101
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Jiang Y, Meng F, Qi D, Cai P, Yin Z, Shao F, Zhang H, Boey F, Chen X. Gold nanotip array for ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing and spectroscopic monitoring. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2260-2265. [PMID: 23362212 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A gold nanotip array platform with a combination of ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing and spectroscopic monitoring capability is reported. Adenosine triphosphate is detected down to 1 pM according to the impedance changes in response to aptamer-specific binding. Furthermore, the local molecular information can be monitored at the individual plasmonic nanotips, and hence provide the capability for a better understanding of complex biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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102
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Matsushima H, Iida T, Fukunaka Y. Gas bubble evolution on transparent electrode during water electrolysis in a magnetic field. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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103
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Monolithic integration of three-material microelectrodes for electrochemical detection on PMMA substrates. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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104
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Santhiago M, Wydallis JB, Kubota LT, Henry CS. Construction and electrochemical characterization of microelectrodes for improved sensitivity in paper-based analytical devices. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5233-9. [PMID: 23581428 PMCID: PMC3759157 DOI: 10.1021/ac400728y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a simple, low cost method for creating microelectrodes for electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs). The microelectrodes were constructed by backfilling small holes made in polyester sheets using a CO2 laser etching system. To make electrical connections, the working electrodes were combined with silver screen-printed paper in a sandwich type two-electrode configuration. The devices were characterized using linear sweep voltammetry, and the results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions for electrode size and shape. As a proof-of-concept, cysteine was measured using cobalt phthalocyanine as a redox mediator. The rate constant (k(obs)) for the chemical reaction between cysteine and the redox mediator was obtained by chronoamperometry and found to be on the order of 10(5) s(-1) M(-1). Using a microelectrode array, it was possible to reach a limit of detection of 4.8 μM for cysteine. The results show that carbon paste microelectrodes can be easily integrated with paper-based analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Santhiago
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry – UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalitica, Institute of Chemistry UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - John B. Wydallis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Lauro T. Kubota
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry – UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalitica, Institute of Chemistry UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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105
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Micro-drilling of polymer tubular ultramicroelectrode arrays for electrochemical sensors. SENSORS 2013; 13:6319-33. [PMID: 23673674 PMCID: PMC3690057 DOI: 10.3390/s130506319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a reproducible fast prototyping procedure based on micro-drilling to produce homogeneous tubular ultramicroelectrode arrays made from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), a conductive polymer. Arrays of Ø 100 μm tubular electrodes each having a height of 0.37 ± 0.06 μm were reproducibly fabricated. The electrode dimensions were analyzed by SEM after deposition of silver dendrites to visualize the electroactive electrode area. The electrochemical applicability of the electrodes was demonstrated by voltammetric and amperometric detection of ferri-/ferrocyanide. Recorded signals were in agreement with results from finite element modelling of the system. The tubular PEDOT ultramicroelectrode arrays were modified by prussian blue to enable the detection of hydrogen peroxide. A linear sensor response was demonstrated for hydrogen peroxide concentrations from 0.1 mM to 1 mM.
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106
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He J, Ma X, Zhu Y, Li F, Tang X, Zhang X, Zhang M. Facile fabrication of regular Au microband electrode arrays for voltammetric detection down to submicromolar level by hydrogel etching. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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107
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Aggarwal A, Hu M, Fritsch I. Detection of dopamine in the presence of excess ascorbic acid at physiological concentrations through redox cycling at an unmodified microelectrode array. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3859-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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108
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Chen R, Li Y, Huo K, Chu PK. Microelectrode arrays based on carbon nanomaterials: emerging electrochemical sensors for biological and environmental applications. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43033b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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109
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Mignard L, Denoual M, Lavastre O, Floner D, Geneste F. Sampled voltammetry on an electrode array for the renewal of the electrode surface and the analytical solution during the analysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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110
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111
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112
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Huan TN, Hung LQ, Ha VTT, Anh NH, Van Khai T, Shim KB, Chung H. Spirally oriented Au microelectrode array sensor for detection of Hg (II). Talanta 2012; 94:284-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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113
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Lin Y, Trouillon R, Svensson MI, Keighron JD, Cans AS, Ewing AG. Carbon-ring microelectrode arrays for electrochemical imaging of single cell exocytosis: fabrication and characterization. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2949-54. [PMID: 22339586 DOI: 10.1021/ac3000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of carbon microelectrode arrays, with up to 15 electrodes in total tips as small as 10-50 μm, is presented. The support structures of microelectrodes were obtained by pulling multiple quartz capillaries together to form hollow capillary arrays before carbon deposition. Carbon ring microelectrodes were deposited by pyrolysis of acetylene in the lumen of these quartz capillary arrays. Each carbon deposited array tip was filled with epoxy, followed by beveling of the tip of the array to form a deposited carbon-ring microelectrode array (CRMA). Both the number of the microelectrodes in the array and the tip size are independently tunable. These CRMAs have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence. Additionally, the electrochemical properties were investigated with steady-state voltammetry. In order to demonstrate the utility of these fabricated microelectrodes in neurochemistry, CRMAs containing eight microring electrodes were used for electrochemical monitoring of exocytotic events from single PC12 cells. Subcellular temporal heterogeneities in exocytosis (i.e. cold spots vs hot spots) were successfully detected with the CRMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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114
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Orozco J, Jiménez-Jorquera C, Fernández-Sánchez C. Electrochemical Performance of Self-Assembled Monolayer Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Ultramicroelectrode Array Architectures. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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115
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Tang CK, Vaze A, Rusling JF. Fabrication of immunosensor microwell arrays from gold compact discs for detection of cancer biomarker proteins. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:281-6. [PMID: 22116194 PMCID: PMC3328855 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20833k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A simple method is reported to fabricate gold arrays featuring microwells surrounding 8-electrodes from gold compact discs (CDs) for less than $0.2 per chip. Integration of these disposable gold CD array chips with microfluidics provided inexpensive immunoarrays that were used to measure a cancer biomarker protein quickly at high sensitivity. The gold CD sensor arrays were fabricated using thermal transfer of laserjet toner from a computer-printed pattern followed by selective chemical etching. Sensor elements had an electrochemically addressable surface area of 0.42 mm(2) with RSD <2%. For a proof-of-concept application, the arrays were integrated into a simple microfluidic device for electrochemical detection of cancer biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6) in diluted serum. Capture antibodies of IL-6 were chemically linked onto the electrode arrays and a sandwich immunoassay protocol was developed. A biotinylated detection antibody with polymerized horseradish peroxidase labels was used for signal amplification. The detection limit of IL-6 in diluted serum was remarkably low at 10 fg mL(-1) (385 aM) with a linear response with log of IL-6 concentration from 10 to 1300 fg mL(-1). These easily fabricated, ultrasensitive, microfluidic immunosensors should be readily adapted for sensitive detection of multiple biomarkers for cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi K. Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3060, USA
| | - Abhay Vaze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3060, USA
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3060, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06032, USA
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116
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Kokkinos C, Economou A, Raptis I. Microfabricated disposable lab-on-a-chip sensors with integrated bismuth microelectrode arrays for voltammetric determination of trace metals. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 710:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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117
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Henstridge MC, Compton RG. Mass Transport to micro- and nanoelectrodes and their arrays: a review. CHEM REC 2011; 12:63-71. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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118
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Sun G, Huang Y, Zheng L, Zhan Z, Zhang Y, Pang JHL, Wu T, Chen P. Ultra-sensitive and wide-dynamic-range sensors based on dense arrays of carbon nanotube tips. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4854-8. [PMID: 21997308 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical electrodes based on dense and vertically aligned arrays of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were produced. The open tips of individual hollow nanotubes are exposed as active sites while the entangled nanotube stems encapsulated in epoxy collectively provide multiplexed and highly conductive pathways for charge transport. This unique structure together with the extraordinary electrical and electrochemical properties of MWCNTs offers a high signal-to-noise ratio (thus high sensitivity) and a large detection range, compared with other carbon-based electrodes. Our electrodes can detect K(3)FeCN(6) and dopamine at concentrations as low as 5 nM and 10 nM, respectively, and are responsive in a large dynamic range that spans almost 5 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengzhi Sun
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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119
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120
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Said NAM, Twomey K, Ogurtsov VI, Arrigan DWM, Herzog G. Fabrication and Electrochemical Characterization of Micro- and Nanoelectrode Arrays for Sensor Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/307/1/012052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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121
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Synthesis of poly(phenylene oxide)-based fluoro-tin-oxide/ZrO2 nanoelectrode arrays by hybrid organic/inorganic approach. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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122
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Park JH, Hwang S, Kwak J. Ordered polymeric microhole array made by selective wetting and applications for electrochemical microelectrode array. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8548-8553. [PMID: 21634409 DOI: 10.1021/la2011698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the microelectrode array fabrication using selective wetting/dewetting of polymers on a chemical pattern which is a simple and convenient method capable of creating negative polymeric replicas using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a clean and nontoxic sacrificial layer. The fabricated hole-patterned polypropylene film on gold demonstrated enhanced electrochemical properties. The chemical pattern is fabricated by microcontact printing using octadecanethiol (ODT) as an ink on gold substrate. When PEG is spin-cast on the chemical pattern, PEG solution selectively dewets the ODT patterned areas and wets the remaining bare gold areas, leading to the formation of arrayed PEG dots. A negative replicas of the PEG dot array is obtained by spin-coating of polypropylene (PP) solution in hexane which preferentially interacts with the hydrophobic ODT region on the patterned gold surface. The arrayed PEG dots are not affected the during PP spin-coating step because of their intrinsic immiscibility. Consequently, the hole-patterned PP film is obtained after PEG removal. The electrochemical signal of the PP film demonstrates the negligible leakage current by high dielectric and self-healing of defects on the chemical pattern by the polymer. This method is applicable to fabrication of microelectrode arrays and possibly can be employed to fabricate a variety of functional polymeric structures, such as photomasks, arrays of biomolecules, cell arrays, and arrays of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hui Park
- Molecular-Level Interface Research Center, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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123
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Guo Z, Chen X, Li J, Liu JH, Huang XJ. ZnO/CuO hetero-hierarchical nanotrees array: hydrothermal preparation and self-cleaning properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6193-6200. [PMID: 21491849 DOI: 10.1021/la104979x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ZnO/CuO heterohierarchical nanotrees array has been prepared via a simple hydrothermal approach combined with thermal oxidation method on Cu substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffractometer(XRD) are employed to characterize and analyze the as-synthesized samples. The results demonstrate that the secondary growth of ZnO nanorods enclose with CuO nanowires, leading to the formation of ZnO/CuO heterohierarchical nanotrees array. The hierarchical nanostructures have isotropic crystal symmetry and they have no 6-fold (or 4-fold or 2-fold) symmetry as general epitaxial growth. Enlightened by the similarity with microstructure of lotus, the wettability of ZnO/CuO heterohierarchical nanotrees array has been investigated. It is revealed that as-prepared ZnO/CuO nanotrees array after silanization present remarkable superhydrophobic performance, which is attributed to the trapped air and hierarchical roughness. Furthermore, their wettability could be manipulated by the morphologies of hierarchical ZnO nanorods. At the optimal condition, the greatest static angle of water droplet on the obtained heterohierarchical nanotrees array could reach almost 170°, and this substrate could be used as self-cleaning surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guo
- Research Center for Biomimetic Functional Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
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124
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Moretto LM, Tormen M, De Leo M, Carpentiero A, Ugo P. Polycarbonate-based ordered arrays of electrochemical nanoelectrodes obtained by e-beam lithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:185305. [PMID: 21427473 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/18/185305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ordered arrays of nanoelectrodes for electrochemical use are prepared by electron beam lithography (EBL) using polycarbonate as a novel e-beam resist. The nanoelectrodes are fabricated by patterning arrays of holes in a thin film of polycarbonate spin-coated on a gold layer on Si/Si(3)N(4) substrate. Experimental parameters for the successful use of polycarbonate as high resolution EBL resist are optimized. The holes can be filled partially or completely by electrochemical deposition of gold. This enables the preparation of arrays of nanoelectrodes with different recession degree and geometrical characteristics. The polycarbonate is kept on-site and used as the insulator that separates the nanoelectrodes. The obtained nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) exhibit steady state current controlled by pure radial diffusion in cyclic voltammetry for scan rates up to approximately 50 mV s( - 1). Electrochemical results showed satisfactory agreement between experimental voltammograms and suitable theoretical models. Finally, the peculiarities of NEAs versus ensembles of nanoelectrodes, obtained by membrane template synthesis, are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Santa Marta 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
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125
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Kokkinos C, Economou A, Raptis I, Speliotis T. Disposable lithographically fabricated bismuth microelectrode arrays for stripping voltammetric detection of trace metals. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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126
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Hees J, Hoffmann R, Kriele A, Smirnov W, Obloh H, Glorer K, Raynor B, Driad R, Yang N, Williams OA, Nebel CE. Nanocrystalline diamond nanoelectrode arrays and ensembles. ACS NANO 2011; 5:3339-3346. [PMID: 21413786 DOI: 10.1021/nn2005409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this report, the fabrication of all-nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) by e-beam lithography as well as of all-diamond nanoelectrode ensembles (NEEs) using nanosphere lithography is presented. In this way, nanostructuring techniques are combined with the excellent properties of diamond that are desirable for electrochemical sensor devices. Arrays and ensembles of recessed disk electrodes with radii ranging from 150 to 250 nm and a spacing of 10 μm have been fabricated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry was conducted to characterize arrays and ensembles with respect to different diffusion regimes. One outstanding advantage of diamond as an electrode material is the stability of specific surface terminations influencing the electron transfer kinetics. On changing the termination from hydrogen- to oxygen-terminated diamond electrode surface, we observe a dependence of the electron transfer rate constant on the charge of the analyte molecule. Ru(NH(3))(6)(+2/+3) shows faster electron transfer on oxygen than on hydrogen-terminated surfaces, while the anion IrCl(6)(-2/-3) exhibits faster electron transfer on hydrogen-terminated surfaces correlating with the surface dipole layer. This effect cannot be observed on macroscopic planar diamond electrodes and emphasizes the sensitivity of the all-diamond NEAs and NEEs. Thus, the NEAs and NEEs in combination with the efficiency and suitability of the selective electrochemical surface termination offer a new versatile system for electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hees
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastrasse 72, Freiburg 79108, Germany.
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127
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Kellner C, Botero ML, Latta D, Drese K, Fragoso A, O'Sullivan CK. Automated microsystem for electrochemical detection of cancer markers. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:926-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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128
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Qiang L, Vaddiraju S, Patel D, Papadimitrakopoulos F. Edge-plane microwire electrodes for highly sensitive H₂O₂ and glucose detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3755-60. [PMID: 21482099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The promise of implantable electrochemical sensors is often undermined by the critical requirement of device miniaturization that inadvertently degrades sensor performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Herein, we report a novel miniaturized and flexible amperometric sensor grown at the 'edge plane' of a 25-μm gold wire. Such geometry affords extreme miniaturization along with ease of fabrication, minimal iR drop and 3-D diffusion for effective mass transfer. This together with electrochemical rebuilding of the Au working electrode and subsequent Pt nanoparticles deposition resulted in the highest H2O2 sensitivity (33 mA mM(-1) cm(-2)), reported thus far. Concurrent electrodeposition of o-phenylenediamine with glucose oxidase afforded glucose detection at these edge-plane microsensors with a six fold improvement in sensitivity (1.2 mA mM(-1) cm(-2)) over previous reports. In addition, these sensors exhibit low operation potential (0.3 V), high selectivity (more than 95%) against in vivo interferences, and an apparent Michealis-Menten constant (K(m)(app)) of 17 and 75 mM of glucose in the absence and presence of an outer polyurethane coating, respectively. These features render the edge-plane sensor architecture as a powerful platform for next-generation implantable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Qiang
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Santhisagar Vaddiraju
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Biorasis Inc., 23 Fellen Road, Storrs, CT 06268, United States
| | - Dipesh Patel
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory, Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
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129
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Tothill I. Biosensors and nanomaterials and their application for mycotoxin determination. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin analysis and detection in food and drinks is vital for ensuring food quality and safety, eliminating and controlling the risk of consuming contaminated foods, and complying with the legislative limits set by food authorities worldwide. Most analysis of these toxins is still conducted using conventional methods; however, biosensor methods are currently being developed as screening tools for use in field analysis. Biosensors have demonstrated their ability to provide rapid, sensitive, robust and cost-effective quantitative methods for on-site testing. The development of biosensor devices for different mycotoxins has attracted much research interest in recent years with a range of devices being designed and reported in the scientific literature. However, with the advent of nanotechnology and its impact on the evolution of ultrasensitive devices, mycotoxin analysis is also benefiting from the advances taking place in applying nanomaterials in sensors development. This paper reviews the developments in the area of biosensors and their applications for mycotoxin analysis, as well as the development of micro/nanoarray transducers and nanoparticles and their use in the development of new rapid devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Tothill
- Cranfield University, Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK 43 0AL, United Kingdom
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130
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Wei Y, Yang R, Li XZ, Wang L, Huang XJ. Layer-by-layer assembly and electrochemical study of a 4-aminothiophenol and ytterbium(iii) trifluoromethanesulfonate hydrate film on a gold electrode. Analyst 2011; 136:3997-4002. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15299h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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131
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Moujahid W, Eichelmann-Daly P, Strutwolf J, Ogurtsov VI, Herzog G, Arrigan DWM. Microelectrochemical Systems on Silicon Chips for the Detection of Pollutants in Seawater. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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132
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Lantiat D, Vivier V, Laberty-Robert C, Grosso D, Sanchez C. Gold nanoelectrode arrays and their evaluation by impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1971-7. [PMID: 20512837 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A sol-gel strategy is developed to fabricate highly regular Au nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) consisting of a nanoperforated ultrathin membrane of ZrO(2), which exhibits a well-ordered array of pores (65+/-5) nm in diameter with a mean center-to-center distance of (110+/-10) nm, on a polycrystalline gold surface. The structural properties are investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), while grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is used to assess the thickness homogeneity and the period of the array of electrodes. In addition, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are carried out to describe quantitatively the accessibility, electrochemical behavior, and diffusion processes of the gold NEA. A model applying parameters obtained from FE-SEM, CV, and EIS analyses is proposed to simulate the experimental results. A fairly good agreement between the experimental and the simulated data is obtained, thus allowing the deconvolution of the different diffusion regimes at the NEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lantiat
- LCMCP, UMR7574 CNRS/UPMC, Collège de France, 11 place Marcellin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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133
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Choudhry NA, Khairy M, Kadara RO, Jenkinson N, Banks CE. Cosmetic Electrochemistry II: Rapid and Facile Production of Metallic Electrocatalytic Ensembles. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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134
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Chen YP, Zhao Y, Chu J, Liu SY, Li WW, Liu G, Tian YC, Xiong Y, Yu HQ. Fabrication and characterization of an innovative integrated solid-state microelectrode. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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135
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Aryasomayajula A, Derix J, Perike S, Gerlach G, Funk RH. DC microelectrode array for investigating the intracellular ion changes. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1268-72. [PMID: 20656468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are extensively being used to study the electrical properties of cells. Most of the MEAs use metal electrodes which are in direct contact with the cells. When using DC currents, this leads to undesirable chemical influencing of the cell. Also, metal electrodes are unsuitable for the measuring of constant potentials. A new kind of MEA is developed which replaces the metal electrodes by electrolyte-filled microchannels with Ag/AgCl-electrodes at their ends. The surface of the DCMEA consists of a nanoporous membrane that acts as a homogenous cell substrate, thus avoiding any topographical guidance of the cells. It is adhered to a polydimethylsiloxane layer with four electrode channels embedded in it, using a novel plasma bonding method. A transparent polymer ground plate connects the channels to the silver electrodes as shown in Fig. 1. This MEA allows for the stimulation of the cells with stationary, non-homogenous electric fields, e.g. to simulate the electrical environment near wounds in vitro. It has been proposed in the literature that intracellular ions are involved during cell migration. The DCMEA can be used to simulate in vitro electric fields to investigate intracellular ion changes. By loading cells with ion specific fluorescence dyes, real-time ion kinetic changes can directly be carried out on DCMEA. These studies will be performed by using a time lapse video microscope. In this paper we present the detailed fabrication and testing of the new DCMEA. Results on intracellular ion flows will be presented using this DCMEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Aryasomayajula
- Solid State Electronics Lab, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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136
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Noda T, Hamamoto K, Tsutsumi M, Tsujimura S, Shirai O, Kano K. Bioelectrocatalytic endpoint assays based on steady-state diffusion current at microelectrode array. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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137
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Illa X, Ordeig O, Snakenborg D, Romano-Rodríguez A, Compton RG, Kutter JP. A cyclo olefin polymer microfluidic chip with integrated gold microelectrodes for aqueous and non-aqueous electrochemistry. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1254-1261. [PMID: 20445877 DOI: 10.1039/b926737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an entirely polymeric microfluidic system, made of cyclo olefin polymer (COP), with integrated gold microband electrodes for electrochemical applications in organic media. In the present work, we take advantage of the COP's high chemical stability to polar organic solvents in two different ways: (i) to fabricate gold microelectrodes using COP as a substrate by standard lithographic and lift-off techniques; and (ii) to perform electrochemical experiments in organic media. In particular, fourteen parallel gold microelectrodes with a width of 14 microm and separated from their closest neighbour by 16 microm were fabricated by lithographic and lift-off techniques on a 188 microm thick COP sheet. A closed channel configuration was obtained by pressure-assisted thermal bonding between the COP sheet containing the microelectrodes and a microstructured COP sheet, where a 3 cm long, 50 microm wide and 24 microm deep channel was fabricated via hot embossing. Cyclic voltammetric measurements were carried out in aqueous and organic media, using a solution consisting of 5 mM ferrocyanide/ferricyanide in 0.5 M KNO(3) and 5 mM ferrocene in 0.1 M TBAP/acetonitrile, respectively. Experimental currents obtained for different flow rates ranging from 1 to 10 microL min(-1) were compared to the theoretical steady state currents calculated by the Levich equation for a band electrode (R. G. Compton, A. C. Fisher, R. G. Wellington, P. J. Dobson and P. A. Leigh, J. Phys. Chem., 1993, 97, 10410-10415). In both cases, the difference between the experimental and the predicted data is less than 5%, thus validating the behaviour of the fabricated device. This result opens the possibility to use a microfluidic system made entirely from COP with integrated microband electrodes in organic electroanalysis and in electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavi Illa
- Universitat de Barcelona, MIND-IN(2)UB Department of Electronics, Barcelona, Spain.
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138
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Huang XJ, Aldous L, O’Mahony AM, del Campo FJ, Compton RG. Toward Membrane-Free Amperometric Gas Sensors: A Microelectrode Array Approach. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5238-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1006359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jiu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom, and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, CNM (CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Leigh Aldous
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom, and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, CNM (CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Aoife M. O’Mahony
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom, and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, CNM (CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - F. Javier del Campo
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom, and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, CNM (CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom, and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, CNM (CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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139
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Jusková P, Ostatná V, Paleček E, Foret F. Fabrication and Characterization of Solid Mercury Amalgam Electrodes for Protein Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2690-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902333s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Jusková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic and Institute of Biophysics of the ASCR, v. v. i. Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Ostatná
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic and Institute of Biophysics of the ASCR, v. v. i. Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emil Paleček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic and Institute of Biophysics of the ASCR, v. v. i. Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic and Institute of Biophysics of the ASCR, v. v. i. Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
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140
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Henry OY, Fragoso A, Beni V, Laboria N, Sánchez JLA, Latta D, Von Germar F, Drese K, Katakis I, O'Sullivan CK. Design and testing of a packaged microfluidic cell for the multiplexed electrochemical detection of cancer markers. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3398-405. [PMID: 19739140 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the rapid prototyping of electrochemical sensor arrays integrated to microfluidics towards the fabrication of integrated microsystems prototypes for point-of-care diagnostics. Rapid prototyping of microfluidics was realised by high-precision milling of polycarbonate sheets, which offers flexibility and rapid turnover of the desired designs. On the other hand, the electrochemical sensor arrays were fabricated using standard photolithographic and metal (gold and silver) deposition technology in order to realise three-electrode cells comprising gold counter and working electrodes as well as silver reference electrode. The integration of fluidic chips and electrode arrays was realised via a laser-machined double-sided adhesive gasket that allowed creating the microchannels necessary for sample and reagent delivery. We focused our attention on the reproducibility of the electrode array preparation for the multiplexed detection of tumour markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate-specific antigen as well as genetic breast cancer markers such as estrogen receptor-alpha, plasminogen activator urokinase receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor and erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2. We showed that by carefully controlling the electrode surface pre-treatment and derivatisation via thiolated antibodies or short DNA probes that the detection of several key health parameters on a single chip was achievable with excellent reproducibility and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Yves Henry
- Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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141
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Liu G, Cai W, Kong L, Duan G, Lü F. Vertically cross-linking silver nanoplate arrays with controllable density based on seed-assisted electrochemical growth and their structurally enhanced SERS activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b917167c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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142
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Choudhry NA, Kadara RO, Banks CE. “Cosmetic electrochemistry”: the facile production of graphite microelectrode ensembles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:2285-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b923246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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143
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Liu HH, Liang Y, Liu HJ. Regular microarray of Au flower-like structure formed by template-assisted electrodeposition: Influence factors and their electrochemical behavior. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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144
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Nie J, Zhang Y, Shen G, Yu R. Individually addressable microelectrode arrays fabricated with gold-coated pencil graphite particles for multiplexed and high sensitive impedance immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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145
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Gao S, Li Z, Yang S, Jiang K, Li Y, Zeng H, Li L, Wang H. Transferrable superhydrophobic surface constructed by a hexagonal CuI powder without modification by low-free-energy materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:2080-2085. [PMID: 20355836 DOI: 10.1021/am900466f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new route combining a facile wet-chemical process and spin coating was developed to fabricate a CuI film assembled by hexagonal crystals. Remarkably, such a CuI film displays excellent superhydrophobicity without further modification by low-free-energy materials (thiol or fluoroalkylsilane). The special wettability is attributed to a hierarchical morphology of CuI crystals with two length-scale roughnesses and the nature of the material itself. Importantly, this superhydrophobicity is quite stable and the water contact angle of the as-prepared sample only decreases slightly, even when it is kept in air for about half a year. The superhydrophobicity of the as-prepared CuI powder is a bulk property of the material and not just of its surface, so such a powder coating could then prove useful in conferring superhydrophobicity to other surfaces to which it is applied. These facts might improve its practical application with environmental friendship in superhydrophobic coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Street, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan, People's Republic of China.
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