Cancer-derived exosomal miR-221-3p promotes angiogenesis by targeting THBS2 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma

Curcumin promotes venous thrombi resolve process in a mouse deep venous thrombosis model via regulating miR-499

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The morbidity of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is increasing rapidly and the current therapeutic strategies for DVT are unsatisfactory. Accumulating evidence suggest that venous thrombi resolve (VTR) may provide new insights into DVT therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of curcumin in VTR process and try to reveal the potential mechanism.

METHODS

Immunofluorescence and HE staining were performed to investigate the therapeutic angiogenesis effect of curcumin in VTR process. Microarray analysis and RT-PCR were performed to examine the expression level of miR-499 in thrombosis after curcumin administration. Cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis capacity were tested by CCK8 assay, Transwell assay and Tube formation assay, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay (DLR) was used to confirm the connection between miR-499 and paired phosphate and tension homology deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN).

RESULTS

We found that curcumin could effectively promote VTR process by activating angiogenesis in thrombus in vivo. The expression of miR-499 exhibited notably downregulated after curcumin administration. The proangiogenic effect of curcumin in HUVECs could be blocked by miR-499 overexpression. In addition, we confirmed that miR-499 directly target to the 3'UTR region of PTEN.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin promotes VTR process in DVT through activating therapeutic angiogenesis. Mechanically, curcumin promotes therapeutic angiogenesis by regulating miR-499 mediated PTEN/VEGF/Ang-1 signaling pathway.

Exosomes from cervical cancer cells facilitate pro-angiogenic endothelial reconditioning through transfer of Hedgehog-GLI signaling components

BACKGROUND

Angiogenic switch is a hallmark feature of transition from low-grade to high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in cervical cancer progression. Therefore, early events leading to locally-advanced cervical metastatic lesions demand a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Recent leads indicate the role of tumor-derived exosomes in altering the functions of endothelial cells in cervical cancer, which needs further investigation.

METHODS

Exosomes isolated from cervical cancer cell lines were assessed for their angiogenic effect on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using tube formation and wound healing assay. The exosomal uptake by HUVEC cells was monitored using PKH-67 labelling followed by fluorescence microscopy. Alterations in Hh-GLI signaling components, PTCH1 and GLI1, in HUVEC were measured by immunoblotting. Changes in angiogenesis-related transcripts of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGFR2 and angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, osteopontin were measured in exosome-treated HUVEC and in the exosomal RNA by RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Enhanced tube formation, with an increased number of nodes and branching was observed in HUVEC's treated with exosomes derived from different cervical cancer cell lines. HPV-positive (SiHa and HeLa) cells' exosomes were more angiogenic. Exosome-treated HUVEC showed increased migration rate. PKH-67 labelled exosomes were found internalized in HUVEC. A high level of PTCH1 protein was detected in the exosome-treated endothelial cells. Subsequent RT-PCR analysis showed increased transcripts of Hh-GLI downstream target genes VEGF-A, VEGFR2, angiopoietin-2, and decreased expression of VEGF-B, and angiopoietin-1, suggestive of active Hh-GLI signaling. These effects were more pronounced in HUVEC's treated with exosomes of HPV-positive cells. However, these effects were independent of tumor-derived VEGF-A as exosomal cargo lacked VEGF-A transcripts or proteins.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the data showed cervical cancer exosomes promote pro-angiogenic response in endothelial cells via upregulation of Hh-GLI signaling and modulate downstream angiogenesis-related target genes. The study provides a novel exosome-mediated mechanism potentially favoring cervical angiogenesis and thus identifies the exosomes as potential pharmacological targets against locally-advanced metastatic cervical lesions.

Integrated bioinformatics analysis revealed the regulation of angiogenesis by tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality, metastasis accounts for most of the cases. Angiogenesis plays an important role in cancer metastasis, but how tumor cells affect the function of endothelial cells by dictating their microRNA (miRNA) expression remains largely unknown.

Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified through dataset downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed by GEO2R. We then used online tools to obtain potential targets of candidate miRNAs and functional enrichment analysis, as well as the protein-protein interaction (PPI). Finally, the function of miR-302c-3p was validated through in vitro assay.

In the current study, we found that HCC cells altered miRNA expression profiles of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and miR-302c-3p was the most down-regulated miRNA in HUVECs when they were co-cultured with HCC-LM3 cells. Functional enrichment analysis of the candidate targets revealed that these genes were involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, in particular, cytosine methylation. In addition, PPI network demonstrated distinct roles of genes targeted by miR-302c-3p. Importantly, inhibition of angiogenesis, migration and permeability by the most down-regulated miR-302c-3p in HUVECs was confirmed in vitro. These findings brought us novel insight into the regulation of angiogenesis by HCC cells and provided potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies.

Extracellular Vesicles in Cervical Cancer and HPV Infection

Since their description, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown growing relevance in cancer progression. These cell structures contain and transfer molecules such as nucleic acids (including DNA and RNA), proteins, and lipids. Despite the rising information about EVs’ relationship with cancer, there is still scarce evidence about their content and function in cervical cancer. Interestingly, the composition and purposes of some cellular molecules and the expression of oncogenic proteins packaged in EVs seem modified in HPV-infected cells; and, although only the E6 oncogenic protein has been detected in exosomes from HPV-positive cells, both E6/E7 oncogenes mRNA has been identified in EVs; however, their role still needs to be clarified. Given that EVs internalizing into adjacent or distant cells could modify their cellular behavior or promote cancer-associated events like apoptosis, proliferation, migration, or angiogenesis in receptor cells, their comprehensive study will reveal EV-associated mechanisms in cervical cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge in composition and functions of cervical cancer and HPV Infection-derived EVs.

Circ_0091702 serves as a sponge of miR-545-3p to attenuate sepsis-related acute kidney injury by upregulating THBS2

Circular RNA (circRNA) has been shown to play an important function in the progression of human diseases, including sepsis with acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the role and mechanism of circ_0091702 in sepsis-induced AKI have yet to be confirmed. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce HK2 cells to construct AKI cell models in vitro. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of circ_0091702, inflammatory cytokines, microRNA (miR)-545-3p and thrombospondin 2 (THBS2). Cell counting kit 8 assay and flow cytometry were used to assess cell viability and apoptosis. Besides, the protein levels of apoptosis markers and THBS2 were evaluated by western blot analysis. In addition, the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell oxidative stress was determined by detecting the contents of oxidative stress markers. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were used to confirm the relationship between miR-545-3p and circ_0091702 or miR-545-3p and THBS2. Circ_0091702 was downregulated in septic AKI patients and LPS-induced HK2 cells. Circ_0091702 could attenuate LPS-induced HK2 cell injury, while its silencing had an opposite effect. In the terms of mechanism, circ_0091702 could act as a sponge of miR-545-3p, and miR-545-3p could directly target THBS2. Functional experiments revealed that miR-545-3p could reverse the alleviating effect of circ_0091702 on LPS-induced HK2 cell injury, and THBS2 knockdown also could overturn the suppressing effect of miR-545-3p inhibitor on LPS-induced HK2 cell injury. Additionally, we also suggested that circ_0091702 could sponge miR-545-3p to regulate THBS2 expression. In conclusion, our results showed that circ_0091702 could suppress LPS-induced HK2 cell injury via the miR-545-3p/THBS2 axis, indicating that circ_0091702 might be an important biomarker for relieving sepsis-related AKI.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-derived exosomal MiR-221 targets and regulates phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) to promote human umbilical vein endothelial cells migration and tube formation

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common tumor of the oral cavity. Studies have shown that exosomal miRNAs from cancer cells play an important role in mediating the cellular environment. The objective was to investigate the effect of OSCC-derived exosomes microRNA-221 (miR-221) in OSCC. We used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting to determine PIK3R1 and miR-221 expressions in OSCC tissue or peripheral blood serum. Exosomes of OSCC cell line CAL27 were extracted and characterized. Exosomal miR-221 expression was detected by qRT-PCR. Dual-luciferase was performed to validate the targeted regulatory relationship of miR-221 on PIK3R1. Transwell and tube formation assay were applied to detect the effect of OSCC-derived exosomal miR-221 on HUVEC migration and angiogenesis. qRT-PCR confirmed that PIK3R1 expression was downregulated in OSCC tissue and cell line, while miR-221 expression was upregulated. miR-221 expression in OSCC cell line-derived exosome elevated. miR-221 could target and negatively regulate PIK3R1 expression. In addition, OSCC-derived miR-221 could promote HUVEC migration and angiogenesis. In conclusion, OSCC-derived exosomal miR-221 could target and negatively regulate PIK3R1 expression, as well as promote vascular endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis.

RETRACTED: Tumor cell-secreted exosomal miR-22-3p inhibits transgelin and induces vascular abnormalization to promote tumor budding

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the editor-in-chief. The editor-in-chief was informed of evidence for image duplication in identical or altered fashion in Figures 3A and 8D, as well as undisclosed reuse of an image in Figure 5B from a previous article in Cell Death & Disease (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0902-5), in a PubPeer thread: https://pubpeer.com/publications/F5B591481C516F4CE42C7925AC48E9. Image analysis performed by the journal's editorial office confirmed these findings. This reuse (and in part misrepresentation) of data without appropriate attribution represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system.

Exosomal lncRNA UCA1 modulates cervical cancer stem cell self-renewal and differentiation through microRNA-122-5p/SOX2 axis

Background

There is growing evidence discussing the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cervical cancer (CC). We performed this study to explore the impact of exosomal lncRNA urothelial cancer-associated 1 (UCA1) in CC stem cells by sponging microRNA-122-5p (miR-122-5p) and regulating SOX2 expression.

Methods

CC stem cells (CD133⁺CaSki) and exosomes were extracted and identified. The synthesized UCA1- and miR-122-5p-related sequences were transfected into CaSki cells, CaSki cells-derived exosomes were extracted and then co-cultured with CD133⁺CaSki cells. The functional roles of UCA1 and miR-122-5p in self-renewal and differentiation ability of CC stem cells were determined using ectopic expression, knockdown/depletion and reporter assay experiments. An in vivo experiment was performed to verify the in vitro results.

Results

Up-regulated UCA1 and SOX2 and down-regulated miR-122-5p were found in CaSki-Exo. Exosomes promoted invasion, migration, proliferation and restrained apoptosis of CD133⁺CaSki cells. Silencing UCA1 or up-regulating miR-122-5p degraded SOX2 expression, and reduced invasion, migration and proliferation of CD133⁺CaSki cells while advanced apoptosis and suppressed the tumor volume and weight in nude mice.

Conclusion

Our study provides evidence that CaSki-Exo can promote the self-renewal and differentiation ability of CC stem cells while silencing UCA1 or up-regulating miR-122-5p restrains self-renewal and differentiation of CC stem cells.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02872-9.

Nuclear exosome HMGB3 secreted by nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells promotes tumour metastasis by inducing angiogenesis

Distant metastasis accompanied by angiogenesis is the main cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)-related death. Nuclear exosomes (nEXOs) are potential tumour biomarkers. High mobility group box 3 (HMGB3), a nuclear protein, is known to be overexpressed in cancers. However, its role in NPC has not been elucidated. Here, we explore for the first time the function of nEXO HMGB3 in tumour angiogenesis involved in NPC metastasis using a series of in vitro experiments with NPC cell lines and clinical specimens and in vivo experiments with tumour xenograft zebrafish angiogenesis model. We found a high expression of HMGB3 in NPC, accompanied by the formation of micronuclei, to be associated with metastasis. Furthermore, the NPC-secreted HMGB3 expression was associated with tumour angiogenesis. Moreover, HMGB3-containing nEXOs, derived from the micronuclei of NPC cells, were ingested by the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and accelerated angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, western blotting and flow cytometry analysis showed that circulating nEXO HMGB3 positively correlated with NPC metastasis. In summary, nEXO HMGB3 can be a significant biomarker of NPC metastasis and provide a novel basis for anti-angiogenesis therapy in clinical metastasis.

LncRNA GAS5 modulates the progression of non-small cell lung cancer through repressing miR-221-3p and up-regulating IRF2

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNA growth arrest specific 5 (GAS5) is a regulator in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. Nonetheless, the mechanism by which GAS5 exerts its biological function in NSCLC cells remains unclear.

METHODS

GAS5, miR-221-3p relative expression levels in NSCLC tissues and cells were examined by qPCR. After gain-of-function and loss-of-function models were established, the viability of H1299 and A549 cells were examined by CCK-8 and EdU assays. Cell migration and invasion were examined by the Transwell experiment. The binding sequence of GAS5 for miR-221-3p was confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment. The regulatory function of GAS5 and miR-221-3p on IRF2 was investigated by Western blot.

RESULTS

GAS5 expression was down-modulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. GAS5 overexpression restrained the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells, while miR-221-3p, which was targeted and negatively modulated by GAS5, worked oppositely. Restoration of miR-221-3p markedly reversed the effects of GAS5 on NSCLC cells. Additionally, GAS5 increased IRF2 expression in NSCLC cells by repressing miR-221-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

GAS5 blocks the progression of NSCLC partly via increasing IRF2 expression level via repressing miR-221-3p.

Potential of peptide-engineered exosomes with overexpressed miR-92b-3p in anti-angiogenic therapy of ovarian cancer

INTRODUCTION

Exosomal microRNA (miRNA) as a mediator of intercellular communication plays an essential part in tumor-relevant angiogenesis. Therapy against angiogenesis has been demonstrated to have a remarkable antitumor efficacy in various malignancies, but not as expected in ovarian cancer.

METHODS

Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Exosomal miRNA sequencing and gene function experiments were used to identify the differential expressed miRNAs in exosomes and their mRNA targets. SKOV3 cell line that stably overexpressed miR-92b-3p was constructed by lentivirus. In vitro, angiogenesis was analyzed by tube formation assay and migration assay. The angiogenic and antitumor effects in vivo were assessed in zebrafish and nude mouse models. Combination index was calculated to assess the synergetic inhibition of angiogenesis between miR-92b-3p and Apatinib. Peptides were conjugated with exosomal membranes to obtain engineered exosomes.

RESULTS

Ovarian cancer cell-derived exosomes facilitated the angiogenesis and migration capability of vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. The expression of miR-92b-3p was much lower in ovarian cancer cell-derived exosomes than that in immortalized ovarian epithelial cell-derived exosomes. The exosomal miR-92b-3p modulated tumor-associated angiogenesis via targeting SOX4. Besides, Peptide-engineered exosomes with overexpressed miR-92b-3p showed the stronger abilities of anti-angiogenesis and antitumor than parental exosomes, whether alone or combined with Apatinib.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate the effect and mechanism of exosomal miR-92b-3p from ovarian cancer cells on tumor-associated angiogenesis and the potential of artificially generated exosomes with overexpressed miR-92b-3p to be used as anti-angiogenic agent, which may provide a new approach for anti-angiogenic therapy of ovarian cancer.

Resibufogenin Suppresses Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Angiogenesis by Blocking VEGFR2-Mediated Signaling Pathway

Resibufogenin (RBF), an active compound from Bufo bufonis, has been used for the treatment of multiple malignant cancers, including pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. However, whether RBF could exert its antitumor effect by inhibiting angiogenesis remains unknown. Here, we aimed to explore the antiangiogenic activity of RBF and its underlying mechanism on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), and the therapeutic efficacy with regard to antiangiogenesis in vivo using two triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. Our results demonstrated that RBF can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. Spheroid sprouts were thinner and shorter after RBF treatment in vitro 3D spheroid sprouting assay. RBF also significantly suppressed VEGF-mediated vascular network formation in vivo Matrigel plug assay. In addition, Western blot analysis was used to reveal that RBF inhibited the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and its downstream protein kinases FAK and Src in endothelial cells (ECs). Molecular docking simulations showed that RBF affected the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 by competitively binding to the ATP-bound VEGFR2 kinase domain, thus preventing ATP from providing phosphate groups. Finally, we found that RBF exhibited promising antitumor effect through antiangiogenesis in vivo without obvious toxicity. The present study first revealed the high antiangiogenic activity and the underlying molecular basis of RBF, suggesting that RBF could be a potential antiangiogenic agent for angiogenesis-related diseases.

The role of tumor-associated macrophages in osteosarcoma progression - therapeutic implications

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. Compared with previous treatment modalities, such as amputation, more recent comprehensive treatment modalities based on neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with limb salvage surgery have improved the survival rates of patients. Osteosarcoma treatment has, however, not further improved in recent years. Therefore, attention has shifted to the tumor microenvironment (TME) in which osteosarcoma cells are embedded. Therapeutic targets in the TME may be key to improving osteosarcoma treatment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most common immune cells within the TME. TAMs in osteosarcoma may account for over 50% of the immune cells, and may play important roles in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, drug resistance and metastasis. Knowledge on the role of TAMs in the development, progression and treatment of osteosarcoma is gradually improving, although different or even opposing opinions still remain.

CONCLUSIONS

TAMs may participate in the malignant progression of osteosarcoma through self-polarization, the promotion of blood vessel and lymphatic vessel formation, immunosuppression, and drug resistance. Besides, various immune checkpoint proteins expressed on the surface of TAMs, such as PD-1 and CD47, provide the possibility of the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Several clinical trials have been carried out and/or are in progress. Mifamotide and the immune checkpoint inhibitor Camrelizumab were both found to be effective in prolonging progression-free survival. Thus, TAMs may serve as attractive therapeutic targets. Targeting TAMs as a complementary therapy is expected to improve the prognosis of osteosarcoma. Further efforts may be made to identify potential beneficiaries of TAM-targeted therapies.

Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Cervical Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis remains to be a huge challenge in cancer therapy. The mechanism underlying cervical cancer metastasis is not well understood and needs to be elucidated. Recent studies have highlighted the diverse roles of non-coding RNAs in cancer progression and metastasis. Increasing numbers of miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs are found to be dysregulated in cervical cancer, associated with metastasis. They have been shown to regulate metastasis through regulating metastasis-related genes, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, signaling pathways and interactions with tumor microenvironment. Moreover, miRNAs can interact with lncRNAs and circRNAs respectively during this complex process. Herein, we review literatures up to date involving non-coding RNAs in cervical cancer metastasis, mainly focus on the underlying mechanisms and highlight the interaction network between miRNAs and lncRNAs, as well as circRNAs. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic prospects.

FAM19A5/S1PR1 signaling pathway regulates the viability and proliferation of mantle cell lymphoma

Several intracellular pathological processes have been reported to be regulated by the FAM19A5/S1PR1 signaling pathway. However, the role of FAM19A5/S1PR1 signaling pathway in the viability and proliferation of mantle cell lymphoma is not been completely understood. The task of this study is to explore the influence of FAM19A5/S1PR1 signaling pathway in affecting the survival and growth of mantle cell lymphoma. shRNAs against FAM19A5 or S1PR1 were transfected into mantle cell lymphom. Cell viability and proliferation were measured through MTT assay and CCK8 assay, respectively. Our results demonstrated that loss of FAM19A5 significantly reduced the viability of mantle cell lymphom, an effect that was followed by a drop in cell proliferation capacity. Besides, inhibition of S1PR1 also impairs cell survival and interrupt mantle cell lymphom proliferation in vitro. Taken together, our results illustrate that FAM19A5/S1PR1 signaling pathway is associated with the regulation of mantle cell lymphom viability and proliferation. This finding will provide a potential target for the treatment of malignant lymphoma in the clinical practice.

Potential and promising anticancer drugs from adenosine and its analogs

In recent years, many studies have shown that adenosine has efficacy for treating cancer. More importantly, some adenosine analogs have been successfully marketed to fulfill anticancer purposes. In this review, we summarize the anticancer effects of adenosine and its analogs in clinical trials and preclinical studies, with focus on their anticancer mechanisms. In addition, we link the anticancer activities of adenosine analogs with their structures through structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, and highlight additional promising anticancer drug candidates. We hope that this review will be of help in understanding the importance of adenosine and its analogs with anticancer activities and directing future research and development of such compounds.

Exosomes as Biomarkers for Female Reproductive Diseases Diagnosis and Therapy

Cell-cell communication is an essential mechanism for the maintenance and development of various organs, including the female reproductive system. Today, it is well-known that the function of the female reproductive system and successful pregnancy are related to appropriate follicular growth, oogenesis, implantation, embryo development, and proper fertilization, dependent on the main regulators of cellular crosstalk, exosomes. During exosome synthesis, selective packaging of different factors into these vesicles happens within the originating cells. Therefore, exosomes contain both genetic and proteomic data that could be applied as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in pregnancy-associated disorders or placental functions. In this context, the present review aims to compile information about the potential exosomes with key molecular cargos that are dysregulated in female reproductive diseases which lead to infertility, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure (POF), Asherman syndrome, endometriosis, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and preeclampsia, as well as signaling pathways related to the regulation of the reproductive system and pregnancy outcome during these pathological conditions. This review might help us realize the etiology of reproductive dysfunction and improve the early diagnosis and treatment of the related complications.

TARBP2 promotes tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by destabilizing antiangiogenic factor mRNAs

Tumor angiogenesis is a crucial step in the further growth and metastasis of solid tumors. However, its regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, we showed that TARBP2, an RNA‐binding protein, played a role in promoting tumor‐induced angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo through degrading the mRNAs of antiangiogenic factors, including thrombospondin1/2 (THBS1/2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1), and serpin family F member 1 (SERPINF1), by targeting their 3′untranslated regions (3′UTRs). Overexpression of TARBP2 promotes tumor cell–induced angiogenesis, while its knockdown inhibits tumor angiogenesis. Clinical cohort analysis revealed that high expression level of TARBP2 was associated with poor survival of lung cancer and breast cancer patients. Mechanistically, TARBP2 physically interacts with the stem‐loop structure located in the 3′UTR of antiangiogenic transcripts, leading to mRNA destabilization by the dsRNA‐binding domains 1/2 (dsRBDs1/2). Notably, the expression level of TARBP2 in human tumor tissue is negatively correlated with the expression of antiangiogenic factors, including THBS1/2, and brain‐specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1). Moreover, TARBP2 expression is strongly associated with tumor angiogenesis in a group of human lung cancer samples. Collectively, our results highlight that TARBP2 is a novel tumor angiogenesis regulator that could promote tumor angiogenesis by selectively downregulating antiangiogenic gene expression.

Exosomal microRNAs and exosomal long non-coding RNAs in gynecologic cancers

Gynecologic cancer is a group of any malignancies affecting reproductive tissues and organs of women, including ovaries, uterine, cervix, vagina, vulva, and endometrium. Several types of molecular mechanisms are associated with the progression of gynecologic cancers. Among it can be referred to the most widely studied non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specifically microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs). As yet, lncRNAs are known to serve key biological roles via various mechanisms, such as splicing regulation, chromatin rearrangement, translation regulation, cell-cycle control, genetic imprinting and mRNA decay. Besides, miRNAs govern gene expression by modulation of mRNAs and lncRNAs degradation, suggestive of needing more research in this field. Generally, driving gynecological cancers pathways by miRNAs and lncRNAs lead to the current improvement in cancer-related technologies. Exosomes are extracellular microvesicles which can carry cargo molecules among cells. In recent years, more studies have been focused on exosomal non-coding RNAs (exo-ncRNAs) and exosomal microRNAs (exo-miRs) because of being natural carriers of lnc RNAs and microRNAs via programmed process. In this review we summarized recent reports concerning the function of exosomal microRNAs and exosomal long non-coding RNAs in gynecological cancers.

Control of Gene Expression by Exosome-Derived Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis

Abstract: Tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are hallmarks of cancer and have been associated with tumour progression, tumour metastasis and poor patient prognosis. Many factors regulate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in cancer including non-coding RNAs which are a category of RNAs that do not encode proteins and have important regulatory functions at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Non-coding RNAs can be encapsulated in extracellular vesicles called exosomes which are secreted by tumour cells or other cells in the tumour microenvironment and can then be taken up by the endothelial cells of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The "delivery" of these non-coding RNAs to endothelial cells in tumours can facilitate tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Here we review recent findings about exosomal non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, which regulate tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in cancer. We then focus on the potential use of these molecules as cancer biomarkers and opportunities for exploiting ncRNAs for the treatment of cancer.

A novel lymphatic pattern promotes metastasis of cervical cancer in a hypoxic tumour-associated macrophage-dependent manner

Lymphatic remodelling in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment (TME) is critically involved in the metastasis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC); however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we uncovered a novel lymphatic pattern in the hypoxic TME, wherein lymphatic vessels (LVs) are encapsulated by tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) to form an interconnected network. We describe these aggregates as LVEM (LVs encapsulated by TAMs) considering their advantageous metastatic capacity and active involvement in early lymph node metastasis (LNM). Mechanistic investigations revealed that interleukin-10 (IL-10) derived from hypoxic TAMs adjacent to LVs was a prerequisite for lymphangiogenesis and LVEM formation through its induction of Sp1 upregulation in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Interestingly, Sp1^high LECs promoted the transactivation of C-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CCL1) to facilitate TAM and tumour cell recruitment, thereby forming a positive feedback loop to strengthen the LVEM formation. Knockdown of Sp1 or blockage of CCL1 abrogated LVEM and consequently attenuated LNM. Notably, CSCC^non-LNM is largely devoid of hypoxic TAMs and the resultant LVEM, which might explain its metastatic delay. These findings identify a novel and efficient metastasis-promoting lymphatic pattern in the hypoxic TME, which might provide new targets for anti-metastasis therapy and prognostic assessment.

MicroRNA and ER stress in cancer

The development of biological technologies in genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics has led to the identification and characterization of the complete set of coding genes and their roles in various cellular pathways in cancer. Nevertheless, the cellular pathways have not been fully figured out like a jigsaw puzzle with missing pieces. The discovery of noncoding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs) has provided the missing pieces of the cellular pathways. Likewise, miRNAs have settled many questions of inexplicable patches in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. The ER stress-caused pathways typified by the unfolded protein response (UPR) are pivotal processes for cellular homeostasis and survival, rectifying uncontrolled proteostasis and determining the cell fate. Although various factors and pathways have been studied and characterized, the understanding of the ER stress requires more wedges to fill the cracks of knowledge about the ER stress pathways. Moreover, the roles of the ER stress and UPR are still controversial in cancer despite their strong potential to promote cancer. The noncoding RNAs, in particular, miRNAs aid in a better understanding of the ER stress and its role in cancer. In this review, miRNAs that are the more-investigated subtype of noncoding RNAs are focused on the interpretation of the ER stress in cancer, following the introduction of miRNA and ER stress.

MiR-221-3p targets Hif-1α to inhibit angiogenesis in heart failure

Angiogenesis is involved in ischemic heart disease as well as the prognosis of heart failure (HF), and endothelial cells are the main participants in angiogenesis. In this study, we found that miR-221-3p is highly expressed in vascular tissue, especially in endothelial cells, and increased miR-221-3p was observed in heart tissue of HF patients and transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced HF mice. To explore the role of miR-221-3p in endothelial cells, microRNA (miRNA) mimics and inhibitors were employed in vitro. Overexpression of miR-221-3p inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and cord formation in vitro, while inhibition of miR-221-3p showed the opposite effect. Anti-argonaute 2 (Ago2) coimmunoprecipitation, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and western blotting were performed to verify the target of miR-221-3p. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was identified as a miR-221-3p target, and the adverse effects of miR-221-3p on endothelial cells were alleviated by HIF-1α re-expression. In vivo, a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) was developed to demonstrate the effect of miR-221-3p on angiogenesis. AntagomiR-221-3p increased HIF-1α expression and promoted angiogenesis in mouse ischemic hindlimbs. Using the TAC model, we clarified that antagomiR-221-3p improved cardiac function in HF mice by promoting cardiac angiogenesis. Furthermore, serum miR-221-3p was detected to be negatively correlated with heart function in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. Our results conclude that miR-221-3p inhibits angiogenesis of endothelial cells by targeting HIF-1α and that inhibition of miR-221-3p improves cardiac function of TAC-induced HF mice. Furthermore, miR-221-3p might be a potential prognostic marker of HF.

Small extracellular vesicles containing miR-30a-3p attenuate the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting SNAP23 gene

Cancer cells under hypoxic, endoplasmic reticulum, and reactive oxygen species stress secrete copious amounts of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) to promote tumor metastasis. The effects of blocking stress-induced sEV release on tumor metastasis remain unknown. We found that miR-30a-3p was selectively sorted into sEVs by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells under the influence of multiple stressors. miR-30a-3p removal from cancer cells through sEVs promoted HCC cell migration and invasion, whereas exogenous overexpression of miR-30a-3p could inhibit migration, invasion, and sEV release by directly targeting SNAP23. HCC cells efficiently absorbed hepatic stellate cell (HSC) sEVs, providing an advantage in the treatment of HCC using HSC sEVs. Treatment with HSC sEVs rich in miR-30a-3p cargo effectively attenuated HCC migration, invasion, and metastasis. Overall, sEVs containing miR-30a-3p decreased sEV secretion as well as the migration, invasion, and metastasis of HCC by directly targeting SNAP23, thereby providing an effective strategy to attenuate metastasis of HCC.

Cancer-secreted exosomal miR-1468-5p promotes tumor immune escape via the immunosuppressive reprogramming of lymphatic vessels

Cancer-associated lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are an active barrier to the effector arm of the anti-tumor immune response; however, it remains unclear how LECs become immunosuppressive in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been implicated in intercellular crosstalk within the TME. Here, we report a mechanistic model via which cervical cancer-secreted, exosome-encapsulated microRNA (miR)-1468-5p promotes lymphatic PD-L1 upregulation and lymphangiogenesis to impair T cell immunity. Subsequently, exosomal miR-1468-5p epigenetically activates the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in LECs by directly targeting homeobox containing 1 (HMBOX1) in the SOCS1 promoter, activating an immunosuppressive program that allows cancer cells to escape anti-cancer immunity. Furthermore, clinical data reveal that high serum exosomal miR-1468-5p levels correlate with TME immunosuppressive status and poor prognosis in cervical cancer (CCa) patients. Taken together, our results suggest that cancer-secreted exosomal miR-1468-5p instructs LECs to form an integrated immunosuppressive TME component and may be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for CCa.

The Role of Exosomes in the Female Reproductive System and Breast Cancers

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles released by nearly all cell types. Exosomes were originally considered as waste receptacles for discarding unwanted cellular products; however, these organelles are now considered to be important for cell communication by delivering biologically active molecules such as proteins, DNA, non-coding RNA and mRNA. Studies have revealed that exosomes are closely related to several diseases, especially cancers. Exosomes are indispensable for the emergence and progression of tumor. Here, we review the status of research on exosomes in the female reproductive system cancers and breast cancer, focusing on their biological roles in chemical resistance and immune responses, as well as their underlying applications in drug delivery and nanotherapy and as biological markers for tumor diagnosis.

microRNAs Biogenesis, Functions and Role in Tumor Angiogenesis

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules, evolutionary conserved. They target more than one mRNAs, thus influencing multiple molecular pathways, but also mRNAs may bind to a variety of miRNAs, either simultaneously or in a context-dependent manner. miRNAs biogenesis, including miRNA transcription, processing by Drosha and Dicer, transportation, RISC biding, and miRNA decay, are finely controlled in space and time. miRNAs are critical regulators in various biological processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and development in both health and disease. Their dysregulation is involved in tumor initiation and progression. In tumors, they can act as onco-miRNAs or oncosuppressor-miRNA participating in distinct cellular pathways, and the same miRNA can perform both activities depending on the context. In tumor progression, the angiogenic switch is fundamental. miRNAs derived from tumor cells, endothelial cells, and cells of the surrounding microenvironment regulate tumor angiogenesis, acting as pro-angiomiR or anti-angiomiR. In this review, we described miRNA biogenesis and function, and we update the non-classical aspects of them. The most recent role in the nucleus, as transcriptional gene regulators and the different mechanisms by which they could be dysregulated, in tumor initiation and progression, are treated. In particular, we describe the role of miRNAs in sprouting angiogenesis, vessel co-option, and vasculogenic mimicry. The role of miRNAs in lymphoma angiogenesis is also discussed despite the scarcity of data. The information presented in this review reveals the need to do much more to discover the complete miRNA network regulating angiogenesis, not only using high-throughput computational analysis approaches but also morphological ones.

Thrombospondin 2/Toll-Like Receptor 4 Axis Contributes to HIF-1α-Derived Glycolysis in Colorectal Cancer

Background

Aerobic glycolysis is a typical metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells, which contributes to the survival and proliferation of tumor cells. The underlying mechanisms controlling this metabolic switch in colorectal cancer (CRC), however, remain only partially understood.

Methods

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (GDS4382, GSE6988, GSE35834) were used to analyzed the mRNA expression of THBS2. 392 paired samples of CRC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues were collected to detect the expression of THBS2 by IHC. The correlation of THBS2 expression with categorical clinical variables in patients with CRC was evaluated using chi-square analysis or Student's t-test. CCK-8, colony formation, and animal CT scan were used to functional analysis of THBS2 in CRC.

Results

Thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) is aberrantly upregulated and linked to a poor prognosis in CRC. Subsequent experiments also showed that THBS2 promotes the proliferation of CRC cells. In terms of mechanism, THBS2 interacted with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), but not with the other toll-like receptors (TLRs), which upregulated the mRNA expression of GLUT1, HK2, ALDOA, PKM2, and LDHA and enhanced glycolytic capacity in CRC cells. Moreover, THBS2/TLR4 axis significantly increased the protein level of HIF-1α and blocking HIF-1α by siRNA reversed the enhanced glycolytic capacity and the upregulated expression of glycolytic enzymes in CRC cells.

Conclusion

Our findings revealed that the THBS2/TLR4 axis contributes to HIF-1α derived glycolysis and eventually promotes CRC progress.

Oxidized LDL Disrupts Metabolism and Inhibits Macrophage Survival by Activating a miR-9/Drp1/Mitochondrial Fission Signaling Pathway

Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with macrophage damage, but the role of mitochondrial fission in macrophage cholesterol metabolism is not fully understood. In this study, we explored the influences of miR-9 and mitochondrial fission on macrophage viability and cholesterol metabolism. Macrophages were incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in vitro, after which mitochondrial fission, cell viability, and cholesterol metabolism were examined using qPCR, ELISAs, and immunofluorescence. ox-LDL treatment significantly increased Drp1-associated mitochondrial fission. Transfection of Drp1 siRNA significantly reduced cell death, attenuated oxidative stress, and inhibited inflammatory responses in ox-LDL-treated macrophages. Interestingly, inhibition of Drp1-related mitochondrial fission also improved cholesterol metabolism by balancing the transcription of cholesterol influx/efflux enzymes. We also found that miR-9 was downregulated in ox-LDL-treated macrophages, and administration of a miR-9 mimic decreased Drp1 transcription and mitochondrial fission, as well as its effects. These results indicate that signaling via the novel miR-9/Drp1/mitochondrial fission axis is a key determinant of macrophage viability and cholesterol metabolism.

Angiogenic Exosome-Derived microRNAs: Emerging Roles in Cardiovascular Disease

Angiogenesis is the process of growing endothelial capillary cells. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are rich in miRNAs. Studies have shown that exosomes can carry communication between cells and various tissues by delivering miRNAs to their target organs and cells. It has been repeatedly proven that miRNAs regulate the expression of growth factors and other proteins in endothelial cells through paracrine signalling and participate in the physiological and pathological processes of angiogenesis. In the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, exosome-derived microRNAs can play important roles as biomarkers and drug carriers. In this review, we introduce the characteristics of miRNAs and exosomes and their interactions. Then, we specifically summarize the exosome-derived miRNAs related to angiogenesis, and we discuss the potential uses of exosome-derived miRNAs for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Graphical abstract.

Angiogenesis in gynecological cancers and the options for anti-angiogenesis therapy

Angiogenesis is required in cancer, including gynecological cancers, for the growth of primary tumors and secondary metastases. Development of anti-angiogenesis therapy in gynecological cancers and improvement of its efficacy have been a major focus of fundamental and clinical research. However, survival benefits of current anti-angiogenic agents, such as bevacizumab, in patients with gynecological cancer, are modest. Therefore, a better understanding of angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment in gynecological cancers is urgently needed to develop more effective anti-angiogenic therapies, either or not in combination with other therapeutic approaches. We describe the molecular aspects of (tumor) blood vessel formation and the tumor microenvironment and provide an extensive clinical overview of current anti-angiogenic therapies for gynecological cancers. We discuss the different phenotypes of angiogenic endothelial cells as potential therapeutic targets, strategies aimed at intervention in their metabolism, and approaches targeting their (inflammatory) tumor microenvironment.

Exosomal microRNAs: novel players in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer ranks fourth for both mortality and morbidity in women globally. Exosomes are considered as extracellular vesicles, secreted continuously by many cells with a size range from 30 to 150 nm. Exosomes can encapsulate microRNAs (miRNAs) and release them for cellular communications. This exosome-induced miRNA transfer is a novel strategy for genetic exchange among cells. This trafficking modality affects many pathological as well as physiological conditions. Moreover, exosomes can protect the miRNAs against harsh environments and keep them very stable. Given that a variety of exosomal miRNAs derived from cervical cancer cells can be targeted to recipient cells and contribute to tumorgenesis, it has been documented that exosomal miRNAs could be applied as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in the treatment of cervical cancer. Herein, we summarize the pathologic and diagnostic roles of exosomal miRNAs in the cervical cancer. Moreover, we highlight the roles of exosomal miRNAs in other cancers.

Matrisome Provides a Supportive Microenvironment for Skin Functions of Diverse Species

A biomaterial scaffold is a promising tool employed to drive tissue regeneration. This technology has been successfully applied in human tissue rebuilding, particularly for the skin. Meanwhile, there is still room for further improvement, such as maintaining sufficient functionality of a biomaterial scaffold. Here, we developed a new decellularization method to generate a complete anatomical skin biomatrix scaffold with a preserved extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture. We performed proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of the skin scaffold maps of humans, pigs, and rats and systematically analyzed the interaction between ECM proteins and different cell types in the skin microenvironment. These interactions served to quantify the structure and function of the skin's Matrisome comprising core ECM components and ECM-associated soluble signaling molecules required for the regulation of epidermal development. We primarily found that the properties of the skin ECM were species-specific. For example, the composition and function of the ECM of the human skin were more similar to those of pigs compared with those of rats. However, the skin ECM of the pig was significantly deficient in its enzyme systems and immune regulatory factors compared with that of humans. These findings provide a new understanding of the role of the skin ECM niche as well as an attractive strategy that can apply tissue engineering principles to skin biomatrix scaffold materials, which promises to accelerate and enhance tissue regeneration.

Exosomal non‑coding RNAs: Novel biomarkers with emerging clinical applications in gastric cancer (Review)

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of malignant tumor and it demonstrates high mortality rates. The majority of cases of GC are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which seriously endangers the health of the patient. Therefore, discovering a novel diagnostic method for GC is a current priority. Exosomes are 40 to 150-nm-diameter vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer secreted by a variety of cells that exist in multiple different types of body fluids. Exosomes contain diverse types of active substances, including RNAs, proteins and lipids, and play important roles in tumor cell communication, metastasis and neovascularization, as well as tumor growth. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) do not code proteins, and instead have roles in a variety of genetic mechanisms, such as regulating the structure, expression and stability of RNAs, and modulating the translation and function of proteins. In recent years, exosomal ncRNAs have become a novel focus in research. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that exosomal ncRNAs can be used in the prediction and treatment of GC. The present review briefly discusses the role of exosomal ncRNAs as a potential biomarker, and summarizes important regulatory genes involved in the development and progression of GC.

Hypoxic Tumor-Derived Exosomal Long Noncoding RNA UCA1 Promotes Angiogenesis via miR-96-5p/AMOTL2 in Pancreatic Cancer

The hypoxic microenvironment, an important feature of solid tumors, promotes tumor cells to release exosomes and enhances tumor angiogenesis. However, the detailed functions of hypoxic exosomes and the mechanisms underlying their effects in pancreatic cancer (PC) remain mysterious. Here, we observed that hypoxic exosomes derived from PC cells promoted cell migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) UCA1, a key factor, was highly expressed in exosomes derived from hypoxic PC cells and could be transferred to HUVECs through the exosomes. In addition, the expression levels of UCA1 in exosomes derived from PC patients' serum were higher than in healthy controls and were associated with poor survival of PC patients. Moreover, hypoxic exosomal UCA1 could promote angiogenesis and tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. With respect to the functional mechanism, UCA1 acted as a sponge of microRNA (miR)-96-5p, relieving the repressive effects of miR-96-5p on the expression of its target gene AMOTL2. Collectively, these results indicate that hypoxic exosomal UCA1 could promote angiogenesis and tumor growth through the miR-96-5p/AMOTL2/ERK1/2 axis and therefore, serve as a novel target for PC treatment.

Non-coding RNAs regulate angiogenic processes

Angiogenesis has critical roles in numerous physiologic processes during embryonic and adult life such as wound healing and tissue regeneration. However, aberrant angiogenic processes have also been involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders such as cancer and diabetes mellitus. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in the regulation of this process in several physiologic and pathologic conditions. Notably, several non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been shown to influence angiogenesis through modulation of expression of VEGF or other angiogenic factors. In the current review, we summarize the function and characteristics of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs which regulate angiogenic processes. Understanding the role of these transcripts in the angiogenesis can facilitate design of therapeutic strategies to defeat the pathogenic events during this process especially in the human malignancies. Besides, angiogenesis-related mechanisms can improve tissue regeneration after conditions such as arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction and limb ischemia. Thus, ncRNA-regulated angiogenesis can be involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders.

Role of angiogenesis in adenomyosis-associated abnormal uterine bleeding and subfertility: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Adenomyosis commonly occurs with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and is associated with subfertility and a higher miscarriage rate. Recent evidence showed abnormal vascularization in the endometrium in patients with adenomyosis, suggesting a role of angiogenesis in the pathophysiology of AUB and subfertility in adenomyosis and providing a possible treatment target.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

We hypothesized that the level of abnormal vascularization and expression of angiogenic markers is increased in the ectopic and eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis patients in comparison with the endometrium of control patients. This was investigated through a search of the literature.

SEARCH METHODS

A systematic search was performed in PubMed and Embase until February 2019. Combinations of terms for angiogenesis and adenomyosis were applied as well as AUB, subfertility or anti-angiogenic therapy. The main search was limited to clinical studies carried out on premenopausal women. Original research articles focusing on markers of angiogenesis in the endometrium of patients with adenomyosis were included. Studies in which no comparison was made to control patients or which were not published in a peer-reviewed journal were excluded. A second search was performed to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting angiogenesis in adenomyosis. This search also included preclinical studies.

OUTCOMES

A total of 20 articles out of 1669 hits met our selection criteria. The mean vascular density (MVD) was studied by quantification of CD31, CD34, von Willebrand Factor (vWF) or factor-VIII-antibody-stained microvessels in seven studies. All these studies reported a significantly increased MVD in ectopic endometrium, and out of the six articles that took it into account, four studies reported a significantly increased MVD in eutopic endometrium compared with control endometrium. Five articles showed a significantly higher vascular endothelial growth factor expression in ectopic endometrium and three articles in eutopic endometrium compared with control endometrium. The vascular and pro-angiogenic markers α-smooth muscle actin, endoglin, S100A13, vimentin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), nuclear factor (NF)-kB, tissue factor (TF), DJ-1, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin, activin A, folli- and myostatin, CD41, SLIT, roundabout 1 (ROBO1), cyclooxygenase-2, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) 1,4-5, phospho signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22 and transforming growth factor-β1 were increased in ectopic endometrium, and the markers S100A13, MMP-2 and -9, TF, follistatin, myostatin, ROBO1, LPA1 and 4-5, pSTAT3, IL-6 and IL-22 were increased in eutopic endometrium, compared with control endometrium. The anti-angiogenic markers E-cadherin, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit and gene associated with retinoic-interferon-induced mortality 19 were decreased in ectopic endometrium and IL-10 in eutopic endometrium, compared with control endometrium. The staining level of vWF and two pro-angiogenic markers (NF-κB nuclear p65 and TF) correlated with AUB in patients with adenomyosis. We found no studies that investigated the possible relationship between markers of angiogenesis and subfertility in adenomyosis patients. Nine articles reported on direct or indirect targeting of angiogenesis in adenomyosis-either by testing hormonal therapy or herbal compounds in clinical studies or by testing angiogenesis inhibitors in preclinical studies. However, there are no clinical studies on the effectiveness of such therapy for adenomyosis-related AUB or subfertility.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

The results are in agreement with our hypothesis that increased angiogenesis is present in the endometrium of patients with adenomyosis compared with the endometrium of control patients. It is likely that increased angiogenesis leads to fragile and more permeable vessels resulting in adenomyosis-related AUB and possibly subfertility. While this association has not sufficiently been studied yet, our results encourage future studies to investigate the exact role of angiogenesis in the etiology of adenomyosis and related AUB or subfertility in women with adenomyosis in order to design curative or preventive therapeutic strategies.

Notoginsenoside R1 upregulates miR-221-3p expression to alleviate ox-LDL-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in HUVECs

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common vascular disease, which can cause apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is considered an anti-AS drug. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are believed to play a vital role in cell apoptosis and angiogenesis. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of NGR1 for treating AS through miRNAs. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β were detected using ELISA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using corresponding assay kits. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was performed to detect miR-221-3p expression. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were carried out to examine the relationship between miR-221-3p and toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4). Also, western blot analysis was performed to determine the levels of TLR4 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway-related proteins. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. NGR1 alleviated the negative effect of ox-LDL through promoting the expression of miR-221-3p in HUVECs. TLR4 was a target of miR-221-3p, and its overexpression could reverse the inhibition effects of miR-221-3p on apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. NGR1 improved miR-221-3p expression to inhibit the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs. NGR1 decreased ox-LDL-induced HUVECs apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress through increasing miR-221-3p expression, thereby inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. This study of the mechanism of NGR1 provided a more theoretical basis for the treatment of AS.

Down-Regulated Exosomal MicroRNA-221 - 3p Derived From Senescent Mesenchymal Stem Cells Impairs Heart Repair

The composition and biological activity of donor cells is largely determined by the exosomes they secrete. In this study, we isolated exosomes from young (Young-Exo) and aged (Age-Exo) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and compared their regeneration activity. Young Exo MSCs were more efficient than Aged-Exo at promoting the formation of endothelial tube, reducing fibrosis, and inhibiting apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in vitro; and improving cardiac structure and function in vivo in the hearts of rats following myocardial infarction (MI). MicroRNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that miR-221-3p was significantly down-regulated in Aged-Exo. The aged MSCs were rejuvenated and their reparative cardiac ability restored when miR-221-3p was overexpressed in Aged-Exo. The protective effect was lost when miR-221-3p expression was knocked down in Young-Exo. These effects of miR-221-3p were achieved through enhancing Akt kinase activity by inhibiting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). In conclusion, exosomal miR-221-3p secreted from Aged MSCs attenuated the function of angiogenesis and promoted survival of cardiomyocytes. Up-regulation of miR-221-3p in aged MSCs improved their ability of angiogenesis, migration and proliferation, and suppressed apoptosis via the PTEN/Akt pathway.

Exosomal MicroRNA-221-3p Confers Adriamycin Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells by Targeting PIK3R1

Drug resistance in breast cancer (BC) cells continues to be a stern obstacle hindering BC treatment. Adriamycin (ADR) is a frequently employed chemotherapy agent used to treat BC. The exosomal transfer of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been reported to enhance the drug-resistance of BC cells. Herein, we first sought to elucidate the possible role of the exosomal transfer of miR-221-3p in the drug resistance of MCF-7 cells to ADR. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were initially screened through microarray analysis in BC drug resistance-related datasets. Next, the expression of miR-221-3p and phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) was quantified in ADR-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/ADR) and ADR-sensitive MCF-7 (MCF-7/S) cell lines, after which exosomes were separated and identified in each cell line. Target relationship between miR-221-3p and PIK3R1 was validated by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Next, the expression of miR-221-3p and PIK3R1 was altered to clarify their effects on the resistance of MCF-7 cells to ADR in vitro and in vivo. PIK3R1 was identified as a BC drug resistance-related DEG, with the regulatory miR-221-3p subsequently obtained. Moreover, the MCF-7/ADR cells exhibited a low expression of PIK3R1 and a high expression of miR-221-3p. Notably, PIK3R1 was identified as a target gene of miR-221-3p. The overexpression of miR-221-3p in MCF-7/ADR cell-derived exosomes promoted ADR resistance in MCF-7/S cells via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The in vitro results were reproducible in in vivo assays. Taken together, drug-resistant BC cell-derived exosomal miR-221-3p can promote the resistance of BC cells to ADR by targeting PIK3R1 via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide encouraging insights and provide perspectives for further investigation into the BC drug resistance mechanism.

miR-221-3p Delivered by BMMSC-Derived Microvesicles Promotes the Development of Acute Myelocytic Leukemia

Objective: The study aims to investigate the effects of miR-221-3p in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC)-derived microvesicles (MVs) on cell cycle, proliferation and invasion of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML).

Methods: Bioinformatics was used to predict differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) in AML. The morphology of BMMSC-derived MVs was observed under an electron microscope, and the positional relation of MVs and OCI-AML2 cells was observed by a fluorescence microscope. MTT, Transwell, and flow cytometry assays were used to analyze the effects of MVs on OCI-AML2 cells. The targeted relationship between miR-221-3p and CDKN1C was detected by dual luciferase assay.

Results: It was verified that miR-221-3p promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of OCI-AML2 cells, and induced the cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase as well as inhibited cell apoptosis. Further studies showed that MVs promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of AML, and induced the cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase through miR-221-3p. It was confirmed that miR-221-3p can directly target CDKN1C to regulate cell cycle, proliferation and invasion of AML.

Conclusion: miR-221-3p in BMMSC-derived MVs regulated AML cell cycle, cell proliferation and invasion through targeting CDKN1C. miR-221-3p and CDKN1C were considered to be potential targets and biomarkers for the treatment of AML in clinic.

MiR-199b-5p Suppresses Tumor Angiogenesis Mediated by Vascular Endothelial Cells in Breast Cancer by Targeting ALK1

Angiogenesis is a crucial event during cancer progression that regulates tumor growth and metastasis. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), predominantly expressed in endothelial cells, plays a key role in the organization of neo-angiogenic vessels. Therapeutic targeting of ALK1 has been proposed as a promising strategy for cancer treatment, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly being explored as modulators of angiogenesis. However, the regulation of ALK1 by miRNAs is unclear. In this study, we identified that ALK1 is directly targeted by miR-199b-5p, which was able to inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, it was found that miR-199b-5p was repressed in breast cancer cells and its expression was decreased during the VEGF-induced angiogenesis process of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Overexpression of miR-199b-5p inhibited the formation of capillary-like tubular structures and migration of HUVECs. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-199b-5p inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of ALK1 in HUVECs by directly binding to its 3’UTR. Additionally, overexpression of miR-199b-5p attenuated the induction of ALK1/Smad/Id1 pathway by BMP9 in HUVECs. Finally, overexpression of miR-199b-5p reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis in in vivo. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the anti-angiogenic role of miR-199b-5p, which directly targets ALK1, suggesting that miR-199b-5p might be a potential anti-angiogenic target for cancer therapy.

Cervical Cancer Cells-Secreted Exosomal microRNA-221-3p Promotes Invasion, Migration and Angiogenesis of Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Cervical Cancer by Down-Regulating MAPK10 Expression

Purpose

Cervical cancer (CC) is recognized as a common cancer with a high risk worldwide. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have received attention for their increasing potentials in CC therapy. In this study, we identify the involvement of miR-221-3p in CC progression by affecting angiogenesis of microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs).

Methods

Microarray-based gene expression profiling was conducted to retrieve the differentially expressed genes in CC. The expression patterns of miR-221-3p were measured by RT-qPCR, while Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR were performed to determine the expression of MAPK10 in the CC tissues and cells, followed by verification of the interaction between miR-221-3p and MAPK10 using dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Then the effects of miR-221-3p and MAPK10 on cell activities were assessed through gain- and loss-of-function experiments in CC. Subsequently, the impact of exosomal miR-221-3p on MVEC proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis was examined after exosomal isolation from CC cells and co-cultured with MVECs.

Results

Gene expression profile showed that MAPK10 might participate in CC with a low expression. Moreover, miR-221-3p was highly expressed and MAPK10 was poorly expressed in CC tissues and cells. It was observed that miR-221-3p targeted MAPK10. Depletion of miR-221-3p blocked the cell proliferation, invasion and migration in CC by up-regulating MAPK10. Moreover, CC cells-derived exosomes carrying miR-221-3p accelerated MVEC proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis in CC by regulating MAPK10.

Conclusion

CC cells-derived exosomes harboring miR-221-3p enhanced MVEC angiogenesis in CC by decreasing MAPK10.

Combined Detection of Serum MiR-221-3p and MiR-122-5p Expression in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer

Purpose

To investigate the clinical value of serum miR-221-3p and miR-122-5p expression levels in the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer.

Materials and Methods

Serum samples from 141 gastric cancer cases (gastric cancer group), 110 gastric polyps (gastric polyp group), and 75 healthy people (healthy control) were used to detect miR-221-3p and miR-122-5p expression using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Serum miR-221-3p expression was significantly higher in the gastric cancer group than in the gastric polyp group, and it was significantly lower than that before operation. The miR-221-3p expression was significantly higher in the death group than in the survival group. The proliferation and migration ability significantly increased and the apoptosis rate significantly decreased by miR-221-3p transfection in gastric cancer cells. In contrast, the function of miR-122-5p in gastric cancer cells was opposite of miR-221-3p. Serum miR-221-3p expression was negatively correlated with that of miR-122-5p in gastric cancer. Serum miR-221-3p and miR-122-5p expressions were significantly correlated with the degree of differentiation, tumor, node, metastasis stage, lymph node metastasis, and invasion depth. miR-221-3p and miR-122-5p expression levels were independent prognostic factors for postoperative gastric cancer. In the diagnosis and predicting prognosis of gastric cancer, receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the area under curve of combined detection of serum miR-221-3p and miR-122-5p expression had a greater diagnostic effect than either single maker.

Conclusions

The miR-221-3p and miR-122-5p are involved in the development of gastric cancer, and they have important clinical values in gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis.