101
|
|
102
|
Towhid ST, Nega M, Schmidt EM, Schmid E, Albrecht T, Münzer P, Borst O, Götz F, Lang F. Stimulation of platelet apoptosis by peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus 113. Apoptosis 2013; 17:998-1008. [PMID: 22752708 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN), a component of bacterial cell wall and belonging to "Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns" (MAMP) triggers host reactions contributing to the pathophysiology of infectious disease. Host cell responses to PGN exposure include apoptosis. Bacterial infections may result in activation of blood platelets and thrombocytopenia. The present study explored, whether HPLC-purified fractions of PGNs from Staphylococcus aureus 113 triggers apoptosis of platelets. To this end platelets were exposed to PGN fractions and annexin-V binding determined to depict cell membrane scrambling, DiOC6 fluorescence to estimate depolarization of mitochondrial potential, Fluo-3AM staining for intracellular Ca(2+) activity ([Ca(2+)](i)) and immunofluorescence to quantify protein abundance of active caspase-3. As a result, a 30 min exposure to monomeric fraction (mPGN) (≥50 ng/ml) was followed by annexin-V binding, paralleled by increase of [Ca(2+)](i), mitochondrial depolarization, caspase-3 activation and integrin α(IIb)β(3) upregulation. The annexin-V binding was significantly blunted by anti-TLR-2 antibodies, in absence of extracellular Ca(2+), and by pancaspase inhibitor zVAD-FMK (1 μM). In conclusion, PGN triggers apoptosis of platelets in activation-dependent manner, characterized by mitochondrial depolarization, caspase-3 activation and cell membrane scrambling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syeda T Towhid
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Saccucci P, Verrotti A, Giannini C, Verini M, Chiarelli F, Neri A, Magrini A. p53 Codon 72 Genetic Polymorphism in Asthmatic Children: Evidence of Interaction With Acid Phosphatase Locus 1. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013; 6:252-6. [PMID: 24843801 PMCID: PMC4021244 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.3.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence are implicating an increased persistence of apoptotic cells in patients with asthma. This is largely due to a combination of inhibition, or defects in the apoptotic process and/or impaired apoptotic cell removal mechanisms. Among apoptosis-inducing genes, an important role is played by p53. In the present study, we have investigated the possible relationship between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and asthma and the interaction with ACP1, a genetic polymorphism involved in the susceptibility to allergic asthma. We studied 125 asthmatic children and 123 healthy subjects from the Caucasian population of Central Italy. p53 codon 72 and ACP1 polymorphisms were evaluated using a restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) method. There is a statistically significant association between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and allergic asthma: Arg/Arg genotype is more represented in asthmatic patients than in controls (P=0.018). This association, however, is present in subjects with low ACP1 activity A/A and A/B only (P=0.023). The proportion of children with A/A and A/B genotype carrying Arg/Arg genotype is significantly high in asthmatic children than in controls (OR=1.941; 95% C.I. 1.042-3.628). Our finding could have important clinical implications since the subjects with A/A and A/B genotypes of ACP1 carrying Arg/Arg genotype are more susceptible to allergic asthma than Pro/Pro genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Saccucci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcello Verini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti Gabriele D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Anna Neri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Heger M, van Golen RF, Broekgaarden M, van den Bos RR, Neumann HAM, van Gulik TM, van Gemert MJC. Endovascular laser–tissue interactions and biological responses in relation to endovenous laser therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:405-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
105
|
Vacchelli E, Vitale I, Tartour E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Anticancer radioimmunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25595. [PMID: 24319634 PMCID: PMC3850274 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has extensively been employed as a curative or palliative intervention against cancer throughout the last century, with a varying degree of success. For a long time, the antineoplastic activity of X- and γ-rays was entirely ascribed to their capacity of damaging macromolecules, in particular DNA, and hence triggering the (apoptotic) demise of malignant cells. However, accumulating evidence indicates that (at least part of) the clinical potential of radiotherapy stems from cancer cell-extrinsic mechanisms, including the normalization of tumor vasculature as well as short- and long-range bystander effects. Local bystander effects involve either the direct transmission of lethal signals between cells connected by gap junctions or the production of diffusible cytotoxic mediators, including reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and cytokines. Conversely, long-range bystander effects, also known as out-of-field or abscopal effects, presumably reflect the elicitation of tumor-specific adaptive immune responses. Ionizing rays have indeed been shown to promote the immunogenic demise of malignant cells, a process that relies on the spatiotemporally defined emanation of specific damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Thus, irradiation reportedly improves the clinical efficacy of other treatment modalities such as surgery (both in neo-adjuvant and adjuvant settings) or chemotherapy. Moreover, at least under some circumstances, radiotherapy may potentiate anticancer immune responses as elicited by various immunotherapeutic agents, including (but presumably not limited to) immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies, cancer-specific vaccines, dendritic cell-based interventions and Toll-like receptor agonists. Here, we review the rationale of using radiotherapy, alone or combined with immunomodulatory agents, as a means to elicit or boost anticancer immune responses, and present recent clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of this approach in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Health; Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM, U970; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Equipe 15, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM, U872; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, U1015; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Mendelson AA, Guan Q, Chafeeva I, da Roza GA, Kizhakkedathu JN, Du C. Hyperbranched polyglycerol is an efficacious and biocompatible novel osmotic agent in a rodent model of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2013; 33:15-27. [PMID: 23349194 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2012.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To enhance the effectiveness of peritoneal dialysis (PD), new biocompatible PD solutions may be needed. The present study was designed to test the efficacy and biocompatibility of hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG)-a nontoxic, nonimmunogenic water-soluble polyether polymer-in PD. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were instilled with 30 mL HPG solution (molecular weight 3 kDa; 2.5% - 15%) or control glucose PD solution (2.5% Dianeal: Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL, USA), and intraperitoneal fluid was recovered after 4 hours. Peritoneal injury and cellular infiltration were determined by histologic and flow cytometric analysis. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells were assessed for viability in vitro after 3 hours of PD fluid exposure. RESULTS The 15% HPG solution achieved a 4-hour dose-related ultrafiltration up to 43.33 ± 5.24 mL and a dose-related urea clearance up to 39.17 ± 5.21 mL, results that were superior to those with control PD solution (p < 0.05). The dialysate-to-plasma (D/P) ratios of urea with 7.5% and 15% HPG solution were not statistically different from those with control PD solution. Compared with fluid recovered from the control group, fluid recovered from the HPG group contained proportionally fewer neutrophils (3.63% ± 0.87% vs 9.31% ± 2.89%, p < 0.0001). Detachment of mesothelial cells positive for human bone marrow endothelial protein 1 did not increase in the HPG group compared with the stain control (p = 0.1832), but it was elevated in the control PD solution group (1.62% ± 0.68% vs 0.41% ± 0.31%, p = 0.0031). Peritoneal biopsies from animals in the HPG PD group, compared with those from control PD animals, demonstrated less neutrophilic infiltration and reduced thickness. Human peritoneal mesothelial cell survival after HPG exposure was superior in vitro (p < 0.0001, 7.5% HPG vs control; p < 0.01, 15% HPG vs control). Exposure to glucose PD solution induced cytoplasmic vacuolation and caspase 3-independent necrotic cell death that was not seen with HPG solution. CONCLUSIONS Our novel HPG PD solution demonstrated effective ultrafiltration and waste removal with reduced peritoneal injury in a rodent model of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asher A Mendelson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Kiesslich T, Tortik N, Pichler M, Neureiter D, Plaetzer K. Apoptosis in cancer cells induced by photodynamic treatment – a methodological approach. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is approved for clinical indications including several (pre-) cancers of the skin and solid tumors of the brain and the gastrointestinal tract. It operates by an acute cellular response caused by oxidation of cell components following light-induced and photosensitizer-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. By this, PDT is capable of inducing the major types of cytotoxic responses: autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. As excited photosensitizer molecules react rather non-specifically with neighboring molecules, we suggest that with PDT and most (if not any) cell-localizing photosensitizers, all kinds of cellular responses can be provoked — following a strict dose-dependency, i.e. a transition from survival, over apoptosis to necrosis depending on the applied photosensitizer concentration or light dose. In this review, we briefly discuss (i) the types of cell death induced by PDT focusing on apoptosis induction, (ii) a simple experimental approach to quickly assess the dose-dependent phototoxic responses based on viability assays, and (iii) an overview of in vitro apoptosis detection methods for further in depth analyses. With this conceptual framework, we attempt to provide a rational experimental approach for initial in vitro, cell-based characterization of newly synthesized photosensitizers or formulations thereof — thus to plug the gap between subsequent in vivo evaluation and the preceding fundamental (physico-)chemical work devoted to the improvement of photosensitizing drugs based on mainly porphyrins, phthalocyanines and their derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kiesslich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Haupstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicole Tortik
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms (PDI-PLUS), Division of Physics and Biophysics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Haupstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kristjan Plaetzer
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms (PDI-PLUS), Division of Physics and Biophysics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
U937 variant cells as a model of apoptosis without cell disintegration. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:249-62. [PMID: 23605997 PMCID: PMC6275624 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The variant cell line U937V was originally identified by a higher sensitivity to the cytocidal action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) than that of its reference cell line, U937. We noticed that a typical morphological feature of dying U937V cells was the lack of cellular disintegration, which contrasts to the formation of apoptotic bodies seen with dying U937 cells. We found that both TNFα, which induces the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and etoposide (VP-16), which induces the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, stimulated U937V cell death without cell disintegration. In spite of the distinct morphological differences between the U937 and U937V cells, the basic molecular events of apoptosis, such as internucleosomal DNA degradation, phosphatidylserine exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, caspase activation and cytochrome c release, were evident in both cell types when stimulated with both types of apoptosis inducer. In the U937V cells, we noted an accelerated release of cytochrome c, an accelerated decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and a more pronounced generation of reactive oxygen species compared to the reference cells. We propose that the U937 and U937V cell lines could serve as excellent comparison models for studies on the mechanisms regulating the processes of cellular disintegration during apoptosis, such as blebbing (zeiosis) and apoptotic body formation.
Collapse
|
109
|
Vanden Berghe T, Grootjans S, Goossens V, Dondelinger Y, Krysko DV, Takahashi N, Vandenabeele P. Determination of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in vitro and in vivo. Methods 2013; 61:117-29. [PMID: 23473780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death research during the last decades has revealed many molecular signaling cascades, often leading to distinct cell death modalities followed by immune responses. For historical reasons, the prototypic and best characterized cell death modes are apoptosis and necrosis (dubbed necroptosis, to indicate that it is regulated). There is mounting evidence for the interplay between cell death modalities and their redundant action when one of them is interfered with. This increase in cell death research points to the need for characterizing cell death pathways by different approaches at the biochemical, cellular and if possible, physiological level. In this review we present a selection of techniques to detect cell death and to distinguish necrosis from apoptosis. The distinction should be based on pharmacologic and transgenic approaches in combination with several biochemical and morphological criteria. A particular problem in defining necrosis is that in the absence of phagocytosis, apoptotic cells become secondary necrotic and develop morphologic and biochemical features of primary necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vanden Berghe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Lage SL, Amarante-Mendes GP, Bortoluci KR. Evaluation of pyroptosis in macrophages using cytosolic delivery of purified flagellin. Methods 2013; 61:110-6. [PMID: 23454287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a molecularly controlled form of cell death that exhibits some features of apoptosis as well of necrosis. Pyroptosis is induced by inflammasome-activated caspase-1 or caspase-11 (caspase-4 in humans), as a result of distinct pathogenic or damage stimuli. Although pyroptosis displays some morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis, it has an inflammatory outcome due to the loss of plasma membrane integrity and the consequent release of intracellular contents, reminiscent to necrosis. Here, we use cytosolic delivery of purified flagellin as an experimental tool to trigger pyroptosis and describe potential methods to study this form of cell death. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia L Lage
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Darrah E, Andrade F. NETs: the missing link between cell death and systemic autoimmune diseases? Front Immunol 2013; 3:428. [PMID: 23335928 PMCID: PMC3547286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost 20 years, apoptosis and secondary necrosis have been considered the major source of autoantigens and endogenous adjuvants in the pathogenic model of systemic autoimmune diseases. This focus is justified in part because initial evidence in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) guided investigators toward the study of apoptosis, but also because other forms of cell death were unknown. To date, it is known that many other forms of cell death occur, and that they vary in their capacity to stimulate as well as inhibit the immune system. Among these, NETosis (an antimicrobial form of death in neutrophils in which nuclear material is extruded from the cell forming extracellular traps), is gaining major interest as a process that may trigger some of the immune features found in SLE, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis) and Felty’s syndrome. Although there have been volumes of very compelling studies published on the role of cell death in autoimmunity, no unifying theory has been adopted nor have any successful therapeutics been developed based on this important pathway. The recent inclusion of NETosis into the pathogenic model of autoimmune diseases certainly adds novel insights into this paradigm, but also reveals a previously unappreciated level of complexity and raises many new questions. This review discusses the role of cell death in systemic autoimmune diseases with a focus on apoptosis and NETosis, highlights the current short comings in our understanding of the vast complexity of cell death, and considers the potential shift in the cell death paradigm in autoimmunity. Understanding this complexity is critical in order to develop tools to clearly define the death pathways that are active in systemic autoimmune diseases, identify drivers of disease propagation, and develop novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Nuccitelli R, Tran K, Lui K, Huynh J, Athos B, Kreis M, Nuccitelli P, De Fabo EC. Non-thermal nanoelectroablation of UV-induced murine melanomas stimulates an immune response. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 25:618-29. [PMID: 22686288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal nanoelectroablation therapy completely ablates UV-induced murine melanomas. C57/BL6-HGF/SF transgenic mice were exposed to UV radiation as pups and began to develop visible melanomas 5-6 months later. We have treated 27 of these melanomas in 14 mice with nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) therapy delivering 2000 electric pulses each 100 ns long and 30 kV/cm at a rate of 5-7 pulses per second. All nanoelectroablated melanoma tumors began to shrink within a day after treatment and gradually disappeared over a period of 12-29 days. Pyknosis of nuclei was evident within 1 h of nsPEF treatment, and DNA fragmentation as detected by TUNEL staining was evident by 6 h after nsPEF treatment. In a melanoma allograft system, nsPEF treatment was superior to tumor excision at accelerating secondary tumor rejection in immune-competent mice, suggesting enhanced stimulation of a protective immune response by nsPEF-treated melanomas. This is supported by the presence of CD4(+) -T cells within treated tumors as well as within untreated tumors located in mice with other melanomas that had been treated with nanoelectroablation at least 19 days earlier.
Collapse
|
113
|
Divangahi M, Behar SM, Remold H. Dying to live: how the death modality of the infected macrophage affects immunity to tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:103-20. [PMID: 23468106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) inhibits apoptosis and triggers necrosis of host macrophages to evade innate delay in the initiation of adaptive immunity. Necrosis is a mechanism used by bacteria to exit macrophage, evade the host defenses, and disseminate while apoptosis is associated with diminished pathogen viability. We have recently demonstrated that eicosanoids regulate cell death program of either human or murine macrophages infected with Mtb. We have defined prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a pro-apoptotic host lipid mediator which protects against necrosis. In contrast, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a pro-necrotic lipid mediator which suppresses PGE2 synthesis, resulting in mitochondrial damage and inhibition of plasma membrane repair mechanisms; this ultimately leads to the induction of necrosis. Thus, the balance between PGE2 and LXA4 determines whether Mtb-infected macrophages undergo apoptosis or necrosis and this balance determines the outcome of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Li Z, Lu N, He X, Zhou Z. Monitoring the clearance of apoptotic and necrotic cells in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1004:183-202. [PMID: 23733578 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-383-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model organism for studying the mechanisms -controlling cell death, including apoptosis, a cell suicide event, and necrosis, pathological cell deaths caused by environmental insults or genetic alterations. C. elegans has also been established as a model for understanding how dying cells are cleared from animal bodies. In particular, the transparent nature of worm bodies and eggshells make C. elegans particularly amenable for live-cell microscopy. Here we describe methods for identifying apoptotic and necrotic cells in living C. elegans embryos, larvae, and adults and for monitoring their clearance during development. We further discuss specific methods to distinguish engulfed from unengulfed apoptotic cells, and methods to monitor cellular and molecular events occurring during phagosome maturation. These methods are based on Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy or fluorescence microscopy using GFP-based reporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zao Li
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Krysko DV, Garg AD, Kaczmarek A, Krysko O, Agostinis P, Vandenabeele P. Immunogenic cell death and DAMPs in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:860-75. [PMID: 23151605 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1937] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although it was thought that apoptotic cells, when rapidly phagocytosed, underwent a silent death that did not trigger an immune response, in recent years a new concept of immunogenic cell death (ICD) has emerged. The immunogenic characteristics of ICD are mainly mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which include surface-exposed calreticulin (CRT), secreted ATP and released high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). Most DAMPs can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In this Review, we discuss the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in regulating the immunogenicity of dying cancer cells and the effect of therapy-resistant cancer microevolution on ICD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, VIB-Ghent University Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium. Dmitri.Krysko@dmbr. ugent.be
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Mancebo A, Casacó A, Sánchez B, González B, Gómez D, León A, Bada A, Arteaga M, González Y, González C, Pupo M, Fuentes D. Repeated dose (14days) rat intramuscular toxicology study of Her1 vaccine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:425-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
117
|
Singh P, Goel H, Husain M, Lan X, Mikulak J, Malthotra A, Teichberg S, Schmidtmayerova H, Singhal PC. Tubular cell HIV-entry through apoptosed CD4 T cells: a novel pathway. Virology 2012; 434:68-77. [PMID: 23040891 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that HIV-1 may enter tubular cells by phagocytosis of apoptotic fragments of HIV-1-infected T cells infiltrating tubular interstitium. The study was designed to evaluate the interaction of programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptors on CD4 T cells and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tubular cells (HK2 and HRPTEC, primary tubular cells). Co-cultivation of HIV-1 infected lymphocytes (HIV-LY) with HK2s/HRPTECs resulted in T cell apoptosis, uptake of the apoptosed HIV-LY by HK2s/HRPTECs, tubular cell activation and HIV expression. Cytochalasin-B inhibited tubular cell HIV-LY uptake and anti-PD-L1 antibody inhibited HIV-LY apoptosis and tubular cell HIV-LY uptake, activation and HIV expression. These observations do indicate induction of apoptosis of T cells due to interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 upon co-cultivation and subsequent phygocytosis of HIV-laden apoptotic bodies by tubular cells and thus the transfer of HIV-1 into tubular cells. These findings identify a novel pathway that facilitates HIV-1 entry into tubular cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Center for Excellence for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish Medical School, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Michel JB, Delbosc S, Ho-Tin-Noé B, Leseche G, Nicoletti A, Meilhac O, Martin-Ventura JL. From intraplaque haemorrhages to plaque vulnerability. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2012; 13:628-34. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e328357face] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
119
|
Eikmans M, de Canck I, van der Pol P, Baan CC, Haasnoot GW, Mallat MJK, Vergunst M, de Meester E, Roodnat JI, Anholts JDH, van Thielen M, Doxiadis IIN, de Fijter JW, van der Linden PJE, van Beelen E, van Kooten C, Kal-van Gestel JA, Peeters AMA, Weimar W, Roelen DL, Rossau R, Claas FHJ. The functional polymorphism Ala258Ser in the innate receptor gene ficolin-2 in the donor predicts improved renal transplant outcome. Transplantation 2012; 94:478-85. [PMID: 22892990 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31825c5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immunity plays a role in controlling adaptive immune responses. METHODS We investigated the clinical relevance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in 22 genes encoding innate, secreted, and signaling pattern recognition receptors in a total of 520 donor-recipient pairs of postmortem, human leukocyte antigen-DR-compatible kidney transplantations. Associations with rejection incidence were tested in an a priori randomized training set and validation set. RESULTS Polymorphisms in TLR-3 (rs3775296) in the recipients and in ficolin-2 (rs7851696; Ala258Ser) and C1qR1 (rs7492) in the donors showed the strongest association with severe rejection. In multivariate analysis, presence of the ficolin-2 Ala258Ser variant in the donor predicted lower incidence of severe rejection (odds ratio=0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.9; P=0.024) and of graft loss (hazard ratio=0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-1.0; P=0.046) independently of clinical risk factors. Ficolin-2 messenger RNA expression was detected in pretransplantation biopsies from 69 donor grafts. Serum and tissue ficolin-2 levels were unaffected by genotype. Ficolin-2 protein, which bound to dying cells, was detected in donor kidneys in a passenger leukocyte-like pattern. Indeed, monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressed ficolin-2. Donor grafts with the ficolin-2 Ala258Ser variant contained significantly elevated expression of interleukin 6, having ascribed cytoprotective effects. It has been described that Ala258Ser leads to increased binding capacity of ficolin-2 to N-acetylglucosamine. CONCLUSIONS Presence of the ficolin-2 Ala258Ser polymorphism in the donor independently predicts improved graft outcome. Based on mechanistic data, we propose that this functional polymorphism leads to more efficient handling of injured cells by phagocytozing cells, resulting in decreased intragraft exposure to danger signals and dampened alloimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eikmans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Macrophage-targeted therapy: CD64-based immunotoxins for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:676-94. [PMID: 23105975 PMCID: PMC3475223 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4090676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by chronic inflammation (e.g., arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetic ulcers) are multicausal, thus making treatment difficult and inefficient. Due to the age-associated nature of most of these disorders and the demographic transition towards an overall older population, efficient therapeutic intervention strategies will need to be developed in the near future. Over the past decades, elimination of activated macrophages using CD64-targeting immunotoxins has proven to be a promising way of resolving inflammation in animal models. More recent data have shown that the M1-polarized population of activated macrophages in particular is critically involved in the chronic phase. We recapitulate the latest progress in the development of IT. These have advanced from full-length antibodies, chemically coupled to bacterial toxins, into single chain variants of antibodies, genetically fused with fully human enzymes. These improvements have increased the range of possible target diseases, which now include chronic inflammatory diseases. At present there are no therapeutic strategies focusing on macrophages to treat chronic disorders. In this review, we focus on the role of different polarized macrophages and the potential of CD64-based IT to intervene in the process of chronic inflammation.
Collapse
|
121
|
Mereniuk TR, Maranchuk RA, Schindler A, Penner-Chea J, Freschauf GK, Hegazy S, Lai R, Foley E, Weinfeld M. Genetic Screening for Synthetic Lethal Partners of Polynucleotide Kinase/Phosphatase: Potential for Targeting SHP-1–Depleted Cancers. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5934-44. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
122
|
Schutters K, Kusters DHM, Chatrou MLL, Montero-Melendez T, Donners M, Deckers NM, Krysko DV, Vandenabeele P, Perretti M, Schurgers LJ, Reutelingsperger CPM. Cell surface-expressed phosphatidylserine as therapeutic target to enhance phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Cell Death Differ 2012; 20:49-56. [PMID: 22955945 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired efferocytosis has been shown to be associated with, and even to contribute to progression of, chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. Enhancing efferocytosis has been proposed as strategy to treat diseases involving inflammation. Here we present the strategy to increase 'eat me' signals on the surface of apoptotic cells by targeting cell surface-expressed phosphatidylserine (PS) with a variant of annexin A5 (Arg-Gly-Asp-annexin A5, RGD-anxA5) that has gained the function to interact with α(v)β(3) receptors of the phagocyte. We describe design and characterization of RGD-anxA5 and show that introduction of RGD transforms anxA5 from an inhibitor into a stimulator of efferocytosis. RGD-anxA5 enhances engulfment of apoptotic cells by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) cells in vitro and resident peritoneal mouse macrophages in vivo. In addition, RGD-anxA5 augments secretion of interleukin-10 during efferocytosis in vivo, thereby possibly adding to an anti-inflammatory environment. We conclude that targeting cell surface-expressed PS is an attractive strategy for treatment of inflammatory diseases and that the rationally designed RGD-anxA5 is a promising therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Schutters
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Zizzo G, Hilliard BA, Monestier M, Cohen PL. Efficient clearance of early apoptotic cells by human macrophages requires M2c polarization and MerTK induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3508-20. [PMID: 22942426 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) is a major macrophage apoptotic cell (AC) receptor. Its functional impairment promotes autoimmunity and atherosclerosis, whereas overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in cancer. However, little is known about mechanisms regulating MerTK expression in humans. We found that MerTK expression is heterogenous among macrophage subsets, being mostly restricted to anti-inflammatory M2c (CD14(+)CD16(+)CD163(+)CD204(+)CD206(+)CD209(-)) cells, differentiated by M-CSF or glucocorticoids. Small numbers of MerTK(+) "M2c-like" cells are also detectable among circulating CD14(bright)CD16(+) monocytes. MerTK expression levels adapt to changing immunologic environment, being suppressed in M1 and M2a macrophages and in dendritic cells. Remarkably, although glucocorticoid-induced differentiation is IL-10 independent, M-CSF-driven M2c polarization and related MerTK upregulation require IL-10. However, neither IL-10 alone nor TGF-β are sufficient to fully differentiate M2c (CD16(+)CD163(+)MerTK(+)) macrophages. M-CSF and IL-10, both released by T lymphocytes, may thus be required together to promote regulatory T cell-mediated induction of anti-inflammatory monocytes-macrophages. MerTK enables M2c macrophages to clear early ACs more efficiently than other macrophage subsets, and it mediates AC clearance by CD14(bright)CD16(+) monocytes. Moreover, M2c cells release Gas6, which in turn amplifies IL-10 secretion via MerTK. IL-10-dependent induction of the Gas6/MerTK pathway may, therefore, constitute a positive loop for M2c macrophage homeostasis and a critical checkpoint for maintenance of anti-inflammatory conditions. Our findings give new insight into human macrophage polarization and favor a central role for MerTK in regulation of macrophage functions. Eliciting M2c polarization can have therapeutic utility for diseases such as lupus, in which a defective AC clearance contributes to initiate and perpetuate the pathological process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Zizzo
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Van VQ, Baba N, Rubio M, Wakahara K, Panzini B, Richard C, Soucy G, Franchimont D, Fortin G, Torres ACM, Cabon L, Susin S, Sarfati M. CD47(low) status on CD4 effectors is necessary for the contraction/resolution of the immune response in humans and mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41972. [PMID: 22870271 PMCID: PMC3411572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
How do effector CD4 T cells escape cell death during the contraction of the immune response (IR) remain largely unknown. CD47, through interactions with thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and SIRP-α, is implicated in cell death and phagocytosis of malignant cells. Here, we reported a reduction in SIRP-α-Fc binding to effector memory T cells (T(EM)) and in vitro TCR-activated human CD4 T cells that was linked to TSP-1/CD47-induced cell death. The reduced SIRP-α-Fc binding (CD47(low) status) was not detected when CD4 T cells were stained with two anti-CD47 mAbs, which recognize distinct epitopes. In contrast, increased SIRP-α-Fc binding (CD47(high) status) marked central memory T cells (T(CM)) as well as activated CD4 T cells exposed to IL-2, and correlated with resistance to TSP-1/CD47-mediated killing. Auto-aggressive CD4 effectors, which accumulated in lymph nodes and at mucosal sites of patients with Crohn's disease, displayed a CD47(high) status despite a high level of TSP-1 release in colonic tissues. In mice, CD47 (CD47(low) status) was required on antigen (Ag)-specific CD4 effectors for the contraction of the IR in vivo, as significantly lower numbers of Ag-specific CD47(+/+)CD4 T cells were recovered when compared to Ag-specific CD47(-/-) CD4 T cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that a transient change in the status of CD47, i.e. from CD47(high) to CD47(low), on CD4 effectors regulates the decision-making process that leads to CD47-mediated cell death and contraction of the IR while maintenance of a CD47(high) status on tissue-destructive CD4 effectors prevents the resolution of the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Quang Van
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nobuyasu Baba
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manuel Rubio
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Keiko Wakahara
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Panzini
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carole Richard
- Department of Digestive Tract Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Soucy
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Franchimont
- Department de Gastroenterology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Genevieve Fortin
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ana Carolina Martinez Torres
- INSERM U872, Mort Cellulaire Programmée et Physiopathologie des Cellules Tumorales, Equipe 19, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Cabon
- INSERM U872, Mort Cellulaire Programmée et Physiopathologie des Cellules Tumorales, Equipe 19, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Santos Susin
- INSERM U872, Mort Cellulaire Programmée et Physiopathologie des Cellules Tumorales, Equipe 19, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marika Sarfati
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Higuchi Y, Kubota T, Koyanagi M, Maeda T, Feldman AM, Makino N. Upregulation of anticoagulant proteins, protein S and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, in the mouse myocardium with cardio-specific TNF-α overexpression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2352-62. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01026.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) has been recognized as a hypercoagulable state. However, the natural anticoagulation systems in the failing heart have not been studied. Recent experimental and clinical data have indicated that not only the thrombomodulin (TM)/protein C (PC) pathway but also the protein S (PS)/tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) system function as potent natural anticoagulants. To investigate the balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant activities in the failing heart, we measured the cardiac expression of tissue factor (TF), type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), TM, PC, PS, and TFPI by RT-PCR and/or Western blot analysis in male transgenic (TG) mice with heart-specific overexpression of TNF-α. Both procoagulant (TF and PAI-1) and anticoagulant (PS and TFPI) factors were upregulated in the myocardium of 24-wk-old TG (end-stage HF) but not in that of 4-wk-old TG (early decompensated HF) compared with the wild-type mice. Both factors were also upregulated in the infarcted myocardium at 3 days after coronary ligation in the wild-type mice. The expression of TM was downregulated in the TG heart, and PC was not detected in the hearts. The transcript levels of PS orphan receptors, Mer and Tyro3, but not Axl, were significantly upregulated in the TG heart. Double immunohistochemical staining revealed that myocardial infiltrating CD3-positive T cells may produce PS in the TG myocardium. In conclusion, the PS/TFPI was upregulated in the myocardium of a different etiological model of HF, thus suggesting a role for the PS/TFPI system in the protection of the failing heart under both inflammatory and hypercoagulable states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Higuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Geriatric medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Japan
| | - Toru Kubota
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka City Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and
| | - Masamichi Koyanagi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Geriatric medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Japan
| | - Toyoki Maeda
- Department of Cardiovascular and Geriatric medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Makino
- Department of Cardiovascular and Geriatric medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Yang ZR, Liu M, Peng XL, Lei XF, Zhang JX, Dong WG. Noscapine induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human colon cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:627-33. [PMID: 22546556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Noscapine, a phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid derived from opium, has been widely used as a cough suppressant for decades. Noscapine has recently been shown to potentiate the anti-cancer effects of several therapies by inducing apoptosis in various malignant cells without any detectable toxicity in cells or tissues. However, the mechanism by which noscapine induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells remains unclear. The signaling pathways by which noscapine induces apoptosis were investigated in colon cancer cell lines treated with various noscapine concentrations for 72 h, and a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability was observed. Noscapine effectively inhibited the proliferation of LoVo cells in vitro (IC(50)=75 μM). This cytotoxicity was reflected by cell cycle arrest at G(2)/M and subsequent apoptosis, as indicated by increased chromatin condensation and fragmentation, the upregulation of Bax and cytochrome c (Cyt-c), the downregulation of survivin and Bcl-2, and the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Moreover, in a xenograft tumor model in mice, noscapine injection clearly inhibited tumor growth via the induction of apoptosis, which was demonstrated using a TUNEL assay. These results suggest that noscapine induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells via mitochondrial pathways. Noscapine may be a safe and effective chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of human colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Yang ZR, Dong WG, Lei XF, Liu M, Liu QS. Overexpression of Dickkopf-3 induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway in human colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1590-601. [PMID: 22529687 PMCID: PMC3325524 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i14.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mechanisms of the biological roles of Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3) in cell invasion, survival and apoptosis in colon cancer cells.
METHODS: Three human colon cancer cell lines, i.e., HT-29, LoVo and SW480, were used. Overexpression of Dkk-3 induced by pEGFP-N1-Dkk-3-GFP plasmid in LoVo cells was performed using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of Dkk-3, respectively. Cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis, hoechst 33258 assay and Matrigel invasion assay were performed on Dkk-3 overexpressing transfectants.
RESULTS: The mRNA and protein expressions of Dkk-3 in HT-29 (mRNA: 0.06 ± 0.02, protein: 0.06 ± 0.01) and LoVo (mRNA: 0.07 ± 0.02, protein: 0.07 ± 0.02) cells were significantly lower than that in SW480 cells (mRNA: 0.92 ± 0.04, protein: 0.69 ± 0.13; all P < 0.05), and the greatest levels of invasiveness was in LoVo cells. Dkk-3 overexpression inhibited the proliferation and invasion of LoVo cells and induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and subsequent apoptosis, as indicated by increased chromatin condensation and fragments, upregulated Bax and cytochrome c protein, downregulated survivin and Bcl-2 protein, and the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Furthermore, Dkk-3 overexpression reduced the accumulation of cytosolic fraction of β-catenin.
CONCLUSION: Dkk-3 overexpression induced apoptosis in human colon cancer possibly through the mitochondrial pathway. Dkk-3 may be involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in colon cancer.
Collapse
|
128
|
Andia I, Sánchez M, Maffulli N. Basic Science: Molecular and Biological Aspects of Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
129
|
Chan MSM, Wang L, Chanplakorn N, Tamaki K, Ueno T, Toi M, Loo WTY, Chow LWC, Suzuki T, Sasano H. Effects of estrogen depletion on angiogenesis in estrogen-receptor-positive breast carcinoma – an immunohistochemical study of vasohibin-1 and CD31 with correlation to pathobiological response of the patients in neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16 Suppl 1:S69-78. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.628938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
130
|
Abstract
Stimulation of innate immunity is increasingly recognized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), while the contribution of adaptive immunity has received less attention. Clinical and experimental data show the involvement of Th-1 and Th-17 T-lymphocytes in alcoholic hepatitis. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which alcohol triggers adaptive immunity are still incompletely characterized. Patients with advanced ALD have circulating IgG and T-lymphocytes recognizing epitopes derived from protein modification by hydroxyethyl free radicals and end products of lipid-peroxidation. High titers of IgG against lipid peroxidation-derived antigens are associated with an increased hepatic production of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Moreover, the same antigens favor the breaking of self-tolerance towards liver constituents. In particular, autoantibodies against cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) are evident in a subset of ALD patients. Altogether these results suggest that allo- and autoimmune reactions triggered by oxidative stress might contribute to hepatic inflammation during the progression of ALD.
Collapse
|
131
|
Mocarski ES, Upton JW, Kaiser WJ. Viral infection and the evolution of caspase 8-regulated apoptotic and necrotic death pathways. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 12:79-88. [PMID: 22193709 PMCID: PMC4515451 DOI: 10.1038/nri3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens specifically target both the caspase 8-dependent apoptotic cell death pathway and the necrotic cell death pathway that is dependent on receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1; also known as RIPK1) and RIP3 (also known as RIPK3). The fundamental co-regulation of these two cell death pathways emerged when the midgestational death of mice deficient in FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD) or caspase 8 was reversed by elimination of RIP1 or RIP3, indicating a far more entwined relationship than previously appreciated. Thus, mammals require caspase 8 activity during embryogenesis to suppress the kinases RIP1 and RIP3 as part of the dialogue between two distinct cell death processes that together fulfil reinforcing roles in the host defence against intracellular pathogens such as herpesviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, 1462 Clifton Rd. NE, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jason W Upton
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78712, USA
| | - William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, 1462 Clifton Rd. NE, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Andia I, Sánchez M, Maffulli N. Joint pathology and platelet-rich plasma therapies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 12:7-22. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.632765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
133
|
Cytotoxicity of Triptolide and Triptolide loaded polymeric micelles in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1557-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
134
|
He XN, Su F, Lou ZZ, Jia WZ, Song YL, Chang HY, Wu YH, Lan J, He XY, Zhang Y. Ipr1 gene mediates RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line resistance to Mycobacterium bovis. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:438-44. [PMID: 21790702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) seriously affects efficiency of animal production with impacts on public health as well. Effective programmes of prevention and eradication of M. bovis infection therefore are urgently needed. Intracellular pathogen resistance gene 1 (Ipr1) is well known to mediate innate immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), but there are no reports as to whether Ipr1 can enhance the phagocytic ability of macrophage against M. bovis. In this investigation, RAW 264.7 macrophage was transduced with lentiviral vector carrying Ipr1 (named Lenti-Ipr1); transgenic cells were identified by RT-PCR and western blotting. Transgenic positive cells (R-Ipr1) were then infected with an M. bovis virulent strain, with non-transduced cells used as control. When cell proliferation, viability and apoptosis of the two groups were investigated, it was found that infected RAW 264.7 died by necrosis whereas R-Ipr1 underwent apoptosis. Furthermore, the numbers of intracellular bacteria in R-Ipr1 were lower than those in control cells (P < 0.05). To identify the role of Ipr1, we measured the genes of Casp3, Mcl-1 and NOS2A which associated with macrophage activation and apoptosis by real-time quantitative PCR. The results demonstrated that Ipr1 gene expression can enhance anti-M. bovis infection of macrophage. This establishes a basis for the future production of Ipr1-transgenic cattle to strengthen the tuberculosis resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X N He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Neutrophils in tuberculosis: friend or foe? Trends Immunol 2011; 33:14-25. [PMID: 22094048 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of mycobacterial infection, where they phagocytose bacilli. Whether neutrophils can kill mycobacteria in vivo probably depends on the tissue microenvironment, stage of infection, individual host, and infecting organism. The interaction of neutrophils with macrophages, as well as the downstream effects on T cell activity, could result in a range of outcomes from early clearance of infection to dissemination of viable bacteria together with an attenuated acquired immune response. In established disease, neutrophils accumulate in situations of high pathogen load or immunological dysfunction, and are likely to contribute to pathology. These activities may have clinical importance in terms of new treatments, targeted interventions and vaccine strategies.
Collapse
|
136
|
Heitzeneder S, Seidel M, Förster-Waldl E, Heitger A. Mannan-binding lectin deficiency - Good news, bad news, doesn't matter? Clin Immunol 2011; 143:22-38. [PMID: 22377282 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency has been classified as a commonly occurring immune disorder, affecting approximately 30% of the human population. MBL, being part of the innate immune system, supports the recognition of infectious pathogens by binding to carbohydrate moieties expressed on microorganisms and activates the lectin pathway of the complement system. MBL2 gene polymorphisms are associated with quantitative and qualitative MBL abnormalities in the serum. The clinical impact of MBL deficiency and its association to a wide variety of diseases has been extensively studied. The picture is puzzling as the studies suggest a detrimental or beneficial or no impact of low or high MBL serum levels on disease susceptibility. In this review we attempt to extract what is relevant from the literature and address controversial issues. We finally suggest that a comprehensive understanding of the role of MBL in human diseases requires considering its context-dependency.
Collapse
|
137
|
van Dooren SHJ, Raijmakers R, Pluk H, Lokate AMC, Koemans TS, Spanjers REC, Heck AJR, Boelens WC, van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJM. Oxidative stress-induced modifications of histidyl-tRNA synthetase affect its tRNA aminoacylation activity but not its immunoreactivity. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:545-53. [PMID: 22047085 DOI: 10.1139/o11-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are ubiquitously expressed enzymes that catalyze the esterification of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. Autoantibodies against several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are found in autoimmune polymyositis and dermatomyositis patients. Because necrosis is often found in skeletal muscle biopsies of these patients, we hypothesized that cell-death-induced protein modifications may help in breaking immunological tolerance. Since cell death is associated with oxidative stress, the effect of oxidative stress on the main myositis-specific autoantibody target Jo-1 (histidyl-tRNA synthetase; HisRS) was studied in detail. The exposure of Jurkat cells to hydrogen peroxide resulted in the detection of several oxidized methionines and one oxidized tryptophan residue in the HisRS protein, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry. Unexpectedly, the tRNA aminoacylation activity of HisRS appeared to be increased upon oxidative modification. The analysis of myositis patient sera did not lead to the detection of autoantibodies that are specifically reactive with the modified HisRS protein. The results of this study demonstrate that the Jo-1/HisRS autoantigen is modified under oxidative stress conditions. The consequences of these modifications for the function of HisRS and its autoantigenicity are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander H J van Dooren
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, 271 Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Piacentini M, D'Eletto M, Falasca L, Farrace MG, Rodolfo C. Transglutaminase 2 at the crossroads between cell death and survival. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:197-246. [PMID: 22220475 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Plataki M, Lee YD, Rasmussen DL, Hubmayr RD. Poloxamer 188 facilitates the repair of alveolus resident cells in ventilator-injured lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:939-47. [PMID: 21778295 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201104-0647oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Wounded alveolus resident cells are identified in human and experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome models. Poloxamer 188 (P188) is an amphiphilic macromolecule shown to have plasma membrane-sealing properties in various cell types. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether P188 (1) protects alveolus resident cells from necrosis and (2) is associated with reduced ventilator-induced lung injury in live rats, isolated perfused rat lungs, and scratch and stretch-wounded alveolar epithelial cells. METHODS Seventy-four live rats and 18 isolated perfused rat lungs were ventilated with injurious or protective strategies while infused with P188 or control solution. Alveolar epithelial cell monolayers were subjected to scratch or stretch wounding in the presence or absence of P188. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS P188 was associated with fewer mortally wounded alveolar cells in live rats and isolated perfused lungs. In vitro, P188 reduced the number of injured and necrotic cells, suggesting that P188 promotes cell repair and renders plasma membranes more resilient to deforming stress. The enhanced cell survival was accompanied by improvement in conventional measures of lung injury (peak airway pressure, wet-to-dry weight ratio) only in the ex vivo-perfused lung preparation and not in the live animal model. CONCLUSIONS P188 facilitates plasma membrane repair in alveolus resident cells, but has no salutary effects on lung mechanics or vascular barrier properties in live animals. This discordance may have pathophysiological significance for the interdependence of different injury mechanisms and therapeutic implications regarding the benefits of prolonging the life of stress-activated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Plataki
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Topical application of bleaching phenols; in-vivo studies and mechanism of action relevant to melanoma treatment. Melanoma Res 2011; 21:115-26. [PMID: 21317816 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328343f542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Skin depigmentation represents a well-established treatment for extensive vitiligo and may likewise be suited to prevent tumor recurrences and as a prophylactic treatment of familial melanoma, as common bleaching agents are cytotoxic to melanocytes. Effective melanoma prevention requires a bleaching agent-induced loss of exposed melanocytes supported by an immune response to distant pigment cells. Studies on human explant cultures treated with depigmenting agents such as 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP) or monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH) showed a significant increase in the migration of Langerhans cells toward the dermis only upon treatment with MBEH, thus suggesting selective elicitation of an immune response. To assess the depigmenting potential of bleaching agents in vivo, 4-TBP and MBEH were topically applied to C57BL/6 wild type as well as k14-SCF transgenic, epidermally pigmented mice. MBEH-induced significant skin depigmentation in both strains was not observed upon treatment with 4-TBP. Cytokine expression patterns in skin treated with MBEH support activation of a Th1-mediated immune response corresponding to an influx of T cells and macrophages. Importantly, despite insensitivity of tumor cells to MBEH-induced cytotoxicity, significantly retarded tumor growth was observed in B16 challenged k14-SCF mice pretreated with MBEH, likely due to an abundance of cytotoxic T cells accompanied by an increased expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines. These data support the use of MBEH as a prophylactic treatment for melanoma.
Collapse
|
141
|
Antoni A, Patel VA, Fan H, Lee DJ, Graham LH, Rosch CL, Spiegel DS, Rauch J, Levine JS. Macrophages from lupus-prone MRL mice have a conditional signaling abnormality that leads to dysregulated expression of numerous genes. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:291-308. [PMID: 21229240 PMCID: PMC3439499 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages (mϕ) from pre-diseased mice of the major murine inbred models of spontaneous autoimmunity (AI), including multiple lupus-prone strains and the type I diabetes-prone NOD (non-obese diabetic) strain, have identical apoptotic target-dependent abnormalities. This characteristic feature of mϕ from AI-prone mice suggests that abnormal signaling events induced within mϕ following their interaction with apoptotic targets may predispose to AI. Such signaling abnormalities would affect predominantly the processing and presentation of self-antigen (i.e., derived from apoptotic targets), while sparing the processing and presentation of foreign antigen (i.e., derived from non-apoptotic sources). Here, we used DNA microarrays to test the hypothesis that mϕ from AI-prone mice (MRL/MpJ [MRL/+] or MRL/MpJ-Tnfrsf6 ( lpr ) [MRL/lpr]) differentially express multiple genes in comparison to non-AI mϕ (BALB/c), but do so in a largely apoptotic cell-dependent manner. Mϕ were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, a potent innate stimulus, in the presence or absence of serum (an experimental surrogate for apoptotic targets). In accord with our hypothesis, the number of genes differentially expressed by MRL mϕ was significantly increased in the presence vs. the absence of serum, the apoptotic target surrogate (n = 401 vs. n = 201). Notably, for genes differentially expressed by MRL mϕ in the presence of serum, serum-free culture normalized their expression to a level statistically indistinguishable from that by non-AI mϕ. Comparisons of mϕ from AI-prone NOD and non-AI C57BL/6 mice corroborated these findings. Together, these data support the hypothesis that mϕ from MRL and other AI-prone mice are characterized by a conditional abnormality elicited by serum lipids or apoptotic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Antoni
- Department of Biology, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, Kutztown, PA 19530, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Merchant S, Korbelik M. Heat shock protein 70 is acute phase reactant: response elicited by tumor treatment with photodynamic therapy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:153-62. [PMID: 20865355 PMCID: PMC3059789 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress in photodynamic therapy (PDT)-treated tumor cells is known to instigate a strong upregulation of the expression of heat shock proteins. However, the treatment of mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells with Photofrin™ PDT resulted in the upregulation of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) gene not only in these cells but also in co-incubated untreated Hepa 1-6 cells. To investigate whether this phenomenon extends in vivo, LLC tumors growing in C57BL/6 mice were treated with Photofrin™ PDT. The tumors and the livers from the mice were collected at 4, 8, or 24 h after therapy for quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of Hsp70 gene expression. Increased Hsp70 gene expression was detected in both the tumor and liver tissues and was most pronounced at 4 h after PDT. This effect was inhibited by treatment of host mice with glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor metyrapone. Hsp70 protein levels in the livers of mice bearing PDT-treated tumors gradually decreased after therapy while serum levels increased at 4 h after therapy and then continually decreased. The exposure of in vitro PDT-treated LLC cells to Hsp70 and subsequent flow cytometry analysis revealed binding of this protein to cells that was dependent on PDT dose and more pronounced with dying than viable cells. Thus, following the induction of tumor injury by PDT, Hsp70 can be produced in the liver and spleen as acute phase reactant and released into circulation, from where it can be rapidly sequestered to damaged tumor tissue to facilitate the disposal of dying cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Merchant
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, B.C. Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Mladen Korbelik
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, B.C. Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Weiss EM, Meister S, Janko C, Ebel N, Schlücker E, Meyer-Pittroff R, Fietkau R, Herrmann M, Gaipl US, Frey B. High hydrostatic pressure treatment generates inactivated mammalian tumor cells with immunogeneic features. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 7:194-204. [PMID: 20205624 DOI: 10.3109/15476911003657414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the classical therapies for solid tumors have limitations in achieving long-lasting anti-tumor responses. Therefore, treatment of cancer requires additional and multimodal therapeutic strategies. One option is based on the vaccination of cancer patients with autologous inactivated intact tumor cells. The master requirements of cell-based therapeutic tumor vaccines are the: (a) complete inactivation of the tumor cells; (b) preservation of their immunogenicity; and (c) need to remain in accordance with statutory provisions. Physical treatments like freeze-thawing and chemotherapeutics are currently used to inactivate tumor cells for vaccination purposes, but these techniques have methodological, therapeutic, or legal restrictions. For this reason, we have proposed the use of a high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (p >or= 100 MPa) as an alternative method for the inactivation of tumor cells. HHP is a technique that has been known for more than 100 years to successfully inactivate micro-organisms and to alter biomolecules. In the studies here, we show that the treatment of MCF7, B16-F10, and CT26 tumor cells with HHP >or= 300 MPa results in mainly necrotic tumor cell death forms displaying degraded DNA. Only CT26 cells yielded a notable amount of apoptotic cells after the application of HHP. All tumor cells treated with >or= 200 MPa lost their ability to form colonies in vitro. Furthermore, the pressure-inactivated cells retained their immunogenicity, as tested in a xenogeneic as well as syngeneic mouse models. We conclude that the complete tumor cell inactivation, the degradation of the cell's nuclei, and the retention of the immunogeneic potential of these dead tumor cells induced by HHP favor the use of this technique as a powerful and low-cost technique for the inactivation of tumor cells to be used as a vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Weiss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Krysko DV, Agostinis P, Krysko O, Garg AD, Bachert C, Lambrecht BN, Vandenabeele P. Emerging role of damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria in inflammation. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:157-64. [PMID: 21334975 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell death and injury often lead to release or exposure of intracellular molecules called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or cell death-associated molecules. These molecules are recognized by the innate immune system by pattern recognition receptors - the same receptors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns, thus revealing similarities between pathogen-induced and non-infectious inflammatory responses. Many DAMPs are derived from the plasma membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. Recently, mitochondria have emerged as other organelles that function as a source of DAMPs. Here, we highlight the significance of mitochondrial DAMPs and discuss their contribution to inflammation and development of human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
TLR-2 and TLR-9 are sensors of apoptosis in a mouse model of doxorubicin-induced acute inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1316-25. [PMID: 21311566 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracycline antibiotics are inducers of an immunogenic form of apoptosis that has immunostimulatory properties because of the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. To study the mechanisms used by the innate immune system to sense this immunogenic form of cell death, we established an in vivo model of cell death induced by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin, a prototype of anthracyclines. The acute sterile inflammation in this model is characterized by rapid influx of neutrophils and increased levels of IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. We demonstrate that acute inflammation induced by doxorubicin is associated with apoptosis of monocytes/macrophages and that it is specific for doxorubicin, an immunogenic chemotherapeutic. Further, the inflammatory response is significantly reduced in mice deficient in myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), TLR-2 or TLR-9. Importantly, a TLR-9 antagonist reduces the recruitment of neutrophils induced by doxorubicin. By contrast, the acute inflammatory response is not affected in TRIF(Lps2) mutant mice and in TLR-3, TLR-4 and caspase-1 knockout mice, which shows that the inflammasome does not have a major role in doxorubicin-induced acute inflammation. Our findings provide important new insights into how the innate immune system senses immunogenic apoptotic cells and clearly demonstrate that the TLR-2/TLR-9-MyD88 signaling pathways have a central role in initiating the acute inflammatory response to this immunogenic form of apoptosis.
Collapse
|
146
|
Shibata T, Nagata K, Kobayashi Y. Apoptotic neutrophils and nitric oxide regulate cytokine production by IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages. Cytokine 2011; 53:191-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
147
|
Interaction of serine proteases from polymorphonuclear leucocytes with the cell surface and heparin. Inflammation 2011; 35:81-8. [PMID: 21246269 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) accumulate at inflammatory sites and contribute to host defence, regulation of the inflammatory process, and also to tissue injury. Upon activation, these cells release the serine proteases elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3 that are involved in multiple processes such as microbicidal activity, penetration of PMNs through endothelium and adjacent connective tissue to inflammatory sites, and processing of various cytokines. Here, we compared the three serine proteases for their release from PMNs and their ability to interact with resting PMNs and the highly sulphated glycosaminoglycan heparin. Unlike elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G were released from resting PMNs as evidenced by flow cytometry, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and activity measurements. While proteinase 3 binds heavily to surface targets on vital PMNs, cathepsin G and elastase interact preferentially with sulphated glycosaminoglycans. These data revealed a differentiated picture about the individual functions of the PMN serine proteases during inflammatory response.
Collapse
|
148
|
Belizário J. Pathogens and Dead Cells Cooperate with Cytokines in Activating the Innate and Adaptive Response. EUR J INFLAMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1100900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
After microbial invasion and tissue damage, a set of cytokines, including interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and microbial and endogenous molecules named pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), are released from activated leukocytes and dead cells and bind to immune receptors to induce the innate and adaptive response. The intracellular signals induced by the multiprotein complex formed by the Toll-like receptors/IL-1 receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and tumor necrosis factor-α receptors (TNFRs) and their ligands and downstream effectors lead to the activation of NF-κB (NFkappaB) and the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factors and thereby the synthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes as well as pro- and anti-cell death genes. Depending on cell-intrinsic and extrinsic biochemical events elicited by an inflammatory response, the cells die via apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis or autophagy cell death program. This article resumes our current understanding of these processes and how they influence inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.E. Belizário
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Krysko O, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Bachert C. Impairment of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and its role in chronic airway diseases. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1137-46. [PMID: 20449769 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of dying cells is a complex and dynamic process coordinated by the interaction of many surface molecules, adaptors, and chemotactic molecules, and it is controlled at multiple levels. This well regulated clearance process is of utmost importance for the development and homeostasis of organisms because defective or inefficient phagocytosis may contribute to human pathologies. In this review we discuss recent advances in the knowledge of the molecular interactions involved in recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells and how derangement of these processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and asthma. We will briefly consider how different types of macrophages are implicated in chronic airway diseases. Finally, we will address possible therapeutic strategies, such as the use of macrolide antibiotics and statins, for modulating apoptotic cell clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, UZ Gent, MRB, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Kinchen JM. A model to die for: signaling to apoptotic cell removal in worm, fly and mouse. Apoptosis 2010; 15:998-1006. [PMID: 20461556 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is used during developmental morphogenesis to eliminate superfluous cells or cells with inappropriate developmental potential (e.g., self-reactive immune cells, tumorigenic cells). Recent work in genetic models has led to a number of key observations, revealing signal transduction pathways and identifying new roles for genes previously studied in corpse removal (e.g., removal of broken synapses in the nervous system). Further, studies using mouse models have suggested a role for removal of apoptotic cells in the establishment or maintenance of immune tolerance. In this review, we survey current knowledge of phagocytic pathways derived from studies in the nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), the fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and mouse (Mus musculus) model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Kinchen
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|