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Werner TA, Dizdar L, Nolten I, Riemer JC, Mersch S, Schütte SC, Driemel C, Verde PE, Raba K, Topp SA, Schott M, Knoefel WT, Krieg A. Survivin and XIAP - two potential biological targets in follicular thyroid carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11383. [PMID: 28900184 PMCID: PMC5595817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular thyroid carcinoma's (FTC) overall good prognosis deteriorates if the tumour fails to retain radioactive iodine. Therefore, new druggable targets are in high demand for this subset of patients. Here, we investigated the prognostic and biological role of survivin and XIAP in FTC. Survivin and XIAP expression was investigated in 44 FTC and corresponding non-neoplastic thyroid specimens using tissue microarrays. Inhibition of both inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) was induced by shRNAs or specific small molecule antagonists and functional changes were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Survivin and XIAP were solely expressed in FTC tissue. Survivin expression correlated with an advanced tumour stage and recurrent disease. In addition, survivin proved to be an independent negative prognostic marker. Survivin or XIAP knockdown caused a significant reduction in cell viability and proliferation, activated caspase3/7 and was associated with a reduced tumour growth in vivo. IAP-targeting compounds induced a decrease of cell viability, proliferation and cell cycle activity accompanied by an increase in apoptosis. Additionally, YM155 a small molecule inhibitor of survivin expression significantly inhibited tumour growth in vivo. Both IAPs demonstrate significant functional implications in the oncogenesis of FTCs and thus prove to be viable targets in patients with advanced FTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Werner
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Levent Dizdar
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Inga Nolten
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jasmin C Riemer
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabrina Mersch
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sina C Schütte
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Driemel
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Pablo E Verde
- Coordination Centre for Clinical Trials, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Raba
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan A Topp
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Schott
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfram T Knoefel
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Krieg
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Khalilzadeh B, Shadjou N, Charoudeh HN, Rashidi MR. Recent advances in electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence based determination of the activity of caspase-3. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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103
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Bourguignon LYW, Earle C, Shiina M. Activation of Matrix Hyaluronan-Mediated CD44 Signaling, Epigenetic Regulation and Chemoresistance in Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091849. [PMID: 28837080 PMCID: PMC5618498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a solid tumor composed by a genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous population of neoplastic cells types. High recurrence rate and regional metastases lead to major morbidity and mortality. Recently, many studies have focused on cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor progression that can help to predict prognosis and to choose the best therapeutic approach for HNSCC patients. Hyaluronan (HA), an important glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and its major cell surface receptor, CD44, have been suggested to be important cellular mediators influencing tumor progression and treatment resistance in head and neck cancer. HNSCC contains a small subpopulation of cells that exhibit a hallmark of CD44-expressing cancer stem cell (CSC) properties with self-renewal, multipotency, and a unique potential for tumor initiation. HA has been shown to stimulate a variety of CSC functions including self-renewal, clone formation and differentiation. This review article will present current evidence for the existence of a unique small population of CD44v3highALDHhigh-expressing CSCs in HNSCC. A special focus will be placed on the role of HA/CD44-induced oncogenic signaling and histone methyltransferase, DOT1L activities in regulating histone modifications (via epigenetic changes) and miRNA activation. Many of these events are essential for the CSC properties such as Nanog/Oct4/Sox2 expression, spheroid/clone formation, self-renewal, tumor cell migration/invasion, survival and chemotherapeutic drug resistance in HA-activated head and neck cancer. These newly-discovered HA/CD44-mediated oncogenic signaling pathways delineate unique tumor dynamics with implications for defining the drivers of HNSCC progression processes. Most importantly, the important knowledge obtained from HA/CD44-regulated CSC signaling and functional activation could provide new information regarding the design of novel drug targets to overcome current therapeutic drug resistance which will have significant treatment implications for head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Y W Bourguignon
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco & Endocrine Unit (111N2), 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Christine Earle
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco & Endocrine Unit (111N2), 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Marisa Shiina
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco & Endocrine Unit (111N2), 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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104
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Zheng Y, Liu H, Liang Y. Genistein exerts potent antitumour effects alongside anaesthetic, propofol, by suppressing cell proliferation and nuclear factor-κB-mediated signalling and through upregulating microRNA-218 expression in an intracranial rat brain tumour model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1565-1577. [PMID: 28776680 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study was implemented to evaluate the effect of genistein and propofol on intracranial tumour model.
Methods
Male Fischer 344 rats were subjected to intracranial implantation of 9L gliosarcoma cells. Genistein (100 or 200 mg/kg b.wt) was administered orally regularly from 3rd day after implantation to 25th day. Propofol (20 mg/kg; i.p.) was administered once every 5 days till 25th day and was administered 2 h after genistein.
Key findings
Human gliosarcoma cells (U251) exposed to genistein (12.5–200 μg) for 24 h exhibited reduced cell viability as assessed by MTT assay and Hoechst staining. In intracranial tumour model, genistein treatment either with or without administration of propofol significantly reduced tumour volume and extended survival time of tumour-bearing rats. Genistein, either alone or with propofol upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad and Bax) and miRNA-218 expression and also had induced activation of cleaved caspase-3. Activated NF-κB signalling and overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were reduced.
Conclusions
Genistein and propofol effectively inhibited growth of gliosarcoma cells and induced apoptosis. Genistein administration with propofol was found to be more effective than propofol or genistein alone suggesting the positive effects of genistein on propofol-mediated antitumour effects and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Cerebral Vascular and Neural Degenerative Diseases Key Laboratory, TianjinHuanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haigen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
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105
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Seshacharyulu P, Baine MJ, Souchek JJ, Menning M, Kaur S, Yan Y, Ouellette MM, Jain M, Lin C, Batra SK. Biological determinants of radioresistance and their remediation in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:69-92. [PMID: 28249796 PMCID: PMC5548591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in radiotherapy, a majority of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (PC) do not achieve objective responses due to the existence of intrinsic and acquired radioresistance. Identification of molecular mechanisms that compromise the efficacy of radiation therapy and targeting these pathways is paramount for improving radiation response in PC patients. In this review, we have summarized molecular mechanisms associated with the radio-resistant phenotype of PC. Briefly, we discuss the reversible and irreversible biological consequences of radiotherapy, such as DNA damage and DNA repair, mechanisms of cancer cell survival and radiation-induced apoptosis following radiotherapy. We further describe various small molecule inhibitors and molecular targeting agents currently being tested in preclinical and clinical studies as potential radiosensitizers for PC. Notably, we draw attention towards the confounding effects of cancer stem cells, immune system, and the tumor microenvironment in the context of PC radioresistance and radiosensitization. Finally, we discuss the need for examining selective radioprotectors in light of the emerging evidence on radiation toxicity to non-target tissue associated with PC radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michael J Baine
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Joshua J Souchek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Melanie Menning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michel M. Ouellette
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Chi Lin
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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106
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Chuang YF, Huang SW, Hsu YF, Yu MC, Ou G, Huang WJ, Hsu MJ. WMJ-8-B, a novel hydroxamate derivative, induces MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell death via the SHP-1-STAT3-survivin cascade. Br J Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28646512 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been demonstrate to have broad-spectrum anti-tumour properties and have attracted lots of attention in the field of drug discovery. However, the underlying anti-tumour mechanisms of HDAC inhibitors remain incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to characterize the underlying mechanisms through which the novel hydroxamate-based HDAC inhibitor, WMJ-8-B, induces the death of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of WMJ-8-B on cell viability, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and signalling molecules were analysed by the MTT assay, flowcytometric analysis, immunoblotting, reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and use of siRNAs. A xenograft model was used to determine anti-tumour effects of WMJ-8-B in vivo. KEY RESULTS WMJ-8-B induced survivin reduction, G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. STAT3 phosphorylation, transactivity and its binding to the survivin promoter region were reduced in WMJ-8-B-treated cells. WMJ-8-B activated the protein phosphatase SHP-1 and when SHP-1 signalling was blocked, the effects of WMJ-8-B on STAT3 phosphorylation and survivin levels were abolished. However, WMJ-8-B increased the transcription factor Sp1 binding to the p21 promoter region and enhanced p21 levels. Moreover, WMJ-8-B induced α-tubulin acetylation and disrupted microtubule assembly. Inhibition of HDACs was shown to contribute to WMJ-8-B's actions. Furthermore, WMJ-8-B suppressed the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenografts in mammary fat pads in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The SHP-1-STAT3-survivin and Sp1-p21 cascades are involved in WMJ-8-B-induced MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell death. These results also indicate the potential of WMJ-8-B as a lead compound for treatment of breast cancer and warrant its clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fen Hsu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chieh Yu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - George Ou
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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107
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Taglieri L, De Iuliis F, Giuffrida A, Giantulli S, Silvestri I, Scarpa S. Resistance to the mTOR inhibitor everolimus is reversed by the downregulation of survivin in breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3832-3838. [PMID: 28927154 PMCID: PMC5587981 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Everolimus (RAD001) is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin used in combination with exemestane to treat hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. However, not all patients are equally sensitive to RAD001 and certain patients develop resistance. Therefore, the present study analyzed the mechanisms involved in the resistance of breast cancer cells to RAD001 in order to identify a potential tool to overcome it. The effects of RAD001 on the inhibition of cell viability, on the induction of apoptosis and autophagy and on the regulation of survivin, an anti-apoptotic protein, were evaluated in two breast cancer cell lines: BT474 (luminal B) and MCF7 (luminal A). RAD001 was demonstrated to induce autophagy in the two cell lines at following a short period of treatment (4 h) and to induce apoptosis exclusively in BT474 cells following longer periods of treatment (48 h). RAD001 induced the downregulation of survivin in BT474 cells and its upregulation in MCF7 cells. Consequently, inhibiting survivin with YM155 resulted in the acquired resistance of MCF7 cells to RAD001 being reverted, restoring RAD001-induced apoptosis. These data demonstrated that RAD001 exerted anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on breast cancer cells, but that these effects were repressed by the simultaneous up-regulation of survivin. Finally, the results demonstrated that inhibiting the expression of survivin resulted in the restoration of the anti-neoplastic activity of RAD001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Taglieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Iuliis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Giuffrida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giantulli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Silvestri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Scarpa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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108
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Choi JY, Yoon H, Na G, Choi YJ, Shin CM, Park YS, Kim N, Lee DH. Evaluation of the Expression of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Family and Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Adenoma. J Cancer Prev 2017; 22:98-102. [PMID: 28698863 PMCID: PMC5503221 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2017.22.2.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been reported that the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family increases in patients with colon cancer. We evaluated the expression of the IAP family and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in normal colon mucosa from patients with advanced colorectal adenoma and investigated their features according to characteristics of advanced colorectal adenoma. Methods While resections of polyps were performed in patients (n = 80) diagnosed with advanced colorectal adenoma or carcinoma in situ, additional normal tissues were obtained from the sigmoid colon. In healthy patients (n = 16), blind biopsies were performed on the sigmoid colon. The expression of the IAP family, including survivin, XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2, and hTERT, were analyzed by real-time PCR in both groups. Results A total of 80 advanced colorectal adenoma patients (71.3% male, mean age of 60.4 years) and 16 control patients were enrolled in this study. The mean ranking of cIAP2 was higher in the control group (68.88 vs. 44.43, P = 0.001). The expression levels of hTERT, survivin, XIAP, and cIAP from both groups showed no differences. The expression of survivin, XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, and hTERT depending on certain factors of advanced adenoma, including the number (two or fewer vs. three or more), size (smaller than 1 cm vs. larger than 1 cm), grade of dysplasia (low grade adenoma vs. high grade adenoma), pathology (tubular adenoma vs. villous adenoma), and presence of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasms, showed no significant correlations in the Mann-Whitney U-test. Conclusions The expression of the IAP family and hTERT, except cIAP2, in the normal mucosa of patients with advanced colorectal adenoma were not different from those of the control group. There were no differences in the IAP family and hTERT according to the characteristics of advanced adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyuk Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gyeongjae Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Cheol Min Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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109
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Shibata N, Nagai K, Morita Y, Ujikawa O, Ohoka N, Hattori T, Koyama R, Sano O, Imaeda Y, Nara H, Cho N, Naito M. Development of Protein Degradation Inducers of Androgen Receptor by Conjugation of Androgen Receptor Ligands and Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Ligands. J Med Chem 2017; 61:543-575. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shibata
- Divisions
of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Katsunori Nagai
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Yoko Morita
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Osamu Ujikawa
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Divisions
of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hattori
- Divisions
of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Ryokichi Koyama
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Osamu Sano
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nara
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Cho
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Divisions
of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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110
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Pilling AB, Hwang O, Boudreault A, Laurent A, Hwang C. IAP Antagonists Enhance Apoptotic Response to Enzalutamide in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells via Autocrine TNF-α Signaling. Prostate 2017; 77:866-877. [PMID: 28240376 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains incurable and identifying effective treatments continues to present a clinical challenge. Although treatment with enzalutamide, a second generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, prolongs survival in prostate cancer patients, responses can be limited by intrinsic resistance or acquired resistance. A potential mechanism of resistance to androgen axis inhibition is evasion of apoptosis. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are found to be overexpressed in prostate cancer and function to block apoptosis and promote survival signaling. Novel, small-molecule IAP antagonists, such as AEG40995, are emerging as a strategy to induce apoptosis and increase therapeutic response in cancer. METHODS Human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and C4-2 were treated with enzalutamide with or without addition of IAP antagonist AEG40995 and proliferation and survival were determined by MTS and clonogenic assay. Western blot was used to evaluate IAP protein expression changes and PARP-1 cleavage was assessed as indication of apoptosis. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze apoptosis in treated cells. Caspase activity was determined by luminescence assay. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunometric ELISA was used to assess TNF-α (transcript and protein levels, respectively) in response to treatment. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that IAP antagonist AEG40995 exhibits minimal effects on prostate cancer cell proliferation or survival, but rapidly degrades cIAP1 protein. Combination treatment with enzalutamide demonstrates that AEG40995 increases apoptosis and reduces proliferation and clonogenic survival in cell line models of prostate cancer. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that apoptosis in response to enzalutamide and IAP antagonist requires activation of caspase-8, suggesting extrinsic/death receptor apoptosis signaling. Assessment of TNF-α in response to combination treatment with enzalutamide and AEG40995 reveals increased mRNA expression and autocrine protein secretion. Blocking TNF-α signaling abrogates the apoptotic response demonstrating that TNF-α plays a critical role in executing cell death in response to this drug combination. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IAP antagonists can increase sensitivity and amplify the caspase-mediated apoptotic response to enzalutamide through TNF-α signaling mechanisms. Combination with an IAP antagonist increases enzalutamide sensitivity, lowers the apoptotic threshold and may combat drug resistance in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate 77:866-877, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Pilling
- Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ok Hwang
- Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | - Clara Hwang
- Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
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111
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Tamanini E, Buck IM, Chessari G, Chiarparin E, Day JEH, Frederickson M, Griffiths-Jones CM, Hearn K, Heightman TD, Iqbal A, Johnson CN, Lewis EJ, Martins V, Peakman T, Reader M, Rich SJ, Ward GA, Williams PA, Wilsher NE. Discovery of a Potent Nonpeptidomimetic, Small-Molecule Antagonist of Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1 (cIAP1) and X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP). J Med Chem 2017; 60:4611-4625. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Tamanini
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Ildiko M. Buck
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Gianni Chessari
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Elisabetta Chiarparin
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - James E. H. Day
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Martyn Frederickson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | | | - Keisha Hearn
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Tom D. Heightman
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Aman Iqbal
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | | | - Edward J. Lewis
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Torren Peakman
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Michael Reader
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Sharna J. Rich
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - George A. Ward
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Pamela A. Williams
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Nicola E. Wilsher
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
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Okumu DO, East MP, Levine M, Herring LE, Zhang R, Gilbert TSK, Litchfield DW, Zhang Y, Graves LM. BIRC6 mediates imatinib resistance independently of Mcl-1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177871. [PMID: 28520795 PMCID: PMC5433768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6 (BIRC6) is a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), a family of functionally and structurally related proteins that inhibit apoptosis. BIRC6 has been implicated in drug resistance in several different human cancers, however mechanisms regulating BIRC6 have not been extensively explored. Our phosphoproteomic analysis of an imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line (MYL-R) identified increased amounts of a BIRC6 peptide phosphorylated at S480, S482, and S486 compared to imatinib-sensitive CML cells (MYL). Thus we investigated the role of BIRC6 in mediating imatinib resistance and compared it to the well-characterized anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1. Both BIRC6 and Mcl-1 were elevated in MYL-R compared to MYL cells. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown of BIRC6 in MYL-R cells increased imatinib-stimulated caspase activation and resulted in a ~20-25-fold increase in imatinib sensitivity, without affecting Mcl-1. Treating MYL-R cells with CDK9 inhibitors decreased BIRC6 mRNA, but not BIRC6 protein levels. By contrast, while CDK9 inhibitors reduced Mcl-1 mRNA and protein, they did not affect imatinib sensitivity. Since the Src family kinase Lyn is highly expressed and active in MYL-R cells, we tested the effects of Lyn inhibition on BIRC6 and Mcl-1. RNAi-mediated knockdown or inhibition of Lyn (dasatinib/ponatinib) reduced BIRC6 protein stability and increased caspase activation. Inhibition of Lyn also increased formation of an N-terminal BIRC6 fragment in parallel with reduced amount of the BIRC6 phosphopeptide, suggesting that Lyn may regulate BIRC6 phosphorylation and stability. In summary, our data show that BIRC6 stability is dependent on Lyn, and that BIRC6 mediates imatinib sensitivity independently of Mcl-1 or CDK9. Hence, BIRC6 may be a novel target for the treatment of drug-resistant CML where Mcl-1 or CDK9 inhibitors have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis O. Okumu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Merlin Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raymond Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. K. Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David W. Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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113
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Zhao T, Jia H, Cheng Q, Xiao Y, Li M, Ren W, Li C, Feng Y, Feng Z, Wang H, Zheng J. Nifuroxazide prompts antitumor immune response of TCL-loaded DC in mice with orthotopically-implanted hepatocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3405-3414. [PMID: 28498414 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis and high mortality. At present, vaccination with tumor cell lysate (TCL) loaded dendritic cells (DC) has been shown to be an effective therapy against HCC. However, the ability of promoting the specific T cell immune response is rather weak, influencing the antitumor response. Thus, it is necessary to find a strategy to improve the antitumor effect of TCL-loaded DC. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) significantly inhibits antitumor immune response and DC maturity. Nifuroxazide, an antidiarrheal agent, has been proved to directly inhibit STAT3 activation. Thus, we investigated whether nifuroxazide could improve the antitumor immune response in mice vaccinated with TCL-loaded DC. The study provides the theoretical and experimental basis for developing an effective adjuvant for DC vaccine to treat HCC. Our results showed that the administration of nifuroxazide and DC-loaded TCL could significantly improve the survival rate, inhibit the tumor growth, and prompt the antitumor immune responses in mice with orthotopically implanted hepatocarcinomas, thus, possibly providing a new combination strategy to treat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Huijie Jia
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Yali Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Minming Li
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Ren
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Feng
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Research Center for Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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Yuan JH, Pan F, Chen J, Chen CE, Xie DP, Jiang XZ, Guo SJ, Zhou J. Neuroprotection by plumbagin involves BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2/JNK pathways in isoflurane-induced neonatal rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:896-906. [PMID: 28464236 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to assess the effects of plumbagin on isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS Neonatal Sprague Dawley rat pups were treated with plumbagin (50, 100 or 150 mg/kg body weight, orally) from postnatal day 2. The pups on postnatal day 7 were subjected to isoflurane (0.75%) exposure for 6 h. Neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampal tissues was detected by TUNEL assay and FluroJade B staining following isoflurane exposure. Protein expressions were analysed by immunoblotting. RT-PCR was performed to assess mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB. KEY FINDINGS We observed reduced apoptosis in hippocampal CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions along with severely reduced pro-apoptotic factors (Bad, Bax and cleaved caspase-3) expression and raised levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, xIAP and cIAPs (cell survival proteins) in plumbagin supplemented rats. Decrease in the levels of JNK, phospho-JNK, c-Jun and phospho-c-Jun with enhanced ERK1/2 levels was observed on plumbagin pretreatment. Down-regulated PI3K/Akt signalling following isoflurane was activated by plumbagin as evidenced by raised PI3K/Akt pathway proteins - mTORc1, Akt, phospho-Akt, GSK-3β, phospho-GSK-3β, PTEN and NF-κBp65 in the hippocampal tissues as detected by Western blotting. The mRNA levels were enhanced on plumbagin supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Plumbagin exerted its neuroprotective effects by effectively suppressing isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis via regulating BDNF-TrkB-PI3/Akt and ERK/JNK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Yuan
- Department of Neonatology, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Neonatology, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Taizhou University Medical School, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cai-Er Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deng-Pan Xie
- Department of Neonatology, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing-Zhu Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Su-Juan Guo
- Department of Neonatology, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Taizhou University Medical School, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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115
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Huang Z, Fan G, Wang D. Downregulation of calbindin 1, a calcium-binding protein, reduces the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3727-3733. [PMID: 28529588 PMCID: PMC5431599 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary malignant bone tumor and has a high propensity to metastasize to the lungs and bones. Calbindin 1 (CALB1) is a constituent Ca2+ binding protein, which can prevent apoptotic death in several cell types induced through various pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. To investigate whether CALB1 is implicated in the tumor growth of human osteosarcoma, two different short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against CALB1 were used for CALB1-knockdown in osteosarcoma U2OS cells. The U2OS cells were divided into three groups: Two groups with CALB1 knockdown (CALB1-shRNA 1 and CALB1-shRNA 2) and one control group (Con-shRNA). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis confirmed that the CALB1-shRNA 1- and 2-infected cells exhibited significantly lower levels of CALB1 gene and protein expression compared with the Con-shRNA group. The proliferation and colony formation abilities were significantly inhibited in CALB1-deficient U2OS cells compared with the control, as measured using an MTT assay and crystal violet staining. Flow cytometry revealed that the number of CALB1-shRNA 2-injected cells was increased in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases, but decreased in the S phase, compared with the control group. The assessment of apoptosis and necrosis using Annexin V/7-aminoactinomycin D demonstrated that there was a significantly higher percentage of necrotic, early apoptotic, and late apoptotic cells, but a significantly lower percentage of viable cells in U2OS cells with CALB1-knockdown compared with the control group. In conclusion, CALB1 contributes to protecting osteosarcoma cells from apoptosis and provides a potential novel target for gene therapy to treat patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Guojun Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Urumqi, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Finlay D, Teriete P, Vamos M, Cosford NDP, Vuori K. Inducing death in tumor cells: roles of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. F1000Res 2017; 6:587. [PMID: 28529715 PMCID: PMC5414821 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10625.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous group of diseases collectively termed cancer results not just from aberrant cellular proliferation but also from a lack of accompanying homeostatic cell death. Indeed, cancer cells regularly acquire resistance to programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which not only supports cancer progression but also leads to resistance to therapeutic agents. Thus, various approaches have been undertaken in order to induce apoptosis in tumor cells for therapeutic purposes. Here, we will focus our discussion on agents that directly affect the apoptotic machinery itself rather than on drugs that induce apoptosis in tumor cells indirectly, such as by DNA damage or kinase dependency inhibition. As the roles of the Bcl-2 family have been extensively studied and reviewed recently, we will focus in this review specifically on the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. IAPs are a disparate group of proteins that all contain a baculovirus IAP repeat domain, which is important for the inhibition of apoptosis in some, but not all, family members. We describe each of the family members with respect to their structural and functional similarities and differences and their respective roles in cancer. Finally, we also review the current state of IAPs as targets for anti-cancer therapeutics and discuss the current clinical state of IAP antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Finlay
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter Teriete
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Vamos
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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117
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Kotmakçı M, Çetintaş VB, Kantarcı AG. Preparation and characterization of lipid nanoparticle/pDNA complexes for STAT3 downregulation and overcoming chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:101-111. [PMID: 28428090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the field of molecular oncology have revealed that resistance to chemotherapeutics is acqured through several mechanisms including overexpression of common oncogenic proteins. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of these oncogenes that is overexpressed in many cancer types. RNA interference (RNAi) is proven powerful tool for downregulating STAT3, allowing re-sensitization of resistant cancer cells. However, delivery of RNA interference-mediating molecules for STAT3 downregulation in lung cancer cells is limited to a small number of studies most of which employ commercially available transfection kits. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate cationic solid lipid nanoparticles for delivery of RNAi-mediating plasmid DNA in order to down regulate STAT3 in cisplatin resistant lung cancer cells. We focused on obtaining cSLN:plasmid DNA complexes with size below or equal to 100nm, and a positive zeta potential. Two successful candidate cSLN:plasmid DNA complexes (K2 and K3) were selected for in vitro tests and cell culture studies. These formulations have particle sizes of 98 and 93nm, and zeta potential values of 10.5 and 8.9mV, respectively. Plasmid DNA in these complexes was protected against DNaseI and serum-mediated degradation. Substantial part of DNA retained its supercoiled and circular conformation. TEM images showed nearly spherical complex structure. Both formulations reduced STAT3 expression by approx. 5-fold in cisplatin resistant Calu1 cell line and increased the sensitivity of cells to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kotmakçı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Vildan Bozok Çetintaş
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - A Gülten Kantarcı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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118
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Yang Y, Liu K, Yang L, Zhang G. Bladder cancer cell viability inhibition and apoptosis induction by baicalein through targeting the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:1478-1482. [PMID: 30505198 PMCID: PMC6251996 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to investigate the effect of baicalein, a flavonoid molecule isolated from the plant Oroxylum indicum on bladder cancer cell viability. The results revealed that baicalein treatment of T24 and 253J bladder cancer cells targeted the expression of mRNA and proteins corresponding to the anti-apoptotic genes. RT-PCR assay showed that anti-apoptotic genes were markedly over-expressed in the bladder cancer cells. Exposure of the bladder cancer cells to baicalein at 5 mg/mL doses for 72 h led to reduction in the expression of mRNA levels of antiapoptotic genes. In T24 cells, the levels of BCL2, Bcl-xL, XIAP and surviving was reduced by 65, 69, 58 and 72%, respectively. In T24 and 253J cells exposure to baicalein for 72 h resulted respectively in 39 and 46% reduction in cell viability. Baicalein treatment also induced apoptosis in the bladder cancer cells. In T24 and 253J cells baicalein treatment at 5 mg/mL for 72 h induced apoptosis in 79 and 86% cells respectively. Thus, baicalein mediated reduction in antiapoptotic gene expression inhibits viability and induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Therefore, baicalein is of therapeutic importance for the development of bladder cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cadres Medical, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Libo Yang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China
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119
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Chattopadhyay E, Roy B. Altered Mitochondrial Signalling and Metabolism in Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:43. [PMID: 28373964 PMCID: PMC5357656 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria being the central organelle for metabolism and other cell signalling pathways have remained the topic of interest to tumour biologists. In spite of the wide acceptance of Warburg’s hypothesis, role of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer is still unclear. Uncontrolled growth and proliferation, hallmarks of tumour cells, are maintained when the cells adapt to metabolic reprogramming with the help of altered metabolism of mitochondria. This review has focussed on different aspects of mitochondrial metabolism and inter-related signalling pathways which have been found to be modified in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bidyut Roy
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute , Kolkata , India
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120
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Vladimirov YA, Sarisozen C, Vladimirov GK, Filipczak N, Polimova AM, Torchilin VP. The Cytotoxic Action of Cytochrome C/Cardiolipin Nanocomplex (Cyt-CL) on Cancer Cells in Culture. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1264-1275. [PMID: 28321609 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of existing anti-cancer therapies is based mainly on the stimulation of apoptosis in cancer cells. Here, we have demonstrated the ability of a catalytically-reactive nanoparticle-based complex of cytochrome c with cardiolipin (Cyt-CL) to induce the apoptosis and killing of cancer cells in a monolayer cell culture. METHODS Cyt-CL nanoparticles were prepared by complexing CytC with different molar excesses of CL. Following characterization, cytotoxicity and apoptosis inducing effects of nanoparticles were investigated. In an attempt to identify the anticancer activity mechanism of Cyt-CL, pseudo-lipoxygenase and lipoperoxidase reaction kinetics were measured by chemiluminescence. RESULTS Using chemiluminescence, we have demonstrated that the Cyt-CL complex produces lipoperoxide radicals in two reactions: by decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides, and by lipid peroxidation under the action of H2O2. Antioxidants inhibited the formation of lipid radicals. Cyt-CL nanoparticles, but not the CytC alone, dramatically enhanced the level of apoptosis and cell death in two cell lines: drug-sensitive (A2780) and doxorubicin-resistant (A2780-Adr). The proposed mechanism of the cytotoxic action of Cyt-CL involves either penetration through the cytoplasm and outer mitochondrial membrane and catalysis of lipid peroxidation reactions at the inner mitochondrial membrane, or/and activation of lipid peroxidation within the cytoplasmic membrane. CONCLUSIONS Here we propose a new type of anticancer nano-formulation, with an action based on the catalytic action of Cyt-CL nanoparticles on the cell membrane and and/or mitochondrial membranes that results in lipid peroxidation reactions, which give rise to activation of apoptosis in cancer cells, including multidrug resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury A Vladimirov
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1 Lomonosovsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119192, Russian Federation. .,Federal Research Center: Crystallography and Photonics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 59, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation.
| | - Can Sarisozen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Georgy K Vladimirov
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1 Lomonosovsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119192, Russian Federation.,Federal Research Center: Crystallography and Photonics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 59, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
| | - Nina Filipczak
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Anastasia M Polimova
- Federal Research Center: Crystallography and Photonics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 59, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
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Abbaspour Babaei M, Zaman Huri H, Kamalidehghan B, Yeap SK, Ahmadipour F. Apoptotic induction and inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway in human prostatic cancer PC3 cells by natural compound 2,2'-oxybis (4-allyl-1-methoxybenzene), biseugenol B, from Litsea costalis: an in vitro study. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:277-294. [PMID: 28138251 PMCID: PMC5237594 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s102894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Litsea is considered as an evergreen genus distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia; this genus belongs to the large family of Lauraceae. In this study, the cell-death metabolism of biseugenol B was investigated. Nuclear condensation, cell permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and release of cytochrome c have been detected in human prostate cancer cell line (PC3) treated with biseugenol B by high content screening (HCS). Fluorescent analysis was conducted to examine the reactive oxygen species formation. To determine the mechanism of cell death, the levels of Bcl-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 proteins, Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein and anti-apoptosis heat-shock protein 70 were tested by applying reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Bioluminescent assays were also performed to assess the level of caspases such as 3/7, 8 and 9 during treatment. Furthermore, the involvement of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) was examined by Western blot and HCS. Biseugenol B showed significant cytotoxicity toward PC3 with no toxicity toward normal prostate cells (RWPE-1), which indicates that biseugenol B has qualities that induce apoptosis in tumor cells. The treatment of PC3 cells with biseugenol B provoked apoptosis with cell-death-transducing signals. Downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax regulated the MMP, which in turn caused the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol. The release of cytochrome c activated caspase-9, which consequently activated caspase-3/7 with the cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protein, thereby resulting in apoptosis alteration. Involvement of an extrinsic apoptosis pathway was exhibited by the increase in caspase-8, while the increase in caspase-3/7 and caspase-9 demonstrated involvement of an intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Meanwhile, no significant increase was observed in caspases 3/7, 8 or 9 in normal prostate cells (RWPE-1) after treatment with biseugenol B. Prevention of NF-κB translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus occurred in PC3 after treatment with biseugenol B. The results of our study reveal that biseugenol B triggers the apoptosis of PC3 cells via intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways and inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that biseugenol B is a potentially useful agent for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Clinical Investigation Centre (CIC), University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Genetics Department, National Institute for Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadipour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wang C, Liu Z, Sun Y, Chen T, Huo X, Meng Q, Liu Q, Sun H, Sun P, Peng J, Ma X, Liu K. A stronger reversal effect of the combination of dasatinib and menadione on P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance in human leukemia K562/Adr cell line. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27999f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) leads to poor efficiency of chemotherapy.
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Sha J, Li J, Wang W, Pan L, Cheng J, Li L, Zhao H, Lin W. Curcumin induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in hormone independent prostate cancer DU-145 cells by down regulating Notch signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:177-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Novel urea and bis -urea primaquine derivatives with hydroxyphenyl or halogenphenyl substituents: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:622-636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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125
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Li J, Ma J, Wang KS, Mi C, Wang Z, Piao LX, Xu GH, Li X, Lee JJ, Jin X. Baicalein inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and expression of NF-κB-regulated target gene products. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2771-2776. [PMID: 27667548 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors control many physiological processes including inflammation, immunity, apoptosis and angiogenesis. In our search for NF-κB inhibitors from natural resources, we identified baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis as an inhibitor of NF-κB activation. As examined by the NF-κB luciferase reporter assay, we found that baicalein suppressed TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibited TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of p65 through inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Furthermore, baicalein blocked the TNF-α-induced expression of NF-κB target genes involved in anti-apoptosis (cIAP-1, cIAP-2, FLIP and BCL-2), proliferation (COX-2, cyclin D1 and c-Myc), invasion (MMP‑9), angiogenesis (VEGF) and major inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and MCP1). The flow cytometric analysis indicated that baicalein potentiated TNF-α-induced apoptosis and induced G1 phase arrest in HeLa cells. Moreover, baicalein significantly blocked activation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Our results imply that baicalein could be a lead compound for the modulation of inflammatory diseases as well as certain cancers in which inhibition of NF-κB activity may be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Ke Si Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Chunliu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Lian Xun Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Guang Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Xuezheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Jung Joon Lee
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
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Hua FZ, Ying J, Zhang J, Wang XF, Hu YH, Liang YP, Liu Q, Xu GH. Naringenin pre-treatment inhibits neuroapoptosis and ameliorates cognitive impairment in rats exposed to isoflurane anesthesia by regulating the PI3/Akt/PTEN signalling pathway and suppressing NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1271-80. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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DuCLOX-2/5 inhibition: a promising target for cancer chemoprevention. Breast Cancer 2016; 24:180-190. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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A novel small-molecule IAP antagonist, AZD5582, draws Mcl-1 down-regulation for induction of apoptosis through targeting of cIAP1 and XIAP in human pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26895-908. [PMID: 26314849 PMCID: PMC4694961 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) plays an important role in controlling cancer cell survival. IAPs have therefore attracted considerable attention as potential targets in anticancer therapy. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of AZD5582, a novel small-molecule IAP inhibitor, in human pancreatic cancer cells. Treating human pancreatic cancer cells with AZD5582 differentially induced apoptosis, dependent on the expression of p-Akt and p-XIAP. Moreover, the knockdown of endogenous Akt or XIAP via RNA interference in pancreatic cancer cells, which are resistant to AZD5582, resulted in increased sensitivity to AZD5582, whereas ectopically expressing Akt or XIAP led to resistance to AZD5582. Additionally, AZD5582 targeted cIAP1 to induce TNF-α-induced apoptosis. More importantly, AZD5582 induced a decrease of Mcl-1 protein, a member of the Bcl-2 family, but not that of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Interestingly, ectopically expressing XIAP and cIAP1 inhibited the AZD5582-induced decrease of Mcl-1 protein, which suggests that AZD5582 elicits Mcl-1 decrease for apoptosis induction by targeting of XIAP and cIAP1. Taken together, these results indicate that sensitivity to AZD5582 is determined by p-Akt-inducible XIAP phosphorylation and by targeting cIAP1. Furthermore, Mcl-1 in pancreatic cancer may act as a potent marker to analyze the therapeutic effects of AZD5582.
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Fani S, Dehghan F, Karimian H, Mun Lo K, Ebrahimi Nigjeh S, Swee Keong Y, Soori R, May Chow K, Kamalidehghan B, Mohd Ali H, Mohd Hashim N. Monobenzyltin Complex C1 Induces Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells through the Intrinsic Signaling Pathway and through the Targeting of MCF-7-Derived Breast Cancer Stem Cells via the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160836. [PMID: 27529753 PMCID: PMC4986984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monobenzyltin Schiff base complex, [N-(3,5-dichloro-2-oxidobenzylidene)-4-chlorobenzyhydrazidato](o-methylbenzyl)aquatin(IV) chloride, C1, is an organotin non-platinum metal-based agent. The present study was conducted to investigate its effects on MCF-7 cells with respect to the induction of apoptosis and its inhibitory effect against MCF-7 breast cancer stem cells. As determined in a previous study, compound C1 revealed strong antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 2.5 μg/mL. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining coupled with flow cytometry indicated the induction of apoptosis in treated cells. Compound C1 induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and was mediated through the intrinsic pathway with a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial cytochrome c release to cytosol. Complex C1 activated caspase 9 as a result of cytochrome c release. Subsequently, western blot and real time PCR revealed a significant increase in Bax and Bad expression and a significant decrease in the expression levels of Bcl2 and HSP70. Furthermore, a flow cytometric analysis showed that treatment with compound C1 caused a significant arrest of MCF-7 cells in G0/G1 phase. The inhibitory analysis of compound C1 against derived MCF-7 stem cells showed a significant reduction in the aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive cell population and a significant reduction in the population of MCF-7 cancer stem cells in primary, secondary, and tertiary mammospheres. Moreover, treatment with C1 down-regulated the Wnt/β-catenin self-renewal pathway. These findings indicate that complex C1 is a suppressive agent of MCF-7 cells that functions through the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and the targeting of MCF-7-derived cancer stem cells. This work may lead to a better treatment strategy for the reduction of breast cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Fani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (SF); (NMH)
| | - Firouzeh Dehghan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, 14174 Tehran, Iran
- Department of Exercise Science, Sports Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamed Karimian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong Mun Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Yeap Swee Keong
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Soori
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, 14174 Tehran, Iran
| | - Kit May Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Medical Genetics Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran-Karaj Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hapipah Mohd Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Natural Products and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Najihah Mohd Hashim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Natural Products and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (SF); (NMH)
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130
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Increased resistance to proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma mediated by cIAP2--implications for a combinatorial treatment. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20621-35. [PMID: 26036313 PMCID: PMC4653030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of new treatment options for multiple myeloma (MM), a majority of patients relapse due to the development of resistance. Unraveling new mechanisms underlying resistance could lead to identification of possible targets for combinatorial treatment. Using TRAF3 deleted/mutated MM cell lines, we evaluated the role of the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2) in drug resistance and uncovered the plausible mechanisms underlying this resistance and possible strategies to overcome this by combinatorial treatment. In MM, cIAP2 is part of the gene signature of aberrant NF-κB signaling and is heterogeneously expressed amongst MM patients. In cIAP2 overexpressing cells a decreased sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib, MG132 and carfilzomib was observed. Gene expression analysis revealed that 440 genes were differentially expressed due to cIAP2 overexpression. Importantly, the data imply that cIAPs are rational targets for combinatorial treatment in the population of MM with deleted/mutated TRAF3. Indeed, we found that treatment with the IAP inhibitor AT-406 enhanced the anti-MM effect of bortezomib in the investigated cell lines. Taken together, our results show that cIAP2 is an important factor mediating bortezomib resistance in MM cells harboring TRAF3 deletion/mutation and therefore should be considered as a target for combinatorial treatment.
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131
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Wang L, Sun QQ, Zhang SJ, Du YW, Wang YY, Zang WQ, Chen XN, Zhao GQ. Inhibitory effect of α-solanine on esophageal carcinoma in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1525-1530. [PMID: 27588073 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α-solanine, a bioactive component and one of the major steroidal glycoalkaloids in potatoes, has been observed to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the antitumor efficacy of α-solanine on esophageal carcinoma has yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the antitumor efficacy of α-solanine against human esophageal carcinoma cells was investigated. It was determined that α-solanine inhibited the growth and proliferation of human esophageal EC9706 and Eca109 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, as well as the cell migration and invasion. In addition, the apoptotic rate was increased in the cancer cells treated with α-solanine in a dose-dependent manner, compared with that of the control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of tumor metastasis-related proteins, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, were reduced in the cells treated with α-solanine, as compared with the control group. Conversely, significantly higher expression levels of E-cadherin were detected in the α-solanine-treated groups, as compared with the control group (P<0.05). Therefore, the current results provide a novel insight into the anti-tumor mechanism of α-solanine, and suggest that α-solanine is a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Wen Du
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Qiao Zang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Nan Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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Maiyo F, Moodley R, Singh M. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, CYTOTOXICITY AND APOPTOSIS STUDIES OF B-SITOSTEROL-3- O-GLUCOSIDE AND Β -AMYRIN FROM PRUNUS AFRICANA. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2016; 13:105-112. [PMID: 28852726 PMCID: PMC5566133 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Prunus africana is used traditionally in many countries for the treatment of cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. Materials and methods: In this study, compounds from the leaves and bark of this plant were isolated and tested for their cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in two human cancer cell lines (hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and colorectal carcinoma (Caco-2)) and a non-cancer cell line (embryonic kidney (HEK293)). GC-MS profiling of the extract was also conducted. Results: Three compounds (β-sitosterol, β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside) were isolated and the cytotoxic activity of β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside on the HepG2, Caco-2 and HEK293 was determined using the MTT cell viability assay. Both compounds had significant cytotoxic activity towards the Caco-2 cell line with IC50 values of 81 μg mL-1 and 54 μg mL-1 for β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside, respectively while low cytotoxicity was observed on HepG2 cell lines with IC50 values of 206 μg mL-1 and 251 μg mL-1 for β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside, respectively. Apoptosis induction in cells was studied using acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining. In both cases, the compounds tested demonstrated selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells with high apoptosis indices in cells exposed to β-amyrin. Low IC50 values of 156 μg mL-1 and 937 μg mL-1 for β-amyrin and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside, respectively, were observed in the HEK293 cell line. Conclusion: This study reveals that the plant is rich biologically active compounds thereby validating its ethno-medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maiyo
- Non-Viral Gene Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - R Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - M Singh
- Non-Viral Gene Delivery Laboratory, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Yenkejeh RA, Sam MR, Esmaeillou M. Targeting survivin with prodigiosin isolated from cell wall of Serratia marcescens induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:402-411. [PMID: 27334973 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116651122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway increases survivin expression that is involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. Therefore, downregulation of survivin may provide an attractive strategy for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this regard, little is known about the anticancer effects of prodigiosin isolated from cell wall of Serratia marcescens on the survivin expression and induction of apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. METHODS Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were treated with 100-, 200-, 400-, and 600-nM prodigiosin after which morphology of cells, cell number, growth inhibition, survivin expression, caspase-3 activation, and apoptotic rate were evaluated by inverted microscope, hemocytometer, MTT assay, RT-PCR, fluorometric immunosorbent enzyme assay, and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. RESULTS Prodigiosin changed morphology of cells to apoptotic forms and disrupted cell connections. This compound significantly increased growth inhibition rate and decreased metabolic activity of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After 24-, 48-, and 72-h treatments with prodigiosin at concentrations ranging from 100 nM to 600 nM, growth inhibition rates were measured to be 1.5-10%, 24-47.5%, and 55.5-72.5%, respectively, compared to untreated cells. At the same conditions, metabolic activities were measured to be 91-83%, 74-53%, and 47-31% for indicated concentrations of prodigiosin, respectively, compared to untreated cells. We also found that treatment of HepG2 cells for 48 h decreased significantly cell number and survivin expression and increased caspase-3 activation in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, treatment with 600-nM prodigiosin resulted in 77% decrease in cell number, 88.5% decrease in survivin messenger RNA level, and 330% increase in caspase-3 activation level compared to untreated cells. An increase in the number of apoptotic cells (late apoptosis) ranging from 36.9% to 97.4% was observed with increasing prodigiosin concentrations. CONCLUSION From our data, prodigiosin is an attractive compound that turns the profile of high-level survivin expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells into that of normal cells and may provide a novel approach to the hepatocellular carcinoma-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Yenkejeh
- 1 Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - M R Sam
- 1 Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran.,2 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - M Esmaeillou
- 1 Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Cryptotanshinone induces melanoma cancer cells apoptosis via ROS-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and impairs cell migration and invasion. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:319-26. [PMID: 27470369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer because it is highly frequency of drug resistance and can spread earlier and more quickly than other skin cancers. The objective of this research was to investigate the anticancer effects of cryptotanshinone on human melanoma cells in vitro, and explored its mechanisms of action. Our results have shown that cryptotanshinone could inhibit cell proliferation in human melanoma cell lines A2058, A375, and A875 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, flow cytometry assay showed that cryptotanshinone inhibited the proliferation of human melanoma cell line A375 by blocking cell cycle progression in G2/M phase and inducing apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, western blot analysis indicated that the occurrence of its apoptosis was associated with upregulation of cleaved caspases-3 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax while downregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Meanwhile, cryptotanshinone could decrease the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, cryptotanshinone also blocked A375 cell migration and invasion in vitro which was associated with the downregulation with MMP-9. Taken together, these results suggested that cryptotanshinone might be a potential drug in human melanoma treatment by inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis via ROS-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and blocking cell migration and invasion.
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135
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Stobiecka M, Chalupa A. DNA Strand Replacement Mechanism in Molecular Beacons Encoded for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:4782-90. [PMID: 27187043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling properties of a fluorescent hairpin oligonucleotide molecular beacon (MB) encoded to recognize protein survivin (Sur) mRNA have been investigated. The process of complementary target binding to SurMB with 20-mer loop sequence is spontaneous, as expected, and characterized by a high affinity constant (K = 2.51 × 10(16) M(-1)). However, the slow kinetics at room temperature makes it highly irreversible. To understand the intricacies of target binding to MB, a detailed kinetic study has been performed to determine the rate constants and activation energy Ea for the reaction at physiological temperature (37 °C). Special attention has been paid to assess the value of Ea in view of reports of negative activation enthalpy for some nucleic acid reactions that would make the target binding even slower at increasing temperatures in a non-Arrhenius process. The target-binding rate constant determined is k = 3.99 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) at 37 °C with Ea = 28.7 ± 2.3 kcal/mol (120.2 ± 9.6 kJ/mol) for the temperature range of 23 to 55 °C. The positive high value of Ea is consistent with a kinetically controlled classical Arrhenius process. We hypothesize that the likely contribution to the activation energy barrier comes from the SurMB stem melting (tm = 53.7 ± 0.2 °C), which is a necessary step in the completion of target strand hybridization with the SurMB loop. A low limit of detection (LOD = 2 nM) for target tDNA has been achieved. Small effects of conformational polymorphs of SurMB have been observed on melting curves. Although these polymorphs could potentially cause a negative Ea, their effect on kinetic transients for target binding is negligible. No toehold preceding steps in the mechanism of target binding were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stobiecka
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) , 02776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Chalupa
- Institute of Nanoparticle Nanocarriers , 11010 Barczewo, Poland
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136
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Qian L, Zhang CW, Mao Y, Li L, Gao N, Lim KL, Xu QH, Yao SQ. Two-Photon Enzymatic Probes Visualizing Sub-cellular/Deep-brain Caspase Activities in Neurodegenerative Models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26385. [PMID: 27210613 PMCID: PMC4876444 DOI: 10.1038/srep26385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases work as a double-edged sword in maintaining cell homeostasis. Highly regulated caspase activities are essential during animal development, but dysregulation might lead to different diseases, e.g. extreme caspase activation is known to promote neurodegeneration. At present, visualization of caspase activation has mostly remained at the cellular level, in part due to a lack of cell-permeable imaging probes capable of direct, real-time investigations of endogenous caspase activities in deep tissues. Herein, we report a suite of two-photon, small molecule/peptide probes which enable sensitive and dynamic imaging of individual caspase activities in neurodegenerative models under physiological conditions. With no apparent toxicity and the ability of imaging endogenous caspases both in different subcellular organelles of mammalian cells and in brain tissues, these probes serve as complementary tools to conventional histological analysis. They should facilitate future explorations of caspases at molecular, cellular and organism levels and inspire development of novel two-photon probes against other enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics &Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore
| | - Yanli Mao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics &Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Nengyue Gao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | | | - Qing-Hua Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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137
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Han MH, Lee WS, Nagappan A, Kim HJ, Park C, Kim GY, Hong SH, Kim ND, Kim G, Ryu CH, Shin SC, Choi YH. Polyphenols from Korean prostrate spurge Euphorbia supina induce apoptosis through the Fas-associated extrinsic pathway and activation of ERK in human leukemic U937 cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:99-107. [PMID: 27122127 PMCID: PMC4899010 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Korean prostrate spurge Euphorbia supina (Euphorbiaceae family) has been used as a folk medicine in Korea against a variety of ailments such as bronchitis, hemorrhage, jaundice and multiple gastrointestinal diseases. Polyphenols from Korean E. supina (PES) which include quercetin and kaempferol derivatives have anticancer properties. Hence, we investigated the anticancer effects of PES on U937 human leukemic cells. Firstly, PES significantly inhibited the proliferation of U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner. PES induced accumulation of the sub-G1 DNA content (apoptotic cell population), apoptotic bodies and chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in the U937 cells. PES also induced activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9, subsequent cleavage of PARP, and significantly suppressed XIAP, cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, PES activated Bid, and induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨm) along with upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bad), and downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) and cytochrome c release. The Fas receptor was upregulated by PES in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the extrinsic pathway was also involved in the PES-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the PES-induced apoptosis was at least in part associated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in the U937 human leukemic cells. This study provides evidence that PES may be useful in the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Han
- Natural Products Research Team, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 325-902, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Arulkumar Nagappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Gonsup Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Ho Ryu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
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138
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Jin H, Dong YY, Zhang H, Cui Y, Xie K, Lou G. shRNA Depletion of cIAP1 Sensitizes Human Ovarian Cancer Cells to Anticancer Agent-Induced Apoptosis. Oncol Res 2016; 22:167-76. [PMID: 26168135 PMCID: PMC7838445 DOI: 10.3727/096504015x14298122915664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a potential role of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) in the development of human ovarian cancer. However, its function in the progression of ovarian cancer has not been clearly determined. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of cIAP1 gene depletion on the chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer cells. We developed a novel short hairpin RNA (shRNA) plasmid specifically targeting cIAP1. Cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of the shRNA-transfected cells were evaluated using MTT, Transwell chamber, and flow cytometric assays, respectively. The concentration of MMP-9 in the supernatant was detected by ELISA. Targeted depletion of cIAP1 by shRNA significantly reduced expression levels of cIAP1 mRNA and protein, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion capability in SKOV3 cells. At the same time, cIAP1 downregulation decreased the secretion of MMP-9. shRNA depletion of cIAP1 enhanced chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to Taxol and carboplatin-induced apoptosis. cIAP1 is associated with tumor progression in human ovarian cancer. Therefore, cIAP1 might be a potential target for therapeutic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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139
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Abstract
Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family that inhibits caspases and blocks cell death, is highly expressed in most cancers and is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Survivin has consistently been identified by molecular profiling analysis to be associated with high tumour grade cancers, different disease survival and recurrence. Polymorphisms in the survivin gene are emerging as powerful tools to study the biology of the disease and have the potential to be used in disease prognosis and diagnosis. The survivin gene polymorphisms have also been reported to influence tumour aggressiveness as well as survival of cancer patients. The differential expression of survivin in cancer cells compared to normal tissues and its role as a nodal protein in a number of cellular pathways make it a high target for different therapeutics. This review discusses the complex circuitry of survivin in human cancers and gene variants of survivin, and highlights novel therapy that targets this important protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R D Mittal
- Department of Urology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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140
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Bourguignon LYW, Wong G, Shiina M. Up-regulation of Histone Methyltransferase, DOT1L, by Matrix Hyaluronan Promotes MicroRNA-10 Expression Leading to Tumor Cell Invasion and Chemoresistance in Cancer Stem Cells from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10571-85. [PMID: 27002147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a solid tumor malignancy associated with major morbidity and mortality. In this study, we determined that human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-derived HSC-3 cells contain a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) characterized by a high level of CD44v3 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1) expression. Importantly, matrix hyaluronan (HA) induces the up-regulation of stem cell markers that display the hallmark CSC properties. Histone methyltransferase, DOT1L, is also up-regulated by HA in CSCs (isolated from HSC-3 cells). Further analyses indicate that the stimulation of microRNA-10b (miR-10b) expression is DOT1L-specific and HA/CD44-dependent in CSCs. This process subsequently results in the overexpression of RhoGTPases and survival proteins leading to tumor cell invasion and cisplatin resistance. Treatment of CSCs with DOT1L-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) effectively blocks HA/CD44-mediated expression of DOT1L, miR-10b production, and RhoGTPase/survival protein up-regulation as well as reduces tumor cell invasion and enhances chemosensitivity. CSCs were also transfected with a specific anti-miR-10b inhibitor to silence miR-10b expression and block its target functions. Our results demonstrate that the anti-miR-10 inhibitor not only decreases RhoGTPase/survival protein expression and tumor cell invasion, but also increases chemosensitivity in HA-treated CSCs. Taken together, these findings strongly support the contention that histone methyltransferase, DOT1L-associated epigenetic changes induced by HA play pivotal roles in miR-10 production leading to up-regulation of RhoGTPase and survival proteins. All of these events are critically important for the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties, including self-renewal, tumor cell invasion, and chemotherapy resistance in HA/CD44-activated head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Y W Bourguignon
- From the Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121
| | - Gabriel Wong
- From the Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121
| | - Marisa Shiina
- From the Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121
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141
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Oh H, Yoon G, Shin JC, Park SM, Cho SS, Cho JH, Lee MH, Liu K, Cho YS, Chae JI, Shim JH. Licochalcone B induces apoptosis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma through the extrinsic- and intrinsic-signaling pathways. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1749-57. [PMID: 26847145 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Licochalcone B (Lico B), which belongs to the retrochalcone family, is isolated from the roots of Chinese licorice. Lico B has been reported to have several other useful pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiulcer, anticancer, and anti-metastasis activities. We elucidated the underlying mechanism by which Lico B can induce apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Our results showed that exposure of OSCC cells (HN22 and HSC4) to Lico B significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Lico B caused cell cycle arrest at G1 phase along with downregulation of cyclin D1 and upregulation of p21 and p27 proteins. Lico B also facilitated the diffusion of phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) from inner to outer leaflets of the plasma membrane with chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, accumulated sub-G1 population in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, Lico B promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, in turn, can induce CHOP, death receptor (DR) 4 and DR5. Lico B treatment induced downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bid and Bcl-xl and Mcl-1), and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein (Bax). Lico B also led to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), resulting in cytochrome c release. As can be expected from the above results, the apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and survivin were oppositely expressed in favor of apoptotic cell death. This notion was supported by the fact that Lico B activated multi-caspases with cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. Therefore, it is suggested that Lico B is a promising drug for the treatment of human oral cancer via the induction of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Cheon Shin
- Pohang Center for Evaluation of Biomaterials, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790‑834, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Min Park
- Pohang Center for Evaluation of Biomaterials, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790‑834, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Cho
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 651-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Young Sik Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 651-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
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142
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Intrinsic and chemo-sensitizing activity of SMAC-mimetics on high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2052. [PMID: 26775704 PMCID: PMC4816168 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SMAC-mimetics represent a targeted therapy approach to overcome apoptosis resistance in many tumors. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the SMAC-mimetic BV6 in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). In ALL cell lines, intrinsic apoptosis sensitivity was associated with rapid cIAP degradation, NF-κB activation, TNF-α secretion and induction of an autocrine TNF-α-dependent cell death loop. This pattern of responsiveness was also observed upon ex vivo analysis of 40 primograft BCP-ALL samples. Treatment with BV6 induced cell death in the majority of ALL primografts including leukemias with high-risk and poor-prognosis features. Inhibition of cell death by the TNF receptor fusion protein etanercept demonstrated that BV6 activity is dependent on TNF-α. In a preclinical NOD/SCID/huALL model of high-risk ALL, marked anti-leukemia effectivity and significantly prolonged survival were observed upon BV6 treatment. Interestingly, also in vivo, intrinsic SMAC-mimetic activity was mediated by TNF-α. Importantly, BV6 increased the effectivity of conventional induction therapy including vincristine, dexamethasone and asparaginase leading to prolonged remission induction. These data suggest SMAC-mimetics as an important addendum to efficient therapy of pediatric BCP-ALL.
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143
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Chen X, Duan N, Zhang C, Zhang W. Survivin and Tumorigenesis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. J Cancer 2016; 7:314-23. [PMID: 26918045 PMCID: PMC4747886 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin is the smallest member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, which has key roles in regulating cell division and inhibiting apoptosis by blocking caspase activation. Survivin is highly expressed in most human cancers, such as lung, pancreatic and breast cancers, relative to normal tissues. Aberrant survivin expression is associated with tumor cell proliferation, progression, angiogenesis, therapeutic resistance, and poor prognosis. Studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms indicate that survivin is involved in the regulation of cytokinesis and cell cycle progression, as well as participates in a variety of signaling pathways such as the p53, Wnt, hypoxia, transforming growth factor, and Notch signaling pathways. In this review, recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of survivin is discussed. Therapeutic strategies targeting survivin in preclinical studies are also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- 1. Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710054
| | - Ning Duan
- 1. Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710054
| | - Caiguo Zhang
- 2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA, 80045
| | - Wentao Zhang
- 1. Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710054
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144
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Maioral MF, Bubniak L, Marzarotto M, De Moraes A, Leal P, Nunes R, Yunes RA, Santos-Silva MC. Molecular Cytotoxic Mechanisms of 1-(3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-dodecylbenzoate in Human Leukemia Cell Lines. Indian J Pharm Sci 2016; 78:120-8. [PMID: 27168690 PMCID: PMC4852561 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.180255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that gallic acid and its alkylesters induce apoptosis in different cell lines. Since new compounds with biological activity and less cytotoxicity to normal cells are necessary for cancer therapy, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of 1-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-dodecylbenzoate on human acute myeloid leukemia K562 cells and on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cells. The cell viability was determined by MTT method. The apoptosis induction was assessed by bromide and acridine orange staining and by Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection kit. The cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry using propidium iodide. Cytometric analysis was also performed to evaluate the expression of the following proteins: AIF, p53, Bcl-2 and Bax. The mitochondrial potential was also assessed by flow cytometry using MitoView633 kit. The results showed that the compound significantly reduced the cell viability of K562 and Jurkat cells in a concentration and time dependent manner (IC50 of 30 μM). The compound induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1phase and significantly increased the proportion of cells in the sub-G0/G1phase. Apoptosis was confirmed by the sight of morphological characteristics of apoptosis and by phosphatidylserine externalization (73.47±5.71% of cells expressing annexin). The results also showed that the compound promotes a modification in Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and increases p53 expression. Thus, it is possible to conclude that 1-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-dodecylbenzoate induces apoptosis by inhibiting the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and by increasing the release of AIF, Bax and p53. In addition, it blocks the cell cycle at G0/G1, stopping cell proliferation. So far, the results suggest that this compound may have a potential therapeutic effect against leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Maioral
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trinity, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - L.D.S. Bubniak
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trinity, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - M.A.L. Marzarotto
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trinity, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - A.C.R. De Moraes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trinity, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - P. Leal
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trinity, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - R. Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trinity, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - R. A. Yunes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trinity, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
| | - M. C. Santos-Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trinity, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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145
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Brady SW, Zhang J, Tsai MH, Yu D. PI3K-independent mTOR activation promotes lapatinib resistance and IAP expression that can be effectively reversed by mTOR and Hsp90 inhibition. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:402-11. [PMID: 25692408 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2014.1002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although HER2 targeted therapies have substantially improved outcomes in HER2 overexpressing (HER2+) breast cancer, resistance to these therapies remains a clinical challenge. To better understand the mechanisms of resistance to lapatinib, a HER2 and EGFR dual kinase inhibitor, we treated HER2+ breast cancer cells with lapatinib for an extended period to generate a lapatinib-resistant (LapR) cell line model and examined cancer-promoting signaling activation in LapR cells. We found that LapR cells possess enhanced mTOR activation, which was independent of PI3K and other known mTOR activators. Lapatinib resistance could be reversed by mTOR kinase inhibition. Intriguingly, LapR cells had constitutive cytosolic cytochrome C, indicating that LapR cells suppress lapatinib-induced apoptosis downstream of cytochrome C release from mitochondria into the cytosol rather than by preventing its release into the cytosol. Consistent with this notion, LapR cells possessed increased levels of 2 of the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs), survivin and c-IAP-2, which are reported to block caspase activation downstream of cytosolic cytochrome C release. Further, treatment with the mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 or the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG reversed expression of IAPs and overcame lapatinib resistance in LapR cells. Together, these data suggest that suppression of apoptosis downstream of cytosolic cytochrome C release, possibly through increased expression of IAPs or other caspase-suppressing proteins, may promote lapatinib resistance. Further, PI3K is thought to be the main driver of lapatinib resistance, but our findings indicate that PI3K inhibitors may be ineffective in some lapatinib-resistant HER2+ breast cancers with PI3K-independent activation of mTOR kinase, which may instead benefit from mTOR or Hsp90 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Brady
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology ; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston , TX USA
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146
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McKimpson WM, Yuan Z, Zheng M, Crabtree JS, Libutti SK, Kitsis RN. The Cell Death Inhibitor ARC Is Induced in a Tissue-Specific Manner by Deletion of the Tumor Suppressor Gene Men1, but Not Required for Tumor Development and Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145792. [PMID: 26709830 PMCID: PMC4692498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a genetic disorder characterized by tissue-specific tumors in the endocrine pancreas, parathyroid, and pituitary glands. Although tumor development in these tissues is dependent upon genetic inactivation of the tumor suppressor Men1, loss of both alleles of this gene is not sufficient to induce these cancers. Men1 encodes menin, a nuclear protein that influences transcription. A previous ChIP on chip analysis suggested that menin binds promoter sequences of nol3, encoding ARC, which is a cell death inhibitor that has been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. We hypothesized that ARC functions as a co-factor with Men1 loss to induce the tissue-restricted distribution of tumors seen in MEN1. Using mouse models that recapitulate this syndrome, we found that biallelic deletion of Men1 results in selective induction of ARC expression in tissues that develop tumors. Specifically, loss of Men1 in all cells of the pancreas resulted in marked increases in ARC mRNA and protein in the endocrine, but not exocrine, pancreas. Similarly, ARC expression increased in the parathyroid with inactivation of Men1 in that tissue. To test if ARC contributes to MEN1 tumor development in the endocrine pancreas, we generated mice that lacked none, one, or both copies of ARC in the context of Men1 deletion. Studies in a cohort of 126 mice demonstrated that, although mice lacking Men1 developed insulinomas as expected, elimination of ARC in this context did not significantly alter tumor load. Cellular rates of proliferation and death in these tumors were also not perturbed in the absence of ARC. These results indicate that ARC is upregulated by loss Men1 in the tissue-restricted distribution of MEN1 tumors, but that ARC is not required for tumor development in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M. McKimpson
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Ziqiang Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Judy S. Crabtree
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Steven K. Libutti
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Kitsis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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147
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Lattuada D, Casnici C, Crotta K, Seneci PF, Corradini C, Truzzi M, Ingegnoli F, Marelli O. Proapoptotic activity of a monomeric smac mimetic on human fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 2015; 38:102-9. [PMID: 25212046 PMCID: PMC4312388 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) block cell death in response to diverse stimuli. The mitochondrial protein, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac), negatively regulates IAP inhibition of caspase activity. We investigated the proapoptotic activity of a synthetic Smac (Smac 066) on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We found that Smac 066 induced significant apoptosis in all RA-FLS samples. Furthermore, IAPs, which are upregulated in RA-FLS, were downregulated by Smac 066. This suggested that IAPs upregulation was responsible for RA-FLS sensitivity to Smac 066. Next, we analysed caspase activation and found that Smac 066 was associated with caspase 8 and caspase 3 activities. We then investigated the mechanism underlying Smac 066 downregulation of IAPs in RA-FLS with an apoptotic pathway array. Interestingly, Smac 066 significantly upregulated IGFBP-5, a protein involved in differentiation, apoptosis, and osteoblastic activation. Smac 066 may represent a new therapeutic approach to RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lattuada
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Study, Milan, Italy,
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148
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Delgado ME, Grabinger T, Brunner T. Cell death at the intestinal epithelial front line. FEBS J 2015; 283:2701-19. [PMID: 26499289 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium represents the largest epithelial surface in our body. This single-cell-layer epithelium mediates important functions in the absorption of nutrients and in the maintenance of barrier function, preventing luminal microorganisms from invading the body. Due to its constant regeneration the intestinal epithelium is a tissue not only with very high proliferation rates but also with very prominent physiological and pathophysiological cell death induction. The normal physiological differentiation and maturation of intestinal epithelial cells leads to their shedding and apoptotic cell death within a few days, without disturbing the epithelial barrier integrity. In contrast excessive intestinal epithelial cell death induced by irradiation, drugs and inflammation severely impairs the vital functions of this tissue. In this review we discuss cell death processes in the intestinal epithelium in health and disease, with special emphasis on cell death triggered by the tumour necrosis factor receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Delgado
- Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Grabinger
- Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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149
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Chondrocyte Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26035-54. [PMID: 26528972 PMCID: PMC4661802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly-regulated, active process of cell death involved in development, homeostasis and aging. Dysregulation of apoptosis leads to pathological states, such as cancer, developmental anomalies and degenerative diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common chronic joint disease in the elderly population, is characterized by progressive destruction of articular cartilage, resulting in significant disability. Because articular cartilage depends solely on its resident cells, the chondrocytes, for the maintenance of extracellular matrix, the compromising of chondrocyte function and survival would lead to the failure of the articular cartilage. The role of subchondral bone in the maintenance of proper cartilage matrix has been suggested as well, and it has been proposed that both articular cartilage and subchondral bone interact with each other in the maintenance of articular integrity and physiology. Some investigators include both articular cartilage and subchondral bone as targets for repairing joint degeneration. In late-stage OA, the cartilage becomes hypocellular, often accompanied by lacunar emptying, which has been considered as evidence that chondrocyte death is a central feature in OA progression. Apoptosis clearly occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage; however, the relative contribution of chondrocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of OA is difficult to evaluate, and contradictory reports exist on the rate of apoptotic chondrocytes in osteoarthritic cartilage. It is not clear whether chondrocyte apoptosis is the inducer of cartilage degeneration or a byproduct of cartilage destruction. Chondrocyte death and matrix loss may form a vicious cycle, with the progression of one aggravating the other, and the literature reveals that there is a definite correlation between the degree of cartilage damage and chondrocyte apoptosis. Because current treatments for OA act only on symptoms and do not prevent or cure OA, chondrocyte apoptosis would be a valid target to modulate cartilage degeneration.
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150
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De Iuliis F, Salerno G, Giuffrida A, Milana B, Taglieri L, Rubinacci G, Giantulli S, Terella F, Silvestri I, Scarpa S. Breast cancer cells respond differently to docetaxel depending on their phenotype and on survivin upregulation. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2603-11. [PMID: 26392111 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is characterized by molecular heterogeneity, and four major breast cancer subtypes have been identified, each characterized by significant differences in survival, prognosis, and response to therapy. We have studied the effects of docetaxel treatment on apoptosis and survivin expression in four breast cancer cell lines: MCF7 (luminal A: estrogen receptor-positive and progesterone receptor-positive, ErbB2-negative), BT474 (luminal B: estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/ErbB2-positive), SKBR3 (HER2-like: estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor-negative, ErbB2-positive), and MDA-MB231 (basal-like: estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/ErbB2-negative). We demonstrated that docetaxel-induced apoptosis and survivin upregulation (MCF7 p = 0.002, BT474 p = 0.001, SKBR3 p = 0.001) in luminal A/B and HER2-like cells, while it induced mainly necrosis and a lower rate of survivin upregulation (MDA-MB231 p = 0.035) in basal-like cells. Wortmannin, a p-Akt inhibitor, was able to revert surviving upregulation and, at the same time, induced an increase of docetaxel-dependent apoptosis, suggesting that reduced levels of survivin can sensitize tumor cells to apoptosis. These data show that the analyzed breast cancer cell lines respond differently to docetaxel, depending on their receptor expression profile and molecular phenotype. Yet, these data confirm that one of the pathways involved in taxane-related chemoresistance is the upregulation of survivin. Further studies on the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance and on the different modalities of apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents are requested to better understand how cancer cells evade cell death, in order to design new kind of anticancer agents and survivin could represent a future target for this kind of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Iuliis
- Experimental Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerardo Salerno
- Experimental Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Giuffrida
- Experimental Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernardina Milana
- Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Taglieri
- Experimental Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rubinacci
- Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giantulli
- Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Terella
- Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Silvestri
- Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Scarpa
- Experimental Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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