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Bortolotti D, Gentili V, Rotola A, Caselli E, Rizzo R. HHV-6A infection induces amyloid-beta expression and activation of microglial cells. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:104. [PMID: 31831060 PMCID: PMC6909659 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of viral infections in the brain involves the activation of microglial cells, the macrophages of the brain that are constantly surveying the central nervous system, and the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ) as an anti-microbial molecule. Recent findings suggest a possible implication of HHV-6A in AD. We evaluated the effect of HHV-6A infection on microglial cell expression Aβ and the activation status, determined by TREM2, ApoE, cytokines, and tau expression. METHODS We have infected microglial cells (HMC3, ATCC®CRL-3304), in monolayer and human peripheral blood monocyte-derived microglia (PBM-microglia) spheroid 3D model, with HHV-6A (strain U1102) cell-free virus inocula with 100 genome equivalents per 1 cell. We collected the cells 1, 3, 7, and 14 days post-infection (d.p.i.) and analyzed them for viral DNA and RNA, ApoE, Aβ (1-40, 1-42), tau, and phospho-tau (Threonine 181) by real-time immunofluorescence and cytokines by immunoenzymatic assay. RESULTS We observed a productive infection by HHV-6A. The expression of Aβ 1-42 increased from 3 d.p.i., while no significant induction was observed for Aβ 1-40. The HHV-6A infection induced the activation (TREM2, IL-1beta, ApoE) and migration of microglial cells. The secretion of tau started from 7 d.p.i., with an increasing percentage of the phosphorylated form. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, microglial cells are permissive to HHV-6A infection that induces the expression of Aβ and an activation status. Meanwhile, we hypothesize a paracrine effect of HHV-6A infection that activates and induces microglia migration to the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Rotola
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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The Prevalence of HSV, HHV-6, HPV and Mycoplasma genitalium in Chlamydia trachomatis positive and Chlamydia trachomatis Negative Urogenital Samples among Young Women in Finland. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040276. [PMID: 31805637 PMCID: PMC6963806 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) cause sexually transmitted infections. In addition, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) may be a genital co-pathogen. The prevalence rates of HSV, HHV-6, HPV, M. genitalium, and the C. trachomatis ompA genotypes were investigated by PCR in urogenital samples of the C. trachomatis nucleic acid amplification test positive (n = 157) and age-, community- and time-matched negative (n = 157) women. The prevalence of HPV DNA was significantly higher among the C. trachomatis positives than the C. trachomatis negatives (66% vs. 25%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of HSV (1.9% vs. 0%), HHV-6 (11% vs. 14%), and M. genitalium DNA (4.5% vs. 1.9%) was not significantly different between the C. trachomatis-positive and -negative women. Thirteen per cent of test-of-cure specimens tested positive for C. trachomatis. The prevalence of HSV, HHV-6, HPV, M. genitalium, and the C. trachomatis ompA genotypes did not significantly differ between those who cleared the C. trachomatis infection (n = 105) and those who did not (n = 16). The higher prevalence of HPV DNA among the C. trachomatis positives suggests greater sexual activity and increased risk for sexually transmitted pathogens.
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Engdahl E, Gustafsson R, Huang J, Biström M, Lima Bomfim I, Stridh P, Khademi M, Brenner N, Butt J, Michel A, Jons D, Hortlund M, Alonso-Magdalena L, Hedström AK, Flamand L, Ihira M, Yoshikawa T, Andersen O, Hillert J, Alfredsson L, Waterboer T, Sundström P, Olsson T, Kockum I, Fogdell-Hahn A. Increased Serological Response Against Human Herpesvirus 6A Is Associated With Risk for Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2715. [PMID: 32038605 PMCID: PMC6988796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A or HHV-6B involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology has remained controversial mainly due to the lack of serological methods that can distinguish the two viruses. A novel multiplex serological assay measuring IgG reactivity against the immediate-early protein 1 from HHV-6A (IE1A) and HHV-6B (IE1B) was used in a MS cohort (8,742 persons with MS and 7,215 matched controls), and a pre-MS cohort (478 individuals and 476 matched controls) to investigate this further. The IgG response against IE1A was positively associated with MS (OR = 1.55, p = 9 × 10-22), and increased risk of future MS (OR = 2.22, p = 2 × 10-5). An interaction was observed between IE1A and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody responses for MS risk (attributable proportion = 0.24, p = 6 × 10-6). In contrast, the IgG response against IE1B was negatively associated with MS (OR = 0.74, p = 6 × 10-11). The association did not differ between MS subtypes or vary with severity of disease. The genetic control of HHV-6A/B antibody responses were located to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) region and the strongest association for IE1A was the DRB1*13:01-DQA1*01:03-DQB1*06:03 haplotype while the main association for IE1B was DRB1*13:02-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:04. In conclusion a role for HHV-6A in MS etiology is supported by an increased serological response against HHV-6A IE1 protein, an interaction with EBV, and an association to HLA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesse Huang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Biström
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Izaura Lima Bomfim
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Brenner
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Butt
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Michel
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jons
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Hortlund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Karin Hedström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louis Flamand
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Clinical Engineering Technology, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Oluf Andersen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Sundström
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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104
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Human herpesvirus 6A active infection in patients with autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Braz J Infect Dis 2019; 23:435-440. [PMID: 31751524 PMCID: PMC9428182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the commonest autoimmune endocrine illness in which antibodies against thyroid organ result in inflammation. The disease has a complex etiology that involves genetic and environmental influences. Viral infections may be involved in triggering of the disease as their molecular mimicry enhance autoimmune responses. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is recognized for its contribution to some autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE In the current study, the prevalence of HHV-6 active infection in patients with HT and with non-autoimmune thyroid disorders were compared with patients with euthyroidism. In addition, a correlation between presence of HHV-6 infections and HT was investigated. METHODS A total of 151 patients with clinically and laboratory confirmed HT, 59 patients with non-autoimmune thyroid disorders, and 32 patients with normal thyroid function were included in the study. For further confirmation of HT disease, all the precipitants were tested for anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and anti-thyroglobulin (TG) antibodies. For detection of both HHV-6 types A and B, nested PCR and restriction enzyme digestion were used. HHV-6 DNA positive samples were further investigated by DNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS HHV-6A DNA was found in serum sample of 57 out of 151 patients (38%) with HT, which was significantly more often than in patients with non-autoimmune thyroid disorders (p=0.001). However, HHV-6 DNA was not detected in serum samples of euthyroid subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results support a possible role for active HHV-6A infection, demonstrated by the presence of HHV-6 DNA in sera, in the development of HT.
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105
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Wells MJ, Jacobson S, Levine PH. An evaluation of HHV-6 as an etiologic agent in Hodgkin lymphoma and brain cancer using IARC criteria for oncogenicity. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:31. [PMID: 31709003 PMCID: PMC6833260 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA virus that can cause roseola infantum, encephalitis, and seizure disorders. Several studies have shown an association between HHV-6 and cancer but confirmation of an etiologic role is lacking. We reviewed the criteria for viral causation of cancer used by The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) for six oncogenic viruses and applied criteria to published reports of HHV-6 and its association with Hodgkin lymphoma and brain tumors. METHODS Our major criteria for oncogenicity were finding evidence of the virus in every tumor cell and prevention of the tumor by an antiviral vaccine. Our six minor criteria included: 1) suggestive serologic correlation, such as higher virus antibody levels in cases compared to controls; 2) evidence of the virus in some but not all tumor cells, and 3) time space clustering. We focused on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as the primary virus for comparison as HHV-6 and EBV are both Herpesviridae, ubiquitous infections, and EBV is well-accepted as a human oncovirus. Particular attention was given to Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and brain cancer as these malignancies have been the most studied. RESULTS No studies reported HHV-6 satisfying either of the major criteria for oncogenicity. Of the minor criteria used by IARC, serologic studies have been paramount in supporting EBV as an oncogenic agent in all EBV-associated tumors, but not for HHV-6 in HL or brain cancer. Clustering of cases was suggestive for both HL and brain cancer and medical intervention suggested by longer survival in patients treated with antiviral agents was reported for brain cancer. CONCLUSION There is insufficient evidence to indicate HHV-6 is an etiologic agent with respect to HL and brain cancers. We suggest that methods demonstrating EBV oncogenicity be applied to HHV-6. It is important that one study has found HHV-6 in all cancer cells in oral cancer in a region with elevated HHV-6 antibodies and therefore HHV-6 can still be considered a possible human oncogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wells
- School of Community and Population Health, University of New England, 716 Stevens Ave, Portland, ME 04103 USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Viral Immunology Section, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Paul H. Levine
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska, 984355 Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
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106
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Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Pozzoli U, Sironi M. A complex evolutionary relationship between HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez043. [PMID: 31649826 PMCID: PMC6800887 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human betaherpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are highly prevalent in human populations. The genomes of these viruses can be stably integrated at the telomeres of human chromosomes and be vertically transmitted (inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6, iciHHV6). We reconstructed the population structure of HHV-6 and we show that HHV-6A genomes diverged less than HHV-6B genomes from the ancestral common HHV-6A/B population. Analysis of ancestry proportions indicated that HHV-6A exogenous viruses and iciHHV-6A derived most of their genomes from distinct ancestral sources. Conversely, exogenous viral and iciHHV-6B populations were similar in terms of ancestry components, with no evident geographic structuring. Most HHV-6B genomes sampled to date derive from viral populations that experienced considerable drift. However, a population of HHV-6 exogenous viruses, currently classified as HHV-6B and sampled in New York state, formed a separate cluster (NY cluster) and harbored a considerable portion of HHV-6A-like ancestry. Recombination detection methods identified these viruses as interspecies recombinants, but phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that the recombination signals are due to shared ancestry. In analogy to iciHHV-6A, NY cluster viruses have high nucleotide diversity and constant population size. We propose that HHV-6A sequences and the NY cluster population diverged from an ancestral HHV-6A-like population. A relatively recent bottleneck of the NY (or a related) population with subsequent expansion originated most HHV-6B genomes currently sampled. Our findings indicate that the distinction between HHV-6A and -6B is not as clear-cut as previously thought. More generally, epidemiological and clinical surveys would benefit from taking HHV-6 genetic diversity into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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107
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Houldcroft CJ. Human Herpesvirus Sequencing in the Genomic Era: The Growing Ranks of the Herpetic Legion. Pathogens 2019; 8:E186. [PMID: 31614759 PMCID: PMC6963362 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nine human herpesviruses are some of the most ubiquitous pathogens worldwide, causing life-long latent infection in a variety of different tissues. Human herpesviruses range from mild childhood infections to known tumour viruses and 'trolls of transplantation'. Epstein-Barr virus was the first human herpesvirus to have its whole genome sequenced; GenBank now includes thousands of herpesvirus genomes. This review will cover some of the recent advances in our understanding of herpesvirus diversity and disease that have come about as a result of new sequencing technologies, such as target enrichment and long-read sequencing. It will also look at the problem of resolving mixed-genotype infections, whether with short or long-read sequencing methods; and conclude with some thoughts on the future of the field as herpesvirus population genomics becomes a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Houldcroft
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambs CB2 0QQ UK.
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK.
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108
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Rider PJF, Coghill LM, Naderi M, Brown JM, Brylinski M, Kousoulas KG. Identification and Visualization of Functionally Important Domains and Residues in Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein K(gK) Using a Combination of Phylogenetics and Protein Modeling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14625. [PMID: 31601827 PMCID: PMC6787236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses are a subfamily of herpesviruses that include the significant human pathogens herpes simplex viruses (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Glycoprotein K (gK), conserved in all alphaherpesviruses, is a multi-membrane spanning virion glycoprotein essential for virus entry into neuronal axons, virion assembly, and pathogenesis. Despite these critical functions, little is known about which gK domains and residues are most important for maintaining these functions across all alphaherpesviruses. Herein, we employed phylogenetic and structural analyses including the use of a novel model for evolutionary rate variation across residues to predict conserved gK functional domains. We found marked heterogeneity in the evolutionary rate at the level of both individual residues and domains, presumably as a result of varying selective constraints. To clarify the potential role of conserved sequence features, we predicted the structures of several gK orthologs. Congruent with our phylogenetic analysis, slowly evolving residues were identified at potentially structurally significant positions across domains. We found that using a quantitative measure of amino acid rate variation combined with molecular modeling we were able to identify amino acids predicted to be critical for gK protein structure/function. This analysis yields targets for the design of anti-herpesvirus therapeutic strategies across all alphaherpesvirus species that would be absent from more traditional analyses of conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J F Rider
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Lyndon M Coghill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Misagh Naderi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Michal Brylinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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109
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The Brief Case: Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in the Age of Multiplex HHV-6 Testing. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:57/10/e02016-18. [PMID: 31551347 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02016-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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110
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HHV-6B reduces autophagy and induces ER stress in primary monocytes impairing their survival and differentiation into dendritic cells. Virus Res 2019; 273:197757. [PMID: 31521763 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HHV-6A and HHV-6B are ubiquitous human betaherpesviruses sharing more than 80% homology. HHV-6B is the most common cause of encephalitis in transplant patients and its primary infection may cause the exanthema subitum and febrile seizures in infants. HHV-6A and HHV-6B are able to infect several immune cell types such as T cells, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). In this study we found that HHV-6 B derived from patients affected by exanthema subitum impaired monocyte differentiation into DCs, as the infected cells acquired less CD1a DC marker and retained more CD14 monocyte marker. In agreement with the previous finding that HHV-6B dysregulated autophagy and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cells in which it replicated, here we found that these effects occurred also in differentiating monocytes and that ER stress relief, by using the chemical chaperone sodium 4-phenylbutirate (PBA), partially restored DC formation. This suggests that the induction of ER stress, likely exacerbated by autophagy inhibition, could contribute to the immune suppression induced by HHV-6B derived from exanthema subitem patients.
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111
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Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6)-associated Lymphadenitis: Pitfalls in Diagnosis in Benign and Malignant Settings. Am J Surg Pathol 2019; 42:1402-1408. [PMID: 29975251 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) is a member of the β-herpesvirinae subfamily. Most people acquire HHV-6 primary infection early in life and reactivation may occur, most often in immunocompromised individuals, leading to various clinical manifestations. HHV-6 infected cells may be identified in lymph nodes in both reactive and neoplastic conditions. Cases were retrieved from the hematopathology consultation service archives at National Institutes of Health from 2003 to 2017 in which infection by HHV-6 had been documented by immunohistochemical stains to HHV-6 gp60/110 envelope glycoprotein. Five cases of reactive lymphadenitis and 3 cases of lymphoma; 2 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and 1 classic Hodgkin lymphoma, positive for HHV-6 were identified. The reactive lymph nodes showed marked paracortical hyperplasia and admixed large atypical lymphoid cells exhibiting pleomorphic nuclei, vesicular chromatin, and prominent eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. Vascular proliferation and necrosis were also present, raising suspicion of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The 3 cases of lymphoma showed similar viral inclusions, in addition to the characteristic features diagnostic of the lymphoma. Staining for HHV-6 was positive with a membranous and Golgi pattern and was restricted to cells with evident inclusions on hematoxylin and eosin. HHV-6 infected cells were positive for CD3 and CD4. HHV-6 lymphadenitis can present with morphologic atypia creating a diagnostic pitfall for lymphoma. In such cases, careful attention to the characteristic viral inclusions can lead to immunohistochemical analysis highlighting the replicating virus. In cases of lymphoma, identification of the inclusions is key in detecting the associated infection as well as in avoiding misinterpretation of the lymphoma subtype.
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112
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Ward KN, Hill JA, Hubacek P, de la Camara R, Crocchiolo R, Einsele H, Navarro D, Robin C, Cordonnier C, Ljungman P. Guidelines from the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia for management of HHV-6 infection in patients with hematologic malignancies and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2019; 104:2155-2163. [PMID: 31467131 PMCID: PMC6821622 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.223073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the two human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) species, human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) encephalitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Guidelines for the management of HHV-6 infections in patients with hematologic malignancies or post-transplant were prepared a decade ago but there have been no other guidelines since then despite significant advances in the understanding of HHV-6 encephalitis, its therapy, and other aspects of HHV-6 disease in this patient population. Revised guidelines prepared at the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia covering diagnosis, preventative strategies and management of HHV-6 disease are now presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Ward
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Petr Hubacek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology 2 Medical Faculty of Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Julius Maximilians Universität, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christine Robin
- Department of Haematology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Catherine Cordonnier
- Department of Haematology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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113
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Pellett PE. An Old Rose and its Newly Revealed Thorns. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:343-345. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Pellett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Bartolini L, Theodore WH, Jacobson S, Gaillard WD. Infection with HHV-6 and its role in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2019; 153:34-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Genome-Wide Approach to the CD4 T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus 6B. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00321-19. [PMID: 31043533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00321-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are population-prevalent betaherpesviruses with intermittent lytic replication that can be pathogenic in immunocompromised hosts. Elucidation of the adaptive immune response is valuable for understanding pathogenesis and designing novel treatments. Knowledge of T-cell antigens has reached the genome-wide level for CMV and other human herpesviruses, but study of HHV-6 is at an earlier stage. Using rare-cell enrichment combined with an HLA-agnostic, proteome-wide approach, we queried HHV-6B-specific CD4 T cells from 18 healthy donors with each known HHV-6B protein. We detected a low abundance of HHV-6-specific CD4 T cells in blood; however, the within-person CD4 T-cell response is quite broad: the median number of open reading frame (ORF) products recognized was nine per person. Overall, the data expand the number of documented HHV-6B CD4 T-cell antigens from approximately 11 to 60. Epitopes in the proteins encoded by U14, U90, and U95 were mapped with synthetic peptides, and HLA restriction was defined for some responses. Intriguingly, CD4 T-cell antigens newly described in this report are among the most population prevalent, including U73, U72, U95, and U30. Our results indicate that selection of HHV-6B ORFs for immunotherapy should consider this expanded panel of HHV-6B antigens.IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6 is highly prevalent and maintains chronic infection in immunocompetent individuals, with the potential to replicate widely in settings of immunosuppression, leading to clinical disease. Antiviral compounds may be ineffective and/or pose dose-limiting toxicity, and therefore, immune-based therapies have garnered increased interest in recent years. Attempts at addressing this unmet medical need begin with understanding the cellular response to HHV-6 at the individual and population levels. The present study provides a comprehensive assessment of HHV-6-specific T-cell responses that may inform the development of cell-based therapies directed at this virus.
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Saviola AJ, Zimmermann C, Mariani MP, Signorelli SA, Gerrard DL, Boyd JR, Wight DJ, Morissette G, Gravel A, Dubuc I, Flamand L, Kaufer BB, Frietze S. Chromatin Profiles of Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus-6A. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1408. [PMID: 31293546 PMCID: PMC6606781 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) and 6B (HHV-6B) are two closely related betaherpesviruses that are associated with various diseases including seizures and encephalitis. The HHV-6A/B genomes have been shown to be present in an integrated state in the telomeres of latently infected cells. In addition, integration of HHV-6A/B in germ cells has resulted in individuals harboring this inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/B (iciHHV-6) in every cell of their body. Until now, the viral transcriptome and the epigenetic modifications that contribute to the silencing of the integrated virus genome remain elusive. In the current study, we used a patient-derived iciHHV-6A cell line to assess the global viral gene expression profile by RNA-seq, and the chromatin profiles by MNase-seq and ChIP-seq analyses. In addition, we investigated an in vitro generated cell line (293-HHV-6A) that expresses GFP upon the addition of agents commonly used to induce herpesvirus reactivation such as TPA. No viral gene expression including miRNAs was detected from the HHV-6A genomes, indicating that the integrated virus is transcriptionally silent. Intriguingly, upon stimulation of the 293-HHV-6A cell line with TPA, only foreign promoters in the virus genome were activated, while all HHV-6A promoters remained completely silenced. The transcriptional silencing of latent HHV-6A was further supported by MNase-seq results, which demonstrate that the latent viral genome resides in a highly condensed nucleosome-associated state. We further explored the enrichment profiles of histone modifications via ChIP-seq analysis. Our results indicated that the HHV-6 genome is modestly enriched with the repressive histone marks H3K9me3/H3K27me3 and does not possess the active histone modifications H3K27ac/H3K4me3. Overall, these results indicate that HHV-6 genomes reside in a condensed chromatin state, providing insight into the epigenetic mechanisms associated with the silencing of the integrated HHV-6A genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Saviola
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Cosima Zimmermann
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael P. Mariani
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Sylvia A. Signorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Diana L. Gerrard
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Joseph R. Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Darren J. Wight
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillaume Morissette
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Université Laval and CHU de Quebec Research Center-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Gravel
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Université Laval and CHU de Quebec Research Center-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Dubuc
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Université Laval and CHU de Quebec Research Center-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Université Laval and CHU de Quebec Research Center-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seth Frietze
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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Abstract
In this chapter, we present an overview on betaherpesvirus entry, with a focus on human cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6A and human herpesvirus 6B. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a complex human pathogen with a genome of 235kb encoding more than 200 genes. It infects a broad range of cell types by switching its viral ligand on the virion, using the trimer gH/gL/gO for infection of fibroblasts and the pentamer gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131 for infection of other cells such as epithelial and endothelial cells, leading to membrane fusion mediated by the fusion protein gB. Adding to this scenario, however, accumulating data reveal the actual complexity in the viral entry process of HCMV with an intricate interplay among viral and host factors. Key novel findings include the identification of entry receptors platelet-derived growth factor-α receptor (PDGFRα) and Netropilin-2 (Nrp2) for trimer and pentamer, respectively, the determination of atomic structures of the fusion protein gB and the pentamer, and the in situ visualization of the state and arrangement of functional glycoproteins on virion. This is covered in the first part of this review. The second part focusses on HHV-6 which is a T lymphotropic virus categorized as two distinct virus species, HHV-6A and HHV-6B based on differences in epidemiological, biological, and immunological aspects, although homology of their entire genome sequences is nearly 90%. HHV-6B is a causative agent of exanthema subitum (ES), but the role of HHV-6A is unknown. HHV-6B reactivation occasionally causes encephalitis in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The HHV-6 specific envelope glycoprotein complex, gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 is a viral ligand for the entry receptor. Recently, each virus has been found to recognize a different cellular receptor, CD46 for HHV 6A amd CD134 for HHV 6B. These findings show that distinct receptor recognition differing between both viruses could explain their different pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nishimura
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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Phenotypic and Functional Differences between Human Herpesvirus 6- and Human Cytomegalovirus-Specific T Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02321-18. [PMID: 30996090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02321-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infects >90% of the population and establishes a latent infection with asymptomatic episodes of reactivation. However, HHV-6 reactivation is associated with morbidity and sometimes mortality in immunocompromised patients. To date, control of the virus in healthy virus carriers and the failure to control it in patients with disease remain poorly understood. In particular, knowledge of HHV-6-specific T-cell responses is limited. Here, we characterized HHV-6A- and HHV-6B-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors. We studied the phenotype of effector HHV-6-specific T cells ex vivo, as well as of induced specific suppressive regulatory CD4+ T cells in vitro poststimulation, in comparison to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) responses. Compared to that for HCMV, we show that ex vivo T-cell reactivity in peripheral blood is detectable but at very low frequency, both for HHV-6A and -6B viruses. Interestingly, the phenotype of the specific T cells also differs between the viruses. HHV-6A- and HHV-6B-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes are less differentiated than HCMV-specific T cells. Furthermore, we show a higher frequency of HHV-6-specific suppressive regulatory T cells (eTregs) than HCMV-specific eTregs in coinfected individuals. Despite the strong similarity of HHV-6 and HCMV from a virologic point of view, we observed immunological differences, particularly in relation to the frequency and phenotype of effector/memory and regulatory virus-specific T cells. This suggests that different immune factors are solicited in the control of HHV-6 infection than in that of HCMV infection.IMPORTANCE T cells are central to an effective defense against persistent viral infections that can be related to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). However, knowledge of HHV-6-specific T-cell responses is limited. In order to deepen our knowledge of T-cell responses to HHV-6, we characterized HHV-6A- and HHV-6B-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses directly ex vivo from healthy coinfected blood donors. Despite the strong similarity of HHV-6 and HCMV from a virologic point of view, we observed immunological differences, particularly in relation to the frequency and phenotype of effector/memory and regulatory virus-specific T cells. This suggests that different immune factors are solicited in the control of HHV-6 infection than in that of HCMV infection. Our findings may encourage immunomonitoring of patients with viral replication episodes to follow the emergence of effector versus regulatory T cells.
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Nakayama H, Yamazaki R, Kato J, Koda Y, Sakurai M, Abe R, Watanuki S, Sumiya C, Shiroshita K, Fujita S, Yamaguchi K, Okamoto S, Mori T. Human Herpesvirus 6 Reactivation Evaluated by Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction and Its Association With Dynamics of CD134-Positive T Cells After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:1001-1007. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundHuman herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) causes life-threatening central nervous system disorders after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Recent studies implicated CD134 as a specific receptor of HHV-6B and demonstrated that its expression levels in CD4-positive T cells after allo-HSCT could be related to the reactivation of HHV-6. We prospectively evaluated the relationship between HHV-6 reactivation and CD134+ T cells in the recipients of allo-HSCT.MethodsHHV-6 viral load in plasma was quantitatively measured weekly after allo-HSCT by digital polymerase chain reaction in 34 patients. The ratio of CD134 in CD4+ T cells (CD134/CD4 ratio) was serially measured by flow cytometry before and after transplantation.ResultsHHV-6 reactivation was detected in 23 patients (68%). The CD134/CD4 ratio before conditioning was significantly higher in patients with HHV-6 reactivation than in those without (median, 3.8% vs 1.5%, P < .01). In multivariate analysis, a higher CD134/CD4 ratio before conditioning was significantly associated with the incidence of HHV-6 reactivation (odds ratio, 10.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.3–85.1], P = .03).ConclusionsA higher CD134/CD4 ratio before conditioning was associated with a higher risk of HHV-6 reactivation, suggesting that the rate may be a promising marker for predicting HHV-6 reactivation after allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Nakayama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Yamazaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Koda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ryohei Abe
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chieko Sumiya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Fujita
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takehiko Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Oevermann L, Zimmermann C, Voigt S, Künkele A, Lobitz S, Eggert A, Schulte JH, Kaufer BB, Deubzer HE. Transmission of chromosomally integrated human herpes virus-6A via haploidentical stem cell transplantation poses a risk for virus reactivation and associated complications. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 55:260-264. [PMID: 30988380 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Oevermann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Cosima Zimmermann
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Lobitz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Kinderkrankenhaus, Amsterdamer Strasse 59, 50735, Köln, Germany
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt B Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hedwig E Deubzer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Neuroblastoma Research Group, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC) of the Charité and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Lindenberger Weg, 8013125, Berlin, Germany
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121
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Pellett Madan R, Hand J. Human herpesvirus 6, 7, and 8 in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13518. [PMID: 30844089 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of HHV-6A, HHV-6B, HHV-7, and HHV-8 in the pre- and post-transplant period. The majority of HHV-6 (A and B) and HHV-7 infections in transplant recipients are asymptomatic; symptomatic disease is reported infrequently across organs. Routine screening for HHV-6 and 7 DNAemia is not recommended in asymptomatic patients, nor is prophylaxis or preemptive therapy. Detection of viral nucleic acid by quantitative PCR in blood or CSF is the preferred method for diagnosis of HHV-6 and HHV-7 infection. The possibility of chromosomally integrated HHV-6 DNA should be considered in individuals with persistently high viral loads. Antiviral therapy should be initiated for HHV-6 encephalitis and should be considered for other manifestations of disease. HHV-8 causes Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease and is also associated with hemophagocytic syndrome and bone marrow failure. HHV-8 screening and monitoring may be indicated to prevent disease. Treatment of HHV-8 related disease centers on reduction of immunosuppression and conversion to sirolimus, while chemotherapy may be needed for unresponsive disease. The role of antiviral therapy for HHV-8 infection has not yet been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pellett Madan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Jonathan Hand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Clinical School, Ochsner Medical Center, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Kourieh A, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Dalstein V, Clifford GM, Lacau St Guily J, Clavel C, Franceschi S, Combes JD. Prevalence of human herpesviruses infections in nonmalignant tonsils: The SPLIT study. J Med Virol 2019; 91:687-697. [PMID: 30318627 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of all known human herpesviruses (HHV) in tonsils of an age-stratified large sample of immunocompetent children and adults. METHODS Patients undergoing tonsillectomy for benign indications were recruited in 19 French hospitals. After resection, the entire outer surfaces of right and left half tonsils were extensively brushed. A highly sensitive species-specific multiplex assay was used to detect herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), HSV2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; types 1 and 2), and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in 688, as well as varicella zoster virus (VZV), HHV6A, HHV6B, HHV7, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) DNA in a subset of 440 tonsil brushings. RESULTS Overall 85% of tonsil brushing samples were infected with at least one HHV species. HHV7 and EBV were the most prevalent (≈70%), followed by HHV6B (≈50%), HSV1, CMV, VZV (≈2%), and KSHV and HSV2 (<1%), while HHV6A was not detected. EBV prevalence was significantly higher in adults than in children, whereas it was opposite for HHV6B and VZV. No difference in HHV prevalence was observed by sex. In multivariate analysis, EBV detection was associated with age greater than or equal to 15 years (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-2.3) and marginally with tobacco smoking (PR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1-1.3). CONCLUSION Differing patterns of HHV infection in tonsils in a large age-stratified population were described. This study is by far the largest available and shows that EBV, HHV6B, and HHV7 are commonly detected in the tonsils in both men and women, in contrast to other HHVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboud Kourieh
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Véronique Dalstein
- CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire Biopathologie, Reims, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1250, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Jean Lacau St Guily
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University and Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christine Clavel
- CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire Biopathologie, Reims, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1250, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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Kobayashi N, Nishiyama T, Yamauchi T, Shimada K, Suka M, Kondo K, Yanagisawa H. Attenuation of human herpesvirus 6B reactivation by aging. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1335-1341. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of VirologyThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyo Japan
| | - Toshiko Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health and Environmental MedicineThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyo Japan
- Department of Internal MedicineOtemachi Sakura Clinic in ToyosuTokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Public Health and Environmental MedicineThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyo Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimada
- Department of VirologyThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyo Japan
| | - Machi Suka
- Department of Public Health and Environmental MedicineThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kondo
- Department of VirologyThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health and Environmental MedicineThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyo Japan
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Coevolution pays off: Herpesviruses have the license to escape the DNA sensing pathway. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:495-512. [PMID: 30805724 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of viral invasion by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) is crucial for the induction of a rapid and efficient immune response. Cytosolic DNA sensors are the most recently described class of PRR, and induce transcription of type I interferons (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines via the key adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Herpesviruses are a family of large DNA viruses widely known for their immense arsenal of proteins dedicated to manipulating and evading host immune responses. Tantamount to the significant role played by DNA sensors and STING in innate immune responses, herpesviruses have in turn evolved a range of mechanisms targeting virtually every step of this key signaling pathway. Strikingly, some herpesviruses also take advantage of this pathway to promote their own replication. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of DNA sensing and subsequent induction of signaling and transcription, and showcase the close adaptation of herpesviruses to their host reflected by the myriad of viral proteins dedicated to modulating this critical innate immune pathway.
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Biganzoli P, Ferreyra L, Nates S, Pavan J. Age-Related Patterns of DNA Detection and Specific IgG Subclasses in Healthy HHV-6- and HHV-7-Infected Individuals. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:95-101. [PMID: 30762483 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) can persist by establishing a lifelong infection which could have implications on the immunocompetent host. The aim of this work is to contribute with some knowledge about the HHV-6 A/B and HHV-7 infection in healthy individuals. We have carried out a longitudinal study in seropositive healthy individuals for the detection of viral DNA in saliva and plasma samples, and for determining a specific IgG isotype immune response, which enabled the performance of these viruses to be observed over time. Furthermore, an elderly population was transversely studied to provide data of the activity of these viruses in the older population. In the longitudinal study, HHV-6 DNA was occasionally detected and an isotype immune response with a specific IgG1 profile, while in the older group HHV-6 DNA was frequently detected and an isotype immune response with specific IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4. HHV-7 DNA was frequently detected in both groups and isotype patterns of specific IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4. The results of this study highlight that the long-lasting relationship in healthy HHV-6 A/B-infected individuals have the imprint of age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Biganzoli
- 1 Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,3 Virology Institute "Dr. J. Vanella," School of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Ferreyra
- 1 Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,2 National University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina.,3 Virology Institute "Dr. J. Vanella," School of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia Nates
- 3 Virology Institute "Dr. J. Vanella," School of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Pavan
- 1 Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,2 National University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina.,3 Virology Institute "Dr. J. Vanella," School of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Calvario A, Foti C, Scarasciulli M, Romita P, Eliassen E, Marzullo A, Colacicco AM, Miragliotta G. Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Associated with HHV6-A/ciHHV6-A and HHV6-B Coinfection in an Immunocompetent Woman. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:221-225. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666181106153758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) is a small vessel vasculitis that can be limited to the skin but may also affect other organs. Often, its cause is unknown. LCV has previously been reported to occur with the reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Here, we report a second instance of HHV-6 reactivation in a 43-year-old woman with idiopathic cutaneous LCV. </P><P> Case Description: In this case, the patient was immunocompetent, and testing revealed that she had inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 variant A (iciHHV6-A) with a parallel skin infection of HHV-6B. The integrated ciHHV-6A strain was found to be transcriptionally active in the blood, while HHV-6B late antigen was detected in a skin biopsy. The patient’s rash was not accompanied by fever nor systemic symptoms and resolved over four weeks without any therapeutic intervention.Conclusion:In light of the transcriptional activity documented in our case, further examination of a possible role for HHV-6 in the etiology of LCV is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Calvario
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Dermatological Clinic, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Scarasciulli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Dermatological Clinic, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Eva Eliassen
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Marzullo
- Department of Emergency and Transplant Organ, University of Bari, Italy
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127
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Kelishadi M, Kelishadi M, Ahmadi A, Javid N, Ashrafi G, Tabarraei A. Frequency of Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in Pterygium Using Real-Time PCR Based on SYBR-Green I Fluorescence. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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128
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Rouka E, Kotsiou OS, Kyriakou D, Gourgoulianis KI, Zarogiannis SG. Pleural effusions induced by human herpesviruses in the immunocompetent host. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 51:189-196. [PMID: 30676829 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1551620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS A computer-based search of the English literature for articles relative to Human Herpesviruses (HHVs) infection and pleural effusions (PEs) in the immunocompetent host was performed in PubMed and Scopus. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were also reviewed for relevant articles. RESULTS A total of 20 articles satisfied the selection criteria and were included in the study. In the majority of the articles, PEs were reported as clinical complications of systemic HHV-induced infection. The frequency of HHVs within the reported cases was five for HHV-1/2, one for HHV-3, six for HHV-4, six for HHV-5 and one for HHV-6. One case involved HHV-4 and HHV-5 co-infection. No case of HHV-7 or HHV-8 related PE in the immunocompetent host was retrieved. CONCLUSIONS Pleural effusions in the immunocompetent host occur in severe viral infections and can be due to comorbidities (or septic complications) or due to the direct HHV pathogenicity although research relative to the susceptibility of pleural mesothelial cells to HHV infection is lacking. HHV pathogenicity needs to be studied further as it could explain undiagnosed PEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmia Rouka
- a Department of Transfusion Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS , Larissa , Greece.,b Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS , Larissa , Greece
| | - Ourania S Kotsiou
- c Department of Respiratory Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS , Larissa , Greece
| | - Despoina Kyriakou
- a Department of Transfusion Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS , Larissa , Greece
| | | | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- b Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS , Larissa , Greece.,c Department of Respiratory Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS , Larissa , Greece
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129
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Marrodan M, Alessandro L, Farez MF, Correale J. The role of infections in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2019; 25:891-901. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458518823940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that multiple sclerosis (MS), like other autoimmune diseases, may be triggered by microbial infections. Pathogens associated with development or exacerbation of MS include bacteria, such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus-produced enterotoxins that function as superantigens, and viruses of the Herpesviridae (Epstein–Barr virus and human herpes virus 6) and human endogenous retrovirus families. However, to date, no single pathogen has been accepted as causal agent. In addition, common upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract infections have also been associated with MS exacerbations. Although evidence of an infectious etiology as cause of MS in humans remains inconclusive, microbial agents may modulate the neuroimmunological system of genetically susceptible individuals. Decoding the epidemiological contribution of different microorganisms to MS, along with their pathogenic mechanisms, may help develop new treatment strategies and prevent relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauricio F Farez
- Center for Research on Neuroimmunological Diseases, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Research on Neuroimmunological Diseases, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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130
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Zerr DM. Human Herpesvirus 6B in the Transplant Recipient: When to Worry, When to Act. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 7:S75-S78. [PMID: 30590622 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects most individuals before the age of three years. HHV-6B reactivates in approximately 40% of transplant recipients where it has been associated with a number of important outcomes, especially in allogeneic transplant recipients. This article will review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of HHV-6B infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Zerr
- Seattle Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
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131
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Human Herpesvirus 6A and 6B inhibit in vitro angiogenesis by induction of Human Leukocyte Antigen G. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17683. [PMID: 30523283 PMCID: PMC6283866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection of endothelial cells (ECs) induces the loss of angiogenic properties, through the expression of HHV-6 U94, possibly associated to the release of a soluble mediator. It is also known that the soluble isoform of HLA-G exhibits an anti-angiogenic function, important in implantation, transplantation and neoplastic development. In this study, we analyzed the expression of HLA-G in HHV-6 infected ECs, showing that both HHV-6A and HHV-6B infection induce a potent up-modulation of HLA-G, including both membrane and soluble isoforms. Interestingly, HHV-6A and HHV-6B induced different isoforms of HLA-G. The virus-induced increase of HLA-G was likely due to the expression of the U94 viral gene, that by itself was able to reproduce the effect of whole virus. The effect of U94 was mediated by human transcription factor ATF3, that induced HLA-G activation by recognizing a consensus sequence on its promoter. Virus-induced inhibition of ECs angiogenic ability directly correlated to HLA-G expression and release, and the addition of anti-HLA-G antibody restored the angiogenic properties of HHV6-infected ECs. The induction of HLA-G expression in ECs might represent an important mediator of HHV-6 induced effects.
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132
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Abstract
Several medical conditions can cause children to present with fever and a maculopapular rash Although some presentations are benign, others may be medical emergencies, which warrant a prompt diagnosis. We review some of the more common causes of fever and maculopapular dermatitirs, rash including infectious processes (roseola; rubeola; rubella; parvovirus B19; hand, foot, and mouth disease; scarlet fever; meningococcemia; Epstein-Barr virus infection), hypersensitivity reactions (exanthematous drug reactions), and vasculitis syndromes (Kawasaki disease). We have included a diagnostic algorithm to facilitate rapid identification of the etiology of the rash and fever. Those conditions that can occur in children but are seen predominantly in adults are discussed in the contribution "Rash with maculopapules and fever in adults" in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Muzumdar
- Dermatology Department, University of CT Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marti Jill Rothe
- Dermatology Department, University of CT Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Dermatology Department, University of CT Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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133
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Gu B, Li L, Li M, Wang J, Zhang G, Yao K, Wang S. U94/rep of human herpesvirus 6 inhibits proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of glioma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5991-6001. [PMID: 30538548 PMCID: PMC6254986 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s177777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We previously found the involvement of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection in the pathogenesis of glioma. U94/rep, encoded by HHV-6, has been identified to play a vital role in viral gene expression and latency. Recent studies have shown its inhibition of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in endothelial cells and prostate cancer cell line PC3, respectively. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of U94/rep in the development and progression of glioma. Patients and methods Patients and methods A total of 20 glioma tissues with positive HHV-6 infection were used for detection of U94/rep. MTT, soft agar, propidium iodide staining, wound healing, Transwell, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assays were applied for evaluation of glioma cells’ proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, respectively. Results U94/rep transcripts could be detected in 11 out of 20 glioma tissues with positive HHV-6 infection. Furthermore, MTT and soft agar assays revealed that overexpression of U94/rep inhibited glioma cell proliferation and colony formation, which may be attributed to the cell cycle arrest at S phase induced by U94/rep. Further analysis demonstrated that U94/rep inhibited glioma cells’ migration and invasion and ex vivo angiogenesis. Reduced expression of proangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, and type IV collagenases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, was detected in cells overexpressing U94/rep. These decreased factors may undermine glioma cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that U94/rep could inhibit malignant phenotypes of glioma cells, indicating that it is a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,
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134
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Romeo MA, Masuelli L, Gaeta A, Nazzari C, Granato M, Gilardini Montani MS, Faggioni A, Cirone M. Impact of HHV-6A and HHV-6B lytic infection on autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:89-98. [PMID: 30427305 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are known to manipulate autophagy to optimize their replication, counteract immune response and probably to promote tumourigenesis. This study explored, for the first time, the impact of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 lytic infection on autophagy and demonstrated that HHV-6A and B (viruses sharing more than 80 % homology) differently affected this cellular process. Indeed, while HHV-6A (GS) infection of HSB2 cells promoted autophagy, HHV-6B (Z29) or the virus isolated from the serum of roseola infantum-affected patient-inhibited autophagy in Molt-3 cells or in PBMCs, respectively. Interestingly, the different behaviour of HHV-6A and B on the autophagic process was accompanied by different effects on endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response and cell survival that was more strongly reduced by HHV-6B infection. We hypothesize that the ability to inhibit autophagy displayed by HHV-6B could be due to the fact that it contains gene homologues of those encoding for TRS1; the protein responsible for the block of autophagy by human cytomegalovirus. Understanding how HHV-6A/B infection regulates autophagy could be of particular interest, as it has been recently shown that this virus may be involved in Alzheimer's disease in which a dysregulation of autophagy may also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anele Romeo
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Masuelli
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Gaeta
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Nazzari
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Granato
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Faggioni
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
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135
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Eliassen E, Lum E, Pritchett J, Ongradi J, Krueger G, Crawford JR, Phan TL, Ablashi D, Hudnall SD. Human Herpesvirus 6 and Malignancy: A Review. Front Oncol 2018; 8:512. [PMID: 30542640 PMCID: PMC6277865 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the role of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in human disease, several confounding factors, including methods of detection, types of controls, and the ubiquitous nature of the virus, must be considered. This is particularly problematic in the case of cancer, in which rates of detection vary greatly among studies. To determine what part, if any, HHV-6 plays in oncogenesis, a review of the literature was performed. There is evidence that HHV-6 is present in certain types of cancer; however, detection of the virus within tumor cells is insufficient for assigning a direct role of HHV-6 in tumorigenesis. Findings supportive of a causal role for a virus in cancer include presence of the virus in a large proportion of cases, presence of the virus in most tumor cells, and virus-induced in-vitro cell transformation. HHV-6, if not directly oncogenic, may act as a contributory factor that indirectly enhances tumor cell growth, in some cases by cooperation with other viruses. Another possibility is that HHV-6 may merely be an opportunistic virus that thrives in the immunodeficient tumor microenvironment. Although many studies have been carried out, it is still premature to definitively implicate HHV-6 in several human cancers. In some instances, evidence suggests that HHV-6 may cooperate with other viruses, including EBV, HPV, and HHV-8, in the development of cancer, and HHV-6 may have a role in such conditions as nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, gastrointestinal cancer, glial tumors, and oral cancers. However, further studies will be required to determine the exact contributions of HHV-6 to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Eliassen
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Emily Lum
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Pritchett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joseph Ongradi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gerhard Krueger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas- Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John R Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tuan L Phan
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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136
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Leibovitch EC, Caruso B, Ha SK, Schindler MK, Lee NJ, Luciano NJ, Billioux BJ, Guy JR, Yen C, Sati P, Silva AC, Reich DS, Jacobson S. Herpesvirus trigger accelerates neuroinflammation in a nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11292-11297. [PMID: 30322946 PMCID: PMC6217390 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811974115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens, particularly human herpesviruses (HHVs), are implicated as triggers of disease onset/progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory disorders. However, the time between viral acquisition in childhood and disease onset in adulthood complicates the study of this association. Using nonhuman primates, we demonstrate that intranasal inoculations with HHV-6A and HHV-6B accelerate an MS-like neuroinflammatory disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although animals inoculated intranasally with HHV-6 (virus/EAE marmosets) were asymptomatic, they exhibited significantly accelerated clinical EAE compared with control animals. Expansion of a proinflammatory CD8 subset correlated with post-EAE survival in virus/EAE marmosets, suggesting that a peripheral (viral?) antigen-driven expansion may have occurred post-EAE induction. HHV-6 viral antigen in virus/EAE marmosets was markedly elevated and concentrated in brain lesions, similar to previously reported localizations of HHV-6 in MS brain lesions. Collectively, we demonstrate that asymptomatic intranasal viral acquisition accelerates subsequent neuroinflammation in a nonhuman primate model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Leibovitch
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Breanna Caruso
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Seung Kwon Ha
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew K Schindler
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nathanael J Lee
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nicholas J Luciano
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Bridgette J Billioux
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph R Guy
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cecil Yen
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pascal Sati
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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137
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Tembo J, Chandwe K, Kabwe M, Chilufya M, Ciccone O, Mpabalwani E, Ablashi D, Zumla A, Chen T, Bates M. Children infected by human herpesvirus 6B with febrile seizures are more likely to develop febrile status epilepticus: A case-control study in a referral hospital in Zambia. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1757-1764. [PMID: 30011348 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is the causative agent of Roseola infantum, and has also been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of febrile seizures in young children, a percentage of whom go on to develop febrile status epilepticus (FSE), but the existing data is conflicting and inconclusive. HHV-6A is a distinct species, rarely detected in most parts of the world, but prior studies suggest a higher prevalence in febrile African children. We describe a case-control study comparing the frequency of HHV-6A and/or HHV-6B infections in children with febrile seizures (including FSE) and a control group of febrile children without seizures. METHODS We recruited children aged 6 to 60 months admitted with a febrile illness with (cases) or without (controls) seizures presenting within 48 hours of commencement of fever. Three milliliters of whole blood was centrifuged and plasma stored at -80°C for pooled screening for HHV-6B and HHV-6A by Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS 102 cases and 95 controls were recruited. The prevalence of HHV-6B DNA detection did not differ significantly between cases (5.8% (6/102)) and controls (10.5% (10/95)) but HHV-6B infection was associated with FSE (OR, 15; 95% CI, [1.99-120]; P= 0.009). HHV-6A was not detected. CONCLUSION Prevalence of HHV-6B was similar among cases and controls. Within the FS group, HHV-6B infection was associated with FSE, suggesting HHV-6B infections could play a role in the pathogenesis of FSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tembo
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.,HerpeZ, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kanta Chandwe
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mwila Kabwe
- HerpeZ, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.,Depatment of Pharmacy and Applied Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ornella Ciccone
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Evans Mpabalwani
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Dharam Ablashi
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Matthew Bates
- HerpeZ, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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138
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Miura H, Kawamura Y, Hattori F, Kozawa K, Ihira M, Ohye T, Kurahashi H, Yoshikawa T. Chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 in the Japanese population. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1636-1642. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Tamae Ohye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics; Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
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139
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Hanson DJ, Hill JA, Koelle DM. Advances in the Characterization of the T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus-6. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1454. [PMID: 29988505 PMCID: PMC6026635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV) 6 is thought to remain clinically latent in most individuals after primary infection and to reactivate to cause disease in persons with severe immunosuppression. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, reactivation of HHV-6 species B is a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality. HHV-6B reactivation is the most frequent cause of infectious meningoencephalitis in this setting and has been associated with a variety of other complications such as graft rejection and acute graft versus host disease. This has inspired efforts to develop HHV-6-targeted immunotherapies. Basic knowledge of HHV-6-specific adaptive immunity is crucial for these endeavors, but remains incomplete. Many studies have focused on specific HHV-6 antigens extrapolated from research on human cytomegalovirus, a genetically related betaherpesvirus. Challenges to the study of HHV-6-specific T-cell immunity include the very low frequency of HHV-6-specific memory T cells in chronically infected humans, the large genome size of HHV-6, and the lack of an animal model. This review will focus on emerging techniques and methodological improvements that are beginning to overcome these barriers. Population-prevalent antigens are now becoming clear for the CD4+ T-cell response, while definition and ranking of CD8+ T-cell antigens and epitopes is at an earlier stage. This review will discuss current knowledge of the T-cell response to HHV-6, new research approaches, and translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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140
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HHV-6B infection, T-cell reconstitution, and graft-vs-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:1508-1517. [PMID: 29795424 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-018-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful and sustained CD4+ T-cell reconstitution is associated with increased survival after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), but opportunistic infections may adversely affect the time and extent of immune reconstitution. Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) efficiently infects CD4+ T cells and utilizes as a receptor CD134 (OX40), a member of the TNF superfamily that antagonizes regulatory T-cell (Treg) activity. Reactivation of HHV-6B has been associated with aberrant immune reconstitution and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) after HCT. Given that Treg counts are negatively correlated with aGVHD severity, we postulate that one mechanism for the poor CD4+ T-cell reconstitution observed shortly after transplant may be HHV-6B infection and depletion of peripheral (extra-thymic) CD4+ T cells, including a subpopulation of Treg cells. In turn, this may trigger a series of adverse events resulting in poor clinical outcomes such as severe aGVHD. In addition, recent evidence has linked HHV-6B reactivation with aberrant CD4+ T-cell reconstitution late after transplantation, which may be mediated by a different mechanism, possibly related to central (thymic) suppression of T-cell reconstitution. These observations suggest that aggressive management of HHV-6B reactivation in transplant patients may facilitate CD4+ T-cell reconstitution and improve the quality of life and survival of HCT patients.
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141
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Greninger AL, Roychoudhury P, Makhsous N, Hanson D, Chase J, Krueger G, Xie H, Huang ML, Saunders L, Ablashi D, Koelle DM, Cook L, Jerome KR. Copy Number Heterogeneity, Large Origin Tandem Repeats, and Interspecies Recombination in Human Herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B Reference Strains. J Virol 2018; 92:e00135-18. [PMID: 29491155 PMCID: PMC5923074 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00135-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR is a diagnostic pillar for clinical virology testing, and reference materials are necessary for accurate, comparable quantitation between clinical laboratories. Accurate quantitation of human herpesvirus 6A/B (HHV-6A/B) is important for detection of viral reactivation and inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/B in immunocompromised patients. Reference materials in clinical virology commonly consist of laboratory-adapted viral strains that may be affected by the culture process. We performed next-generation sequencing to make relative copy number measurements at single nucleotide resolution of eight candidate HHV-6A and seven HHV-6B reference strains and DNA materials from the HHV-6 Foundation and Advanced Biotechnologies Inc. Eleven of 17 (65%) HHV-6A/B candidate reference materials showed multiple copies of the origin of replication upstream of the U41 gene by next-generation sequencing. These large tandem repeats arose independently in culture-adapted HHV-6A and HHV-6B strains, measuring 1,254 bp and 983 bp, respectively. The average copy number measured was between 5 and 10 times the number of copies of the rest of the genome. We also report the first interspecies recombinant HHV-6A/B strain with a HHV-6A backbone and a >5.5-kb region from HHV-6B, from U41 to U43, that covered the origin tandem repeat. Specific HHV-6A reference strains demonstrated duplication of regions at U1/U2, U87, and U89, as well as deletion in the U12-to-U24 region and the U94/U95 genes. HHV-6A/B strains derived from cord blood mononuclear cells from different laboratories on different continents with fewer passages revealed no copy number differences throughout the viral genome. These data indicate that large origin tandem duplications are an adaptation of both HHV-6A and HHV-6B in culture and show interspecies recombination is possible within the Betaherpesvirinae.IMPORTANCE Anything in science that needs to be quantitated requires a standard unit of measurement. This includes viruses, for which quantitation increasingly determines definitions of pathology and guidelines for treatment. However, the act of making standard or reference material in virology can alter its very accuracy through genomic duplications, insertions, and rearrangements. We used deep sequencing to examine candidate reference strains for HHV-6, a ubiquitous human virus that can reactivate in the immunocompromised population and is integrated into the human genome in every cell of the body for 1% of people worldwide. We found large tandem repeats in the origin of replication for both HHV-6A and HHV-6B that are selected for in culture. We also found the first interspecies recombinant between HHV-6A and HHV-6B, a phenomenon that is well known in alphaherpesviruses but to date has not been seen in betaherpesviruses. These data critically inform HHV-6A/B biology and the standard selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Negar Makhsous
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Derek Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jill Chase
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Gerhard Krueger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lindsay Saunders
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda Cook
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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142
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Eliassen E, Krueger G, Luppi M, Ablashi D. Lymphoproliferative Syndromes Associated with Human Herpesvirus-6A and Human Herpesvirus-6B. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018; 10:e2018035. [PMID: 29755712 PMCID: PMC5937953 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2018.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) have been noted since their discovery for their T-lymphotropism. Although it has proven difficult to determine the extent to which HHV-6A and HHV-6B are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, evidence suggests that primary infection and reactivation of both viruses may induce or contribute to the progression of several lymphoproliferative disorders, ranging from benign to malignant and including infectious mononucleosis-like illness, drug induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DIHS/DRESS), and nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma. Herein, we discuss the conditions associated with the lymphoproliferative capacity of HHV-6, as well as the potential mechanisms behind them. Continued exploration on this topic may add to our understanding of the interactions between HHV-6 and the immune system and may open the doors to more accurate diagnosis and treatment of certain lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Eliassen
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Gerhard Krueger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mario Luppi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Coulam CB, Bilal M, Salazar Garcia MD, Katukurundage D, Elazzamy H, Fernandez EF, Kwak-Kim J, Beaman K, Dambaeva SV. Prevalence of HHV-6 in endometrium from women with recurrent implantation failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e12862. [PMID: 29667291 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To study the prevalence of HHV-6 in endometrial biopsies among women experiencing recurrent implantation failure (RIF) after IVF/ET compared with controls. METHOD OF STUDY Thirty women experiencing RIF after IVF/ET and 10 fertile women participated in the study. All women had endometrial biopsies taken in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle for an endometrial immune profile (EIP) and HHV-6 mRNA as well as lymphocyte and granulocyte populations. The prevalence of HHV-6 in endometrial biopsies was determined, and biopsies for positive and negative expression of HHV-6 were compared with the results of their EIP and lymphocyte and granulocyte populations. RESULTS Thirty-seven percentage of women with a history of RIF and 0% of controls demonstrated the presence of HHV-6 in their endometrial biopsies. No associations were found when the results of the endometrial immune profile were compared with the presence or absence of HHV-6. Significant increase in neutrophil-specific CD16b mRNA was found in HHV-6-positive samples, and the levels of B cells-related CD19 mRNA were lower in biopsies from women with RIF in comparison with normal controls. CONCLUSION HHV-6 infection is an important factor in RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmood Bilal
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria D Salazar Garcia
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, USA
| | - Dimantha Katukurundage
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Haidy Elazzamy
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Joanne Kwak-Kim
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth Beaman
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Svetlana V Dambaeva
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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144
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Greninger AL, Knudsen GM, Roychoudhury P, Hanson DJ, Sedlak RH, Xie H, Guan J, Nguyen T, Peddu V, Boeckh M, Huang ML, Cook L, Depledge DP, Zerr DM, Koelle DM, Gantt S, Yoshikawa T, Caserta M, Hill JA, Jerome KR. Comparative genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic reannotation of human herpesvirus 6. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:204. [PMID: 29554870 PMCID: PMC5859498 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesvirus-6A and -6B (HHV-6) are betaherpesviruses that reach > 90% seroprevalence in the adult population. Unique among human herpesviruses, HHV-6 can integrate into the subtelomeric regions of human chromosomes; when this occurs in germ line cells it causes a condition called inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). Only two complete genomes are available for replicating HHV-6B, leading to numerous conflicting annotations and little known about the global genomic diversity of this ubiquitous virus. Results Using a custom capture panel for HHV-6B, we report complete genomes from 61 isolates of HHV-6B from active infections (20 from Japan, 35 from New York state, and 6 from Uganda), and 64 strains of iciHHV-6B (mostly from North America). HHV-6B sequence clustered by geography and illustrated extensive recombination. Multiple iciHHV-6B sequences from unrelated individuals across the United States were found to be completely identical, consistent with a founder effect. Several iciHHV-6B strains clustered with strains from recent active pediatric infection. Combining our genomic analysis with the first RNA-Seq and shotgun proteomics studies of HHV-6B, we completely reannotated the HHV-6B genome, altering annotations for more than 10% of existing genes, with multiple instances of novel splicing and genes that hitherto had gone unannotated. Conclusion Our results are consistent with a model of intermittent de novo integration of HHV-6B into host germline cells during active infection with a large contribution of founder effect in iciHHV-6B. Our data provide a significant advance in the genomic annotation of HHV-6B, which will contribute to the detection, diversity, and control of this virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4604-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Giselle M Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Derek J Hanson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruth Hall Sedlak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jon Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vikas Peddu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Boeckh
- , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linda Cook
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Danielle M Zerr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soren Gantt
- University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University, Fujita, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Mary Caserta
- University of Rochester Medical Center School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Joshua A Hill
- , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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145
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Telford M, Navarro A, Santpere G. Whole genome diversity of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 derived from healthy individuals of diverse geographic origin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3472. [PMID: 29472617 PMCID: PMC5823862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6-A and -B (HHV-6A, HHV-6B) are ubiquitous in human populations worldwide. These viruses have been associated with several diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma or encephalitis. Despite of the need to understand the genetic diversity and geographic stratification of these viruses, the availability of complete viral sequences from different populations is still limited. Here, we present nine new inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 sequences from diverse geographical origin which were generated through target DNA enrichment on lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from healthy individuals. Integration with available HHV-6 sequences allowed the assessment of HHV-6A and -6B phylogeny, patterns of recombination and signatures of natural selection. Analysis of the intra-species variability showed differences between A and B diversity levels and revealed that the HHV-6B reference (Z29) is an uncommon sequence, suggesting the need for an alternative reference sequence. Signs of geographical variation are present and more defined in HHV-6A, while they appear partly masked by recombination in HHV-6B. Finally, we conducted a scan for signatures of selection in protein coding genes that yielded at least 6 genes (4 and 2 respectively for the A and B species) showing significant evidence for accelerated evolution, and 1 gene showing evidence of positive selection in HHV-6A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Telford
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- National Institute for Bioinformatics (INB), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Santpere
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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146
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Nagamata S, Nagasaka M, Kawabata A, Kishimoto K, Hasegawa D, Kosaka Y, Mori T, Morioka I, Nishimura N, Iijima K, Yamada H, Kawamoto S, Yakushijin K, Matsuoka H, Mori Y. Human CD134 (OX40) expressed on T cells plays a key role for human herpesvirus 6B replication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Virol 2018; 102:50-55. [PMID: 29494951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD134 (OX40), which is a cellular receptor for human herpesvirus-6B (HHV-6B) and expresses on activated T cells, may play a key role for HHV-6B replication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). OBJECTIVES Therefore, we examined the CD134 expression on T cells and HHV-6B replication after allo-HSCT, and analyzed the correlation between them. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-three patients after allo-HSCT were enrolled. The percentages of CD134-positive cells within the CD4+ and CD8+ cell populations were measured by flow cytometry, and the viral copy number of HHV-6B was simultaneously quantified by real-time PCR. The correlation between CD134 and HHV-6B viral load was then statistically analyzed. RESULTS HHV-6B reactivation occurred in 11 of 23 patients (47.8%). CD134 expression was seen on T cells and was coincident with the time of peak viral load. The percentage of CD134-positive cells decreased significantly when HHV-6B DNA disappeared (p = .005 in CD4+ T cells, p = .02 in CD8+ T cells). In the 4 patients who underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT), the viral load varied with the percentage of CD134-positive cells. In the comparison between the HHV-6B reactivation group and non-reactivation group, maximum percentages of CD134-positive cells among CD4+ T cells in reactivation group were significantly higher than those in non-reactivation group (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that a correlation of CD134 expression on T cells with HHV-6B replication after allo-HSCT, especially in UCBT. The results possibly indicate that CD134 on T cells plays a key role for HHV-6B replication after allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nagamata
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Miwako Nagasaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Takatsuki General Hospital, 1-3-13 Kosobe-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 5691192, Japan
| | - Akiko Kawabata
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Kenji Kishimoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, 1-6-7 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Hasegawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, 1-6-7 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kosaka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, 1-6-7 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Hideto Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kawamoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Yakushijin
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuoka
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
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147
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Ogata M, Takano K, Moriuchi Y, Kondo T, Ueki T, Nakano N, Mori T, Uoshima N, Nagafuji K, Yamasaki S, Shibasaki Y, Sakai R, Kato K, Choi I, Jo Y, Eto T, Kako S, Oshima K, Fukuda T. Effects of Prophylactic Foscarnet on Human Herpesvirus-6 Reactivation and Encephalitis in Cord Blood Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Multicenter Trial with an Historical Control Group. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:1264-1273. [PMID: 29454651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cord blood transplantation (CBT) is a distinct risk factor for human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) reactivation and HHV-6 encephalitis. In a prospective multicenter trial we investigated the effects of prophylactic foscarnet (90 mg/kg i.v. infusion from days 7 to 27 after CBT) on the occurrence of HHV-6 reactivation, HHV-6 encephalitis, and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in CBT recipients. Between 2014 and 2016, 57 patients were included in a foscarnet-prophylaxis group. Outcomes were compared with an historical control group who received CBT between 2010 and 2014 (standard-treatment group, n = 63). The cumulative incidence of high-level HHV-6 reactivation, defined as plasma HHV-6 DNA ≥ 104 copies/mL, at 60 days after CBT was significantly lower in the foscarnet-prophylaxis group than in the standard-treatment group (18.3% versus 57.3%, P < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed that myeloablative preconditioning and standard treatment were significant risk factors for high-level HHV-6 reactivation. The cumulative incidence of HHV-6 encephalitis at 60 days after CBT was not different between the groups (foscarnet-prophylaxis group, 12.4%; standard-treatment group, 4.9%; P = .14). The cumulative incidences of grades II to IV and grades III to IV aGVHD at 60 days after CBT were not different between the groups (grades II to IV aGVHD: foscarnet-prophylaxis group, 42.0%; standard-treatment group, 40.5%; P = .96; grades III to IV aGVHD: foscarnet-prophylaxis group, 14.5%; standard-treatment group, 14.5%; P = 1.00). In the setting of this study foscarnet significantly suppressed systemic HHV-6 reactivation in CBT recipients but failed to prevent the development of HHV-6 encephalitis. Suppression of HHV-6 reactivation by foscarnet did not show any effects against the incidence of aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Ogata
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
| | - Kuniko Takano
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | | | - Tadakazu Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Ueki
- Department of Hematology, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakano
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Uoshima
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Nagafuji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamasaki
- Department of Hematology and Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Shibasaki
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Rika Sakai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Kato
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ilseung Choi
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumi Jo
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Shimane, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Eto
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kako
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kumi Oshima
- Department Hematology, Jyoban Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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The Neutralizing Linear Epitope of Human Herpesvirus 6A Glycoprotein B Does Not Affect Virus Infectivity. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02074-17. [PMID: 29212944 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02074-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) glycoprotein B (gB) is a glycoprotein consisting of 830 amino acids and is essential for the growth of the virus. Previously, we reported that a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) called 87-y-13 specifically reacts with HHV-6A gB, and we identified its epitope residue at asparagine (Asn) 347 on gB. In this study, we examined whether the epitope recognized by the neutralizing MAb is essential for HHV-6A infection. We constructed HHV-6A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) genomes harboring substitutions at Asn347, namely, HHV-6A BACgB(N347K) and HHV-6A BACgB(N347A). These mutant viruses could be reconstituted and propagated in the same manner as the wild type and their revertants, and MAb 87-y-13 could not inhibit infection by either mutant. In a cell-cell fusion assay, Asn at position 347 on gB was found to be nonessential for cell-cell fusion. In addition, in building an HHV-6A gB homology model, we found that the epitope of the neutralizing MAb is located on domain II of gB and is accessible to solvents. These results indicate that Asn at position 347, the linear epitope of the neutralizing MAb, does not affect HHV-6A infectivity.IMPORTANCE Glycoprotein B (gB) is one of the most conserved glycoproteins among all herpesviruses and is a key factor for virus entry. Therefore, antibodies targeted to gB may neutralize virus entry. Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) encodes gB, which is translated to a protein of about 830 amino acids (aa). Using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) for HHV-6A gB, which has a neutralizing linear epitope, we analyzed the role of its epitope residue, N347, in HHV-6A infectivity. Interestingly, this gB linear epitope residue, N347, was not essential for HHV-6A growth. By constructing a homology model of HHV-6A gB, we found that N347 was located in the region corresponding to domain II. Therefore, with regard to its neutralizing activity against HHV-6A infection, the epitope on gB might be exposed to solvents, suggesting that it might be a target of the immune system.
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149
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Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) can cause primary infection or reactivate from latency in liver transplant recipients, which can result in a variety of clinical syndromes, including fever, hepatitis, encephalitis and higher rates of graft dysfunction as well as indirect effects including increased risks of mortality, CMV disease, hepatitis C progression and greater fibrosis scores. Although HHV-6 infection is currently diagnosed by quantifying viral DNA in plasma or blood, biopsy to demonstrate histopathological effects of HHV-6 remains the gold standard for diagnosis of end-organ disease. HHV-6 reactivation may be restricted to the infected organ with no evidence of active infection in the blood. HHV-6 infections in liver transplant patients are mostly asymptomatic, but clinically significant tissue-invasive infections have been treated successfully with ganciclovir, foscarnet or cidofovir. Inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6), in either the recipient or the donor organ, may create confusion about systemic HHV-6 infection. Recipients with inherited ciHHV-6 may have an increased risk of opportunistic infection and graft rejection. This article reviews the current scientific data on the clinical effects, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of HHV-6 infections in liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irmeli Lautenschlager
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raymund R Razonable
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and the William J von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Flor M Munoz
- Department of Pediatrics, Transplant Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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150
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Rouka E. Hypothesis: Is there a link between the immune response to Human Herpes Virus type 6Α (HHV-6Α) infection and the interaction network (interactome) of the genes encoding the CTSS, PTX3, CHI3L1, Mx1, CXCL16, BIRC3 and BST2 proteins? Med Hypotheses 2018; 112:47-50. [PMID: 29447938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human Herpes Virus type 6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous virus consisting of two viral species, HHV-6A and HHV-6B that have been associated with numerous and diverse pathologies. As many other viruses HHV-6 modulates the apoptotic machinery of its host to subvert immune response to infection, yet the exact mechanisms behind this process remain under investigation. The genes encoding the CTSS, PTX3, CHI3L1, Mx1, CXCL16, BIRC3 and BST2 proteins have been linked to HHV-6Α related neurologic diseases whilst also associated with apoptosis. This study aimed at the identification and functional analysis of the gene interaction network (interactome) of CTSS-PTX3-CHI3L1-Mx1-CXCL16-BIRC3-BST2 so as to evaluate the hypothesis of a probable link between the latter and host's immune response to HHV-6A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmia Rouka
- Transfusion Medicine Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Biopolis, 41334 Larisa, Greece.
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