101
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Growth, testis size, spermatogenesis, semen parameters and seminal plasma and sperm membrane protein profile during the reproductive development of male goats supplemented with de-oiled castor cake. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 53:152-61. [PMID: 25883025 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of de-oiled castor cake on reproductive traits of crossbreed goats. Fourteen males were grouped into two lots (n = 7/group), as described: group without de-oiled castor cake (WCC) and group fed with de-oiled castor cake (CC). Goats received two diets containing a mixture of Bermudagrass hay and concentrates with the same energy (73% total digestive nutrients) and protein content (15% crude protein) during 150 days, corresponding to ages from 40 (puberty) to 60 weeks. Blood plasma concentrations of urea, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase and testosterone were determined. We also evaluated scrotal circumference, sperm parameters, quantitative aspects of spermatogenesis and daily sperm production (DSP), as well as the proteome of seminal plasma and sperm membrane. Seminal fluid and sperm proteins were analyzed by 2D SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. After 150 days of castor cake feeding, animals had no changes in the biochemical composition of blood plasma, suggesting the absence of intoxication by ingestion of ricin. There were no alterations in dry mater intake, weight gain, testis size, peripheral concentrations of testosterone, sperm concentration, motility and morphology. Sertoli and germ cell populations in the testis and DSP were not affected either. However, there were significant variations in the expression of five seminal plasma proteins and four sperm membrane proteins. In conclusion, the replacement of soybean meal by castor cake (with ricin concentrations of 50mg/kg) did not interfere with the growth and core reproductive development of male goats. However, the diet with ricin altered the expression of certain seminal plasma and sperm membrane proteins, which play roles in sperm function and fertilization. Lower expression of these proteins may impair the ricin-fed animals to perform as high-fertility sires.
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102
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Mishra R, Kumar MS, Karande AA. Inhibition of protein synthesis leading to unfolded protein response is the major event in abrin-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 403:255-65. [PMID: 25753921 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abrin obtained from the plant Abrus precatorius inhibits protein synthesis and also triggers apoptosis in cells. Previous studies from our laboratory suggested a link between these two events. Using an active site mutant of abrin A-chain which exhibits 225-fold lower protein synthesis inhibitory activity than the wild-type abrin A-chain, we demonstrate in this study that inhibition of protein synthesis induced by abrin is the major factor triggering unfolded protein response leading to apoptosis. Since abrin A-chain requires the B-chain for internalization into cells, the wild-type and mutant recombinant abrin A-chains were conjugated to native ricin B-chain to generate hybrid toxins, and the toxic effects of the two conjugates were compared. The rate of inhibition of protein synthesis mediated by the mutant ricin B-rABRA (R167L) conjugate was slower than that of the wild-type ricin B-rABRA conjugate as expected. The mutant conjugate activated p38MAPK and caspase-3 similar to its wild-type counterpart although at later time points. Overall, these results confirm that inhibition of protein synthesis is the major event contributing to abrin-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
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103
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Berstad MB, Cheung LH, Berg K, Peng Q, Fremstedal ASV, Patzke S, Rosenblum MG, Weyergang A. Design of an EGFR-targeting toxin for photochemical delivery: in vitro and in vivo selectivity and efficacy. Oncogene 2015; 34:5582-92. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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104
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Çakır B, Tumer NE. Arabidopsis Bax Inhibitor-1 inhibits cell death induced by pokeweed antiviral protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:43-56. [PMID: 28357275 PMCID: PMC5354556 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.02.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an active form of programmed cell death (PCD) that plays critical roles in the development, differentiation and resistance to pathogens in multicellular organisms. Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are able to induce apoptotic cell death in mammalian cells. In this study, using yeast as a model system, we showed that yeast cells expressing pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a single-chain ribosome-inactivating protein, exhibit apoptotic-like features, such as nuclear fragmentation and ROS production. We studied the interaction between PAP and AtBI-1 (Arabidopsis thaliana Bax Inhibitor-1), a plant anti-apoptotic protein, which inhibits Bax induced cell death. Cells expressing PAP and AtBI-1 were able to survive on galactose media compared to PAP alone, indicating a reduction in the cytotoxicity of PAP in yeast. However, PAP was able to depurinate the ribosomes and to inhibit total translation in the presence of AtBI-1. A C-terminally deleted AtBI-1 was able to reduce the cytotoxicity of PAP. Since anti-apoptotic proteins form heterodimers to inhibit the biological activity of their partners, we used a co-immunoprecipitation assay to examine the binding of AtBI-1 to PAP. Both full length and C-terminal deleted AtBI-1 were capable of binding to PAP. These findings indicate that PAP induces cell death in yeast and AtBI-1 inhibits cell death induced by PAP without affecting ribosome depurination and translation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Çakır
- Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment and the Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA. ; Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment and the Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
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105
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Iglesias R, Citores L, Di Maro A, Ferreras JM. Biological activities of the antiviral protein BE27 from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). PLANTA 2015; 241:421-433. [PMID: 25326773 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome inactivating protein BE27 displays several biological activities in vitro that could result in a broad action against several types of pathogens. Beetin 27 (BE27), a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves, is an antiviral protein induced by virus and signaling compounds such as hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid. Its role as a defense protein has been attributed to its RNA polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity. Here we tested other putative activities of BE27 that could have a defensive role against pathogens finding that BE27 displays rRNA N-glycosidase activity against yeast and Agrobacterium tumefaciens ribosomes, DNA polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity against herring sperm DNA, and magnesium-dependent endonuclease activity against the supercoiled plasmid PUC19 (nicking activity). The nicking activity could be a consequence of an unusual conformation of the BE27 active site, similar to that of PD-L1, a RIP from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves. Additionally, BE27 possesses superoxide dismutase activity, thus being able to produce the signal compound hydrogen peroxide. BE27 is also toxic to COLO 320 cells, inducing apoptosis in these cells by either activating the caspase pathways and/or inhibiting protein synthesis. The combined effect of these biological activities could result in a broad action against several types of pathogens such as virus, bacteria, fungi or insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
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106
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Tejero J, Jiménez P, Quinto EJ, Cordoba-Diaz D, Garrosa M, Cordoba-Diaz M, Gayoso MJ, Girbés T. Elderberries: a source of ribosome-inactivating proteins with lectin activity. Molecules 2015; 20:2364-87. [PMID: 25647575 PMCID: PMC6272206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sambucus (Adoxaceae) species have been used for both food and medicine purposes. Among these, Sambucus nigra L. (black elder), Sambucus ebulus L. (dwarf elder), and Sambucus sieboldiana L. are the most relevant species studied. Their use has been somewhat restricted due to the presence of bioactive proteins or/and low molecular weight compounds whose ingestion could trigger deleterious effects. Over the last few years, the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Sambucus species have been investigated. Among the proteins present in Sambucus species both type 1, and type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), and hololectins have been reported. The biological role played by these proteins remains unknown, although they are conjectured to be involved in defending plants against insect predators and viruses. These proteins might have an important impact on the nutritional characteristics and food safety of elderberries. Type 2 RIPs are able to interact with gut cells of insects and mammals triggering a number of specific and mostly unknown cell signals in the gut mucosa that could significantly affect animal physiology. In this paper, we describe all known RIPs that have been isolated to date from Sambucus species, and comment on their antiviral and entomotoxic effects, as well as their potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Emiliano J Quinto
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Damián Cordoba-Diaz
- Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Manuel Garrosa
- Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina and Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Manuel Cordoba-Diaz
- Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Manuel J Gayoso
- Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina and Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Tomás Girbés
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
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107
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Domashevskiy AV, Goss DJ. Pokeweed antiviral protein, a ribosome inactivating protein: activity, inhibition and prospects. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:274-98. [PMID: 25635465 PMCID: PMC4344624 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses employ an array of elaborate strategies to overcome plant defense mechanisms and must adapt to the requirements of the host translational systems. Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) from Phytolacca americana is a ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) and is an RNA N-glycosidase that removes specific purine residues from the sarcin/ricin (S/R) loop of large rRNA, arresting protein synthesis at the translocation step. PAP is thought to play an important role in the plant's defense mechanism against foreign pathogens. This review focuses on the structure, function, and the relationship of PAP to other RIPs, discusses molecular aspects of PAP antiviral activity, the novel inhibition of this plant toxin by a virus counteraction-a peptide linked to the viral genome (VPg), and possible applications of RIP-conjugated immunotoxins in cancer therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Endoribonucleases/chemistry
- Fungal Proteins/chemistry
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Protein Isoforms
- RNA Caps/chemistry
- RNA Caps/genetics
- RNA Caps/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/chemistry
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/chemistry
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/genetics
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/metabolism
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/pharmacology
- Ribosomes/chemistry
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Ricin/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Domashevskiy
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Department of Sciences, City University of New York, 524 West 59th Street, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| | - Dixie J Goss
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York and the Graduate Center, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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108
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Weyergang A, Berstad MEB, Bull-Hansen B, Olsen CE, Selbo PK, Berg K. Photochemical activation of drugs for the treatment of therapy-resistant cancers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1465-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy as well as radiation therapy is a major obstacle for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Maria E. B. Berstad
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Bente Bull-Hansen
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Cathrine E. Olsen
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Pål K. Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology
- Institute for Cancer Research
- The Norwegian Radium Hospital
- Oslo University Hospital
- Montebello
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109
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Thermal, chemical and pH induced unfolding of turmeric root lectin: modes of denaturation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103579. [PMID: 25140525 PMCID: PMC4139268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma longa rhizome lectin, of non-seed origin having antifungal, antibacterial and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, forms a homodimer with high thermal stability as well as acid tolerance. Size exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering show it to be a dimer at pH 7, but it converts to a monomer near pH 2. Circular dichroism spectra and fluorescence emission maxima are virtually indistinguishable from pH 7 to 2, indicating secondary and tertiary structures remain the same in dimer and monomer within experimental error. The tryptophan environment as probed by acrylamide quenching data yielded very similar data at pH 2 and pH 7, implying very similar folding for monomer and dimer. Differential scanning calorimetry shows a transition at 350.3 K for dimer and at 327.0 K for monomer. Thermal unfolding and chemical unfolding induced by guanidinium chloride for dimer are both reversible and can be described by two-state models. The temperatures and the denaturant concentrations at which one-half of the protein molecules are unfolded, are protein concentration-dependent for dimer but protein concentration-independent for monomer. The free energy of unfolding at 298 K was found to be 5.23 Kcal mol−1 and 14.90 Kcal mol−1 for the monomer and dimer respectively. The value of change in excess heat capacity upon protein denaturation (ΔCp) is 3.42 Kcal mol−1 K−1 for dimer. The small ΔCp for unfolding of CLA reflects a buried hydrophobic core in the folded dimeric protein. These unfolding experiments, temperature dependent circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering for the dimer at pH 7 indicate its higher stability than for the monomer at pH 2. This difference in stability of dimeric and monomeric forms highlights the contribution of inter-subunit interactions in the former.
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110
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Di Maro A, Citores L, Russo R, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis by the Maximum Likelihood method of ribosome-inactivating proteins from angiosperms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:575-88. [PMID: 24880476 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from angiosperms are rRNA N-glycosidases that have been proposed as defence proteins against virus and fungi. They have been classified as type 1 RIPs, consisting of single-chain proteins, and type 2 RIPs, consisting of an A chain with RIP properties covalently linked to a B chain with lectin properties. In this work we have carried out a broad search of RIP sequence data banks from angiosperms in order to study their main structural characteristics and phylogenetic evolution. The comparison of the sequences revealed the presence, outside of the active site, of a novel structure that might be involved in the internal protein dynamics linked to enzyme catalysis. Also the B-chains presented another conserved structure that might function either supporting the beta-trefoil structure or in the communication between both sugar-binding sites. A systematic phylogenetic analysis of RIP sequences revealed that the most primitive type 1 RIPs were similar to that of the actual monocots (Poaceae and Asparagaceae). The primitive RIPs evolved to the dicot type 1 related RIPs (like those from Caryophyllales, Lamiales and Euphorbiales). The gene of a type 1 RIP related with the actual Euphorbiaceae type 1 RIPs fused with a double beta trefoil lectin gene similar to the actual Cucurbitaceae lectins to generate the type 2 RIPs and finally this gene underwent deletions rendering either type 1 RIPs (like those from Cucurbitaceae, Rosaceae and Iridaceae) or lectins without A chain (like those from Adoxaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, 81100, Caserta, Italy
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111
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Mohamed MS, Veeranarayanan S, Minegishi H, Sakamoto Y, Shimane Y, Nagaoka Y, Aki A, Poulose AC, Echigo A, Yoshida Y, Maekawa T, Kumar DS. Cytological and Subcellular Response of Cells Exposed to the Type-1 RIP Curcin and its Hemocompatibility Analysis. Sci Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/srep05747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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112
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Gilabert-Oriol R, Thakur M, von Mallinckrodt B, Bhargava C, Wiesner B, Eichhorst J, Melzig MF, Fuchs H, Weng A. Reporter assay for endo/lysosomal escape of toxin-based therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1644-66. [PMID: 24859158 PMCID: PMC4052257 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6051644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics with cytosolic targets are capable of exhibiting their therapeutic effect once they have escaped from the endosomes or lysosomes. In this study, the reporters—horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Alexa Fluor 488 (Alexa) and ricin A-chain (RTA)—were investigated for their capacity to monitor the endo/lysosomal escape of the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin. The conjugates—saporin-HRP, Alexasaporin and saporin-KQ-RTA—were constructed, and the endo/lysosomal escape of these conjugates alone (lack of endo/lysosomal release) or in combination with certain structurally-specific triterpenoidal saponins (efficient endo/lysosomal escape) was characterized. HRP failed in reporting the endo/lysosomal escape of saporin. Contrastingly, Alexa Fluor 488 successfully allowed the report of the process at a toxin concentration of 1000 nM. In addition, single endo/lysosome analysis facilitated the determination of the amount of Alexasaporin released from each vesicle. RTA was also successful in reporting the endo/lysosomal escape of the enzymatically inactive mutant, saporin-KQ, but in this case, the sensitivity of the method reached a toxin concentration of 10 nM. In conclusion, the simultaneous usage of Alexa Fluor 488 and RTA as reporters may provide the possibility of monitoring the endo/lysosomal escape of protein-based therapeutics in the concentration range of 10–1000 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gilabert-Oriol
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin D-13353, Germany.
| | - Mayank Thakur
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin D-13353, Germany.
| | - Benedicta von Mallinckrodt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin D-13353, Germany.
| | - Cheenu Bhargava
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin D-13353, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Wiesner
- Leibnizinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin D-13125, Germany.
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibnizinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin D-13125, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, Berlin D-14195, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin D-13353, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin D-13353, Germany.
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113
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Cucurmosin induces the apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer CFPAC-1 cells by inactivating the PDGFR-β signalling pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:682-8. [PMID: 23950591 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer treatment is limited and effective drugs are needed. We investigated cucurmosin (CUS)-induced apoptosis in cystic fibrosis pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (CFPAC-1) and a possible mechanism of action to evaluate the clinical application potential of this new Type I ribosome-inactivating protein. METHODS We analyzed the growth inhibition and apoptosis of CFPAC-1 cells via methylthiazol tetrazolium assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Western blot was used to analyze the protein levels of caspase 3, bcl-2, caspase 9, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-β, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, P70S6K-α, p-P70S6K-α, 4E-BP1, p-4E-BP1 and p-Bad after CUS intervention. The mRNA expression of PDGFR-β was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS CUS inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. The induction of apoptosis depended on the CUS dose and incubation time. The drug inhibited all of the examined proteins in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway and induced the active fragments of caspase 3 and caspase 9. CUS downregulated PDGFR-β expression but no significant change was observed at the mRNA level. CONCLUSION CUS strongly inhibits the growth of CFPAC-1 by inducing cell apoptosis. CUS downregulated the expression of PDGFR-β at the protein level and induced the apoptosis of CFPAC-1 through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway.
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114
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Weyergang A, Cheung LH, Rosenblum MG, Mohamedali KA, Peng Q, Waltenberger J, Berg K. Photochemical internalization augments tumor vascular cytotoxicity and specificity of VEGF121/rGel fusion toxin. J Control Release 2014; 180:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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115
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Ma X, Tang J, Li C, Liu Q, Chen J, Li H, Guo L, Xie J. Identification and quantification of ricin in biomedical samples by magnetic immunocapture enrichment and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5147-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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116
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Sequestration of the abrin A chain to the nucleus by BASP1 increases the resistance of cells to abrin toxicity. Biochem J 2014; 458:375-85. [PMID: 24350992 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abrin, a type II ribosome-inactivating protein, comprises A and B subunits wherein the A subunit harbours toxin activity and the B subunit has a galactose-specific lectin activity. The entry of the protein inside the cell is through the binding of the B chain to cell surface glycoproteins followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis and retrograde transport. A previous study from our laboratory showed that different cell lines exhibited differences of as great as ~200-fold in abrin toxicity, prompting the present study to compare the trafficking of the toxin within cells. Observations made in this regard revealed that the abrin A chain, after being released into the cytosol, is sequestered into the nucleus through interaction with a cellular protein of ~25 kDa, BASP1 (brain acid-soluble protein 1). The nuclear localization of the A chain is seen predominantly in cells that are less sensitive to abrin toxicity and dependent on the levels of BASP1 in cells. The sequestration by BASP1 renders cells increasingly resistant to the inhibition of protein synthesis by abrin and the nucleus act as a sink to overcome cellular stress induced by the toxin.
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PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell growth inhibited by cucurmosin alone and in combination with an epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted drug. Pancreas 2014; 43:291-7. [PMID: 24518510 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the inhibition of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell growth by cucurmosin (CUS) and its possible mechanism. METHODS We observed the inhibition of PANC-1 cell growth by sulforhodamine B and colony-forming experiments in vitro and established nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse subcutaneous tumor models in vivo. We used Western blot to analyze protein levels related to apoptosis and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways after drug intervention, whereas the messenger RNA expression of EGFR was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Sulforhodamine B and colony-forming experiments indicated that CUS inhibited PANC-1 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. A stronger inhibitory effect was observed when CUS was combined with gefitinib. The subcutaneous tumor growth was also inhibited. Western blot showed that all the examined proteins decreased, except for 4E-BP1 and the active fragments of caspase 3 and caspase 9 increased. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression did not change significantly in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS Cucurmosin can strongly inhibit the growth of PANC-1 cells in vitro and in vivo. Cucurmosin can down-regulate EGFR protein expression, but not at the messenger RNA level. Cucurmosin can also inhibit the ras/raf and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt downstream signaling pathways and enhance the sensitivity of the EGFR-targeted drug gefitinib.
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Patade VY, Khatri D, Kumar K, Grover A, Kumari M, Gupta SM, Kumar D, Nasim M. RNAi Mediated curcin precursor gene silencing in Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.). Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4305-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Astrocytes in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii are critical for cardiovascular reflex control. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18608-17. [PMID: 24259582 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3257-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that an antibody to dopamine-β-hydroxylase conjugated with saporin (anti-DBH-SAP) damages catecholamine neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of rat, attenuates arterial baroreflexes, and leads to lability of arterial blood pressure, damage to cardiac myocytes, and, in some animals, sudden death. However, others have shown that injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a toxin devoid of saporin, also damaged NTS catecholamine neurons but did not lead to these cardiovascular changes. We found similar cardiovascular changes after injecting a different SAP conjugate to target NTS neurons with neurokinin (NK1) receptors. Because ribosome-inactivating proteins may be toxic to glia, we hypothesized that SAP, a ribosome-inactivating protein, might target glia whose loss could account for physiological changes. We tested this hypothesis by assessing effects on select neurons and on glia in the NTS after exposure to SAP, targeted SAP conjugates, or 6-OHDA. SAP and all SAP conjugates led to loss of immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker for astrocytes, in the NTS while 6-OHDA did not. As reported previously, anti-DBH-SAP selectively killed noradrenergic neurons in the NTS while SAP conjugated to stabilized substance P (SSP-SAP) selectively killed neurons with NK1 receptors. In contrast, SAP produced no demonstrable neuronal damage. All injections led to activation of microglia in the NTS; however, only SAP and its conjugates attenuated cardiovascular reflexes while also producing lability of arterial pressure, damage to cardiac myocytes, and in some animals, sudden death. Thus, NTS astrocytes may play a role in mediating cardiovascular reflex transmission through the NTS.
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Saporin-S6: a useful tool in cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1698-722. [PMID: 24105401 PMCID: PMC3813907 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty years ago, the type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin-S6 (also known as saporin) was isolated from Saponaria officinalis L. seeds. Since then, the properties and mechanisms of action of saporin-S6 have been well characterized, and it has been widely employed in the construction of conjugates and immunotoxins for different purposes. These immunotoxins have shown many interesting results when used in cancer therapy, particularly in hematological tumors. The high enzymatic activity, stability and resistance to conjugation procedures and blood proteases make saporin-S6 a very useful tool in cancer therapy. High efficacy has been reported in clinical trials with saporin-S6-containing immunotoxins, at dosages that induced only mild and transient side effects, which were mainly fever, myalgias, hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia and vascular leak syndrome. Moreover, saporin-S6 triggers multiple cell death pathways, rendering impossible the selection of RIP-resistant mutants. In this review, some aspects of saporin-S6, such as the chemico-physical characteristics, the structural properties, its endocytosis, its intracellular routing and the pathogenetic mechanisms of the cell damage, are reported. In addition, the recent progress and developments of saporin-S6-containing immunotoxins in cancer immunotherapy are summarized, including in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
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Structure–activity relationships of saponins enhancing the cytotoxicity of ribosome-inactivating proteins type I (RIP-I). Toxicon 2013; 73:144-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nuchsuk C, Wetprasit N, Roytrakul S, Choowongkomon K, T-Thienprasert N, Yokthongwattana C, Arpornsuwan T, Ratanapo S. Bioactivities of Jc-SCRIP, a Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein fromJatropha curcasSeed Coat. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:453-62. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanthakan Nuchsuk
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nuanchawee Wetprasit
- Department of Biotechnology; Faculty of Science; Ramkhamhaeng University; Ramkamhaeng Rd. Bangkapi Bangkok 10240 Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA); 113 Clong-Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nattanan T-Thienprasert
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Chotika Yokthongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Theerakul Arpornsuwan
- Department of Medical Technology; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences; Thammasat University; Rangsit, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Sunanta Ratanapo
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) were first isolated over a century ago and have been shown to be catalytic toxins that irreversibly inactivate protein synthesis. Elucidation of atomic structures and molecular mechanism has revealed these proteins to be a diverse group subdivided into two classes. RIPs have been shown to exhibit RNA N-glycosidase activity and depurinate the 28S rRNA of the eukaryotic 60S ribosomal subunit. In this review, we compare archetypal RIP family members with other potent toxins that abolish protein synthesis: the fungal ribotoxins which directly cleave the 28S rRNA and the newly discovered Burkholderia lethal factor 1 (BLF1). BLF1 presents additional challenges to the current classification system since, like the ribotoxins, it does not possess RNA N-glycosidase activity but does irreversibly inactivate ribosomes. We further discuss whether the RIP classification should be broadened to include toxins achieving irreversible ribosome inactivation with similar turnovers to RIPs, but through different enzymatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Walsh
- RNA Biology Laboratory; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); Department of Neuroscience; University of Sheffield; Sheffield, UK
| | - Jennifer E Dodd
- RNA Biology Laboratory; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); Department of Neuroscience; University of Sheffield; Sheffield, UK
| | - Guillaume M Hautbergue
- RNA Biology Laboratory; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); Department of Neuroscience; University of Sheffield; Sheffield, UK
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Lapadula WJ, Sánchez Puerta MV, Juri Ayub M. Revising the taxonomic distribution, origin and evolution of ribosome inactivating protein genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72825. [PMID: 24039805 PMCID: PMC3764214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins are enzymes that depurinate a specific adenine residue in the alpha-sarcin-ricin loop of the large ribosomal RNA, being ricin and Shiga toxins the most renowned examples. They are widely distributed in plants and their presence has also been confirmed in a few bacterial species. According to this taxonomic distribution, the current model about the origin and evolution of RIP genes postulates that an ancestral RIP domain was originated in flowering plants, and later acquired by some bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. Here, we unequivocally detected the presence of RIP genes in fungi and metazoa. These findings, along with sequence and phylogenetic analyses, led us to propose an alternative, more parsimonious, hypothesis about the origin and evolutionary history of the RIP domain, where several paralogous RIP genes were already present before the three domains of life evolved. This model is in agreement with the current idea of the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) as a complex, genetically redundant organism. Differential loss of paralogous genes in descendants of LUCA, rather than multiple horizontal gene transfer events, could account for the complex pattern of RIP genes across extant species, as it has been observed for other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lapadula
- Área de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNSL and Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL-CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
| | - María Virginia Sánchez Puerta
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, IBAM-CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Juri Ayub
- Área de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNSL and Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL-CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Bagaria S, Ponnalagu D, Bisht S, Karande AA. Mechanistic insights into the neutralization of cytotoxic abrin by the monoclonal antibody D6F10. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70273. [PMID: 23922965 PMCID: PMC3726390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abrin, an A/B toxin obtained from the Abrus precatorius plant is extremely toxic and a potential bio-warfare agent. Till date there is no antidote or vaccine available against this toxin. The only known neutralizing monoclonal antibody against abrin, namely D6F10, has been shown to rescue the toxicity of abrin in cells as well as in mice. The present study focuses on mapping the epitopic region to understand the mechanism of neutralization of abrin by the antibody D6F10. Truncation and mutational analysis of abrin A chain revealed that the amino acids 74-123 of abrin A chain contain the core epitope and the residues Thr112, Gly114 and Arg118 are crucial for binding of the antibody. In silico analysis of the position of the mapped epitope indicated that it is present close to the active site cleft of abrin A chain. Thus, binding of the antibody near the active site blocks the enzymatic activity of abrin A chain, thereby rescuing inhibition of protein synthesis by the toxin in vitro. At 1∶10 molar concentration of abrin:antibody, the antibody D6F10 rescued cells from abrin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis but did not prevent cell attachment of abrin. Further, internalization of the antibody bound to abrin was observed in cells by confocal microscopy. This is a novel finding which suggests that the antibody might function intracellularly and possibly explains the rescue of abrin's toxicity by the antibody in whole cells and animals. To our knowledge, this study is the first report on a neutralizing epitope for abrin and provides mechanistic insights into the poorly understood mode of action of anti-A chain antibodies against several toxins including ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Bagaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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126
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Tanpure AA, Pawar MG, Srivatsan SG. Fluorescent Nucleoside Analogs: Probes for Investigating Nucleic Acid Structure and Function. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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127
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Gadadhar S, Karande AA. Abrin immunotoxin: targeted cytotoxicity and intracellular trafficking pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58304. [PMID: 23472175 PMCID: PMC3589266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is fast emerging as one of the leading modes of treatment of cancer, in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. Use of immunotoxins, proteins bearing a cell-surface receptor-specific antibody conjugated to a toxin, enhances the efficacy of cancer treatment. The toxin Abrin, isolated from the Abrus precatorius plant, is a type II ribosome inactivating protein, has a catalytic efficiency higher than any other toxin belonging to this class of proteins but has not been exploited much for use in targeted therapy. METHODS Protein synthesis assay using (3)[H] L-leucine incorporation; construction and purification of immunotoxin; study of cell death using flow cytometry; confocal scanning microscopy and sub-cellular fractionation with immunoblot analysis of localization of proteins. RESULTS We used the recombinant A chain of abrin to conjugate to antibodies raised against the human gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor. The conjugate inhibited protein synthesis and also induced cell death specifically in cells expressing the receptor. The conjugate exhibited differences in the kinetics of inhibition of protein synthesis, in comparison to abrin, and this was attributed to differences in internalization and trafficking of the conjugate within the cells. Moreover, observations of sequestration of the A chain into the nucleus of cells treated with abrin but not in cells treated with the conjugate reveal a novel pathway for the movement of the conjugate in the cells. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first reports on nuclear localization of abrin, a type II RIP. The immunotoxin mAb F1G4-rABRa-A, generated in our laboratory, inhibits protein synthesis specifically on cells expressing the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor and the pathway of internalization of the protein is distinct from that seen for abrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anjali A. Karande
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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Kushwaha GS, Yamini S, Kumar M, Sinha M, Kaur P, Sharma S, Singh TP. First structural evidence of sequestration of mRNA cap structures by type 1 ribosome inactivating protein from Momordica balsamina. Proteins 2013; 81:896-905. [PMID: 23280611 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is the first structural evidence of recognition of mRNA cap structures by a ribosome inactivating protein. It is well known that a unique cap structure is formed at the 5' end of mRNA for carrying out various processes including mRNA maturation, translation initiation, and RNA turnover. The binding studies and crystal structure determinations of type 1 ribosome inactivating protein (RIP-1) from Momordica balsamina (MbRIP-1) were carried out with mRNA cap structures including (i) N7-methyl guanine (m7G), (ii) N7-methyl guanosine diphosphate (m7GDP), and (iii) N7-methyl guanosine triphosphate (m7GTP). These compounds showed affinities to MbRIP-1 at nanomolar concentrations. The structure determinations of the complexes of MbRIP-1 with m7G, m7GDP, and m7GTP at 2.65, 1.77, and 1.75 Å resolutions revealed that all the three compounds bound to MbRIP-1 in the substrate binding site at the positions which are slightly shifted towards Glu85 as compared to those of rRNA substrates. In this position, Glu85 forms several hydrogen bonds with guanine moiety while N-7 methyl group forms van der Waals contacts. However, the guanine rings are poorly stacked in these complexes. Thus, the mode of binding by MbRIP-1 to mRNA cap structures is different which results in the inhibition of depurination. Since some viruses are known to exploit the capping property of the host, this action of MbRIP-1 may have implications for the antiviral activity of this protein in vivo. The understanding of the mode of binding of MbRIP-1 to cap structures may also assist in the design of anti-viral agents.
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129
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Souza MA, Carvalho FC, Ruas LP, Ricci-Azevedo R, Roque-Barreira MC. The immunomodulatory effect of plant lectins: a review with emphasis on ArtinM properties. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:641-57. [PMID: 23299509 PMCID: PMC3769584 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the glycobiology and immunology fields have provided many insights into the role of carbohydrate-protein interactions in the immune system. We aim to present a comprehensive review of the effects that some plant lectins exert as immunomodulatory agents, showing that they are able to positively modify the immune response to certain pathological conditions, such as cancer and infections. The present review comprises four main themes: (1) an overview of plant lectins that exert immunomodulatory effects and the mechanisms accounting for these activities; (2) general characteristics of the immunomodulatory lectin ArtinM from the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus; (3) activation of innate immunity cells by ArtinM and consequent induction of Th1 immunity; (4) resistance conferred by ArtinM administration in infections with intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania (Leishmania) major, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. We believe that this review will be a valuable resource for more studies in this relatively neglected area of research, which has the potential to reveal carbohydrate targets for novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Sadubthummarak U, Parkpian P, Ruchirawat M, Kongchum M, Delaune RD. Potential treatments to reduce phorbol esters levels in jatropha seed cake for improving the value added product. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:974-982. [PMID: 23998310 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.816606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha seed cake contains high amounts of protein and other nutrients, however it has a drawback due to toxic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the methods applied to detoxify the main toxin, phorbol esters in jatropha seed cake, to a safe and acceptable level by maintaining the nutritional values. Phorbol esters are tetracyclic diterpenoids-polycyclic compounds that are known as tumor promoters and hence exhibited the toxicity within a broad range of species. Mismanagement of the jatropha waste from jatropha oil industries would lead to contamination of the environment, affecting living organisms and human health through the food chain, so several methods were tested for reducing the toxicity of the seed cake. The results from this investigation showed that heat treatments at either 120°C or 220°C for 1 hour and then mixing with adsorbing bentonite (10%), nanoparticles of zinc oxide (100 μg/g) plus NaHCO3 at 4%, followed by a 4-week incubation period yielded the best final product. The remaining phorbol esters concentration (0.05-0.04 mg/g) from this treatment was less than that reported for the nontoxic jatropha varieties (0.11-0.27 mg/g). Nutritional values of the seed cake after treatment remained at the same levels found in the control group and these values were crude protein (20.47-21.40 + 0.17-0.25%), crude lipid (14.27-14.68 + 0.13-0.14%) and crude fiber (27.33-29.67 + 0.58%). A cytotoxicity test conducted using L929 and normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines confirmed that most of the toxic compounds, especially phorbol esters, were shown as completely eliminated. The results suggested that the detoxification of phorbol esters residues in the jatropha seed cake was possible while it also retained nutritional values. Therefore, the methods to detoxify phorbol esters are necessary to minimize the toxicity of jatropha seed cake. Further, it is essential to reduce the possible environmental impacts that may be generated throughout the jatropha waste-handling process. However additional tests such as digestibility as well as acceptability of the treated jatropha seed cake should be conducted using both in vivo and in vitro studies before recommending the jatropha seed cake as a source of renewable animal feed and other value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umapron Sadubthummarak
- Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management Program, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Jiménez P, Gayoso M, Tejero J, Cabrero P, Córdoba-Díaz D, Basterrechea JE, Girbés T. Toxicity in mice of lectin ebulin f present in dwarf Elderberry (Sambucus ebulus L.). Toxicon 2013; 61:26-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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132
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Zhu F, Zhang P, Meng YF, Xu F, Zhang DW, Cheng J, Lin HH, Xi DH. Alpha-momorcharin, a RIP produced by bitter melon, enhances defense response in tobacco plants against diverse plant viruses and shows antifungal activity in vitro. PLANTA 2013; 237:77-88. [PMID: 22983699 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC) is type-1 ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) with molecular weight of 29 kDa and has lots of biological activity. Our recent study indicated that the α-MMC purified from seeds of Momordica charantia exhibited distinct antiviral and antifungal activity. Tobacco plants pre-treated with 0.5 mg/mL α-MMC 3 days before inoculation with various viruses showed less-severe symptom and less reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation compared to that inoculated with viruses only. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the replication levels of viruses were lower in the plants treated with the α-MMC than control plants at 15 days post inoculation. Moreover, the coat protein expression of viruses was almost completely inhibited in plants which were treated with the α-MMC compared with control plants. Furthermore, the SA-responsive defense-related genes including non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1), PR1, PR2 were up-regulated and activities of some antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) were increased after the α-MMC treatment. In addition, the α-MMC (500 μg/mL) revealed remarkable antifungal effect against phytopathogenic fungi, in the growth inhibition range 50.35-67.21 %, along with their MIC values ranging from 100 to 500 μg/mL. The α-MMC had also a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested plant pathogens along with concentration as well as time-dependent kinetic inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The α-MMC showed a remarkable antiviral and antifungal effect and hence could possibly be exploited in crop protection for controlling certain important plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Entwistle J, Brown JG, Chooniedass S, Cizeau J, MacDonald GC. Preclinical Evaluation of VB6-845: An Anti-EpCAM Immunotoxin with Reduced Immunogenic Potential. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:582-92. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1200.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joycelyn Entwistle
- Department of Research, Viventia Biotechnologies, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jennifer G. Brown
- Department of Research, Viventia Biotechnologies, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shilpa Chooniedass
- Department of Research, Viventia Biotechnologies, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeannick Cizeau
- Department of Research, Viventia Biotechnologies, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Glen C. MacDonald
- Department of Research, Viventia Biotechnologies, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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134
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Tanpure AA, Srivatsan SG. Synthesis and photophysical characterisation of a fluorescent nucleoside analogue that signals the presence of an abasic site in RNA. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2392-9. [PMID: 23070860 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and site-specific incorporation of an environment-sensitive fluorescent nucleoside analogue (2), based on a 5-(benzofuran-2-yl)pyrimidine core, into DNA oligonucleotides (ONs), and its photophysical properties within these ONs are described. Interestingly and unlike 2-aminopurine (a widely used nucleoside analogue probe), when incorporated into an ON and hybridised with a complementary ON, the emissive nucleoside 2 displays significantly higher emission intensity than the free nucleoside. Furthermore, photophysical characterisation shows that the fluorescence properties of the nucleoside analogue within ONs are significantly influenced by flanking bases, especially by guanosine. By utilising the responsiveness of the nucleoside to changes in base environment, a DNA ON reporter labelled with the emissive nucleoside 2 was constructed; this signalled the presence of an abasic site in a model depurinated sarcin/ricin RNA motif of a eukaryotic 28S rRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun A Tanpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, 900, NCL Innovation Park, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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135
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Luster TA, Mukherjee I, Carrell JA, Cho YH, Gill J, Kelly L, Garcia A, Ward C, Oh L, Ullrich SJ, Migone TS, Humphreys R. Fusion toxin BLyS-gelonin inhibits growth of malignant human B cell lines in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47361. [PMID: 23056634 PMCID: PMC3467252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a member of the TNF superfamily of cytokines. The biological activity of BLyS is mediated by three cell surface receptors: BR3/BAFF-R, TACI and BCMA. The expression of these receptors is highly restricted to B cells, both normal and malignant. A BLyS-gelonin fusion toxin (BLyS-gel) was generated consisting of the recombinant plant-derived toxin gelonin fused to the N-terminus of BLyS and tested against a large and diverse panel of B-NHL cell lines. Interestingly, B-NHL subtypes mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and B cell precursor-acute lymphocytic leukemia (BCP-ALL) were preferentially sensitive to BLyS-gel mediated cytotoxicity, with low picomolar EC50 values. BLyS receptor expression did not guarantee sensitivity to BLyS-gel, even though the construct was internalized by both sensitive and resistant cells. Resistance to BLyS-gel could be overcome by treatment with the endosomotropic drug chloroquine, suggesting BLyS-gel may become trapped within endosomal/lysosomal compartments in resistant cells. BLyS-gel induced cell death was caspase-independent and shown to be at least partially mediated by the “ribotoxic stress response.” This response involves activation of p38 MAPK and JNK/SAPK, and BLyS-gel mediated cytotoxicity was inhibited by the p38/JNK inhibitor SB203580. Finally, BLyS-gel treatment was shown to localize to sites of disease, rapidly reduce tumor burden, and significantly prolong survival in xenograft mouse models of disseminated BCP-ALL, DLBCL, and MCL. Together, these findings suggest BLyS has significant potential as a targeting ligand for the delivery of cytotoxic “payloads” to malignant B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A. Luster
- Department of Oncology Research, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ipsita Mukherjee
- Department of Oncology Research, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Carrell
- Department of Lead Development, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yun Hee Cho
- Department of Lead Development, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Gill
- Department of Lead Development, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lizbeth Kelly
- Department of Immunology Research, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andy Garcia
- Department of Lead Development, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher Ward
- Department of Lead Development, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luke Oh
- Department of Immunology Research, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Ullrich
- Department of Lead Development, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thi-Sau Migone
- Department of Immunology Research, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robin Humphreys
- Department of Oncology Research, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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136
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Reyes AG, Anné J, Mejía A. Ribosome-inactivating proteins with an emphasis on bacterial RIPs and their potential medical applications. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:705-17. [PMID: 22702525 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic due to their N-glycosidase activity catalyzing depurination at the universally conserved α-sarcin loop of the 60S ribosomal subunit. In addition, RIPs have been shown to also have other enzymatic activities, including polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity. RIPs are mainly produced by different plant species, but are additionally found in a number of bacteria, fungi, algae and some mammalian tissues. This review describes the occurrence of RIPs, with special emphasis on bacterial RIPs, including the Shiga toxin and RIP in Streptomyces coelicolor recently identified in S. coelicolor. The properties of RIPs, such as enzymatic activity and targeting specificity, and how their unique biological activity could be potentially turned into medical or agricultural tools to combat tumors, viruses and fungi, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Reyes
- Departamento de Biotecnología, División de Ciencias Biológicas & de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
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137
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Lv W, Piao JH, Jiang JG. Typical toxic components in traditional Chinese medicine. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 11:985-1002. [PMID: 22992190 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2012.726610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used around the world. However, with its wide use has been the identification of a number of toxicological issues that have severely restricted its use in clinical treatment. The identification of these toxic substances within TCM has become somewhat of a hot topic in recent years. AREAS COVERED This article reviews literature published on professional authoritative journals in the last 10 years on the toxic constituents and toxicology of TCM, including chemical structures, absorption and metabolism. The literature search for this article was based, but not limited to, toxic constituents including: alkaloids, glycosides, toxic proteins, polypeptide, amino acids, phenols or organic acids, terpenes and lactones. The authors discuss the toxic substances referring to their toxicity on organs, tissues and systems. EXPERT OPINION More and more toxic constituents from different TCMs have been identified, in addition to information on how they act in the body at a molecular level. However, the toxicology of TCMs is very complex, and although some progress has been made, a lot work is still needed in order to put an end to toxic incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lv
- South China University of Technology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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138
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Pilot phase IB clinical trial of an alhydrogel-adsorbed recombinant ricin vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1697-9. [PMID: 22914366 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00381-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is no FDA-approved vaccine for the potent plant toxin ricin. We have developed a recombinant ricin vaccine, RiVax. Without adjuvant it is safe and immunogenic in mice, rabbits, and humans. Based on our studies in mice, we now report the results of a small clinical trial with Alhydrogel-adsorbed RiVax.
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139
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Development of a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of abrin in food samples. Food Chem 2012; 135:2661-5. [PMID: 22980855 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abrin is a plant toxin, which can be easily isolated from the seeds of Abrus precatorius. It may be used as a biological warfare agent. In order to detect abrin in food samples, a two-layer sandwich format enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the monoclonal antibody (mAb) (as capture antibody) and rabbit polyclonal serum (as detecting antibody) was developed and applied for the determination of abrin in some food matrices. The linear range of the mAb was 1-100 μg L(-1) with a detection limit of 0.5 μg L(-1) for abrin in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The recoveries of abrin from sausage, beer and milk samples ranged 97.5-98.6%, 95.8-98.4% and 94.8-9.6%, respectively, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 3.7% or less. The newly developed sandwich ELISA using the mAb appears to be a reliable and useful method for detection of abrin in sausage, beer and milk.
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140
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Domashevskiy AV, Miyoshi H, Goss DJ. Inhibition of pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) by turnip mosaic virus genome-linked protein (VPg). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29729-38. [PMID: 22773840 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) from Phytolacca americana is a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) and an RNA N-glycosidase that removes specific purine residues from the sarcin/ricin loop of large rRNA, arresting protein synthesis at the translocation step. PAP is also a cap-binding protein and is a potent antiviral agent against many plant, animal, and human viruses. To elucidate the mechanism of RNA depurination, and to understand how PAP recognizes and targets various RNAs, the interactions between PAP and turnip mosaic virus genome-linked protein (VPg) were investigated. VPg can function as a cap analog in cap-independent translation and potentially target PAP to uncapped IRES-containing RNA. In this work, fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC techniques were used to quantitatively describe PAP depurination activity and PAP-VPg interactions. PAP binds to VPg with high affinity (29.5 nm); the reaction is enthalpically driven and entropically favored. Further, VPg is a potent inhibitor of PAP depurination of RNA in wheat germ lysate and competes with structured RNA derived from tobacco etch virus for PAP binding. VPg may confer an evolutionary advantage by suppressing one of the plant defense mechanisms and also suggests the possible use of this protein against the cytotoxic activity of ribosome-inactivating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Domashevskiy
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
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141
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Tamburino R, Pizzo E, Sarcinelli C, Poerio E, Tedeschi F, Ficca AG, Parente A, Di Maro A. Enhanced cytotoxic activity of a bifunctional chimeric protein containing a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein and a serine protease inhibitor. Biochimie 2012; 94:1990-6. [PMID: 22659569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and plant proteinase inhibitors, belong to protein families known to regulate cellular homeostasis and likely involved in plant defense. Nevertheless the interest in these protein classes is due to their potential use for the treatment of several important human diseases such as cancer. Thus, in the present study, type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein and wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor, were engineered into a chimeric protein with cytotoxic action selective for murine tumor cells, while lacking any appreciable toxicity on murine normal cells. This chimeric protein selectively sensitizes to apoptotic death cells derived from Simian-virus-40-transformed mouse fibroblasts (SVT2 cells). The cytotoxicity of this new recombinant product has been detected also on three different human malignant cells. Therefore action on tumor cells of this protein could represent a potentially very attractive novel tool for anticancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Tamburino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
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142
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Synthesis and purification of a toxin-linked conjugate targeting epidermal growth factor receptor in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 83:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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143
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Di Maro A, Berisio R, Ruggiero A, Tamburino R, Severino V, Zacchia E, Parente A. Structural and enzymatic properties of an in vivo proteolytic form of PD-S2, type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein from seeds of Phytolacca dioica L. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:514-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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144
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Pasetto M, Barison E, Castagna M, Della Cristina P, Anselmi C, Colombatti M. Reductive activation of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins is promoted by transmembrane thioredoxin-related protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7367-73. [PMID: 22228764 PMCID: PMC3293526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.316828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) family (e.g. ricin, abrin) are potent cytotoxins showing a strong lethal activity toward eukaryotic cells. Type 2 RIPs contain two polypeptide chains (usually named A, for "activity", and B, for "binding") linked by a disulfide bond. The intoxication of the cell is a consequence of a reductive process in which the toxic domain is cleaved from the binding domain by oxidoreductases located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The best known example of type 2 RIPs is ricin. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) was demonstrated to be involved in the process of ricin reduction; however, when PDI is depleted from cell fraction preparations ricin reduction can still take place, indicating that also other oxidoreductases might be implicated in this process. We have investigated the role of TMX, a transmembrane thioredoxin-related protein member of the PDI family, in the cell intoxication operated by type 2 RIPs ricin and abrin. Overexpressing TMX in A549 cells resulted in a dramatic increase of ricin or abrin cytotoxicity compared with control mock-treated cells. Conversely, no difference in cytotoxicity was observed after treatment of A549 cells or control cells with saporin or Pseudomonas exotoxin A whose intracellular mechanism of activation is not dependent upon reduction (saporin) or only partially dependent upon it (Pseudomonas exotoxin A). Moreover, the silencing of TMX in the prostatic cell line DU145 reduced the sensitivity of the cells to ricin intoxication further confirming a role for this enzyme in intracellular ricin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pasetto
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, P. le L. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Bayer H, Ey N, Wattenberg A, Voss C, Berger MR. Purification and characterization of riproximin from Ximenia americana fruit kernels. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 82:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Crystal structures of a type-1 ribosome inactivating protein from Momordica balsamina in the bound and unbound states. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:679-91. [PMID: 22361570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) of type 1 are plant toxins that eliminate adenine base selectively from the single stranded loop of rRNA. We report six crystal structures, type 1 RIP from Momordica balsamina (A), three in complexed states with ribose (B), guanine (C) and adenine (D) and two structures of MbRIP-1 when crystallized with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (E) and 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-dATP) (F). These were determined at 1.67Å, 1.60Å, 2.20Å, 1.70Å, 2.07Å and 1.90Å resolutions respectively. The structures contained, (A) unbound protein molecule, (B) one protein molecule and one ribose sugar, (C) one protein molecule and one guanine base, (D) one protein molecule and one adenine base, (E) one protein molecule and one ATP-product adenine molecule and (F) one protein molecule and one 2'-dATP-product adenine molecule. Three distinct conformations of the side chain of Tyr70 were observed with (i) χ(1)=-66°and χ(2)=165° in structures (A) and (B); (ii) χ(1)=-95° and χ(2)=70° in structures (C), (D) and (E); and (iii) χ(1)=-163° and χ(2)=87° in structure (F). The conformation of Tyr70 in (F) corresponds to the structure of a conformational intermediate. This is the first structure which demonstrates that the slow conversion of DNA substrates by RIPs can be trapped during crystallization.
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147
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Pradhan S, Naik SN, Khan MAI, Sahoo PK. Experimental assessment of toxic phytochemicals in Jatropha curcas: oil, cake, bio-diesel and glycerol. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:511-9. [PMID: 21993892 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha curcas seed is a rich source of oil; however, it can not be utilised for nutritional purposes due to presence of toxic and anti-nutritive compounds. The main objective of the present study was to quantify the toxic phytochemicals present in Indian J. curcas (oil, cake, bio-diesel and glycerol). RESULTS The amount of phorbol esters is greater in solvent extracted oil (2.8 g kg⁻¹) than in expeller oil (2.1 g kg⁻¹). Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of the purified compound from an active extract of oil confirmed the presence of phorbol esters. Similarly, the phorbol esters content is greater in solvent extracted cake (1.1 g kg⁻¹) than in cake after being expelled (0.8 g kg⁻¹). The phytate and trypsin inhibitory activity of the cake was found to be 98 g kg⁻¹ and 8347 TIU g⁻¹ of cake, respectively. Identification of curcin was achieved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the concentration of curcin was 0.95 g L⁻¹ of crude concentrate obtained from cake. CONCLUSION Higher amounts of phorbol esters are present in oil than cake but bio-diesel and glycerol are free of phorbol esters. The other anti-nutritional components such as trypsin inhibitors, phytates and curcin are present in cake, so the cake should be detoxified before being used for animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhalaxmi Pradhan
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
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148
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Abstract
Ricin and Shiga toxins designated as ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are RNA N-glycosidases that depurinate a specific adenine (A₄₃₂₄ in rat 28S rRNA) in the conserved α-sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, inhibiting protein synthesis. Evidence obtained from a number of studies suggests that interaction with ribosomal proteins plays an important role in the catalytic activity and ribosome specificity of RIPs. This review summarizes the recent developments in identification of the ribosomal proteins that interact with ricin and Shiga toxins and the principles governing these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
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149
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Tanpure AA, Patheja P, Srivatsan SG. Label-free fluorescence detection of the depurination activity of ribosome inactivating protein toxins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:501-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc16667k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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150
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Wu W, Sun R. Toxicological studies on plant proteins: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:377-86. [PMID: 22183867 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, toxicological studies are contributing to human health more than ever. Reports on the toxicological studies of plant proteins, which are continuously growing in number in the literature, have been reviewed. Two important aspects are discussed: dietary safety evaluation, including toxicity tests and the maximum daily intake allowance, and the appropriate proportion in our daily diets of proteins from traditional foods and of new proteins from plant sources not traditionally employed as foods. Water hyacinth leaf proteins, sweet lupin proteins and canola proteins have not been shown to be toxic, although they are not traditionally employed as food proteins. These findings are very important for exploiting valuable new protein sources that are suitable for human or animal consumption and applicable to the food industry. Acutely toxic proteins, including lectins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes and glycohydro-lases, have been isolated from plant materials and identified. Their toxicities and molecular characteristics have been described. The toxicity of proteins depends upon their specific native structures. Once they are denatured by appropriate treatment, such as heating, their toxicity can be reduced or even eliminated. These findings indicate that raw materials that contain this kind of toxic protein are not edible. However, after proper processing, they may be suitable for human or animal consumption. Although the toxicities of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins reported by different authors vary, the maximum dosages are still trace amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbiao Wu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 216 Tian Sheng Qiao, Beibei, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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