101
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DNA aptamers for the recognition of HMGB1 from Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211756. [PMID: 30964875 PMCID: PMC6456224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) for malaria are restricted to a few biomarkers and antibody-mediated detection. However, the expression of commonly used biomarkers varies geographically and the sensibility of immunodetection can be affected by batch-to-batch differences or limited thermal stability. In this study we aimed to overcome these limitations by identifying a potential biomarker and by developing molecular sensors based on aptamer technology. Using gene expression databases, ribosome profiling analysis, and structural modeling, we find that the High Mobility Group Box 1 protein (HMGB1) of Plasmodium falciparum is highly expressed, structurally stable, and present along all blood-stages of P. falciparum infection. To develop biosensors, we used in vitro evolution techniques to produce DNA aptamers for the recombinantly expressed HMG-box, the conserved domain of HMGB1. An evolutionary approach for evaluating the dynamics of aptamer populations suggested three predominant aptamer motifs. Representatives of the aptamer families were tested for binding parameters to the HMG-box domain using microscale thermophoresis and rapid kinetics. Dissociation constants of the aptamers varied over two orders of magnitude between nano- and micromolar ranges while the aptamer-HMG-box interaction occurred in a few seconds. The specificity of aptamer binding to the HMG-box of P. falciparum compared to its human homolog depended on pH conditions. Altogether, our study proposes HMGB1 as a candidate biomarker and a set of sensing aptamers that can be further developed into rapid diagnostic tests for P. falciparum detection.
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102
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Fraser LA, Cheung YW, Kinghorn AB, Guo W, Shiu SCC, Jinata C, Liu M, Bhuyan S, Nan L, Shum HC, Tanner JA. Microfluidic Technology for Nucleic Acid Aptamer Evolution and Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900012. [PMID: 32627415 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The intersection of microfluidics and aptamer technologies holds particular promise for rapid progress in a plethora of applications across biomedical science and other areas. Here, the influence of microfluidics on the field of aptamers, from traditional capillary electrophoresis approaches through innovative modern-day approaches using micromagnetic beads and emulsion droplets, is reviewed. Miniaturizing aptamer-based bioassays through microfluidics has the potential to transform diagnostics and embedded biosensing in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Fraser
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Yee-Wai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Andrew B Kinghorn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Simon Chi-Chin Shiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Chandra Jinata
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Mengping Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Soubhagya Bhuyan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Lang Nan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Julian A Tanner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
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103
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Bamburowicz-Klimkowska M, Poplawska M, Grudzinski IP. Nanocomposites as biomolecules delivery agents in nanomedicine. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:48. [PMID: 30943985 PMCID: PMC6448271 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are atomic clusters of crystalline or amorphous structure that possess unique physical and chemical properties associated with a size range of between 1 and 100 nm. Their nano-sized dimensions, which are in the same range as those of vital biomolecules, such as antibodies, membrane receptors, nucleic acids, and proteins, allow them to interact with different structures within living organisms. Because of these features, numerous nanoparticles are used in medicine as delivery agents for biomolecules. However, off-target drug delivery can cause serious side effects to normal tissues and organs. Considering this issue, it is essential to develop bioengineering strategies to significantly reduce systemic toxicity and improve therapeutic effect. In contrast to passive delivery, nanosystems enable to obtain enhanced therapeutic efficacy, decrease the possibility of drug resistance, and reduce side effects of "conventional" therapy in cancers. The present review provides an overview of the most recent (mostly last 3 years) achievements related to different biomolecules used to enable targeting capabilities of highly diverse nanoparticles. These include monoclonal antibodies, receptor-specific peptides or proteins, deoxyribonucleic acids, ribonucleic acids, [DNA/RNA] aptamers, and small molecules such as folates, and even vitamins or carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Poplawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Str, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz P Grudzinski
- Department of Applied Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
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104
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Pleshakova TO, Kaysheva AL, Shumov ID, Ziborov VS, Bayzyanova JM, Konev VA, Uchaikin VF, Archakov AI, Ivanov YD. Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein in Serum Using Aptamer-Functionalized AFM Chips. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E129. [PMID: 30781415 PMCID: PMC6413090 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles in serum samples using a chip with aptamer-functionalized surface (apta-based AFM chip). The target particles, containing core antigen of HCV (HCVcoreAg protein), were biospecifically captured onto the chip surface from 1 mL of test solution containing 10 µL of serum collected from a hepatitis C patient. The registration of aptamer/antigen complexes on the chip surface was performed by AFM. The aptamers used in the present study were initially developed for therapeutic purposes; herein, these aptamers have been successfully utilized as probe molecules for HCVcoreAg detection in the presence of a complex protein matrix (human serum). The results obtained herein can be used for the development of detection systems that employ affine enrichment for protein detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan D Shumov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia.
| | - Vadim S Ziborov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia.
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia.
| | - Jana M Bayzyanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Konev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Vasiliy F Uchaikin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | | | - Yuri D Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia.
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105
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Luu T, Liu M, Chen Y, Hushiarian R, Cass A, Tang BZ, Hong Y. Aptamer-Based Biosensing with a Cationic AIEgen. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of low-cost biosensing platforms with high selectivity and sensitivity is important for constructing portable devices for personal health monitoring. Herein, we report a simple biosensing strategy based on the combination of a cationic AIEgen (aggregation-induced emission fluorogen), TPE-2+, with an aptamer for specific protein detection. The target protein can displace the dye molecules on the dye–aptamer complex, resulting in changes in the fluorescence signal. Selectivity towards different targets can be achieved by simply changing the aptamer sequence. The working mechanism is also investigated.
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106
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Zhou W, Sun S, Zeng Y, Zhang H, Liang L, Xiao X, Song J, Ye M, Yang Y, Zhao J, Wang Z, Liu J. Targeting c-met receptor tyrosine kinase by the DNA aptamer SL1 as a potential novel therapeutic option for myeloma. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5978-5990. [PMID: 30353654 PMCID: PMC6237600 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c‐met pathway activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM), and blocking this pathway has been considered a rational therapeutic strategy for treating MM. Aptamers are single‐stranded nucleic acid molecules that fold into complex 3D structures and bind to a variety of targets. Recently, it was reported that DNA aptamer SL1 exhibited high specificity and affinity for c‐met and inhibited HGF/c‐met signaling in SNU‐5 cells. However, as the first c‐met‐targeted DNA aptamer to be identified, application of SL1 to myeloma treatment requires further investigation. Here, we explore the potential application of SL1 in MM. Our results indicated that c‐met expression is gradually increased in MM patients and contributes to poor outcomes. SL1 selectively bound to c‐met‐positive MM cells but not to normal B cells and suppressed the growth, migration and adhesion of MM cells in vitro in a co‐culture model performed with HS5 cells, wherein SL1 inhibited HGF‐induced activation of c‐met signaling. In vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging showed that SL1 accumulated in the c‐met positive tumour areas. In addition, SL1 was active against CD138+ primary MM cells and displayed a synergistic inhibition effect with bortezomib. Collectively, our data suggested that SL1 could be beneficial as a c‐met targeted antagonist in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Nursing Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sunming Sun
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yayue Zeng
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Long Liang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xiao
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhui Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujia Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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107
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Development of an aptamer-based field effect transistor biosensor for quantitative detection of Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase in serum samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:30-35. [PMID: 30308419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been a continuous strive to develop portable, stable, sensitive and low cost detection system for malaria to meet the demand of effective screening actions in developing countries where the disease is most endemic. Herein, we report an aptamer-based field effect transistor (aptaFET) biosensor, developed by using an extended gate field effect transistor with inter-digitated gold microelectrodes (IDµE) for the detection of the malaria biomarker Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase (PfGDH) in serum samples. A 90 mer long ssDNA aptamer (NG3) selective to PfGDH was used in the aptaFET to capture the target protein. The intrinsic surface net charge of the captured protein led to change in gate potential of the aptaFET device, which could be correlated to the concentration of the protein. This biosensor exhibited a sensitive response in broad dynamic range of 100 fM -10 nM with limits of detection of 16.7 pM and 48.6 pM in spiked buffer and serum samples, respectively. The high selectivity of the biosensor for PfGDH was verified by testing relevant analogous human and parasitic proteins on the device. Overall, the results validated the application potential of the developed aptaFET for diagnosis of both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria.
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108
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Aptamers as Diagnostic Tools in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030086. [PMID: 30208607 PMCID: PMC6160954 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Researchers have been working hard on investigating not only improved therapeutics but also on early detection methods, both critical to increasing treatment efficacy, and developing methods for disease prevention. The use of nucleic acids, or aptamers, has emerged as more specific and accurate cancer diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that recognize specific targets based on unique three-dimensional conformations. Despite the fact aptamer development has been mainly restricted to laboratory settings, the unique attributes of these molecules suggest their high potential for clinical advances in cancer detection. Aptamers can be selected for a wide range of targets, and also linked with an extensive variety of diagnostic agents, via physical or chemical conjugation, to improve previously-established detection methods or to be used as novel biosensors for cancer diagnosis. Consequently, herein we review the principal considerations and recent updates in cancer detection and imaging through aptamer-based molecules.
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109
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Aljohani MM, Chinnappan R, Eissa S, Alsager OA, Weber K, Cialla-May D, Popp J, Zourob M. In Vitro Selection of Specific DNA Aptamers Against the Anti-Coagulant Dabigatran Etexilate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13290. [PMID: 30185972 PMCID: PMC6125329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dabigatran Etexilate (PRADAXA) is a new oral anticoagulant increasingly used for a number of blood thrombosis conditions, prevention of strokes and systemic emboli among patients with atrial fibrillation. It provides safe and adequate anticoagulation for prevention and treatment of thrombus in several clinical settings. However, anticoagulation therapy can be associated with an increased risk of bleeding. There is a lack of specific laboratory tests to determine the level of this drug in blood. This is considered the most important obstacles of using this medication, particularly for patients with trauma, drug toxicity, in urgent need for surgical interventions or uncontrolled bleeding. In this work, we performed Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) to select specific DNA aptamers against dabigatran etexilate. Following multiple rounds of selection and enrichment with a randomized 60-mer DNA library, specific DNA aptamers for dabigatran were selected. We investigated the affinity and specificity of generated aptamers to the drug showing dissociation constants (Kd) ranging from 46.8-208 nM. The most sensitive aptamer sequence was selected and applied in an electrochemical biosensor to successfully achieve 0. 01 ng/ml level of detection of the target drug. With further improvement of the assay and optimization, these aptamers would replace conventional antibodies for developing detection assays in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher M Aljohani
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Collage of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center for Applied Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Raja Chinnappan
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Eissa
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Alsager
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karina Weber
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center for Applied Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg7, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center for Applied Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg7, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center for Applied Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg7, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia.
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia.
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110
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Fatahi A, Rahimmanesh I, Mirian M, Rohani F, Boshtam M, Gheibi A, Shariati L, Khanahmad H, Kouhpayeh S. Construction and characterization of human embryonic kidney-(HEK)-293T cell overexpressing truncated α4 integrin. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:353-359. [PMID: 30065768 PMCID: PMC6040166 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.235162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blockade of α4 integrin by antibodies could be an appropriate treatment strategy in multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. Considering disadvantages of antibodies, other elements (e.g. aptamers) have been proposed for antibodies replacement. Isolation of aptamers through cell-SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) method requires positive and negative expressing α4 integrin cell lines. For a better isolation, we intended to construct a negative cell line lacking of specific ligand binding site of α4 integrin. Escherichia coli strain top 10 was used for truncated integrin subunit α4 (TITGA-4) expression vector. Human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293T cell was transfected with linearized TITGA-4 plasmid and subsequently screened for stable truncated TITGA-4 expressing cells. Chromosomal DNA of truncated TITGA-4-transfected cells was extracted and the presence of truncated TITGA-4 gene in HEK-293T genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression level of truncated TITGA-4 on HEK-293T cells was also analysed by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Real-time PCR and flow cytometric analysis showed significant difference of truncated TITGA-4 expression between untransfected HEK-293T cells compared to transfected cells. The results suggest that we have successfully constructed the truncated integrin α4 expressing HEK-293T cell, which will facilitate further research into the production of antibody, nanobody, and aptamer against α4 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Fatahi
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Payame Noor University, Taft, Yazd, I.R. Iran
| | - Ilnaz Rahimmanesh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mina Mirian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Fattah Rohani
- Faculty of veterinary medicine, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran
| | - Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Azam Gheibi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
- Applied physiology research center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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111
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Langley RJ, Wong HR. Early Diagnosis of Sepsis: Is an Integrated Omics Approach the Way Forward? Mol Diagn Ther 2018. [PMID: 28624903 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of death in the USA and it is expected to get worse as the population ages. Moreover, the standard of care, which recommends aggressive treatment with appropriate antibiotics, has led to an increase in multiple drug-resistant organisms. There is a dire need for the development of new antibiotics, improved antibiotic stewardship, and therapies that treat the host response. Development of new sepsis therapeutics has been a disappointment as no drugs are currently approved to treat the various complications from sepsis. Much of the failure has been blamed on animal models that do not accurately reflect the course of the disease. However, recent improvements in metabolomic, transcriptomic, genomic, and proteomic platforms have allowed for a broad-spectrum look at molecular changes in the host response using clinical samples. Integration of these multi-omic datasets allows researchers to perform systems biology approaches to identify novel pathophysiology of the disease. In this review, we highlight what is currently known about sepsis and how integrative omics has identified new diagnostic and predictive models of sepsis as well as novel mechanisms. These changes may improve patient care as well as guide future preclinical analysis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Langley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Hector R Wong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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112
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Bulbul G, Chaves G, Olivier J, Ozel RE, Pourmand N. Nanopipettes as Monitoring Probes for the Single Living Cell: State of the Art and Future Directions in Molecular Biology. Cells 2018; 7:E55. [PMID: 29882813 PMCID: PMC6024992 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Examining the behavior of a single cell within its natural environment is valuable for understanding both the biological processes that control the function of cells and how injury or disease lead to pathological change of their function. Single-cell analysis can reveal information regarding the causes of genetic changes, and it can contribute to studies on the molecular basis of cell transformation and proliferation. By contrast, whole tissue biopsies can only yield information on a statistical average of several processes occurring in a population of different cells. Electrowetting within a nanopipette provides a nanobiopsy platform for the extraction of cellular material from single living cells. Additionally, functionalized nanopipette sensing probes can differentiate analytes based on their size, shape or charge density, making the technology uniquely suited to sensing changes in single-cell dynamics. In this review, we highlight the potential of nanopipette technology as a non-destructive analytical tool to monitor single living cells, with particular attention to integration into applications in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Bulbul
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Gepoliano Chaves
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Joseph Olivier
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Rifat Emrah Ozel
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Nader Pourmand
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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113
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Duo J, Chiriac C, Huang RYC, Mehl J, Chen G, Tymiak A, Sabbatini P, Pillutla R, Zhang Y. Slow Off-Rate Modified Aptamer (SOMAmer) as a Novel Reagent in Immunoassay Development for Accurate Soluble Glypican-3 Quantification in Clinical Samples. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5162-5170. [PMID: 29605994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of soluble glypican-3 in clinical samples using immunoassays is challenging, because of the lack of appropriate antibody reagents to provide a full spectrum measurement of all potential soluble glypican-3 fragments in vivo. Glypican-3 SOMAmer (slow off-rate modified aptamer) is a novel reagent that binds, with high affinity, to a far distinct epitope of glypican-3, when compared to all available antibody reagents generated in-house. This paper describes an integrated analytical approach to rational selection of key reagents based on molecular characterization by epitope mapping, with the focus on our work using a SOMAmer as a new reagent to address development challenges with traditional antibody reagents for the soluble glypican-3 immunoassay. A qualified SOMAmer-based assay was developed and used for soluble glypican-3 quantification in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient samples. The assay demonstrated good sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Data correlated with those obtained using the traditional antibody-based assay were used to confirm the clinically relevant soluble glypican-3 forms in vivo. This result was reinforced by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay quantifying signature peptides generated from trypsin digestion. The work presented here offers an integrated strategy for qualifying aptamers as an alternative affinity platform for immunoassay reagents that can enable speedy assay development, especially when traditional antibody reagents cannot meet assay requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duo
- Translational Medicine , Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Camelia Chiriac
- Translational Medicine , Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Richard Y-C Huang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization , Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - John Mehl
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization , Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Guodong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization , Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Adrienne Tymiak
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization , Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Peter Sabbatini
- Translational Medicine , Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Renuka Pillutla
- Translational Medicine , Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Translational Medicine , Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
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Hlukhova H, Menger M, Offenhäusser A, Vitusevich S. Highly Sensitive Aptamer-Based Method for the Detection of Cardiac Biomolecules on Silicon Dioxide Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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115
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Vega-Figueroa K, Santillán J, Ortiz-Gómez V, Ortiz-Quiles EO, Quiñones-Colón BA, Castilla-Casadiego DA, Almodóvar J, Bayro MJ, Rodríguez-Martínez JA, Nicolau E. Aptamer-Based Impedimetric Assay of Arsenite in Water: Interfacial Properties and Performance. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1437-1444. [PMID: 29503970 PMCID: PMC5830693 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we explore the use of electrochemical methods (i.e., impedance) along with the arsenic-specific aptamer (ArsSApt) to fabricate and study the interfacial properties of an arsenic (As(III)) sensor. The ArsSApt layer was self-assembled on a gold substrate, and upon binding of As(III), a detectable change in the impedimetric signal was recorded because of conformational changes at the interfacial layer. These interfacial changes are linearly correlated with the concentration of arsenic present in the system. This target-induced signal was utilized for the selective detection of As(III) with a linear dynamic range of 0.05-10 ppm and minimum detectable concentrations of ca. 0.8 μM. The proposed system proved to be successful mainly because of the combination of a highly sensitive electrochemical platform and the recognized specificity of the ArsSApt toward its target molecule. Also, the interaction between the ArsSApt and the target molecule (i.e., arsenic) was explored in depth. The obtained results in this work are aimed at proving the development of a simple and environmentally benign sensor for the detection of As(III) as well as in elucidating the possible interactions between the ArsSApt and arsenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene Vega-Figueroa
- Department
of Biology and Department of Physics, University of Puerto
Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
- Molecular
Sciences Research Center, University of
Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce
De Leon Avenue, Suite 2, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
| | - Jaime Santillán
- Department
of Biology and Department of Physics, University of Puerto
Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
- Molecular
Sciences Research Center, University of
Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce
De Leon Avenue, Suite 2, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
| | - Valerie Ortiz-Gómez
- Department
of Biology and Department of Physics, University of Puerto
Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
- Molecular
Sciences Research Center, University of
Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce
De Leon Avenue, Suite 2, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
| | - Edwin O. Ortiz-Quiles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad
Ste. 1701, San Juan, Puerto
Rico 00925-2537, United
States
- Molecular
Sciences Research Center, University of
Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce
De Leon Avenue, Suite 2, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
| | - Beatriz A. Quiñones-Colón
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto
Rico Mayaguez, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
| | - David A. Castilla-Casadiego
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto
Rico Mayaguez, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
| | - Jorge Almodóvar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto
Rico Mayaguez, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, United States
| | - Marvin J. Bayro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad
Ste. 1701, San Juan, Puerto
Rico 00925-2537, United
States
- Molecular
Sciences Research Center, University of
Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce
De Leon Avenue, Suite 2, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
| | - José A. Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department
of Biology and Department of Physics, University of Puerto
Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
- Molecular
Sciences Research Center, University of
Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce
De Leon Avenue, Suite 2, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
| | - Eduardo Nicolau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, 17 Ave. Universidad
Ste. 1701, San Juan, Puerto
Rico 00925-2537, United
States
- Molecular
Sciences Research Center, University of
Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce
De Leon Avenue, Suite 2, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, United States
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Kukkar M, Mohanta GC, Tuteja SK, Kumar P, Bhadwal AS, Samaddar P, Kim KH, Deep A. A comprehensive review on nano-molybdenum disulfide/DNA interfaces as emerging biosensing platforms. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 107:244-258. [PMID: 29477881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of nucleic acid-based portable platforms for the real-time analysis of diseases has attracted considerable scientific and commercial interest. Recently, 2D layered molybdenum sulfide (2D MoS2 from here on) nanosheets have shown great potential for the development of next-generation platforms for efficient signal transduction. Through combination with DNA as a biorecognition medium, MoS2 nanostructures have opened new opportunities to design and construct highly sensitive, specific, and commercially viable sensing devices. The use of specific short ssDNA sequences like aptamers has been proven to bind well with the unique transduction properties of 2D MoS2 nanosheets to realize aptasensing devices. Such sensors can be operated on the principles of fluorescence, electro-cheumuluminescence, and electrochemistry with many advantageous features (e.g., robust biointerfacing through various conjugation chemistries, facile sensor assembly, high stability with regard to temperature/pH, and high affinity to target). This review encompasses the state of the art information on various design tactics and working principles of MoS2/DNA sensor technology which is emerging as one of the most sought-after and valuable fields with the advent of nucleic acid inspired devices. To help achieve a new milestone in biosensing applications, great potential of this emerging technique is described further with regard to sensitivity, specificity, operational convenience, and versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manil Kukkar
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Girish C Mohanta
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Satish K Tuteja
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Parveen Kumar
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Akhshay Singh Bhadwal
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Pallabi Samaddar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Akash Deep
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India.
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117
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Wermuth PJ, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Identification of novel systemic sclerosis biomarkers employing aptamer proteomic analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 57:1698-1706. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Wermuth
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and The Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and The Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and The Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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118
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Challenging cancer targets for aptamer delivery. Biochimie 2017; 145:45-52. [PMID: 28962871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extraordinary boost in the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the development and progression of different types of cancer, is offering an unprecedented hope for the development of precise therapeutics able to interfere or replace the expression of target genes. In the last decade, the design of stable, safe and effective RNA-based therapeutics has been significantly improved increasing the number of molecules now in preclinical or in clinical trials for cancer gene therapy. However, with few exclusions as liver and hematological malignancies which are easy accessible to drugs, the development of effective systemic approaches for the delivery of RNA therapeutics to target cells is still unmet. To be effective, targeting carriers must be able to overcome both functional and physical barriers to safely carry and accumulate the therapeutic through the organism selectively to the tumor site, penetrate the target cancer mass, promote the uptake and localization in the appropriate intracellular compartment ultimately leading to the effective modulation of gene expression. Nucleic acid aptamers are folded single stranded oligonucleotides that bind at high affinity and high specificity their targets (proteins, lipids, small molecules etc), coupling the advantages of binding specificity proper of antibodies to the chemical nature of nucleic acids, sometimes also termed "nucleic acid antibodies". In several cases, aptamers targeting cell surface receptors are recycled into the cell together with the bound receptor enabling to drive conjugated therapeutics to cancer cells in a receptor-dependent manner. Therefore, besides other in vivo delivery strategies, the use of aptamers as precise and effective targeting moieties for anticancer RNA-based therapeutics has rapidly emerged and has been successfully addressed by several laboratories. In this Review, we will focus on the most recent and challenging progresses in the field that highlights the precision and flexibility of aptamer-based chimeras paving the way to the development of safe and effective carriers for cancer gene therapeutics.
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120
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Volk DE, Lokesh GLR. Development of Phosphorothioate DNA and DNA Thioaptamers. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E41. [PMID: 28703779 PMCID: PMC5618299 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are short RNA- or DNA-based affinity reagents typically selected from combinatorial libraries to bind to a specific target such as a protein, a small molecule, whole cells or even animals. Aptamers have utility in the development of diagnostic, imaging and therapeutic applications due to their size, physico-chemical nature and ease of synthesis and modification to suit the application. A variety of oligonucleotide modifications have been used to enhance the stability of aptamers from nuclease degradation in vivo. The non-bridging oxygen atoms of the phosphodiester backbones of RNA and DNA aptamers can be substituted with one or two sulfur atoms, resulting in thioaptamers with phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate linkages, respectively. Such thioaptamers are known to have increased binding affinity towards their target, as well as enhanced resistance to nuclease degradation. In this review, we discuss the development of phosphorothioate chemistry and thioaptamers, with a brief review of selection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Volk
- McGovern Medical School, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ganesh L R Lokesh
- McGovern Medical School, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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121
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A novel 4-arm DNA/RNA Nanoconstruct triggering Rapid Apoptosis of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells within 24 hours. Sci Rep 2017; 7:793. [PMID: 28400564 PMCID: PMC5429792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring at ~30 nm, a fully customizable holliday junction DNA nanoconstruct, was designed to simultaneously carry three unmodified SiRNA strands for apoptosis gene knockout in cancer cells without any assistance from commercial transfection kits. In brief, a holliday junction structure was intelligently designed to present one arm with a cell targeting aptamer (AS1411) while the remaining three arms to carry different SiRNA strands by means of DNA/RNA duplex for inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. By carrying the three SiRNA strands (AKT, MDM2 and Survivin) into triple negative breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, cell number had reduced by up to ~82% within 24 hours solely from one single administration of 32 picomoles. In the immunoblotting studies, up-elevation of phosphorylated p53 was observed for more than 8 hours while the three genes of interest were suppressed by nearly half by the 4-hour mark upon administration. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate high cell selectivity of the nanoconstruct and did not exhibit usual morphological stress induced from liposomal-based transfection agents. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this system represents the first of its kind in current literature utilizing a short and highly customizable holliday DNA junction to carry SiRNA for apoptosis studies.
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122
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Hsieh PC, Lin HT, Chen WY, Tsai JJP, Hu WP. The Combination of Computational and Biosensing Technologies for Selecting Aptamer against Prostate Specific Antigen. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5041683. [PMID: 28459059 PMCID: PMC5387809 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5041683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a method of combining bioinformatics and biosensing technologies to select aptamers against prostate specific antigen (PSA). The main objective of this study is to select DNA aptamers with higher binding affinity for PSA by using the proposed method. Based on the five known sequences of PSA-binding aptamers, we adopted the functions of reproduction and crossover in the genetic algorithm to produce next-generation sequences for the computational and experimental analysis. RNAfold web server was utilized to analyze the secondary structures, and the 3-dimensional molecular models of aptamer sequences were generated by using RNAComposer web server. ZRANK scoring function was used to rerank the docking predictions from ZDOCK. The biosensors, the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) instrument, were used to verify the binding ability of selected aptamer for PSA. By carrying out the simulations and experiments after two generations, we obtain one aptamer that can have the highest binding affinity with PSA, which generates almost 2-fold and 3-fold greater measured signals than the responses produced by the best known DNA sequence in the QCM and SPR experiments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Chou Hsieh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey J. P. Tsai
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan
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123
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Aptahistochemistry in diagnostic pathology: technical scrutiny and feasibility. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:545-553. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Aptamer Selection Technology and Recent Advances. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 4:e223. [PMID: 28110747 PMCID: PMC4345306 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, aptamers have begun to find their way from basic research to diverse commercial applications. The development of diagnostics is even more widespread than clinical applications because aptamers do not have to be extensively modified to enhance their in vivo stability and pharmacokinetics in diagnostic assays. The increasing attention has propelled the technical progress of the in vitro selection technology (SELEX) to enhance the efficiency of developing aptamers for commercially interesting targets. This review highlights recent progress in the technical steps of a SELEX experiment with a focus on high-throughput next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics. Achievements have been made in the optimization of aptamer libraries, separation schemes, amplification of the selected libraries and the identification of aptamer sequences from enriched libraries.
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Cerqueira-Coutinho C, Missailidis S, Alessandra-Perini J, Machado DE, Perini JA, Santos-Oliveira R. Comparison of biodistribution profile of monoclonal antibodies nanoparticles and aptamers in rats with breast cancer. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:598-601. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1163717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Alessandra-Perini
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Public Health and Environment National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Escorsim Machado
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jamila Alessandra Perini
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Public Health and Environment National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chumakov AM, Yuhina ES, Frolova EI, Kravchenko JE, Chumakov SP. Expanding the application potential of DNA aptamers by their functionalization. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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127
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Dougherty CA, Cai W, Hong H. Applications of aptamers in targeted imaging: state of the art. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 15:1138-52. [PMID: 25866268 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150413153400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides with high affinity and specificity to the target molecules or cells, thus they can serve as an important category of molecular targeting ligand. Since their discovery, aptamers have been rapidly translated into clinical practice. The strong target affinity/selectivity, cost-effectivity, chemical versatility and safety of aptamers are superior to traditional peptides- or proteins-based ligands which make them unique choices for molecular imaging. Therefore, aptamers are considered to be extremely useful to guide various imaging contrast agents to the target tissues or cells for optical, magnetic resonance, nuclear, computed tomography, ultrasound and multimodality imaging. This review aims to provide an overview of aptamers' advantages as targeting ligands and their application in targeted imaging. Further research in synthesis of new types of aptamers and their conjugation with new categories of contrast agents is required to develop clinically translatable aptamer-based imaging agents which will eventually result in improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States.
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128
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Conjugate-SELEX: A High-throughput Screening of Thioaptamer-liposomal Nanoparticle Conjugates for Targeted Intracellular Delivery of Anticancer Drugs. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e382. [DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in surface micropatterning techniques for generating arrays of various types of biomolecules. Multiplexed protein micropatterning has tremendous potential for drug discovery providing versatile means for high throughput assays required for target and lead identification as well as diagnostics and functional screening for personalized medicine. However, ensuring the functional integrity of proteins on surfaces has remained challenging, in particular in the case of membrane proteins, the most important class of drug targets. Yet, generic strategies to control functional organization of proteins into micropatterns are emerging. AREAS COVERED This review includes an overview introducing the most common approaches for surface modification and functional protein immobilization. The authors present the key photo and soft lithography techniques with respect to compatibility with functional protein micropatterning and multiplexing capabilities. In the second part, the authors present the key applications of protein micropatterning techniques in drug discovery with a focus on membrane protein interactions and cellular signaling. EXPERT OPINION With the growing importance of target discovery as well as protein-based therapeutics and personalized medicine, the application of protein arrays can play a fundamental role in drug discovery. Yet, important technical breakthroughs are still required for broad application of these approaches, which will include in vitro "copying" of proteins from cDNA arrays into micropatterns, direct protein capturing from single cells as well as protein microarrays in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang You
- a Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics , University of Osnabrück , Osnabrück 49076 , Germany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- a Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics , University of Osnabrück , Osnabrück 49076 , Germany
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130
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Groff K, Brown J, Clippinger AJ. Modern affinity reagents: Recombinant antibodies and aptamers. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1787-98. [PMID: 26482034 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Affinity reagents are essential tools in both basic and applied research; however, there is a growing concern about the reproducibility of animal-derived monoclonal antibodies. The need for higher quality affinity reagents has prompted the development of methods that provide scientific, economic, and time-saving advantages and do not require the use of animals. This review describes two types of affinity reagents, recombinant antibodies and aptamers, which are non-animal technologies that can replace the use of animal-derived monoclonal antibodies. Recombinant antibodies are protein-based reagents, while aptamers are nucleic-acid-based. In light of the scientific advantages of these technologies, this review also discusses ways to gain momentum in the use of modern affinity reagents, including an update to the 1999 National Academy of Sciences monoclonal antibody production report and federal incentives for recombinant antibody and aptamer efforts. In the long-term, these efforts have the potential to improve the overall quality and decrease the cost of scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Groff
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
| | - Jeffrey Brown
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
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131
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Kang SA, Tsolmon B, Mann AP, Zheng W, Zhao L, Zhao YD, Volk DE, Lokesh GLR, Morris L, Gupta V, Razaq W, Rui H, Suh KS, Gorenstein DG, Tanaka T. Safety evaluation of intravenously administered mono-thioated aptamer against E-selectin in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:86-92. [PMID: 26048585 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The medical applications of aptamers have recently emerged. We developed an antagonistic thioaptamer (ESTA) against E-selectin. Previously, we showed that a single injection of ESTA at a dose of 100μg inhibits breast cancer metastasis in mice through the functional blockade of E-selectin. In the present study, we evaluated the safety of different doses of intravenously administered ESTA in single-dose acute and repeat-dose subacute studies in ICR mice. Our data indicated that intravenous administration of up to 500μg ESTA did not result in hematologic abnormality in either study. Additionally, intravenous injection of ESTA did not affect the levels of plasma cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) or complement split products (C3a and C5a) in either study. However, repeated injections of ESTA slightly increased plasma ALT and AST activities, in accordance with the appearance of small necrotic areas in the liver. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that intravenous administration of ESTA does not cause overt hematologic, organs, and immunologic responses under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ae Kang
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Bilegtsaikhan Tsolmon
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Aman P Mann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Lichao Zhao
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Yan Daniel Zhao
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - David E Volk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Ganesh L-R Lokesh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Lynsie Morris
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Wajeeha Razaq
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - K Stephen Suh
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, United States
| | - David G Gorenstein
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Takemi Tanaka
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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132
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Karimi P, Shahrokni A, Ranjbar MRN. Implementation of proteomics for cancer research: past, present, and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:2433-8. [PMID: 24761843 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of the death, accounts for about 13% of all annual deaths worldwide. Many different fields of science are collaborating together studying cancer to improve our knowledge of this lethal disease, and find better solutions for diagnosis and treatment. Proteomics is one of the most recent and rapidly growing areas in molecular biology that helps understanding cancer from an omics data analysis point of view. The human proteome project was officially initiated in 2008. Proteomics enables the scientists to interrogate a variety of biospecimens for their protein contents and measure the concentrations of these proteins. Current necessary equipment and technologies for cancer proteomics are mass spectrometry, protein microarrays, nanotechnology and bioinformatics. In this paper, we provide a brief review on proteomics and its application in cancer research. After a brief introduction including its definition, we summarize the history of major previous work conducted by researchers, followed by an overview on the role of proteomics in cancer studies. We also provide a list of different utilities in cancer proteomics and investigate their advantages and shortcomings from theoretical and practical angles. Finally, we explore some of the main challenges and conclude the paper with future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Karimi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA E-mail :
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133
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Alfaro K, Bustos P, O Sullivan C, Conejeros P. Facile and Cost-Effective Detection of Saxitoxin Exploiting Aptamer Structural Switching. Food Technol Biotechnol 2015; 53:337-341. [PMID: 27904366 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.53.03.15.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple method to detect saxitoxin (STX), one of the main components of the paralytic shellfish poison from red tide, has been developed. By using a next generation dye for double-stranded DNA we were able to differentiate fluorescence from STX-binding aptamers when exposed to different concentrations of STX, suggesting a change in aptamer folding upon target binding. The developed method is extremely rapid, only requiring small sample volumes, with quantitative results in the concentration range of 15 ng/mL to 3 µg/mL of STX, with a detection limit of 7.5 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Alfaro
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretańa 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paulina Bustos
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretańa 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ciara O Sullivan
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 ES-Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pablo Conejeros
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretańa 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
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134
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New Technologies Provide Quantum Changes in the Scale, Speed, and Success of SELEX Methods and Aptamer Characterization. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e183. [PMID: 25093707 PMCID: PMC4221594 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-stranded oligonucleotide aptamers have attracted great attention in the past decade because of their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. These versatile, high affinity and specificity reagents are selected by an iterative in vitro process called SELEX, Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment. Numerous SELEX methods have been developed for aptamer selections; some that are simple and straightforward, and some that are specialized and complicated. The method of SELEX is crucial for selection of an aptamer with desired properties; however, success also depends on the starting aptamer library, the target molecule, aptamer enrichment monitoring assays, and finally, the analysis and characterization of selected aptamers. Here, we summarize key recent developments in aptamer selection methods, as well as other aspects of aptamer selection that have significant impact on the outcome. We discuss potential pitfalls and limitations in the selection process with an eye to aid researchers in the choice of a proper SELEX strategy, and we highlight areas where further developments and improvements are desired. We believe carefully designed multiplexed selection methods, when complemented with high-throughput downstream analysis and characterization assays, will yield numerous high-affinity aptamers to protein and small molecule targets, and thereby generate a vast array of reagents for probing basic biological mechanisms and implementing new diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the near future.
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135
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Zhao N, Pei SN, Parekh P, Salazar E, Zu Y. Blocking interaction of viral gp120 and CD4-expressing T cells by single-stranded DNA aptamers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:10-8. [PMID: 24661998 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential clinical application of aptamers to prevention of HIV infection, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers specific for CD4 were developed using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment approach and next generation sequencing. In contrast to RNA-based aptamers, the developed ssDNA aptamers were stable in human serum up to 12h. Cell binding assays revealed that the aptamers specifically targeted CD4-expressing cells with high binding affinity (Kd=1.59nM), a concentration within the range required for therapeutic application. Importantly, the aptamers selectively bound CD4 on human cells and disrupted the interaction of viral gp120 to CD4 receptors, which is a prerequisite step of HIV-1 infection. Functional studies showed that the aptamer polymers significantly blocked binding of viral gp120 to CD4-expressing cells by up to 70% inhibition. These findings provide a new approach to prevent HIV-1 transmission using oligonucleotide aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianxi Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung-nan Pei
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Parag Parekh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric Salazar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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136
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Petkovic S, Müller S. RNA self-processing: formation of cyclic species and concatemers from a small engineered RNA. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2435-40. [PMID: 23796421 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have engineered a self-processing RNA, derived from the hairpin ribozyme that runs through a cascade of cleavage and ligation reactions thereby changing its topology. The first two cleavage events leave the resulting RNA with a 5'-OH group and a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate. Thus, upon refolding, intramolecular ligation delivers a cyclic species. In addition, we demonstrate formation of concatemers resulting from multiple intermolecular ligations. Our results demonstrate the potential of RNA for self-supported topology changes and support the suggestion of 2',3'-cyclic phosphates being suitable activated building blocks for reversible phosphodiester bond formation in the RNA world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Petkovic
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Institut für Biochemie, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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137
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Quantitative analysis of peptides and proteins in biomedicine by targeted mass spectrometry. Nat Methods 2013; 10:28-34. [PMID: 23269374 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted mass spectrometry (MS) is becoming widely used in academia and in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries for sensitive and quantitative detection of proteins, peptides and post-translational modifications. Here we describe the increasing importance of targeted MS technologies in clinical proteomics and the potential key roles these techniques will have in bridging biomedical discovery and clinical implementation.
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