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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The last decade has seen a paradigm change in that tumor stroma contributes to malignant tumor progression in a manner comparable to genetic and epigenetic changes within cancer cells. This review summarizes recent novel insights into how inflammatory conditions stimulate the formation and expansion of blood and lymphatic vessels within tumors and, thus, allow tumors to grow, to gain invasive capabilities, and to finally seed metastasis in distant organs. RECENT FINDINGS Different cancer types have a highly defined microenvironment, which is composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts, blood vessel and lymphatic endothelial cells, pericytes, and a heterogeneous infiltrate of cells of the immune system. In addition to the local stimulation of tumor angiogenesis and tumor lymphangiogenesis, cytokines released by the primary tumor and by the immune cell infiltrate also instruct bone marrow-derived cells to colonize distant organs and to prepare these sites for future metastasis. SUMMARY Inflammatory reactions coinciding with carcinogenesis can be visualized by the presence of specific bone marrow-derived, inflammatory cells in patients' peripheral blood. Recent findings suggest that such inflammatory fingerprints may better define the inflammatory nature of the primary malignancy and, thus, allow the design of therapeutic strategies targeting the protumorigenic immune cell stroma compartment.
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103
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Mazzone M, Dettori D, de Oliveira RL, Loges S, Schmidt T, Jonckx B, Tian YM, Lanahan AA, Pollard P, de Almodovar CR, De Smet F, Vinckier S, Aragonés J, Debackere K, Luttun A, Wyns S, Jordan B, Pisacane A, Gallez B, Lampugnani MG, Dejana E, Simons M, Ratcliffe P, Maxwell P, Carmeliet P. Heterozygous deficiency of PHD2 restores tumor oxygenation and inhibits metastasis via endothelial normalization. Cell 2009; 136:839-851. [PMID: 19217150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A key function of blood vessels, to supply oxygen, is impaired in tumors because of abnormalities in their endothelial lining. PHD proteins serve as oxygen sensors and may regulate oxygen delivery. We therefore studied the role of endothelial PHD2 in vessel shaping by implanting tumors in PHD2(+/-) mice. Haplodeficiency of PHD2 did not affect tumor vessel density or lumen size, but normalized the endothelial lining and vessel maturation. This resulted in improved tumor perfusion and oxygenation and inhibited tumor cell invasion, intravasation, and metastasis. Haplodeficiency of PHD2 redirected the specification of endothelial tip cells to a more quiescent cell type, lacking filopodia and arrayed in a phalanx formation. This transition relied on HIF-driven upregulation of (soluble) VEGFR-1 and VE-cadherin. Thus, decreased activity of an oxygen sensor in hypoxic conditions prompts endothelial cells to readjust their shape and phenotype to restore oxygen supply. Inhibition of PHD2 may offer alternative therapeutic opportunities for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Mazzone
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Dettori
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Turin Medical School, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Leite de Oliveira
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sonja Loges
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Jonckx
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ya-Min Tian
- The Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Patrick Pollard
- The Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodovar
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Smet
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julián Aragonés
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Debackere
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Wyns
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Jordan
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit, Medicinal Chemistry and Radiopharmacy U.C. Louvain, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alberto Pisacane
- Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit, Medicinal Chemistry and Radiopharmacy U.C. Louvain, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- Vascular Biology Unit, Italian Foundation for Cancer Research Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Vascular Biology Unit, Italian Foundation for Cancer Research Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Simons
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Peter Ratcliffe
- The Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Patrick Maxwell
- Rayne Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB-Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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104
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Schiffelers RM, Storm G. Liposomal nanomedicines as anticancer therapeutics: beyond targeting tumor cells. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:258-64. [PMID: 18773947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells have long been the primary target cell type of liposomes for anticancer therapy. At present, it appears that tumor growth and metastasis is facilitated by interactions between tumor cells and supporting cells. These supporting cells consist of adaptive and innate immune cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, stromal and mesenchymal cells. Insight into the activity of these cells and communication between these cells has provided new tactics for targeting alternative cell types in tumor treatment and offered new drug classes that could be used to modulate the activity of these supporting cells. Here, we provide an overview of liposomal systems that have been designed to target supporting cells in tumor tissue and therapeutic results of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Schiffelers
- Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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105
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Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) have served as prototypes for growth factor and receptor tyrosine kinase function for more than 25 years. Studies of PDGFs and PDGFRs in animal development have revealed roles for PDGFR-alpha signaling in gastrulation and in the development of the cranial and cardiac neural crest, gonads, lung, intestine, skin, CNS, and skeleton. Similarly, roles for PDGFR-beta signaling have been established in blood vessel formation and early hematopoiesis. PDGF signaling is implicated in a range of diseases. Autocrine activation of PDGF signaling pathways is involved in certain gliomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Paracrine PDGF signaling is commonly observed in epithelial cancers, where it triggers stromal recruitment and may be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thereby affecting tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. PDGFs drive pathological mesenchymal responses in vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, pulmonary hypertension, and retinal diseases, as well as in fibrotic diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, scleroderma, glomerulosclerosis, and cardiac fibrosis. We review basic aspects of the PDGF ligands and receptors, their developmental and pathological functions, principles of their pharmacological inhibition, and results using PDGF pathway-inhibitory or stimulatory drugs in preclinical and clinical contexts.
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106
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Rahman S, Patel YM, Wijelath ES, Sobel MS. Therapeutic potential of novel modulators of neovascularization. Future Cardiol 2008; 4:409-26. [PMID: 19804321 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.4.4.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovacularization is an important biological process whereby new blood vessels develop in both health and disease. During development, blood vessels are formed from mesodermal cells in a process called vasculogenesis. The vascular network then expands by the sprouting of new vessel networks from pre-established vessels in a process known as angiogenesis. However, in adult life, undesirable neovascularization is associated with tumor development and a growing list of 'angiogenesis-dependent' diseases, including cardiovascular complications. Furthermore, diseases characterized by ischemia-induced tissue damage cause a neovascularization response to facilitate tissue repair. Recent research has identified novel molecular and cellular mediators of neovascularization that, in adult life, recapitulate angiogenic processes observed during embryonic development. The discovery of vascular progenitor cells and new molecules that display selective functions in modulating endothelial cell fate, migration and patterning, vessel morphogenesis and the amplification of angiogenic signaling by regulating the master signal VEGF, opens the door to new clinical strategies that target angiogenesis-dependent diseases or that can promote therapeutic neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Rahman
- King's College London School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, UK.
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