101
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More models of the cerebellum. Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0008198x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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102
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Cerebellar rhythms: Exploring another metaphor. Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0008184x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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103
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The notions of joint stiffness and synaptic plasticity in motor memory. Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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104
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How and what does the cerebellum learn? Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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105
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Plasticity of cerebro-cerebellar interactions in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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106
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How to link the specificity of cerebellar anatomy to motor learning? Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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107
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Long-term changes of synaptic transmission: A topic of long-term interest. Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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108
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Nitric oxide is involved in cerebellar long-term depression. Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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109
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No more news from the cerebellum. Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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110
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A bridge between cerebellar long-term depression and discrete motor learning: Studies on gene knockout mice. Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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111
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Cellular mechanisms of long-term depression: From consensus to open questions. Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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112
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How can the cerebellum match “error signal” and “error correction”? Behav Brain Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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113
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de Vente J, Hopkins DA, Markerink-van Ittersum M, Steinbusch HW. Effects of the 3',5'-phosphodiesterase inhibitors isobutylmethylxanthine and zaprinast on NO-mediated cGMP accumulation in the hippocampus slice preparation: an immunocytochemical study. J Chem Neuroanat 1996; 10:241-8. [PMID: 8811413 DOI: 10.1016/0891-0618(95)00144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of inhibition of 3',5'-phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity on the cGMP accumulation was studied in control and nitric oxide (NO) stimulated hippocampal slices incubated in vitro using immunohistochemical visualisation of cGMP. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) was used as a non-selective PDE inhibitor and zaprinast was used as a selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific PDE activity. In the absence of PDE inhibitors cGMP-immunoreactivity (cGMP-IR) was found in blood vessel walls only. After incubation with the NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) cGMP-IR was found in a few isolated varicose fibres which were distributed throughout the slice. Incubation in the presence of either 1 mM IBMX or 10 microM zaprinast resulted in cGMP-IR in small numbers of varicose fibres distributed throughout the hippocampal slice. SNP in combination with IBMX resulted in cGMP-IR in small numbers multitude of varicose fibres throughout the slice; occasionally cell somata were observed. After incubation with SNP and zaprinast cGMP-IR was found in varicose fibres, although with a more restricted distribution and less numerous than in the presence of IBMX. In the latter combination, varicose fibres were observed predominantly in the CA2/CA3 region and in the stratum lacunosum molecular of the hippocampus, and cell somata were occasionally observed throughout the hippocampus. The differential distribution of cGMP-IR in the presence of different PDE inhibitors is consistent with the notion that there are regional differences in the localization of cGMP hydrolyzing enzymes in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Vente
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience in Brain and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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114
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Bladen C, Loewen D, Vincent SR. Autoradiographic localization of [3H]-cyclic GMP binding sites in the rat brain. J Chem Neuroanat 1996; 10:287-93. [PMID: 8811419 DOI: 10.1016/0891-0618(96)00146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Both the atriopeptides and nitric oxide act in the nervous system by activating guanylyl cyclases to stimulate the production of cyclic GMP. Thus a key to understanding the roles of these messengers is to understand the functions of cyclic GMP in the nervous system. Three potential targets for cyclic GMP have been identified, phosphodiesterases, protein kinases and ion channels. In this study we describe a method using autoradiography to localize specific [3H]-cGMP binding sites in the brain. The specific binding of [3H]-cGMP to rat brain sections was saturable (Bmax = 1.5 pmol/mg protein) and of high affinity (KD = 164 nM). The pharmacological characteristics were consistent with binding to the cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Highest densities of binding were seen in the medial habenula, basal ganglia, locus ceruleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. The CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, the neocortex, thalamus and cerebellum were also labelled. This method should prove useful in studies of potential targets for cyclic GMP in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bladen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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115
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Immunohistochemical Visualization of Cyclic Nucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1043-9471(96)80010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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116
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Stapf C, Shakibaei M, Blottner D. Co-existence of NADPH-diaphorase, fibroblast growth factor-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor in spinal autonomic system suggests target-specific actions. Neuroscience 1995; 69:1253-62. [PMID: 8848111 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00318-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the rat spinal cord, we found substantial co-existence of fibroblast growth factor-2, fibroblast growth factor receptor (type-1 or flg) immunoreactivity and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity (a histochemical marker for neuronal nitric oxide synthase) in preganglionic autonomic cell groups of intermediate layers VI, VII and X. Anti-fibroblast growth factor-2 and anti-nitric oxide synthase binding sites were confined to the cytoplasm of reactive neurons as judged by immunogold electron microscopy. Within the major autonomic nucleus, i.e. intermediolateral column, three different populations were identified: (i) fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor, (ii) fibroblast growth factor/NADPH-diaphorase and (iii) NADPH-diaphorase-only stained cell groups. Sympathoadrenal neurons were prelabelled with fluorescent tracer Fast Blue and co-stained for fibroblast growth factor-like protein and NADPH-diaphorase, suggesting heterologous diversification of neuronal phenotypes and functional organization in the spinal autonomic system. Our findings suggest intriguing roles for nitric oxide and fibroblast growth factor-2 cytokine in the preganglionic sympathetic spinal cord system: The "short-term" diffusible messenger nitric oxide may act as "tonic" and/or "phasic" signal within rostrocaudally oriented function-specific preganglionic units necessary for integrated target control. The "long-term" messenger fibroblast growth factor-2 may be involved in, for example, cytokine-dependent regulation of neuronal NADPH-diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, co-existence of NADPH-diaphorase, fibroblast growth factor-2 and receptor in sympathoadrenal neurons suggest mutual target-specific regulatory functions, e.g. hormone release and blood perfusion or maintenance of phenotype and plasticity responsiveness of adrenal medullary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stapf
- Institute for Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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117
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Nakazawa K, Tadakuma T, Nokihara K, Ito M. Antibody specific for phosphorylated AMPA-type glutamate receptors at GluR2 Ser-696. Neurosci Res 1995; 24:75-86. [PMID: 8848293 DOI: 10.1016/0168-0102(95)00977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Possible phosphorylation sites on the Purkinje cell alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor subunits were identified using in vitro kinase assays of 17 synthetic peptides derived from the transmembrane-3 (TM3) domain to the end of C-terminal of a rat glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2). Only two peptides containing Ser-662 and Ser-696 were found to be efficiently phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC). The peptide including Ser-696 was also phosphorylated by protein kinase G (PKG). Another peptide containing Thr-692 of a rat GluRA, clone almost identical to GluR1, was phosphorylated by PKC but not by PKG. Antisera recognizing phosphorylated AMPA receptor subunits at GluR2 Ser-696 or the homologous sites of GluR1/3/4 were produced, and the specificity of one of them, named 12P3, was established by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot and immunoprecipitation analyses. 12P3-immunocytochemistry on cerebellar slices demonstrated an AMPA-induced transient AMPA receptor phosphorylation, which appeared in Purkinje cell dendrites as well as somata immediately after AMPA treatment and disappeared after 20 min. This antibody may be a useful tool to study the role of AMPA receptor phosphorylation in producing synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakazawa
- Laboratory for Synaptic Function, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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118
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Blottner D, Grozdanovic Z, Gossrau R. Histochemistry of nitric oxide synthase in the nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02388304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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119
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Abstract
Grasshopper semaphorin I (Sema I) and its related proteins, chick collapsin and mouse Sema III contribute to the axon guidance by their repellent actions [5,9,12]. We have identified a member of semaphorin gene family from the mouse brain and named it M-Sema F. The N-terminal encodes a semaphorin domain that is similar between Sema I-III [6] followed by a single putative immunoglobulin-like domain, a transmembrane domain, and a proline-rich intracellular domain. M-Sema F mRNA is expressed widely in the nervous tissues during development. These suggest that M-Sema F is a transmembrane member of the semaphorin family of the vertebrate which may function in the developing neuronal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inagaki
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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120
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Bonkale WL, Winblad B, Ravid R, Cowburn RF. Reduced nitric oxide responsive soluble guanylyl cyclase activity in the superior temporal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 1995; 187:5-8. [PMID: 7617301 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11323-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Particulate and soluble guanylyl cyclase activities were studied in postmortem temporal cortex from a series of Alzheimer's disease patients and matched control subjects. Particulate guanylyl cyclase activity was not significantly different between groups. In contrast, the Vmax values for basal and sodium nitroprusside-stimulated soluble guanylyl cyclase activities were approximately 50% lower in the Alzheimer's disease cases, compared to controls. This difference between groups was statistically significant for sodium nitroprusside-stimulated, but not for the basal, enzyme activities. These results provide the first evidence for a loss of nitric oxide responsive guanylyl cyclase activity in Alzheimer's disease brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Bonkale
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden
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121
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Furuyama T, Iwahashi Y, Tano Y, Takagi H, Inagaki S. Localization of 63-kDa calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase mRNA in the rat brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 26:331-6. [PMID: 7854064 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(94)90107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We studied the localization of 63-kDa Ca2+/calmodulin stimulated phosphodiesterase mRNA in the rat brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry using an oligonucleotides probe specific to this enzyme. The signals were especially concentrated in several brain regions such as the olfactory tubercle, accumbens nucleus, caudate putamen, fundus striati, dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, pontine nuclei and dorsal tegmental nucleus. These results suggest that in the neuronal groups containing the strong signals this enzyme is involved in calcium-dependent signal transduction system coupled to cyclic nucleotides messenger systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Furuyama
- First Department of Anatomy, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan
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122
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Furuyama T, Inagaki S, Iwahashi Y, Takagi H. Distribution of Rlim, an LIM homeodomain gene, in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1994; 170:266-8. [PMID: 7914684 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the distribution of Rlim, a homologue to Xlim-1, in the rat brain. Rlim, a LIM class homeodomain gene, was isolated from rat brain, and localized in the adult brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The expression of Rlim was found in discrete regions, such as the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum and several nuclei of the hypothalamus, midbrain and pons. This suggests that Rlim is related to regulation of genes that are specific to some neurons such as Purkinje cells in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Furuyama
- 1st Department of Anatomy, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan
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