thereby making it extremely difficult to confirm if these differences are attributed to the presence of different carotenoids or if it is a consequence of their interaction with other cellular components. In this study, we devised a method to overcome this problem by monitoring also the photodegradation of the carotenoids in question by UVA radiation wherein a differential photodegradation response will confirm the presence of different carotenoids irrespective of the proximities in their resonance Raman profiles. Using this method, the detection and characterization of carotenoids in pure cultures of five species of pigmented coccoid soil bacteria is achieved. We also shed light on the influence of the structure of the carotenoid on its photodegradation which can be exploited for use in the characterization of carotenoids via resonance Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar B N
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Saini RK, Nile SH, Park SW. Carotenoids from fruits and vegetables: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, bioavailability and biological activities. Food Res Int 2015; 76:735-750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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112
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Gentili A, Caretti F, Ventura S, Pérez-Fernández V, Venditti A, Curini R. Screening of Carotenoids in Tomato Fruits by Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array-Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7428-7439. [PMID: 26257083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an analytical strategy for a large-scale screening of carotenoids in tomato fruits by exploiting the potentialities of the triple quadrupole-linear ion trap hybrid mass spectrometer (QqQLIT). The method involves separation on C30 reversed-phase column and identification by means of diode array detection (DAD) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). The authentic standards of six model compounds were used to optimize the separative conditions and to predict the chromatographic behavior of untargeted carotenoids. An information dependent acquisition (IDA) was performed with (i) enhanced-mass scan (EMS) as the survey scan, (ii) enhanced-resolution (ER) scan to obtain the exact mass of the precursor ions (16-35 ppm), and (iii) enhanced product ion (EPI) scan as dependent scan to obtain structural information. LC-DAD-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatograms were also acquired for the identification of targeted carotenoids occurring at low concentrations; for the first time, the relative abundance between the MRM transitions (ion ratio) was used as an extra tool for the MS distinction of structural isomers and the related families of geometrical isomers. The whole analytical strategy was high-throughput, because a great number of experimental data could be acquired with few analytical steps, and cost-effective, because only few standards were used; when applied to characterize some tomato varieties ('Tangerine', 'Pachino', 'Datterino', and 'Camone') and passata of 'San Marzano' tomatoes, our method succeeded in identifying up to 44 carotenoids in the 'Tangerine'" variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fulvia Caretti
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ventura
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Virginia Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venditti
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Characterization of Shrimp Oil from Pandalus borealis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:3849-76. [PMID: 26096274 PMCID: PMC4483660 DOI: 10.3390/md13063849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, was recovered from the cooking water of shrimp processing facilities. The oil contains significant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in triglyceride form, along with substantial long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). It also features natural isomeric forms of astaxanthin, a nutritional carotenoid, which gives the oil a brilliant red color. As part of our efforts in developing value added products from waste streams of the seafood processing industry, we present in this paper a comprehensive characterization of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) and astaxanthin esters that predominate in the shrimp oil by using HPLC-HRMS and MS/MS, as well as 13C-NMR. This approach, in combination with FAME analysis, offers direct characterization of fatty acid molecules in their intact forms, including the distribution of regioisomers in TAGs. The information is important for the standardization and quality control, as well as for differentiation of composition features of shrimp oil, which could be sold as an ingredient in health supplements and functional foods.
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114
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Juin C, Bonnet A, Nicolau E, Bérard JB, Devillers R, Thiéry V, Cadoret JP, Picot L. UPLC-MSE profiling of Phytoplankton metabolites: application to the identification of pigments and structural analysis of metabolites in Porphyridium purpureum. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2541-58. [PMID: 25913708 PMCID: PMC4413225 DOI: 10.3390/md13042541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fast and high-resolution UPLC-MSE analysis was used to identify phytoplankton pigments in an ethanol extract of Porphyridium purpureum (Pp) devoid of phycobiliproteins. In a first step, 22 standard pigments were analyzed by UPLC-MSE to build a database including retention time and accurate masses of parent and fragment ions. Using this database, seven pigments or derivatives previously reported in Pp were unequivocally identified: β,β-carotene, chlorophyll a, zeaxanthin, chlorophyllide a, pheophorbide a, pheophytin a, and cryptoxanthin. Minor amounts of Divinyl chlorophyll a, a chemotaxonomic pigment marker for prochlorophytes, were also unequivocally identified using the database. Additional analysis of ionization and fragmentation patterns indicated the presence of ions that could correspond to hydroxylated derivatives of chlorophyll a and pheophytin a, produced during the ethanolic extraction, as well as previously described galactosyldiacylglycerols, the thylakoid coenzyme plastoquinone, and gracilamide B, a molecule previously reported in the red seaweed Gracillaria asiatica. These data point to UPLC-MSE as an efficient technique to identify phytoplankton pigments for which standards are available, and demonstrate its major interest as a complementary method for the structural elucidation of ionizable marine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Juin
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17042 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Antoine Bonnet
- Platform for the High Resolution Analysis of Biomolecules, University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17042 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Elodie Nicolau
- IFREMER, Laboratory BRM/PBA, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Romain Devillers
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17042 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Valérie Thiéry
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17042 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Cadoret
- IFREMER, Laboratory BRM/PBA, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Laurent Picot
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17042 La Rochelle, France.
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Pacini T, Fu W, Gudmundsson S, Chiaravalle AE, Brynjolfson S, Palsson BO, Astarita G, Paglia G. Multidimensional analytical approach based on UHPLC-UV-ion mobility-MS for the screening of natural pigments. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2593-9. [PMID: 25647265 DOI: 10.1021/ac504707n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we propose a novel strategy that combines a typical ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), data-independent mass spectrometry (MS(E)) workflow with traveling wave ion mobility (TWIM) and UV detection, to improve the characterization of carotenoids and chlorophylls in complex biological matrices. UV detection selectively highlighted pigments absorbing at specific wavelengths, while TWIM coupled to MS was used to maximize the peak capacity. We applied this approach for the analysis of pigments in different microalgae samples, including Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Using UHPLC-UV-MS(E) information (retention time, absorbance at 450 nm, and accurate masses of precursors and product ions), we tentatively identified 26 different pigments (carotenes, chlorophylls, and xanthophylls). By adding TWIM information (collision cross sections), we further resolved 5 isobaric pigments, not resolved by UHPLC-UV-MS(E) alone. The characterization of the molecular phenotypes allowed us to differentiate the microalgae species. Our results demonstrate that a combination of TWIM and UV detection with traditional analytical approaches increases the selectivity and specificity of analysis, providing a new tool to characterize pigments in biological samples. We anticipate that such an analytical approach will be extended to other lipidomics and metabolomics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pacini
- Center For Systems Biology, University of Iceland , Reykjavik, Iceland
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