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Galzitskaya OV. Oligomers Are Promising Targets for Drug Development in the Treatment of Proteinopathies. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:319. [PMID: 32076398 PMCID: PMC7006448 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective treatment of proteinopathies, as well as their diagnosis in the early stages of the disease until the first clinical symptoms appear. The proposed model of fibrillation of the Aβ peptide and its fragments not only describes molecular rearrangements, but also offers models of processes that occur during the formation of amyloid aggregates. Since this model is also characteristic of other proteins and peptides, a new potential target for drug development in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other proteinopathies is proposed on the basis of this model. In our opinion, it is oligomers that are promising targets for innovative developments in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana V Galzitskaya
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Proteomics, Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.,Laboratory of the Structure and Function of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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102
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Kuhn AJ, Raskatov J. Is the p3 Peptide (Aβ17-40, Aβ17-42) Relevant to the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease?1. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 74:43-53. [PMID: 32176648 PMCID: PMC7443050 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast heterogeneity of amyloid plaques isolated from the brains of those with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the basis of the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis targets a single peptide, the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The countless therapeutic efforts targeting the production and aggregation of this specific peptide have been met with disappointment, leaving many to question the role of Aβ in AD. An alternative cleavage product of the Amyloid-β protein precursor, called the p3 peptide, which has also been isolated from the brains of AD patients, has been largely absent from most Aβ-related studies. Typically referred to as non-amyloidogenic and even suggested as neuroprotective, the p3 peptide has garnered little attention aside from some conflicting findings on cytotoxicity and potential self-assembly to form higher order aggregates. Herein, we report an extensive analysis of the findings surrounding p3 and offer some evidence as to why it may not be as innocuous as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Physical Sciences Building, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jevgenij Raskatov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Physical Sciences Building, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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103
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Davtyan H, Hovakimyan A, Kiani Shabestari S, Antonyan T, Coburn MA, Zagorski K, Chailyan G, Petrushina I, Svystun O, Danhash E, Petrovsky N, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG, Blurton-Jones M, Ghochikyan A. Testing a MultiTEP-based combination vaccine to reduce Aβ and tau pathology in Tau22/5xFAD bigenic mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2019; 11:107. [PMID: 31847886 PMCID: PMC6918571 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, which together lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Current therapeutic approaches have primarily aimed to reduce pathological aggregates of either Aβ or tau, yet phase 3 clinical trials of these approaches have thus far failed to delay disease progression in humans. Strong preclinical evidence indicates that these two abnormally aggregated proteins interact synergistically to drive downstream neurodegeneration. Therefore, combinatorial therapies that concurrently target both Aβ and tau might be needed for effective disease modification. METHODS A combinatorial vaccination approach was designed to concurrently target both Aβ and tau pathologies. Tau22/5xFAD (T5x) bigenic mice that develop both pathological Aβ and tau aggregates were injected intramuscularly with a mixture of two MultiTEP epitope vaccines: AV-1959R and AV-1980R, targeting Aβ and tau, respectively, and formulated in AdvaxCpG, a potent polysaccharide adjuvant. Antibody responses of vaccinated animals were measured by ELISA, and neuropathological changes were determined in brain homogenates of vaccinated and control mice using ELISA and Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) multiplex assays. RESULTS T5x mice immunized with a mixture of Aβ- and tau-targeting vaccines generated high Aβ- and tau-specific antibody titers that recognized senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles/neuropil threads in human AD brain sections. Production of these antibodies in turn led to significant reductions in the levels of soluble and insoluble total tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau as well as insoluble Aβ42, within the brains of bigenic T5x mice. CONCLUSIONS AV-1959R and AV-1980R formulated with AdvaxCpG adjuvant are immunogenic and therapeutically potent vaccines that in combination can effectively reduce both of the hallmark pathologies of AD in bigenic mice. Taken together, these findings warrant further development of this vaccine technology for ultimate testing in human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayk Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA USA
| | | | - Tatevik Antonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA USA
| | - Morgan A. Coburn
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Karen Zagorski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Gor Chailyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA USA
| | - Irina Petrushina
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Olga Svystun
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA USA
| | - Emma Danhash
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | | | - David H. Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Michael G. Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA USA
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104
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Jeon SG, Hong SB, Nam Y, Tae J, Yoo A, Song EJ, Kim KI, Lee D, Park J, Lee SM, Kim JI, Moon M. Ghrelin in Alzheimer's disease: Pathologic roles and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100945. [PMID: 31434007 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, which has many important physiological roles, such as stimulating food intake, regulating energy homeostasis, and releasing insulin, has recently been studied for its roles in a diverse range of neurological disorders. Despite the several functions of ghrelin in the central nervous system, whether it works as a therapeutic agent for neurological dysfunction has been unclear. Altered levels and various roles of ghrelin have been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins resulting in synaptic loss and cognitive decline. Interestingly, treatment with ghrelin or with the agonist of ghrelin receptor showed attenuation in several cases of AD-related pathology. These findings suggest the potential therapeutic implications of ghrelin in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present review, we summarized the roles of ghrelin in AD pathogenesis, amyloid beta (Aβ) homeostasis, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial deficit, synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. The findings from this review suggest that ghrelin has a novel therapeutic potential for AD treatment. Thus, rigorously designed studies are needed to establish an effective AD-modifying strategy.
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105
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Trends of antidementia drugs use in outpatients with Alzheimer's disease in six major cities of China: 2012-2017. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 34:312-316. [PMID: 31274694 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that requires pharmacological intervention. We conducted a descriptive study using pharmacy prescription data of antidementia drugs. Prescription information of 99 541 patients was obtained from 55 hospitals. Overall the number of Alzheimer's disease outpatients of sampling days increased from 10 239 in 2012 to 20 546 in 2017. The main age range of patients suffering Alzheimer's disease was 75-84, while the patients aged above 85 was increasing. Nonusers of antidementia drugs, cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and memantine slowly decreased over the study period. The percentage of patients taking ChEIs and ChEIs-combined memantine increased. The most frequently prescribed ChEI was donepezil. These results are mostly in line with the guideline recommendations and clinical evidence during the study period. Efforts should be made to reduce the number of nonusers and optimize the use of antidementia drugs.
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106
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The chemistry toolbox of multitarget-directed ligands for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Korabecny J, Spilovska K, Mezeiova E, Benek O, Juza R, Kaping D, Soukup O. A Systematic Review on Donepezil-based Derivatives as Potential Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5625-5648. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180517094023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
:
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a multifactorial progressive neurodegenerative disorder
characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and gradual deterioration of intellectual capacity.
Its etiology has not been elucidated yet. To date, only one therapeutic approach has
been approved for the treatment of AD. The pharmacotherapy of AD has relied on noncompetitive
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist - memantine, and acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) inhibitors (AChEIs) - tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine.
Donepezil was able to ameliorate the symptoms related to AD mainly via AChE, but also
through reduction of β-amyloid burden. This review presents the overview of donepezilrelated
compounds as potential anti-AD drugs developed on the basis of cholinergic hypothesis
to act as solely AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korabecny
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Spilovska
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Benek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Juza
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kaping
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
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108
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Trends in the Use of Medications and Supplements to Treat or Prevent Dementia: A Population-based Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2019; 34:148-155. [PMID: 31633558 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine older adults' use over time of agents to treat or prevent dementia or enhance memory. DESIGN Longitudinal community study with 10-year annual follow-up (2006-2017). SETTING Population-based cohort. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1982 individuals with a mean (SD) age of 77 (7.4) years at baseline. MEASUREMENTS Demographics, self-report, direct inspection of prescription antidementia drugs and nonprescription supplements, cognitive and functional assessments, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR®) Dementia Staging Instrument. RESULTS Supplement use was reported by 27% to 42% of participants over 10 years. Use was associated with younger age, high school or greater education, good to excellent self-reported health, higher memory test scores, and absence of cognitive impairment or dementia (CDR=0). Over the same period, about 2% to 6% of participants took prescription dementia medications over 10 years. Use was associated with lower memory test scores, at least mild cognitive impairment (CDR≥0.5), fair to poor self-rated health, and high school or lesser education. CONCLUSIONS The use of both prescription drugs and supplements increased over time, except for decreases in ginkgo and vitamin E. Prescription drug use appeared in line with prescribing guidelines. Supplement use was associated with higher education and better self-rated health; it persists despite a lack of supportive evidence.
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109
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Bellozi PMQ, Gomes GF, da Silva MCM, Lima IVDA, Batista CRÁ, Carneiro Junior WDO, Dória JG, Vieira ÉLM, Vieira RP, de Freitas RP, Ferreira CN, Candelario-Jalil E, Wyss-Coray T, Ribeiro FM, de Oliveira ACP. A positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5 promotes neuroprotective effects in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2019; 160:107785. [PMID: 31541651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Despite advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology, none of the available therapies prevents disease progression. Excess glutamate plays an important role in excitotoxicity by activating ionotropic receptors. However, the mechanisms modulating neuronal cell survival/death via metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are not completely understood. Recent data indicates that CDPPB, a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5, has neuroprotective effects. Thus, this work aimed to investigate CDPPB treatment effects on amyloid-β (Aβ) induced pathological alterations in vitro and in vivo and in a transgenic mouse model of AD (T41 mice). Aβ induced cell death in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, which was prevented by CDPPB. Male C57BL/6 mice underwent stereotaxic surgery for unilateral intra-hippocampal Aβ injection, which induced memory deficits, neurodegeneration, neuronal viability reduction and decrease of doublecortin-positive cells, a marker of immature neurons and neuronal proliferation. Treatment with CDPPB for 8 days reversed neurodegeneration and doublecortin-positive cells loss and recovered memory function. Fourteen months old T41 mice presented cognitive deficits, neuronal viability reduction, gliosis and Aβ accumulation. Treatment with CDPPB for 28 days increased neuronal viability (32.2% increase in NeuN+ cells) and reduced gliosis in CA1 region (Iba-1+ area by 31.3% and GFAP+ area by 37.5%) in transgenic animals, without inducing hepatotoxicity. However, it did not reverse cognitive deficit. Despite a four-week treatment did not prevent memory loss in aged transgenic mice, CDPPB is protective against Aβ stimulus. Therefore, this drug represents a potential candidate for further investigations as AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Freitas Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Guimarães Dória
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Pinto Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Natália Ferreira
- Clinical Pathology Sector of COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fabíola Mara Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
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Tuksar M, Rubčić M, Meštrović E. (3,5-Di-methyl-adamantan-1-yl)ammonium methane-sulfonate (memanti-nium mesylate): synthesis, structure and solid-state properties. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1274-1279. [PMID: 31417806 PMCID: PMC6690476 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019009988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H22N+·CH3O3S-, consists of three (3,5-di-methyl-adamantan-1-yl)ammonium cations, C12H22N+, and three methane-sulfonate anions, CH3O3S-. In the crystal, the cations and anions associate via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into layers, parallel to the (001) plane, which include large supra-molecular hydrogen-bonded rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Tuksar
- PLIVA Croatia Ltd., TAPI Research and Development, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ernest Meštrović
- PLIVA Croatia Ltd., TAPI Research and Development, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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111
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Multi-target design strategies for the improved treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:228-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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112
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Vico Varela E, Etter G, Williams S. Excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic significance. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:605-615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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113
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Candido S, Lupo G, Pennisi M, Basile MS, Anfuso CD, Petralia MC, Gattuso G, Vivarelli S, Spandidos DA, Libra M, Falzone L. The analysis of miRNA expression profiling datasets reveals inverse microRNA patterns in glioblastoma and Alzheimer's disease. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:911-922. [PMID: 31322245 PMCID: PMC6682788 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is recent evidence to indicate the existence of an inverse association between the incidence of neurological disorders and cancer development. Concurrently, the transcriptional pathways responsible for the onset of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been found to be mutually exclusive between the two pathologies. Despite advancements being made concerning the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of GBM and AD, little is known about the identity of the microRNA (miRNAs or miRs) involved in the development and progression of these two pathologies and their possible inverse expression patterns. On these bases, the aim of the present study was to identify a set of miRNAs significantly de-regulated in both GBM and AD, and hence to determine whether the identified miRNAs exhibit an inverse association within the two pathologies. For this purpose, miRNA expression profiling datasets derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) DataSets and relative to GBM and AD were used. Once the miRNAs significantly de-regulated in both pathologies were identified, DIANA-mirPath pathway prediction and STRING Gene Ontology enrichment analyses were performed to establish their functional roles in each of the pathologies. The results allowed the identification of a set of miRNAs found de-regulated in both GBM and AD, whose expression levels were inversely associated in the two pathologies. In particular, a strong negative association was observed between the expression levels of miRNAs in GBM compared to AD, suggesting that although the molecular pathways behind the development of these two pathologies are the same, they appear to be inversely regulated by miRNAs. Despite the identification of this set of miRNAs which may be used for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes, further functional in vitro and in vivo evaluations are warranted in order to validate the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the identified miRNAs, as well as their involvement in the development of GBM and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria S Basile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelina D Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria C Petralia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Vivarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Falzone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
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114
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A Systematic Review of NMDA Receptor Antagonists for Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Clinical Practice. Clin J Pain 2019; 34:450-467. [PMID: 28877137 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists for neuropathic pain (NeuP) and review literature to determine if specific pharmacologic agents provide adequate NeuP relief. METHODS Literature was reviewed on PubMed using a variety of key words for 8 NMDAR antagonists. These key words include: "Ketamine and Neuropathy," "Ketamine and Neuropathic Pain," "Methadone and Neuropathy," "Methadone and Neuropathic Pain," "Memantine and Neuropathic pain," "Memantine and Neuropathy," "Amantadine and Neuropathic Pain," "Amantadine and Neuropathy," "Dextromethorphan and Neuropathic Pain," "Dextromethorphan and Neuropathy," "Carbamazepine and Neuropathic Pain," "Carbamazepine and Neuropathy," "Valproic Acid and Neuropathy," "Valproic Acid and Neuropathic Pain," "Phenytoin and Neuropathy," and "Phenytoin and Neuropathic Pain." With the results, the papers were reviewed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting in Systematic and Meta-Analyses) guideline. RESULTS A total of 58 randomized controlled trials were reviewed among 8 pharmacologic agents, which are organized by date and alphabetical order. Of the trials for ketamine, 15 showed some benefit for analgesia. Methadone had 3 positive trials, while amantadine and memantine each only had 2 trials showing NeuP analgesic properties. Dextromethorphan and valproic acid both had 4 randomized controlled trials that showed some NeuP treatment benefit while carbamazepine had over 8 trials showing efficacy. Finally, phenytoin only had 1 trial that showed clinical response in treatment. CONCLUSIONS There are a variety of NMDAR antagonist agents that should be considered for treatment of NeuP. Nevertheless, continued and further investigation of the 8 pharmacologic agents is needed to continue to evaluate their efficacy for treatment of NeuP.
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115
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Girek M, Szymański P. Phyto‐Tacrine Hybrids as Promising Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Girek
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryDrug Analyses and RadiopharmacyMedical University of Lodz 90-151 Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1 Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryDrug Analyses and RadiopharmacyMedical University of Lodz 90-151 Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1 Poland
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116
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Li DD, Zhang YH, Zhang W, Zhao P. Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Efficacy and Safety of Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, and Memantine for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:472. [PMID: 31156366 PMCID: PMC6529534 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the impact of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine on cognitive, functional, behavioral, global changes and adverse effects in patients with mild, moderate and severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we screened the literature published before September 2017 in the Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library and Web of Science Electronic databases according to the inclusion criteria. Thirty-six studies were finally determined from 1560 preliminary screened articles. The AD Assessment Scale-cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog), AD Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input scale (CIBIC+) were used as valid endpoints. Of the 36 trials included, meta-analyses of these placebo-control trials showed that there were significant differences between the donepezil, rivastigmine and placebo groups using ADAS-cog, ADCS-ADL, and CIBIC+. Meta-analyses of these placebo-controlled trials showed that there were significant differences between the galantamine and placebo groups using ADAS-cog, ADCS-ADL, NPI, and CIBIC+. These observations suggest that memantine is beneficial for stabilizing or slowing the decline in ADAS-cog and ADCS-ADL19 changes in AD patients. However, there was no significant effect according to the ADCS-ADL23, NPI, and CIBIC+ tests, which indicated that memantine treatment has no significant effect on these cognitive aspects of AD patients. Different effects of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, or memantine on AD were found in this study. According to the results, we conclude that galantamine is effective in treating all aspects of AD and is the first choice for the treatment of AD. However, due to limited data, we should consider additional data to obtain more stable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Hong Zhang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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Lee SY, Hur SJ. Mechanisms of Neuroprotective Effects of Peptides Derived from Natural Materials and Their Production and Assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:923-935. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yun Lee
- Dept. of Animal Science and TechnologyChung‐Ang Univ. 4726 Seodong‐daero, Daedeok‐myeon Anseong‐si Gyeonggi 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jin Hur
- Dept. of Animal Science and TechnologyChung‐Ang Univ. 4726 Seodong‐daero, Daedeok‐myeon Anseong‐si Gyeonggi 17546 Republic of Korea
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de Castro AA, Soares FV, Pereira AF, Polisel DA, Caetano MS, Leal DHS, da Cunha EFF, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Ramalho TC. Non-conventional compounds with potential therapeutic effects against Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:375-395. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1608823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. de Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Flávia V. Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Ander F. Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Polisel
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Melissa S. Caetano
- Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel H. S. Leal
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil
| | - Elaine F. F. da Cunha
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Boada M, López O, Núñez L, Szczepiorkowski ZM, Torres M, Grifols C, Páez A. Plasma exchange for Alzheimer's disease Management by Albumin Replacement (AMBAR) trial: Study design and progress. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2019; 5:61-69. [PMID: 30859122 PMCID: PMC6395854 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preliminary studies have shown that treatment with plasma exchange (PE) plus therapeutic albumin replacement in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced mobilization of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid β protein, associated with an improvement in memory and language functions, as well as the stabilization of brain perfusion, which persisted after treatment discontinuation. METHODS Alzheimer's Management By Albumin Replacement (AMBAR) is a multicenter, randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase IIb/III trial enrolling patients with mild to moderate AD. The study evaluates PE with different replacement volumes of therapeutic albumin (5% and 20% Albutein®, Grifols), with or without intravenous immunoglobulin (Flebogamma® 5% DIF, Grifols). Patients are randomized to one of three active treatment groups or one control (sham PE) group (1:1:1:1). The intervention regime includes a first 6-week stage of intensive treatment, followed by a second 12-month stage of maintenance treatment. The change from the baseline to the end of treatment periods in the ADAS-Cog and ADCS-ADL scores are the coprimary efficacy variables. Secondary efficacy variables include change from the baseline in scores on cognitive, functional, behavioral, and overall progression tests; changes in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid β and tau protein; and assessment of structural and functional changes in brain areas of interest. Safety and tolerability are assessed. RESULTS The study has enrolled 496 patients from 41 centers (19 in Spain and 22 in the USA); 347 of these patients were randomized and underwent close to 5000 PEs, of which approximately 25% were sham PEs. DISCUSSION We present an innovative approach for treating AD. The study has been designed to demonstrate clinical efficacy, defined as slow decline of the patient's cognition and brain function. The sample size has adequate power to detect differences between any of the active treatment groups and the control group, as well as between the three active treatment groups combined and the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar López
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura Núñez
- Bioscience Research Group. Grifols S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Torres
- Bioscience Research Group. Grifols S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Páez
- Bioscience Research Group. Grifols S.A., Barcelona, Spain
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Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030719. [PMID: 30743990 PMCID: PMC6386829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect around one billion people worldwide. They can arise from a combination of genomic, epigenomic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Aging is the leading risk factor for most chronic illnesses of old age, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. A progressive neurodegenerative process and neuroinflammation occur, and no current therapies can prevent, slow, or halt disease progression. To date, no novel disease-modifying therapies have been shown to provide significant benefit for patients who suffer from these devastating disorders. Therefore, early diagnosis and the discovery of new targets and novel therapies are of upmost importance. Neurodegenerative diseases, like in other age-related disorders, the progression of pathology begins many years before the onset of symptoms. Many efforts in this field have led to the conclusion that exits some similar events among these diseases that can explain why the aging brain is so vulnerable to suffer neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge about these diseases by summarizing the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders, their causes and consequences, and the proposed novel therapeutic approaches.
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Cummings JL, Atri A, Ballard C, Boneva N, Frölich L, Molinuevo JL, Raket LL, Tariot PN. Insights into globalization: comparison of patient characteristics and disease progression among geographic regions in a multinational Alzheimer's disease clinical program. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:116. [PMID: 30474567 PMCID: PMC6260857 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globalization of clinical trials has important consequences for trial planning and interpretation. This study investigated heterogeneity in patient characteristics and outcomes among world regions in the global idalopirdine Phase 3 clinical program. METHODS Data were pooled from three 24-week randomized controlled trials in patients aged ≥ 50 years with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 2506). Patients received idalopirdine (10, 30, or 60 mg/day) or placebo, added to cholinesterase inhibitor treatment. Patients were categorized into the following regions: Eastern Europe/Turkey (n = 759), Western Europe/Israel (n = 709), USA/Canada (n = 444), South America/Mexico (n = 361), Asia (n = 134), and Australia/South Africa (n = 99). For each region, operational characteristics, baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, adverse events, and mean change from baseline to week 24 in clinical rating scale scores (placebo group only) were summarized using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Completion rates were 0.86-0.90 in all regions. Heterogeneity among global regions was evident. Protocol deviations were twice as common in South America/Mexico as in USA/Canada (2.64 vs 1.35 per patient screened). Educational level ranged from 9.2 years in South America/Mexico to 13.4 years in USA/Canada. APOE ε4 carriage was 80.6% in Australia/South Africa, 63.1% in Western Europe/Israel, and < 60% in other regions. Screening Mini-Mental State Examination scores were higher in Eastern Europe/Turkey (18.0) and USA/Canada (17.5) than in other regions (16.9-17.1). Baseline AD Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) scores ranged from 24.3 in USA/Canada to 27.2 in South America/Mexico. Baseline AD Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living, 23-item version (ADCS-ADL23) scores ranged from 58.5 in USA/Canada to 53.5 in Eastern Europe/Turkey. In the placebo group, adverse events were 1.6-1.7 times more common in Western Europe/Israel, USA/Canada, and Australia/South Africa than in Eastern Europe/Turkey. On the ADAS-Cog, Australia/South Africa and Western Europe/Israel showed the most worsening among patients receiving placebo (1.56 and 1.40 points, respectively), whereas South America/Mexico showed an improvement (-0.71 points). All regions worsened on the ADCS-ADL23, from -3.21 points in Western Europe/Israel to -0.59 points in Eastern Europe/Turkey. CONCLUSIONS Regional heterogeneity-in terms of study conduct, patient characteristics, and outcomes-exists, and should be accounted for, when planning and conducting multinational AD clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01955161 . Registered on 27 September 2013. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02006641 . Registered on 5 December 2013. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02006654 . Registered on 5 December 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 W Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89106 USA
| | - Alireza Atri
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | - Lutz Frölich
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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Aducanumab Therapy Ameliorates Calcium Overload in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2018; 37:4430-4432. [PMID: 28446659 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0420-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Khalid S, Zahid MA, Ali H, Kim YS, Khan S. Biaryl scaffold-focused virtual screening for anti-aggregatory and neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:74. [PMID: 30424732 PMCID: PMC6234579 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a primary cause of dementia in ageing population affecting more than 35 million people around the globe. It is a chronic neurodegenerative disease caused by defected folding and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein. Aβ is formed by the cleavage of membrane embedded amyloid precursor protein (APP) by using enzyme ‘transmembrane aspartyl protease, β-secretase’. Inhibition of β-secretase is a viable strategy to prevent neurotoxicity in AD. Another strategy in the treatment of AD is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. This inhibition reduces the degradation of acetylcholine and temporarily restores the cholinergic function of neurons and improves cognitive function. Monoamine oxidase and higher glutamate levels are also found to be linked with Aβ peptide related oxidative stress. Oxidative stress leads to reduced activity of glutamate synthase resulting in significantly higher level of glutamate in brain. The aim of this study is to perform in silico screening of a virtual library of biaryl scaffold containing compounds potentially used for the treatment of AD. Screening was done against the primary targets of AD therapeutics, acetylcholinesterase, β-secretase (BACE1), Monoamine oxidases (MAO) and N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Compounds were screened for their inhibitory potential by employing molecular docking approach using AutoDock vina. Binding energy scores were embodied in the heatmap to display varies strengths of interactions of the ligands targeting AD. Results Several ligands showed notable interaction with at least two targets, but the strong interaction with all the targets is shown by very few ligands. The pharmacokinetics of the interacting ligands was also predicted. The interacting ligands have good drug-likeness and brain availability essential for drugs with intracranial targets. Conclusion These results suggest that biaryl scaffold may be pliable to drug development for neuroprotection in AD and that the synthesis of further analogues to optimize these properties should be considered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-018-0472-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Khalid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ammar Zahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Yeong S Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Paudel P, Seong SH, Zhou Y, Park CH, Yokozawa T, Jung HA, Choi JS. Rosmarinic Acid Derivatives' Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Is the Pharmacological Basis of Kangen-Karyu in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:E2919. [PMID: 30413117 PMCID: PMC6278281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is considered to be the central therapeutic approach against Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, boiled water extracts of the Kangen-karyu (KK) herbal mixture and its constituents were screened for GSK-3β inhibitory activity. KK is used in traditional Kampo and Chinese medicines for improving cognitive function. The GSK-3β inhibition potential was evaluated by using the Kinase-Glo luminescent kinase assay platform. Furthermore, enzyme kinetics and in silico modeling were performed by using AutoDockTools to demonstrate the mechanism of enzyme inhibition. KK extract significantly inhibited GSK-3β in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50: 17.05 ± 1.14 μg/mL) when compared with the reference drug luteolin (IC50: 2.18 ± 0.13 μM). Among the six components of KK, extracts of Cyperi Rhizoma and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix significantly inhibited GSK-3β with IC50 values of 20.68 ± 2.50 and 7.77 ± 1.38 μg/mL, respectively. Among the constituents of the roots of S. miltiorrhiza water extract, rosmarinic acid, magnesium lithospermate B, salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid C inhibited GSK-3β with IC50 values ranging from 6.97 to 135.5 μM. Salvianolic acid B was found to be an ATP-competitive inhibitor of GSK-3β and showed the lowest IC50 value (6.97 ± 0.96 µM). In silico modeling suggested a mechanism of action by which the hydrophobic, π⁻cation, and hydrophilic interactions of salvianolic acid B at ATP and substrate sites are critical for the observed GSK-3β inhibition. Therefore, one of the mechanisms of action of KK against AD may be the inhibition of GSK-3β and one of the active components of KK is the root of S. miltiorrhiza and its constituents: rosmarinic acid, magnesium lithospermate B, and salvianolic acids A, B, and C. Our results demonstrate the pharmacological basis for the use of KK against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Paudel
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Yajuan Zhou
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Takako Yokozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
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Corpas R, Griñán-Ferré C, Palomera-Ávalos V, Porquet D, García de Frutos P, Franciscato Cozzolino SM, Rodríguez-Farré E, Pallàs M, Sanfeliu C, Cardoso BR. Melatonin induces mechanisms of brain resilience against neurodegeneration. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12515. [PMID: 29907977 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is an endogenous pleiotropic molecule which orchestrates regulatory functions and protective capacity against age-related ailments. The increase in circulating levels of melatonin through dietary supplements intensifies its health benefits. Investigations in animal models have shown that melatonin protects against Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology, although clinical studies have not been conclusive. We hypothesized that melatonin induces changes in the brain that prevent or attenuate AD by increasing resilience. Therefore, we treated healthy nontransgenic (NoTg) and AD transgenic (3xTg-AD) 6-month-old mice with a daily dose of 10 mg/kg of melatonin until 12 months of age. As expected, melatonin reversed cognitive impairment and dementia-associated behaviors of anxiety and apathy and reduced amyloid and tau burden in 3xTg-AD mice. Remarkably, melatonin induced cognitive enhancement and higher wellness level-related behavior in NoTg mice. At the mechanism level, NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokine expressions were decreased in both NoTg and 3xTg-AD mice. The SIRT1 pathway of longevity and neuroprotection was also activated in both mouse strains after melatonin dosing. Furthermore, we explored new mechanisms and pathways not previously associated with melatonin treatment such as the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic system and the recently proposed neuroprotective Gas6/TAM pathway. The upregulation of proteasome activity and the modulation of Gas6 and its receptors by melatonin were similarly displayed by both NoTg and 3xTg-AD mice. Therefore, these results confirm the potential of melatonin treatment against AD pathology, by way of opening new pathways in its mechanisms of action, and demonstrating that melatonin induces cognitive enhancement and brain resilience against neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Corpas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Palomera-Ávalos
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Porquet
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo García de Frutos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia M Franciscato Cozzolino
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduard Rodríguez-Farré
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara R Cardoso
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Gulati A, Hornick MG, Briyal S, Lavhale MS. A novel neuroregenerative approach using ET(B) receptor agonist, IRL-1620, to treat CNS disorders. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S95-S113. [PMID: 29947531 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin B (ET(B)) receptors present in abundance the central nervous system (CNS) have been shown to have significant implications in its development and neurogenesis. We have targeted ET(B) receptors stimulation using a highly specific agonist, IRL-1620, to treat CNS disorders. In a rat model of cerebral ischemia intravenous administration IRL-1620 significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological and motor functions compared to control. This improvement, in part, is due to an increase in neuroregeneration. We also investigated the role of IRL-1620 in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). IRL-1620 improved learning and memory, reduced oxidative stress and increased VEGF and NGF in Abeta treated rats. IRL-1620 also improved learning and memory in an aged APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD. These promising findings prompted us to initiate human studies. Successful chemistry, manufacturing and control along with mice, rat and dog toxicological studies led to completion of a human Phase I study in healthy volunteers. We found that a dose of 0.6 microg/kg of IRL-1620 can be safely administered, three times every four hours, without any adverse effect. A Phase II clinical study with IRL-1620 has been initiated in patients with cerebral ischemia and mild to moderate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gulati
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.
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Calhoun A, King C, Khoury R, Grossberg GT. An evaluation of memantine ER + donepezil for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:1711-1717. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1519022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George T. Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Feng L, Wang X, Peng F, Liao J, Nai Y, Lei H, Li M, Xu H. Walnut Protein Hydrolysates Play a Protective Role on Neurotoxicity Induced by d-Galactose and Aluminum Chloride in Mice. Molecules 2018; 23:E2308. [PMID: 30201912 PMCID: PMC6225279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with an increase in the aging population, neurodegenerative diseases have attracted more and more attention. This study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of defatted walnut meal protein hydrolysates (DWMPH) on neurotoxicity induced by d-galactose (d-gal) and aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) in mice. The animal models were established by combining treatments with d-gal (200 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously) and AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg in drinking water) for 90 days. During the 90 days, 1 g/kg of DWMPH was administrated orally every day. The results indicated that DWMPH treatment alleviated oxidative stress, reversed cholinergic dysfunction, and suppressed the release of proinflammatory cytokines in the brains of d-gal + AlCl₃-treated mice, and thus improving the learning and memory functions of these mice, which was closely correlated with the strong antioxidant activity of DWMPH. This finding suggests that DWMPH might be a promising dietary supplement in improving neuronal dysfunctions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Fei Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jianqiao Liao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yifan Nai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hongjie Lei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Mei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Huaide Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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129
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Rammes G, Seeser F, Mattusch K, Zhu K, Haas L, Kummer M, Heneka M, Herms J, Parsons CG. The NMDA receptor antagonist Radiprodil reverses the synaptotoxic effects of different amyloid-beta (Aβ) species on long-term potentiation (LTP). Neuropharmacology 2018; 140:184-192. [PMID: 30016667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aβ1-42 is well accepted to be a primary early pathogenic agent in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, other amyloid peptides are now gaining considerable attention as potential key participants in AD due to their proposed higher neuronal toxicity. Impairment of the glutamatergic system is also widely accepted to be associated with pathomechanisms underlying AD. There is ample evidence that Aβ1-42 affects GLUN2B subunit containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function and abolishes the induction of long term potentiation (LTP). In this study we show that different β-amyloid species, 1-42 Aβ1-42 and 1-40 (Aβ1-40) as well as post-translationally modified forms such as pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-(AβpE3) and nitrated Aβ (3NTyr10-Aβ), when applied for 90 min to murine hippocampal slices, concentration-dependently prevented the development of CA1-LTP after tetanic stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals with IC50s of 2, 9, 2 and 35 nM, respectively whilst having no effect on baseline AMPA receptor mediated fEPSPs. Aβ1-43 had no effect. Interestingly, the combination of all Aβ species did not result in any synergistic or additive inhibitory effect on LTP - the calculated pooled Aβ species IC50 was 20 nM. A low concentration (10 nM) of the GLUN2B receptor antagonist Radiprodil restored LTP in the presence of Aβ1-42, 3NTyr10-Aβ, Aβ1-40, but not AβpE3. In contrast to AMPA receptor mediated fEPSPs, all different β-amyloid species tested at 50 nM supressed baseline NMDA-EPSC amplitudes. Similarly, all different Aβ species tested decreased spine density. As with LTP, Radiprodil (10 nM) reversed the synaptic toxicity of Aβ species but not that of AβpE3. These data do not support the enhanced toxic actions reported for some Aβ species such as AβpE3, nor synergistic toxicity of the combination of different Aβ species. However, whilst in our hands AβpE3-42 was actually less toxic than Aβ1-42, its effects were not reversed by Radiprodil indicating that the target receptors/subunits mediating such synaptotoxicity may differ between the different Aβ species tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Franziska Seeser
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Korinna Mattusch
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaichuan Zhu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Haas
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Kummer
- Clinical Neuroscience Unit, Dept. of Neurology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Heneka
- Clinical Neuroscience Unit, Dept. of Neurology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Chris G Parsons
- Non-Clinical Science, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Kettle C, Morton DW. A molecular approach in drug development for Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:553-565. [PMID: 29990843 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in dementia numbers and global trends in population aging across the world prompts the need for new medications to treat the complex biological dysfunctions, such as neurodegeneration associated with dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Cholinergic signaling, which is important in cognition, is slowly lost in AD, so the first line therapy is to treat symptoms with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to increase levels of acetylcholine. Out of five available FDA-approved AD medications, donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine are cholinesterase inhibitors while memantine, a N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, blocks the effects of high glutamate levels. The fifth medication consists of a combination of donepezil and memantine. Although these medications can reduce and temporarily slow down the symptoms of AD, they cannot stop the damage to the brain from progressing. For a superior therapeutic effect, multi-target drugs are required. Thus, a Multi-Target-Directed Ligand (MTDL) strategy has received more attention by scientists who are attempting to develop hybrid molecules that simultaneously modulate multiple biological targets. This review highlights recent examples of the MTDL approach and fragment based strategy in the rational design of new potential AD medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd., Bendigo, 3550, Australia.
| | - Christine Kettle
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd., Bendigo, 3550, Australia
| | - David W Morton
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd., Bendigo, 3550, Australia
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Kishi T, Ikuta T, Oya K, Matsunaga S, Matsuda Y, Iwata N. Anti-Dementia Drugs for Psychopathology and Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:748-757. [PMID: 29762677 PMCID: PMC6070030 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of anti-dementia drugs plus antipsychotics for schizophrenia. METHODS Primary outcomes of efficacy and safety included improving overall symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores) and all-cause discontinuation, respectively. Other outcomes included psychopathology subscales (positive, negative, general, and anxiety/depressive symptoms), cognitive function (attention/vigilance, reasoning/problem solving, social cognition, speed of processing, verbal learning, visual learning, working memory, and cognitive control/executive function), Mini-Mental State Examination scores, treatment discontinuation due to adverse events and inefficacy, and individual adverse events. We evaluated the effect size using a random effects model. RESULTS We identified 37 studies (n=1574): 14 donepezil-based (n=568), 10 galantamine-based (n=371), 4 rivastigmine-based (n=146), and 9 memantine-based (n=489) studies. Pooled anti-dementia drugs plus antipsychotics treatments were superior to placebo plus antipsychotics in improving the overall symptoms (24 studies, 1069 patients: standardized mean difference=-0.34, 95% CI=-0.61 to -0.08, P=.01), negative symptoms (24 studies, 1077 patients: standardized mean difference =-0.62, 95% CI=-0.92 to -0.32, Pcorrected=.00018), and Mini-Mental State Examination scores (7 studies, 225 patients: standardized mean difference=-0.79, 95% CI=-1.23 to -0.34, P=.0006). No significant differences were found between anti-dementia drugs plus antipsychotics and placebo plus antipsychotics regarding other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although the results suggest that anti-dementia drugs plus antipsychotics treatment improves negative symptoms and Mini-Mental State Examination scores in schizophrenia patients, they possibly were influenced by a small-study effect and some bias. However, it was not superior to placebo plus antipsychotics in improving composite cognitive test score, which more systematically evaluates cognitive impairment than the Mini-Mental State Examination score. Overall, the anti-dementia drugs plus antipsychotics treatment was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan,Correspondence: Taro Kishi, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1–98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470–1192, Japan ()
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS USA
| | - Kazuto Oya
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsunaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan,Department of Department of Geriatrics and Cognitive Disorders, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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Zhang SJ, Xu TT, Li L, Xu YM, Qu ZL, Wang XC, Huang SQ, Luo Y, Luo NC, Lu P, Shi YF, Yang X, Wang Q. Bushen-Yizhi formula ameliorates cognitive dysfunction through SIRT1/ER stress pathway in SAMP8 mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49338-49350. [PMID: 28521305 PMCID: PMC5564772 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese formula Bushen-Yizhi (BSYZ) has been reported to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction. However the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we employ an aging model, SAMP8 mice, to explore whether BSYZ could protect dementia through SIRT1/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Morris water maze and the fearing condition test results show that oral administration of BSYZ (1.46 g/kg/d, 2.92 g/kg/d and 5.84 g/kg/d) and donepezil (3 mg/kg/d) shorten the escape latency, increase the crossing times of the original position of the platform and the time spent in the target quadrant, and increase the freezing time. BSYZ decreases the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and increases the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the concentration of acetylcholine (Ach) in both hippocampus and cortex. In addition, western blot results (Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3) and TUNEL staining show that BSYZ prevents neuron from apoptosis, and elevates the expression of neurotrophic factors, including nerve growth factor (NGF), postsynapticdensity 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin (SYN), in both hippocampus and cortex. BSYZ also increases the protein expression of SIRT1 and alleviates ER stress-associated proteins (PERK, IRE-1α, eIF-2α, BIP, PDI and CHOP). These results indicate that the neuroprotective mechanism of BSYZ might be related with SIRT1/ER stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yu-Min Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zi-Ling Qu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xin-Chen Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Shui-Qing Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Na-Chuan Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Ya-Fei Shi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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Wei BB, Liu MY, Chen ZX, Wei MJ. Schisandrin ameliorates cognitive impairment and attenuates Aβ deposition in APP/PS1 transgenic mice: involvement of adjusting neurotransmitters and their metabolite changes in the brain. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:616-625. [PMID: 29323336 PMCID: PMC5888682 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters (NTs) in the brain are involved in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Schisandrin is a major ingredient of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill and has been used for the treatment of AD. In this study we examined the therapeutic effects of schisandrin in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and correlated the beneficial effects on cognitive impairment with the adjustments in NTs and their metabolites in the mouse brains. APP/PS1 mice were treated with schisandrin (2 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 2 weeks. In Morris Water Maze test; untreated APP/PS1 mice displayed significant cognitive impairment compared with normal mice; schisandrin administration ameliorated the cognitive impairment and significantly decreased Aβ deposition in the hippocampus. In order to assess the effects of schisandrin on NTs and their metabolites, we developed a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, dopamine, norepinephrine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, homovanillic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and acetylcholine in mouse brains. This method conformed to methodology validation requirements. We found that there were statistically significant differences in these NTs and their metabolites between untreated APP/PS1 mice and normal mice, whereas schisandrin administration restored the abnormal NTs and their metabolites levels. These results suggest that schisandrin could alter the levels of these NTs and their metabolites in the brain, thus ameliorating learning and memory impairments in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-bin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ming-yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zai-xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Min-jie Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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134
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Khoury R, Patel K, Gold J, Hinds S, Grossberg GT. Recent Progress in the Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease. Drugs Aging 2018; 34:811-820. [PMID: 29116600 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common major neurocognitive disorder with substantial social and economic impacts. This article is an update on current pharmacotherapy, advancements in biomarker use, and drugs in the pipeline for this disease. To date, no new drug has qualified to be added to the current therapeutic arsenal comprising cholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. Drugs in the pipeline include symptomatic therapies that are neurotransmitter-based, but mostly disease-modifying therapies. The latter have yielded disappointing results by focusing mainly on the two pathophysiological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease: Aβ amyloid deposits and tau protein aggregates forming neurofibrillary tangles. These unsuccessful trials may have resulted from studying these drugs 'too late' relative to Alzheimer's disease onset, in addition to focusing only on the amyloid cascade. In fact, Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifactorial disease. Combining different biomarkers might enhance our ability to identify those patients most at risk of developing the disease, and better predict their conversion rates. Furthermore, adopting an integrative treatment approach by targeting additional pathophysiological pathways in Alzheimer's disease such as inflammation and oxidative stress could be the key to better outcomes in Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Khoury
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Kush Patel
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Jake Gold
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Stephanie Hinds
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - George T Grossberg
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
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135
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Lee K, Park C, Oh Y, Lee H, Cho J. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of N-((3,4-Dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromen-2-yl)methyl)-4-methoxyaniline in Primary Cultured Rat Cortical Cells: Involvement of ERK-CREB Signaling. Molecules 2018; 23:E669. [PMID: 29543778 PMCID: PMC6017216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity and oxidative stress play vital roles in the development of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we investigated the effect of N-((3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromen-2-yl)methyl)-4-methoxyaniline (BL-M) on excitotoxic neuronal cell damage in primary cultured rat cortical cells, and compared to that of memantine, a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist clinically used to treat AD. We found that BL-M inhibited glutamate- or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxic cell damage. The IC50 value of BL-M against NMDA toxicity was comparable to that of memantine. BL-M potently inhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by glutamate or NMDA. Additionally, it inhibited the formation of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radicals in vitro and lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates. In contrast, memantine showed minimal or negligible antioxidant activity. Western blotting and immunocytochemical analyses showed that BL-M, not memantine, increased the ERK1/2 phosphorylation and subsequent phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The inhibition of NMDA toxicity by BL-M was dramatically reversed by U0126, a well-known MEK inhibitor, suggesting that ERK1/2-mediated CREB phosphorylation is required for the neuroprotective action. Collectively, in this study, we demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of a newly synthesized chromene derivative BL-M and its underlying action mechanism(s). In contrast to memantine, BL-M exhibited marked antioxidant activity. Furthermore, it enhanced the ERK-mediated phosphorylation of CREB, which plays a crucial neuroprotective role. Our findings suggest that BL-M may be beneficial for AD and other neurodegenerative disorders associated with excitotoxicity as well as oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongjun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea.
| | - Chowee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea.
| | - Yeonsoo Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea.
| | - Heesoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea.
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136
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Martini F, Pesarico AP, Brüning CA, Zeni G, Nogueira CW. Ebselen inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase globular isoform G4 in vitro and attenuates scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5598-5608. [PMID: 29405440 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a well-known relationship between the cholinergic system and learning, memory, and other common cognitive processes. The process for researching and developing new drugs has lead researchers to repurpose older ones. This study investigated the effects of ebselen on the activity of acethylcholinesterase (AChE) isoforms in vitro and in an amnesia model induced by scopolamine in Swiss mice. In vitro, ebselen at concentrations equal or higher than 10 μM inhibited the activity of cortical and hippocampal G4/AChE, but not G1/AChE isoform. Treatment of mice with ebselen (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was effective against impairment of spatial recognition memory in both Y-maze and novel object recognition tests induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Ebselen (50 mg/kg) inhibited hippocampal AChE activity in mice. The present study demonstrates that ebselen inhibited the G4/AChE isoform in vitro and elicited an anti-amnesic effect in a mouse model induced by scopolamine. These findings reveal ebselen as a potential compound in terms of opening up valid therapeutic avenues for the treatment of memory impairment diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Martini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana P Pesarico
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - César A Brüning
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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137
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Ginex T, Trius M, Luque FJ. Computational Study of the Aza-Michael Addition of the Flavonoid (+)-Taxifolin in the Inhibition of β-Amyloid Fibril Aggregation. Chemistry 2018; 24:5813-5824. [PMID: 29384229 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of abnormal protein self-aggregation is an attractive strategy against amyloidogenic diseases, but has found limited success due to the complexity of protein self-assembly, the absence of fully reproducible aggregation assays, and the scarce knowledge of the inhibition mechanisms by small molecules. In this context, catechol-containing compounds may lead to covalent adducts with amyloid fibrils that interfere with the aggregation process. In particular, the covalent adduct formed between the oxidized form of (+)-taxifolin and an β-amyloid (Aβ42) suggests the involvement of a specific recognition motif that enables the chemical reaction with Aβ42. In this study, we have examined the mechanisms implicated in the aza-Michael addition of the o-quinone species of (+)-taxifolin with Aβ42 fibrils. The results support the binding of (+)-taxifolin to the hydrophobic groove delimited by the edges defined by Lys16 and Glu22 residues in the fibril. The chemical reaction proceeds through the nucleophilic attack of the deprotonated amino group of a Lys16 residue in a process activated by the interaction between the o-quinone ring with a vicinal Lys16 residue, as well as by a water-assisted proton transfer, which is the rate-limiting step of the reaction. This specific inhibition mechanism, which may explain the enhanced anti-aggregating activity of oxidized flavonoids compared to fresh compounds, holds promise for developing disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Ginex
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921, Spain
| | - Marta Trius
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921, Spain
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138
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Uysal S, Aktumsek A, Picot-Allain CM, Unuvar H, Mollica A, Georgiev MI, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF. Biological, chemical and in silico fingerprints of Dianthus calocephalus Boiss.: A novel source for rutin. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:179-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Camargo LC, Campos GAA, Galante P, Biolchi AM, Gonçalves JC, Lopes KS, Mortari MR. Peptides isolated from animal venom as a platform for new therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:79-86. [PMID: 29198480 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that deeply affects patients, their family and society. Although scientists have made intense efforts in seeking the cure for AD, no drug available today is able to stop AD progression. In this context, compounds isolated from animal venom are potentially successful drugs for neuroprotection, since they selectively bind to nervous system targets. In this review, we presented different studies using peptides isolated from animal venom for the treatment of AD. This is a growing field that will be very helpful in understanding and even curing neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Camargo
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - G A A Campos
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - P Galante
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - A M Biolchi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - J C Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - K S Lopes
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - M R Mortari
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
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Kim H, Lee HE, Jung IH, Jeon SJ, Zhang J, Kwon Y, Jang DS, Ryu JH. The memory ameliorating effects of DHP1402, an herbal mixture, on cholinergic blockade-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 211:38-46. [PMID: 28917975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The seeds of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F Chow (Rhamnaceae) and the roots of Codonopsis lanceolata (Siedbold & Zucc.) Benth. & Hook. f ex Trautv. (Campanulaceae), contained in the DHP1402, have long been used for treating dementia or hypomnesia as folk medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY It has been reported that Z. jujuba var. spinosa and C. lanceolata are effective in improving cognitive function, but via different mechanisms. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the synergistic effects of Z. jujuba var. spinosa and C. lanceolata on scopolamine-induced memory impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scopolamine, a cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist, was used to induce cognitive dysfunction. We employed several behavioral tasks to estimate the synergistic effect of the seeds of Z. jujuba var. spinosa and the roots of C. lanceolata. In addition, we introduced the Western blotting, the antagonism passive avoidance task to investigate a synergistic effect of an herbal formulation. RESULTS Synergistic effects of a combination of Z. jujuba var. spinosa and C. lanceolata at a 5:1 ratio [(w/w), DHP1402] were observed against cognitive dysfunction in the passive avoidance and Y-maze tasks. DHP1402 also ameliorated memory deficits in a dose-dependent manner in these behavioral tasks, as well as in the Morris water maze task. According to the Western blot results, the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus were also increased in a synergistic manner after the administration of DHP1402. In addition, we found that the effects of DHP1402 on cognitive function were mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signalling, based on the antagonism studies. Furthermore, we found that DHP1402 has inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE). CONCLUSION DHP1402 attenuates cholinergic blockade-induced cognitive dysfunction through NMDA receptor modulation, PKA-ERK-CREB pathway activation, and AChE inhibition. Therefore, DHP1402 could be a candidate for alleviating cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneul Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubeen Kwon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Towards a Novel Class of Multitarget-Directed Ligands: Dual P2X7-NMDA Receptor Antagonists. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010230. [PMID: 29361735 PMCID: PMC6017257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) offer new hope for the treatment of multifactorial complex diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Herein, we present compounds aimed at targeting the NMDA and the P2X7 receptors, which embody a different approach to AD therapy. On one hand, we are seeking to delay neurodegeneration targeting the glutamatergic NMDA receptors; on the other hand, we also aim to reduce neuroinflammation, targeting P2X7 receptors. Although the NMDA receptor is a widely recognized therapeutic target in treating AD, the P2X7 receptor remains largely unexplored for this purpose; therefore, the dual inhibitor presented herein-which is open to further optimization-represents the first member of a new class of MTDLs.
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Karl T, Garner B, Cheng D. The therapeutic potential of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol for Alzheimer's disease. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:142-160. [PMID: 27471947 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive loss of cognition. Over 35 million individuals currently have AD worldwide. Unfortunately, current therapies are limited to very modest symptomatic relief. The brains of AD patients are characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated forms of tau protein. AD brains also show neurodegeneration and high levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) possesses neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and reduces amyloid-β production and tau hyperphosphorylation in vitro. CBD has also been shown to be effective in vivo making the phytocannabinoid an interesting candidate for novel therapeutic interventions in AD, especially as it lacks psychoactive or cognition-impairing properties. CBD treatment would be in line with preventative, multimodal drug strategies targeting a combination of pathological symptoms, which might be ideal for AD therapy. Thus, this review will present a brief introduction to AD biology and current treatment options before outlining comprehensively CBD biology and pharmacology, followed by in-vitro and in-vivo evidence for the therapeutic potential of CBD. We will also discuss the role of the endocannabinioid system in AD before commenting on the potential future of CBD for AD therapy (including safety aspects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Karl
- aSchool of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown bNeuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick cIllawarra Health and Medical Research Institute dSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong eVictor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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Corrêa-Velloso JC, Gonçalves MC, Naaldijk Y, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Pillat MM, Ulrich H. Pathophysiology in the comorbidity of Bipolar Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease: pharmacological and stem cell approaches. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:34-53. [PMID: 28476640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders involve various pathological mechanisms, resulting in neurodegeneration and brain atrophy. Neurodevelopmental processes have shown to be critical for the progression of those disorders, which are based on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms as well as on extrinsic factors. We review here common mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of Bipolar Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease, such as aberrant neurogenesis and neurotoxicity, reporting current therapeutic approaches. The understanding of these mechanisms precedes stem cell-based strategies as a new therapeutic possibility for treatment and prevention of Bipolar and Alzheimer's Disease progression. Taking into account the difficulty of studying the molecular basis of disease progression directly in patients, we also discuss the importance of stem cells for effective drug screening, modeling and treating psychiatric diseases, once in vitro differentiation of patient-induced pluripotent stem cells provides relevant information about embryonic origins, intracellular pathways and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Corrêa-Velloso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Cb Gonçalves
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurociências, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Oliveira-Giacomelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Micheli M Pillat
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Sehgal SA, Hammad MA, Tahir RA, Akram HN, Ahmad F. Current Therapeutic Molecules and Targets in Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on in silico Drug Design. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:649-663. [PMID: 29542412 PMCID: PMC6080102 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180315142137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the number of elderly persons increases, neurodegenerative diseases are becoming ubiquitous. There is currently a great need for knowledge concerning management of oldage neurodegenerative diseases; the most important of which are: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. OBJECTIVE To summarize the potential of computationally predicted molecules and targets against neurodegenerative diseases. METHOD Review of literature published since 1997 against neurodegenerative diseases, utilizing as keywords: in silico, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS, and Huntington's disease was conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Due to the costs associated with experimentation and current ethical law, performing experiments directly on living organisms has become much more difficult. In this scenario, in silico techniques have been successful and have become powerful tools in the search to cure disease. Researchers use the Computer Aided Drug Design pipeline which: 1) generates 3- dimensional structures of target proteins through homology modeling 2) achieves stabilization through molecular dynamics simulation, and 3) exploits molecular docking through large compound libraries. Next generation sequencing is continually producing enormous amounts of raw sequence data while neuroimaging is producing a multitude of raw image data. To solve such pressing problems, these new tools and algorithms are required. This review elaborates precise in silico tools and techniques for drug targets, active molecules, and molecular docking studies, together with future prospects and challenges concerning possible breakthroughs in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Arslan Sehgal
- Address correspondence to this author at the State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, China; E-mail:
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Synthesis, characterization, X-ray crystal structures of heterocyclic Schiff base compounds and in vitro cholinesterase inhibition and anticancer activity. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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146
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Kumar S, Chowdhury S, Kumar S. In silico repurposing of antipsychotic drugs for Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:76. [PMID: 29078760 PMCID: PMC5660441 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia and represents one of the highest unmet requirements in medicine today. There is shortage of novel molecules entering into market because of poor pharmacokinetic properties and safety issues. Drug repurposing offers an opportunity to reinvigorate the slowing drug discovery process by finding new uses for existing drugs. The major advantage of the drug repurposing approach is that the safety issues are already investigated in the clinical trials and the drugs are commercially available in the marketplace. As this approach provides an effective solution to hasten the process of providing new alternative drugs for AD, the current study shows the molecular interaction of already known antipsychotic drugs with the different protein targets implicated in AD using in silico studies. Result A computational method based on ligand–protein interaction was adopted in present study to explore potential antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of AD. The screening of approximately 150 antipsychotic drugs was performed on five major protein targets (AChE, BuChE, BACE 1, MAO and NMDA) by molecular docking. In this study, for each protein target, the best drug was identified on the basis of dock score and glide energy. The top hits were then compared with the already known inhibitor of the respective proteins. Some of the drugs showed relatively better docking score and binding energies as compared to the already known inhibitors of the respective targets. Molecular descriptors like molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donors, acceptors, predicted octanol/water partition coefficient and percentage human oral absorption were also analysed to determine the in silico ADME properties of these drugs and all were found in the acceptable range and follows Lipinski’s rule. Conclusion The present study have led to unravel the potential of leading antipsychotic drugs such as pimozide, bromperidol, melperone, anisoperidone, benperidol and anisopirol against multiple targets associated with AD. Benperidol was found to be the best candidate drug interacting with different target proteins involved in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, Sector-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110075, India
| | - Suman Chowdhury
- University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, Sector-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110075, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, Sector-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110075, India.
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Choi JY, Hwang CJ, Lee DY, Gu SM, Lee HP, Choi DY, Oh KW, Han SB, Hong JT. (E)-2-Methoxy-4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-1-en-1-yl) Phenol Ameliorates LPS-Mediated Memory Impairment by Inhibition of STAT3 Pathway. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:555-570. [PMID: 29052076 PMCID: PMC5683055 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by an excessive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) fibrils within the brain. We tested the anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects of (E)-2-methoxy-4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-1-en-1-yl) phenol (MMPP), a selective signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor. We examined whether MMPP (5 mg/kg in drinking water for 1 month) prevents amyloidogenesis and cognitive impairment on AD model mice induced by intraperitoneal LPS (250 μg/kg daily 7 times) injections. Additionally, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effect of MMPP (1, 5, and 10 μg/mL) in LPS (1 μg/mL)-treated cultured astrocytes and microglial BV-2 cells. MMPP treatment reduced LPS-induced memory loss. This memory recovery effect was associated with the reduction of LPS-induced inflammatory proteins; cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as activation of microglial cells and astrocytes in the brain. Furthermore, MMPP reduced LPS-induced β-secretase and Aβ generation. In in vitro study, LPS-induced expression of inflammatory proteins and amyloidogenic proteins was decreased in microglial BV-2 cells and cultured astrocytes by MMPP treatment. Moreover, MMPP treatment suppressed DNA binding activities of the activation of STAT3 in in vivo and in vitro. These results indicated that MMPP inhibits LPS-induced amyloidogenesis and neuroinflammation via inhibition of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Mi Gu
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Pom Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
| | - Ki Wan Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang SJ, Luo D, Li L, Tan RR, Xu QQ, Qin J, Zhu L, Luo NC, Xu TT, Zhang R, Yang L, Wang Q. Ethyl Acetate Extract Components of Bushen-Yizhi Formula Provides Neuroprotection against Scopolamine-induced Cognitive Impairment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9824. [PMID: 28852153 PMCID: PMC5575143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder and there is no effective cure for this devastating disease to date. Bushen Yizhi Formula (BSYZ-F), a Chinese herbal compound, has proved to be effective for AD. In this study, we further investigate the effective part of BSYZ-F, ethyl acetate extract components of BSYZ-F (BSYZ-E), protects scopolamine (SCOP)-induced cognitive impairment, which shows a similar effect to BSYZ-F. We also find that BSYZ-E could protect against SCOP-induced cholinergic system dysfunction. In neuron function level, BSYZ-E remarkably elevates protein levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BSYZ-E also significantly mitigates SCOP-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and nitrosative stress. Conclusively, BSYZ-E, the effective part of BSYZ-F, can provide neuroprotection against SCOP-induced cognitive impairment through a multifunctional strategy. These findings suggest that BSYZ-E might be developed as a therapeutic drug for AD by targeting multiple pathways of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Rong Tan
- International Center for Translational Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Qing Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na-Chuan Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Farajdokht F, Amani M, Mirzaei Bavil F, Alihemmati A, Mohaddes G, Babri S. Troxerutin protects hippocampal neurons against amyloid beta-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:1081-1089. [PMID: 29285004 PMCID: PMC5735350 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease linked with increased production and/or deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible neuroprotective effect of troxerutin on an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer model was induced by a single dose intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ 1-42 (5 nmol/5 µl). Thereafter, troxerutin (300 mg/kg) was gavaged for 14 days. The hippocampal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) was assessed by TUNEL kit. The results showed that ICV microinjection of Aβ 1-42 increased MDA levels, reduced SOD and GPx, and increased AChE activities in the hippocampus. Chronic administration of troxerutin significantly attenuated MDA levels and AChE activity and increased SOD and GPx activities in the hippocampus. Moreover, the number of apoptotic cells was decreased by troxerutin treatment. Taken together, our study demonstrated that troxerutin could increase the resistance of hippocampal neurons against apoptosis, at least in part, by diminishing the activity of AChE and oxidative stress. Therefore, troxerutin may have beneficial effects in the management of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amani
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Mirzaei Bavil
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Alihemmati
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Babri
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Calvó-Perxas L, Turró-Garriga O, Vilalta-Franch J, Lozano-Gallego M, de Eugenio R, Márquez F, Carmona O, Gich J, Manzano A, Viñas M, Roig AM, Garre-Olmo J. Trends in the Prescription and Long-Term Utilization of Antidementia Drugs Among Patients with Alzheimer's Disease in Spain: A Cohort Study Using the Registry of Dementias of Girona. Drugs Aging 2017; 34:303-310. [PMID: 28258538 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and the N-methyl D-aspartate-antagonist memantine are indicated for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVES Our aims were to describe the baseline characteristics of patients with AD according to prescription of these treatments after the diagnostic work-up to describe long-term trends in the use of these medications and to identify baseline characteristics associated with the frequency of use of each treatment. METHODS This was a cohort study with a sample of 2992 patients with AD recorded in the Registry of Dementias of Girona (ReDeGi) between 2007 and 2014. Consumption of AChEIs and memantine was assessed using the Pharmacy Unit database from the Public Catalan Healthcare Service. We used generalized estimating equation analyses to identify the baseline characteristics associated with the consumption of AChEIs and memantine over time. RESULTS Most of the patients (70.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 68.7-72.0) were prescribed antidementia medication at the time of diagnosis. Of these, 75.0% (95% CI 73.1-76.8) were prescribed AChEIs, 14.7% (95% CI 13.2-16.3) were prescribed an AChEI plus memantine, and 10.3% (95% CI 9.0-11.6) were prescribed memantine. Advanced age reduced the likelihood of AChEI consumption. Mild dementia severity increased the use of AChEIs, and moderate-advanced dementia increased the likelihood of memantine consumption. After diagnosis, the likelihood of AChEI consumption decreased from the first year until the fifth, whereas the likelihood of memantine consumption, either alone or in combination with AChEIs, increased. CONCLUSIONS Antidementia drug use in this study showed the initial use of AChEIs alone with later use of AChEIs in combination with memantine and memantine alone in older patients with severe AD. Our findings are in agreement with current clinical practice guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Calvó-Perxas
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGI), C/Dr. Castany, s/n, Salt, 17190, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oriol Turró-Garriga
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGI), C/Dr. Castany, s/n, Salt, 17190, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Dementia Unit, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Salt, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Vilalta-Franch
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGI), C/Dr. Castany, s/n, Salt, 17190, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Dementia Unit, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Salt, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Rosa de Eugenio
- Dementia Unit, Hospital de Palamós, Palamós, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fabián Márquez
- Neurology Department, Hospital d'Olot, Olot, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olga Carmona
- Neurology Unit, Hospital de Figueres, Figueres, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Gich
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Hospital Universitari Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Manzano
- Neurology Department, Hospital de Campdevànol, Campdevànol, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Viñas
- Geriatrics and Neurology Department, Hospital de Blanes, Blanes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Mª Roig
- Pharmacy Unit, Health Region of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Garre-Olmo
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGI), C/Dr. Castany, s/n, Salt, 17190, Girona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Dementia Unit, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Salt, Catalonia, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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