101
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Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Gu R, Luo Y, Feng C. Loss context enhances preferences for generosity but reduces preferences for honesty: Evidence from a combined behavioural‐computational approach. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Yuzhu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Xingmei Zhou
- Center of Brain Disorder and Cognitive Sciences College of Psychology and Sociology Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science Shenzhen University Center for Emotion and Brain Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience Shenzhen China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yue‐jia Luo
- The State Key Lab of Cognitive and Learning Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University Beijing China
- The Research Center of Brain Science and Visual Cognition Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
- College of Teacher Education Qilu Normal University Jinan China
| | - Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
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102
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Mo T, Sui J, Zhao Y, Zhou X. Moral positive illusion: self–other valuation difference in moral foundation theory. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2134134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiarui Sui
- School of Management, Zhejiang University
| | - Yujie Zhao
- School of Management, Shandong University
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103
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Izzidien A, Fitz S, Romero P, Loe BS, Stillwell D. Developing a sentence level fairness metric using word embeddings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIGITAL HUMANITIES 2022; 5:1-36. [PMID: 36249081 PMCID: PMC9549858 DOI: 10.1007/s42803-022-00049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fairness is a principal social value that is observable in civilisations around the world. Yet, a fairness metric for digital texts that describe even a simple social interaction, e.g., 'The boy hurt the girl' has not been developed. We address this by employing word embeddings that use factors found in a new social psychology literature review on the topic. We use these factors to build fairness vectors. These vectors are used as sentence level measures, whereby each dimension reflects a fairness component. The approach is employed to approximate human perceptions of fairness. The method leverages a pro-social bias within word embeddings, for which we obtain an F1 = 79.8 on a list of sentences using the Universal Sentence Encoder (USE). A second approach, using principal component analysis (PCA) and machine learning (ML), produces an F1 = 86.2. Repeating these tests using Sentence Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (SBERT) produces an F1 = 96.9 and F1 = 100 respectively. Improvements using subspace representations are further suggested. By proposing a first-principles approach, the paper contributes to the analysis of digital texts along an ethical dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Izzidien
- The Psychometrics Centre, Cambridge Judge Business School, The University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1AG UK
| | - Stephen Fitz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter Romero
- Graduate School of Economics, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bao S. Loe
- The Psychometrics Centre, Cambridge Judge Business School, The University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1AG UK
| | - David Stillwell
- The Psychometrics Centre, Cambridge Judge Business School, The University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1AG UK
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104
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Yu H, Contreras-Huerta LS, Prosser AMB, Apps MAJ, Hofmann W, Sinnott-Armstrong W, Crockett MJ. Neural and Cognitive Signatures of Guilt Predict Hypocritical Blame. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:1909-1927. [PMID: 36201792 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221122765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A common form of moral hypocrisy occurs when people blame others for moral violations that they themselves commit. It is assumed that hypocritical blamers act in this manner to falsely signal that they hold moral standards that they do not really accept. We tested this assumption by investigating the neurocognitive processes of hypocritical blamers during moral decision-making. Participants (62 adult UK residents; 27 males) underwent functional MRI scanning while deciding whether to profit by inflicting pain on others and then judged the blameworthiness of others' identical decisions. Observers (188 adult U.S. residents; 125 males) judged participants who blamed others for making the same harmful choice to be hypocritical, immoral, and untrustworthy. However, analyzing hypocritical blamers' behaviors and neural responses shows that hypocritical blame was positively correlated with conflicted feelings, neural responses to moral standards, and guilt-related neural responses. These findings demonstrate that hypocritical blamers may hold the moral standards that they apply to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yu
- Department of Psychology, Yale University.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara
| | - Luis Sebastian Contreras-Huerta
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford.,Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham
| | - Annayah M B Prosser
- Department of Psychology, Yale University.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath
| | - Matthew A J Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford.,Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham
| | | | - Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University.,Department of Philosophy, Duke University.,Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University
| | - Molly J Crockett
- Department of Psychology, Yale University.,Department of Psychology, Princeton University
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105
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Intolerant of being tolerant? Examining the impact of intergroup toleration on relative left frontal activity and outgroup attitudes. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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106
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Li W, Mao Y, Hu B. Will exposure to different consequences of prosocial behavior always lead to subsequent prosocial behavior among adolescents: An experimental study of short videos. Front Psychol 2022; 13:927952. [PMID: 36248583 PMCID: PMC9556875 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between exposure to prosocial media content and prosocial behavior has been extensively explored. However, previous studies mainly explore the effect of prosocial media content exposure by comparing an individual’s exposure to the different types of content (i.e., prosocial content or neutral content), and generally focus on traditional media and video games, with less attention given to the increasingly popular new media platforms. In this study, we explored new dimensions by considering individuals’ exposure to different consequences of the same prosocial behavior (i.e., reward, punishment, or no consequences) in the context of short videos. Drawing upon Social Cognitive Theory and the General Learning Model, this experimental study identified the effect of such exposure on subsequent prosocial behavior among adolescents. We found that compared to the no consequences group, exposure to the reward consequence did not significantly predict moral elevation and subsequent prosocial behavior. Meanwhile, exposure to the punishment consequence had a significantly negative effect on subsequent prosocial behavior via moral elevation. Furthermore, the results revealed that empathy moderated the relationship between moral elevation and prosocial behavior, and moral elevation only positively predicted prosocial behavior among those with low empathy. Theoretically, this study deepens our understanding of the impact of exposure to different consequences of prosocial behavior on adolescents’ subsequent prosocial behavior, and highlights the importance of moral elevation and empathy to understand the underlying mechanism. The study also provides some practical implications for parents and practitioners to nurture prosocial behavior among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wu Li,
| | - Yuanyi Mao
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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107
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Weitz B, Koc Y. The effect of relational status on perceptions of gay disparaging humor. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA lot of popular comedians are known for their transgressive humor towards social groups, but disparagement humor is not just restricted to stages or media performances. We encounter it everywhere or perhaps use it ourselves. In this paper, we were interested in how people react to disparaging jokes (i.e., homophobic jokes) across different relational settings. Adapting Fiske’s relational models theory, we examined how status differences in relationships affect the perception of and cognition about socially disparaging jokes. In Study 1 (N = 77), we piloted seven potentially disparaging jokes about gay men in relation to how they are perceived. In Study 2 (N = 288), using one joke from Study 1, we constructed vignettes manipulating the sexual orientation of the source of the joke in the dyad (i.e., heterosexual, gay, both heterosexual) and their status differences across relational models (i.e., high, equal, and low status). We found that the joke was perceived to be less funny, more offensive, and more morally wrong, and to contain more harm intent if it came from a heterosexual person rather than a gay person. Study 3 (N = 197) used concrete status differences in relationships in terms of existing intergroup dimensions. Results showed that the joke was perceived as more offensive, less acceptable and more morally wrong when it came from a high authority source (e.g., professor rather than a student). Overall, these findings bring the first evidence to link disparagement humor with relational models and show the importance status differences in the perception of disparagement humor.
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108
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Bigelow FJ, Clark GM, Lum JAG, Enticott PG. Moral content influences facial emotion processing development during early-to-middle childhood. Neuropsychologia 2022; 176:108372. [PMID: 36155775 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Facial emotions are often processed in light of moral information, which can assist in predicting and interpreting the intentions of another. Neurophysiological measures of facial emotion processing (FEP) may be sensitive to moral content. Relatively little is known, however, about the relationship between moral content and FEP during early-to-middle childhood, and how this relationship may change across development. Eighty-four children aged 4-12 years completed a task assessing whether child faces primed within the moral harm/care domain influenced face sensitive event-related potentials (ERPs; N170 and LPP). Results demonstrated that N170 amplitude decreased with age for faces primed with positive moral content, whilst LPP amplitude decreased with age for faces primed with negative moral content. Collectively, this suggests that morally relevant content within the harm/care domain is integrated during the early stages of FEP in early-to-middle childhood. Moreover, stronger language ability was positively correlated with the LPP for fearful faces primed with negative moral content. Overall, findings provide novel evidence to suggest that FEP development may be modulated by moral content, and emotion-specific results may be influenced by language. Findings from this research highlight the complex relationship between broader social cognitive skills during child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity J Bigelow
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, Geelong, Australia, 3121.
| | - Gillian M Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, Geelong, Australia, 3121
| | - Jarrad A G Lum
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, Geelong, Australia, 3121
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, Geelong, Australia, 3121
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109
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Wang X. Attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine uptake intent in China: The role of collectivism, interpersonal communication, and the use of news and information websites. CURRENT RESEARCH IN ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 3:100065. [PMID: 36158998 PMCID: PMC9484136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can be an effective way to help prevent COVID-19 infections. However, in the age of "infodemic" and people holding different values, promoting COVID-related prevention can be difficult. Based on a survey of 460 Chinese residents in March 2021, the present analysis aims to provide a detailed understanding of the role of values and information sources on the Chinese's attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines and their vaccination intent. Results revealed that collectivism and the use of mainstream websites were positively associated with value-expressive attitudes, trust toward vaccines, and norms, which in turn predicted vaccination intent. Furthermore, collectivism was negatively associated with attitudes toward inconvenience or minor side effects, whereas interpersonal communication was positively associated with such attitudes. Overall, collectivism appeared to be a much stronger predictor of the Chinese's vaccination intent than the media and interpersonal communication. Although this research was conducted in China, where the pace of mass vaccination was fast, the results can provide insights on what might contribute to the success or failure of a vaccination campaign and be used to compare COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- School of Communication, Rochester Institute of Technology, 92 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, USA
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110
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Does more moral equal less corruption? The different mediation of moral foundations between economic growth and corruption in China. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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111
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Keshmirian A, Hemmatian B, Bahrami B, Deroy O, Cushman F. Diffusion of punishment in collective norm violations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15318. [PMID: 36097011 PMCID: PMC9467972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
People assign less punishment to individuals who inflict harm collectively, compared to those who do so alone. We show that this arises from judgments of diminished individual causal responsibility in the collective cases. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 1002) assigned less punishment to individuals involved in collective actions leading to intentional and accidental deaths, but not failed attempts, emphasizing that harmful outcomes, but not malicious intentions, were necessary and sufficient for the diffusion of punishment. Experiments 2.a compared the diffusion of punishment for harmful actions with 'victimless' purity violations (e.g., eating a dead human's flesh as a group; N = 752). In victimless cases, where the question of causal responsibility for harm does not arise, diffusion of collective responsibility was greatly reduced-an outcome replicated in Experiment 2.b (N = 479). Together, the results are consistent with discounting in causal attribution as the underlying mechanism of reduction in proposed punishment for collective harmful actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Keshmirian
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA. .,Graduate School for Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Faculty of Philosophy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, Munich, Germany.
| | - Babak Hemmatian
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Bahador Bahrami
- Faculty of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Department for Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK.,Centre for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ophelia Deroy
- Faculty of Philosophy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Center for Neuroscience, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
| | - Fiery Cushman
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
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112
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George F. Ethical person-environment fit: An integrative definition, key findings, and a call for future research. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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113
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Koverola M, Kunnari A, Drosinou M, Palomäki J, Hannikainen IR, Jirout Košová M, Kopecký R, Sundvall J, Laakasuo M. Treatments approved, boosts eschewed: Moral limits of neurotechnological enhancement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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114
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Morally questionable actors' meta-perceptions are accurate but overly positive. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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115
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Verhaeghen P, Aikman SN. Police as threat: The influence of race and the summer of Black Lives Matter on implicit and explicit attitudes towards the police. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:3354-3370. [PMID: 35285046 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Police officers partially rely on implicit and explicit stereotypes in their interactions with the public. We investigated if these attitudes are reciprocated, specifically, if people of color implicitly fear police, and whether the events of the summer of 2020 changed the public's attitudes about police. Seven hundred and fifty-nine college students (235 BIPOC) participated, 373 in 2019, 386 in fall 2020. BIPOC participants more readily implicitly associated police officers with threat; implicit police-as-threat scores increased after the summer of 2020 regardless of race. Explicit attitudes showed the same pattern: BIPOC participants had less favorable attitudes of police; participants in Fall 2020 had less favorable attitudes of police. Implicit attitudes were predicted by race, time, the experience of being treated with (dis)respect, and an emphasis on the binding aspect of morality. Explicit attitudes were predicted by the same variables, as well as specific community variables, the moral foundation of individualizing, and implicit attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Verhaeghen
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelley N Aikman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia, USA
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116
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D’Errico F, Corbelli G, Papapicco C, Paciello M. How Personal Values Count in Misleading News Sharing with Moral Content. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12090302. [PMID: 36135106 PMCID: PMC9495345 DOI: 10.3390/bs12090302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the personal factors underlying online sharing of moral misleading news by observing the interaction between personal values, communication bias, credibility evaluations, and moral emotions. Specifically, we hypothesized that self-transcendence and conservation values may differently influence the sharing of misleading news depending on which moral domain is activated and that these are more likely to be shared when moral emotions and perceived credibility increase. In a sample of 132 participants (65% female), we tested SEMs on misleading news regarding violations in five different moral domains. The results suggest that self-transcendence values hinder online sharing of misleading news, while conservation values promote it; moreover, news written with a less blatantly biased linguistic frame are consistently rated as more credible. Lastly, more credible and emotionally activating news is more likely to be shared online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D’Errico
- Department of Education, Psychology and Communication, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Concetta Papapicco
- Department of Education, Psychology and Communication, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy
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117
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Devia CA, Giordano G. A framework to analyze opinion formation models. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13441. [PMID: 35927562 PMCID: PMC9352787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparing model predictions with real data is crucial to improve and validate a model. For opinion formation models, validation based on real data is uncommon and difficult to obtain, also due to the lack of systematic approaches for a meaningful comparison. We introduce a framework to assess opinion formation models, which can be used to determine the qualitative outcomes that an opinion formation model can produce, and compare model predictions with real data. The proposed approach relies on a histogram-based classification algorithm, and on transition tables. The algorithm classifies an opinion distribution as perfect consensus, consensus, polarization, clustering, or dissensus; these qualitative categories were identified from World Values Survey data. The transition tables capture the qualitative evolution of the opinion distribution between an initial and a final time. We compute the real transition tables based on World Values Survey data from different years, as well as the predicted transition tables produced by the French-DeGroot, Weighted-Median, Bounded Confidence, and Quantum Game models, and we compare them. Our results provide insight into the evolution of real-life opinions and highlight key directions to improve opinion formation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Andres Devia
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Giulia Giordano
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
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118
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Jaworski M, Panczyk M, Cieślak I, Baranowska A, Brukało K, Grzebieluch J, Kwaśniewska M, Urbaniak M, Zarzeczna-Baran M, Zyska A, Gotlib J. The role of life skills in developing an authentic leadership attitude in public health students: a multicenter cross-sectional study in Poland. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1485. [PMID: 35927664 PMCID: PMC9354436 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decision-making skills are considered crucial life skills that condition proper social functioning within groups (i.e., support authentic leadership skills and increasing one’s chances of success and wellbeing in life). Nonetheless, the number of scientific papers addressing the role of life skills in developing authentic leadership skills in public health students is limited. The aim of the present study was to develop a theoretical model to determine the role of selected life skills in developing authentic leadership skills in public health students. Methods The study was conducted from January 16 through February 28, 2018. In total, 653 students undertaking in-service training in Master’s degree programs qualified for the study, and complete data sets were obtained from 329 students (response rate 50.38%). The data were collected by means of a paper questionnaire. Four research tools were used in the study: The Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire, The Moral Foundations Questionnaire, The General Self-Efficacy Scale, and The Youth Leadership Life Skills Development Scale. Results Two subgroups were identified among the public health students in the study: 1) the extra life skills training group (N = 113) and 2) the no extra life skills training group (N = 216). Both groups of study participants did not differ significantly in terms of age (M (SD): 25.0 (3.89) vs. 25.0 (3.66); t = 0.068, P = 0.946). On the other hand, clear differences were observed in the case of the respondents’ participation in voluntary service. The respondents from the extra life skills training group declared participation in voluntary activities less frequently than the respondents from the second identified group (48.7 vs. 31.9%). Conclusions A verified theoretical model showed that course aimed at strengthening authentic leadership competences should be modular, should focus on self-improvement and critical reflection, and should be spread over time to enable and encourage each participant to grow and flourish at their own pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Jaworski
- Department of Education and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska Street, 00-581, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Panczyk
- Department of Education and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska Street, 00-581, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ilona Cieślak
- Department of Education and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska Street, 00-581, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Baranowska
- Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Brukało
- Department of Health Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Jolanta Grzebieluch
- Department of Organization and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kwaśniewska
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Law, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marzena Zarzeczna-Baran
- Center of Competence Development, Integrated Care and e-Health, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Academy of Applied Medical and Social Sciences, Elbląg, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Gotlib
- Department of Education and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska Street, 00-581, Warsaw, Poland
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Klebanov B, Katz C. Children's Peritraumatic Responses During Sexual Abuse Incidents: Exploring the Narratives of Children From Different Ethnoreligious Groups in Israel. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP14830-NP14853. [PMID: 33980066 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211016351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The peritraumatic response of children during incidents of child sexual abuse (CSA) is a neglected construct in the literature. Despite the widespread use of the fight-flight-freeze model, recent studies have shown that in the unique context of child abuse, additional peritraumatic responses could be relevant. The current mixed-methods study examined children's peritraumatic responses to CSA. The sample consisted of 249 forensic interviews with children aged from 4 to 13 years. An initial qualitative analysis resulted in identifying various ways in which the children responded to the abuse, the children's decision-making around these responses, as well their perceptions of their response. This analysis was followed by quantitative analyses, which explored the frequency of these peritraumatic responses and their correlation with the characteristics of the children and abuse. Six peritraumatic response categories were identified, the most common being fight, flight, and fear. Only ethnoreligious identity was significantly correlated with the fight-or-flight response, with a significantly lower frequency among Muslim and ultra-Orthodox Jewish children. Frequency of abuse and perpetrator familiarity were correlated with the frequency of the fight-or-flight response, indicating that the latter was less relevant in reoccurring incidents of abuse and with perpetrators who were family members. The findings promote the conceptualization of children's peritraumatic responses during incidents of abuse and the realization of the crucial role of children's ecological systems in their peritraumatic responses to incidents of abuse.
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120
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Tepe B, Karakulak A. Being Watched by God Versus a Third Person: Which Agent Lowers the Perceived Likelihood of Immoral Behaviors? SOCIAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.4.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With three experimental studies using data from young adults living in a highly religious context, namely Turkey (N = 483), the current research examines how being watched by a third person versus God affects the perceived likelihood ratings of harmful versus impure immoral behaviors. We hypothesized that respondents would expect others to more strongly refrain from acting immorally when they believed they were being watched by God compared to a third person, and that this effect would be more pronounced for impure compared to harmful moral transgressions. The God condition was perceived as more effective than the third-person surveillance condition when immoral behaviors were harmful. However, for severe impure transgressions, neither surveillance condition was perceived as effective. We discuss our findings in light of contemporary morality research, outline the role of possible cultural and individual-level boundary conditions, and highlight the scientific and practical contributions of our research to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Tepe
- Department of Psychology, Bahcesehir University
| | - Arzu Karakulak
- Department of Psychology, Bahcesehir University and Istanbul Policy Center, Sabanci University
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121
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Sojoudi S, Jahanitabesh A, Hatami J, Christensen JF. Forty-Eight Classical Moral Dilemmas in Persian Language: A Validation and Cultural Adaptation Study. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND CULTURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Moral dilemmas are a useful tool to investigate empirically, which parameters of a given situation modulate participants’ moral judgment, and in what way.
In an effort to provide moral judgment data from a non-WEIRD culture, we provide the translation and validation of 48 classical moral dilemmas in Persian language. The translated dilemma set was submitted to a validation experiment with N = 82 Iranian participants. The four-factor structure of this dilemma set was confirmed; including Personal Force (Personal, Impersonal), Benefit Recipient (Self, Other), Evitability (Avoidable, Inevitable), and Intentionality (Accidental, Instrumental). When comparing moral judgments of Iranian participants to those of Spanish and Italian participants’ from previous research with the same dilemma set, differences emerged. Iranian participants’ moral judgments were more deontological (i.e., they refrained from harm), than Spanish and Italian participants. Religiosity made participants’ moral judgments more deontological, and also dysphoric mood resulted in a more deontological response style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Sojoudi
- Master’s Student, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies Tehran Iran
| | - Azra Jahanitabesh
- Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, CA USA
| | - Javad Hatami
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Julia F. Christensen
- Senior Researcher, Department for Language and Literature, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics Frankfurt/M Germany
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122
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Howe WT. Existing in Higher Education as a Post-9/11 United States Veteran: Challenges and Opportunities. JOURNAL OF VETERANS STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.21061/jvs.v8i2.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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123
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Stanley ML, Neck CB, Neck CP. Moral recognition for workplace offenses underlies the punitive responses of managers: A functional theoretical approach to morality and punishment. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2097081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Stanley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University
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Influence of Political Ideology on Coping and Personal Protection Practices During the Early Days of the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF POLICY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2022. [PMCID: PMC9283841 DOI: 10.1007/s42972-022-00060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Even prior to COVID-19, it was clear that political ideology was defining experiences and attitudes of Americans. Responses to the societal repercussions brought about by the pandemic quickly seemed to follow the same pattern of difference across the spectrum of political beliefs. This study explores the relationship of political ideology to personal responses to COVID. The present article reports on the results of an online survey in the USA conducted in June 2020 that explored the impact of personal political ideology on individual responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that political ideology was related to the likelihood of respondents following government guidance on personal protective practices. Ideological identification was not a significant predictor of the likelihood to specifically follow guidance from state officials, specifically, when satisfaction with state and federal leaders were controlled for. Differences in responses to COVID, including use of personal protection strategies and coping mechanisms are related to political ideology. Practice and policy should be responsive to these differences.
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125
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Structural pluralism and incivility: comparing patterns of moral foundations and incivility in responses to news posts. ONLINE INFORMATION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/oir-11-2020-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeFocusing on the sociological clarification based on structural pluralism, this study explores the degree to which social media users who comment on the news posts of local newspapers use uncivil remarks and words that reflect their moral foundations.Design/methodology/approachThis computer-assisted data collection produces three types of datasets that include numerous social media comments. To explore the association between moral foundations and incivility, both quadratic association procedure (QAP) and multiple regression QAP (MRQAP) are implemented.FindingsThe findings suggest that social media users who comment on the news posts of urban-located newspapers tend to use more uncivil words compared to social media users who comment on the news posts of suburban and rural-based newspapers. Individuals who comment on the news posts of urban-based newspapers tend to show a wider range of moral foundation spectrums than those who comment on the posts of rural and suburban newspapers. Lastly, there are significant associations between moral-vice components and incivility in response to urban- and suburban-located newspapers' social media posts.Research limitations/implicationsThe employed bag-of-words may not completely capture incivility given that social media users can use nuanced and metaphoric terms instead of explicitly uncivil terms. Even though this study systematically selected local newspapers' social media accounts, the contextual factors of other newspapers in politically slanted communities could be different.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide meaningful and practical implications for journalists and news reporters. The inherent rudeness and aggressiveness of social media users can drive them to use uncivil and moral-harm words against a particular person or group.Social implicationsUnder the circumstance that fake news and politically slanted news content are widely distributed in the United States, social media users may easily express negative emotions toward news stories or the journalists who post the stories.Originality/valueStructural pluralism particularly specializes in explaining why and how the contextual factors of news stories differ depending on community complexity. Building on the reasoning of structural pluralism in the social media context, this study investigates the degree to which social media users who comment on the news posts of local newspapers employ uncivil remarks and moral foundation words.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-11-2020-0522.
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Meristo M, Zeidler H. Cross-cultural differences in early expectations about third party resource distribution. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11627. [PMID: 35804022 PMCID: PMC9270396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research using non-verbal looking-time methods suggests that pre-verbal infants are able to detect inequality in third party resource allocations. However, nothing is known about the emergence of this capacity outside a very narrow Western context. We compared 12- to 20-month-old infants (N = 54) from one Western and two non-Western societies. Swedish infants confirmed the pattern from previous Western samples by looking longer at the unequal distribution, suggesting that they expected the resources to be distributed equally. Samburu infants looked longer at the equal distribution, suggesting an expectation of unequal distribution. The Kikuyu infants looked equally at both distributions, and did not show any specific exactions. These results suggest that expectations of equal distributions in third party allocations are affected by experience of cultural variations of distributive norms and social interaction early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Meristo
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henriette Zeidler
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Lee J, Kralik JD, Kwon J, Jeong J. How ‘who someone is’ and ‘what they did’ influences gossiping about them. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269812. [PMID: 35793315 PMCID: PMC9258836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand, predict, and help correct each other’s actions we need to maintain accurate, up-to-date knowledge of people, and communication is a critical means by which we gather and disseminate this information. Yet the conditions under which we communication social information remain unclear. Testing hypotheses generated from our theoretical framework, we examined when and why social information is disseminated about an absent third party: i.e., gossiped. Gossip scenarios presented to participants (e.g., “Person-X cheated on their exam”) were based on three key factors: (1) target (ingroup, outgroup, or celebrity), (2) valence (positive or negative), and (3) content. We then asked them (a) whether they would spread the information, and (b) to rate it according to subjective valence, ordinariness, interest level, and emotion. For ratings, the scenarios participants chose to gossip were considered to have higher valence (whether positive or negative), to be rarer, more interesting, and more emotionally evocative; thus showing that the paradigm was meaningful to subjects. Indeed, for target, valence, and content, a repeated-measures ANOVA found significant effects for each factor independently, as well as their interactions. The results supported our hypotheses: e.g., for target, more gossiping about celebrities and ingroup members (over strangers); for valence, more about negative events overall, and yet for ingroup members, more positive gossiping; for content, more about moral topics, with yet all domains of social content communicated depending on the situation—context matters, influencing needs. The findings suggest that social knowledge sharing (i.e., gossip) involves sophisticated calculations that require our highest sociocognitive abilities, and provide specific hypotheses for future examination of neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeungmin Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerald D. Kralik
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JDK); (JJ)
| | - Jaehyung Kwon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JDK); (JJ)
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128
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Matook S, Dennis AR, Wang YM. User Comments in Social Media Firestorms: A Mixed-Method Study of Purpose, Tone, and Motivation. J MANAGE INFORM SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07421222.2022.2096546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Matook
- The University of Queensland, UQ Business School, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan R. Dennis
- Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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129
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Grigoryan L, Seo S, Simunovic D, Hofmann W. Helping the ingroup versus harming the outgroup: Evidence from morality-based groups. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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130
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The importance of PEOPLE who use drugs within drug policy reform debates: Findings from the UK Drug Policy Voices online survey. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 105:103711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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131
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Szcześniak M, Świątek AH, Świątek MA, Rodzeń W. Positive downstream indirect reciprocity scale (PoDIRS–6): Construction and psychometric characteristics. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDownstream indirect reciprocity (DIR) is a behavior taking the form of a reaction to an individual’s kindness or reluctance towards a third party. The literature shows that the concept of DIR may be understood in many different systems of assessing an individual’s social exchange, retributive justice, religious belief systems, rudimentary moral systems, and general philosophical treatment, as well as from a natural selection and evolutionary approach. Given the importance of an empirically based examination of DIR, the aim of the current research carried out through Studies 1–5 was fourfold: (a) develop a reliable and psychometrically sound Downstream Indirect Reciprocity Scale (DIRS); (b) establish and examine the factor structure of the DIRS and its statistical properties, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Study 1); (c) assess the relationship between the observed measures and latency factor of DIR through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (Studies 2–5); (d) measure the internal consistency and nomological validity (Studies 2–5). Although the first assumption consisted in constructing a questionnaire that would measure both positive and negative aspects of downstream reciprocity, the outcomes of the EFA and CFA confirmed the final version of the scale that assesses only the positive dimension of DIR (Positive Downstream Indirect Reciprocity Scale; PoDIRS-6). In fact, the EFA showed the one factor structure of the new measure, and the findings of the CFAs indicated that it meets the criteria for good fit. All of the analyses conducted defined a preliminary nomological network of convergent constructs (gratitude, life satisfaction, religiosity, and moral concerns). The PoDIRS-6 is the first scale designed to assess a set of ideas that are expressed in the belief that an individual who has done something good might get help from other people in the future. It is encouraged that a questionnaire be developed which will measure the belief that human actions can be punished or reproved when they are negative and morally bad (Negative Downstream Indirect Reciprocity Scale; NeDIRS).
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132
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van den Berg TGC, Kroesen M, Chorus CG. Why Are General Moral Values Poor Predictors of Concrete Moral Behavior in Everyday Life? A Conceptual Analysis and Empirical Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:817860. [PMID: 35978767 PMCID: PMC9377516 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.817860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Within moral psychology, theories focusing on the conceptualization and empirical measurement of people's morality in terms of general moral values -such as Moral Foundation Theory- (implicitly) assume general moral values to be relevant concepts for the explanation and prediction of behavior in everyday life. However, a solid theoretical and empirical foundation for this idea remains work in progress. In this study we explore this relationship between general moral values and daily life behavior through a conceptual analysis and an empirical study. Our conceptual analysis of the moral value-moral behavior relationship suggests that the effect of a generally endorsed moral value on moral behavior is highly context dependent. It requires the manifestation of several phases of moral decision-making, each influenced by many contextual factors. We expect that this renders the empirical relationship between generic moral values and people's concrete moral behavior indeterminate. Subsequently, we empirically investigate this relationship in three different studies. We relate two different measures of general moral values -the Moral Foundation Questionnaire and the Morality As Cooperation Questionnaire- to a broad set of self-reported morally relevant daily life behaviors (including adherence to COVID-19 measures and participation in voluntary work). Our empirical results are in line with the expectations derived from our conceptual analysis: the considered general moral values are poor predictors of the selected daily life behaviors. Furthermore, moral values that were tailored to the specific context of the behavior showed to be somewhat stronger predictors. Together with the insights derived from our conceptual analysis, this indicates the relevance of the contextual nature of moral decision-making as a possible explanation for the poor predictive value of general moral values. Our findings suggest that the investigation of morality's influence on behavior by expressing and measuring it in terms of general moral values may need revision.
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133
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Lan AGJ, Paraboni I. Text- and author-dependent moral foundations classification. NEW REV HYPERMEDIA M 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13614568.2022.2092655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gwo Jen Lan
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivandré Paraboni
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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134
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Measuring ethical behavior with AI and natural language processing to assess business success. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10228. [PMID: 35715458 PMCID: PMC9205897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Everybody claims to be ethical. However, there is a huge difference between declaring ethical behavior and living up to high ethical standards. In this paper, we demonstrate that “hidden honest signals” in the language and the use of “small words” can show true moral values and behavior of individuals and organizations and that this ethical behavior is correlated to real-world success; however not always in the direction we might expect. Leveraging the latest advances of AI in natural language processing (NLP), we construct three different “tribes” of ethical, moral, and non-ethical people, based on Twitter feeds of people of known high and low ethics and morals: fair and modest collaborators codified as ethical “bees”; hard-working competitive workers as moral “ants”; and selfish, arrogant people as non-ethical “leeches”. Results from three studies involving a total of 49 workgroups and 281 individuals within three different industries (healthcare, business consulting, and higher education) confirm the validity of our model. Associating membership in ethical or unethical tribes with performance, we find that being ethical correlates positively or negatively with success depending on the context.
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135
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Perkins N, Smith P, Chadwick P. Young Children’s Conceptualisations of Kindness: A Thematic Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:909613. [PMID: 35783797 PMCID: PMC9249386 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.909613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is much interest in the development of prosocial behaviour in young children, and many interventions that attempt to cultivate kindness in children, there is a paucity of research exploring children’s lived experiences of kindness and including their voices. In this study, children’s understanding of kindness is approached through qualitative interviews using puppets. Interviews were conducted with 33 children aged 5-6 years in 3 schools in the United Kingdom. Through thematic analysis, 4 themes were developed: (a) doing things for others, (b) relating with others, (c) rules and values, and (d) kindness affects us. These themes are examined in light of current thinking on prosocial and sociomoral development, and several key insights are highlighted, including types of prosocial behaviour, social connection, kindness-by-omission and defending, in-group bias, universal kindness versus personal safety, self-image, and a desire to improve the condition of society. These findings have implications for future research on prosocial development and for the design of kindness-based interventions, as well as providing an ecologically valid method of inquiry for use with young children.
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136
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Haner M, Sloan MM, Graham A, Pickett JT, Cullen FT. Ransomware and the Robin Hood effect?: Experimental evidence on Americans' willingness to support cyber-extortion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 19:1-28. [PMID: 35729977 PMCID: PMC9190457 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-022-09515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Ransomware attacks have become a critical security threat worldwide. However, existing research on ransomware has largely ignored public opinion. This initial study identifies patterns in the American public's support for the use of ransomware, specifically when it is framed to provide benefits to others (i.e., in-group members). Drawing on the Robin Hood decision-making literature and Moral Foundations Theory, we offer theoretical predictions regarding ransomware support. Methods In a survey of 1013 Americans, we embedded a split-ballot experiment in which respondents were randomly assigned to indicate their level of support or opposition to one of two sets of six ransomware scenarios. We manipulated the nationality, authority level, and political affiliation of the actors. Results We find that people are more supportive of ransomware use when the actors are from their own in-group, and the outcomes benefit their in-group members. Also, the more strongly participants endorsed the moral foundations of authority and harm/care, the more supportive they were of the use of ransomware that may benefit others from their in-group. Conclusions These findings suggest political actors may be able to generate public support for morally questionable actions by emphasizing in-group benefits and the Robin Hood nature of an attack (e.g., outcome-based morality).
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137
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Fine RD, Kteily NS, Chen JM, Roberts SO, Ho AK. United we stand? Perceived loyalty of dual nationals, multiracial people, and dual state residents. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221096322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As multiracial children of foreign-born parents, Kamala Harris and Barack Obama embody diversity in politics for many perceivers. Yet some have also questioned their loyalty to their respective groups. We explored perceptions of dual group members’ (DGM; dual nationals, multiracial people, and dual state residents) loyalty among first-party (those who share a group membership with a DGM target) and third-party perceivers (those who do not). Studies 1a–2b showed that first- and third-party perceivers rated DGMs as less loyal than their single group member (SGM) counterparts. However, only first- (Studies 2a–2b) but not third-party (Studies 1a–1b) perceivers preferred SGMs to DGMs for loyalty-dependent roles. Study 3 revealed that perceivers who were higher in patriotism supported DGMs for loyalty-dependent roles less when they were first- (vs. third) party observers. These studies suggest that perceivers readily intuit that DGMs are less loyal than SGMs and, under some conditions, this may lead to discrimination.
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138
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Geraci A. Some considerations for the developmental origin of the principle of fairness. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Geraci
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento Rovereto Italy
- Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area University for Foreigners “Dante Alighieri” of Reggio Calabria Reggio Calabria Italy
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139
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Berniūnas R, Silius V, Dranseika V. Moralization East and West: Moralizing different transgressions among Chinese, Americans, and Lithuanians. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renatas Berniūnas
- Institute of Psychology Institute of Asian and Transcultural Studies Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
- Institute of Asian and Transcultural Studies Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Vytis Silius
- Institute of Asian and Transcultural Studies Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Vilius Dranseika
- Institute of Asian and Transcultural Studies Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
- Institute of Philosophy Faculty of Philosophy Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
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140
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White CJ, Schaller M, Abraham EG, Rottman J. Navigating between punishment, avoidance, and instruction: The form and function of responses to moral violations varies across adult and child transgressors. Cognition 2022; 223:105048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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141
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Verkuyten M, Adelman L, Yogeeswaran K. Intolerance of Transgressive Protest Actions: The Differential Roles of Deontological and Utilitarian Morality. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2022:1461672221099709. [PMID: 35638641 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221099709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current research examines intolerance of protest actions by focusing on two major questions: (a) How intolerant are people of transgressive protest actions of their least-liked versus most-liked groups? and (b) how do individual differences in deontological and utilitarian moral predisposition relate to intolerance of transgressive protest actions by these two groups? In two survey-embedded experiments using nationally representative samples from two West European countries (Germany, Netherlands), we found that people were overwhelmingly intolerant of morally transgressive protest actions by both their most-liked and least-liked groups, although slightly less so for the former. In addition, deontological moral predisposition was related to increased intolerance of protest actions regardless of whether it was committed by a most-liked or least-liked group. Individual difference in utilitarian moral predisposition was related to increased acceptance of protest actions regardless of group, but especially when the actions were perceived as serving the greater good.
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Rios K. Multiculturalism and Colorblindness as Threats to the Self: A Framework for Understanding Dominant and Non-Dominant Group Members' Responses to Interethnic Ideologies. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 26:315-341. [PMID: 35620828 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221093130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both multiculturalism (which involves recognizing and appreciating differences) and racial/ethnic colorblindness (which can involve emphasizing similarities or individual characteristics) are intended to promote intergroup harmony. Nevertheless, these ideologies can backfire when salient. Although this work has sometimes been interpreted to suggest that dominant group members may perceive salient multiculturalism, and non-dominant group members may perceive salient colorblindness, as threatening, it is unclear what about these interethnic ideologies poses a threat and why. The present article draws upon theories of the self-concept to introduce a framework of Multiculturalism and Colorblindness as Threats to the Self. Specifically, it is proposed that multiculturalism (colorblindness) is potentially threatening to dominant (non-dominant) group members' collective, relational, and personal selves. Dispositional and contextual variables that may moderate perceptions of threat among members of dominant and non-dominant groups, alternative interethnic ideologies to multiculturalism and colorblindness, and potential future research directions are discussed.
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Bliuc A, Chidley A. From cooperation to conflict: The role of collective narratives in shaping group behaviour. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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144
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Geraci A, Regolin L, Simion F, Surian L. Infants' preferences for approachers over repulsers shift between 4 and 8 months of age. Aggress Behav 2022; 48:487-499. [PMID: 35560230 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite its adaptive value for social life, the emergence and the development of the ability to detect agents that cause aversive interactions and distinguish them from potentially affiliative agents (approachers) has not been investigated. We presented infants with a simple interaction involving two agents: one of them (the "repulser") moved toward and pushed the other (the "approacher") which reacted by simply moving toward the repulser without contacting it. We found that 8-month-olds (N = 28) looked longer at the approacher than at the repulser (Experiment 1), whereas 4-month-olds (N = 30) exhibited no preference (Experiment 2). To control for low-level cues (such as the preference for the agent that moved after the contact), two new groups of 4- and 8-month-old infants were presented with a series of interactions in which the agents inverted their social roles. Older infants (N = 30) manifested no preference for either agent (Experiment 3), while younger infants (N = 30) looked longer at the first agent to move (Experiment 4). Our results indicated that 8-month-olds' preferences for the approacher over the repulser depended on social information and were finely tuned to agents that display prosocial rather than antisocial behavior. We discuss these findings in light of the development and adaptive value of the ability to negatively evaluate repulsers, to avoid choosing them as partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Geraci
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento Rovereto Italy
| | - Lucia Regolin
- Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Francesca Simion
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Luca Surian
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento Rovereto Italy
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145
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Goudarzi S, Badaan V, Knowles ED. Neoliberalism and the Ideological Construction of Equity Beliefs. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1431-1451. [PMID: 35536556 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211053311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Researchers across disciplines, including psychology, have sought to understand how people evaluate the fairness of resource distributions. Equity, defined as proportionality of rewards to merit, has dominated the conceptualization of distributive justice in psychology; some scholars have cast it as the primary basis on which distributive decisions are made. The present article acts as a corrective to this disproportionate emphasis on equity. Drawing on findings from different subfields, we argue that people possess a range of beliefs about how valued resources should be allocated-beliefs that vary systematically across developmental stages, relationship types, and societies. By reinvigorating notions of distributive justice put forth by the field's pioneers, we further argue that prescriptive beliefs concerning resource allocation are ideological formations embedded in socioeconomic and historical contexts. Fairness beliefs at the micro level are thus shaped by those beliefs' macro-level instantiations. In a novel investigation of this process, we consider neoliberalism, the globally dominant socioeconomic model of the past 40 years. Using data from more than 160 countries, we uncover evidence that neoliberal economic structures shape equity-based distributive beliefs at the individual level. We conclude by advocating an integrative approach to the study of distributive justice that bridges micro- and macro-level analyses.
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Arhiri L, Gherman MA, Holman AC. A Person-Centered Approach to Moralization-The Case of Vaping. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095628. [PMID: 35565020 PMCID: PMC9101583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Using e-cigarettes for smoking cessation is a controversial topic among health experts. Evidence suggests that vaping might have been moralized among the general public. Despite the detrimental consequences of moralizing health behaviors on social cohesion and health, some argue for using moralization strategically to prevent and combat vaping. We aim to add to the body of literature showing the dangers of moralization in health by proposing a person-centered approach to the moralization of anti-vaping attitudes. Our cross-sectional survey explores the moralization of anti-vaping attitudes and its predictors on a convenience sample of 348 Romanian never-vapers, before the final vote to severely restrict vaping. By fitting a hierarchical regression model on our data, we found support for a unique contribution of negative prototypes (β = 0.13) and opinions of vapers (β = 0.08) in predicting moralization, with significant contributions of piggybacking on moralized self-control, on moralized attitudes toward smoking and on sanctity/degradation, disgust, anger, harm to children, and gender. Together, these variables explained 56% of the variance of the moralization of anti-vaping attitudes. Our findings add to our knowledge of motivated moralization and advise against using moralization in health, suggesting that people may weaponize it to legitimize group dislike.
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Di Santo D, Pierro A, Ellenberg M, Baldner C, Kruglanski AW. By all means necessary: Closed mindedness, ingroup morality and weapon ownership. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Di Santo
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Antonio Pierro
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Molly Ellenberg
- Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Conrad Baldner
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Arie W. Kruglanski
- Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
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Horský J. “Black CNN”: Cultural Transmission of Moral Norms through Narrative Art. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND CULTURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12340130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent debates in moral psychology and literary Darwinism, several authors suggested that narrative art plays a significant role in the process of the social learning of moral norms, functioning as storage of locally salient moral information. However, an integrative view, which would help explain the inner workings of this morally educative function of narrative art, is still lacking. This paper provides such a unifying theoretical account by bringing together insights from moral psychology (concerning the non-reflective nature of moral cognition), educational sciences (concerning different types of settings and methods of moral learning), cognitive/evolutionary narratology (concerning how easy narrative art lends itself to the transmission of moral information), and cultural evolution (concerning different types of learning strategies/biases in relation to narrative art). A study of contemporary American rap music is included to showcase the benefits of this integrative approach in the context of one particular type of narrative art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Horský
- Ph.D. Researcher, LEVYNA Laboratory for the Experimental Research of Religion, Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- Ph.D. Researcher, Department for the Study of Religions, Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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Huang J, Yang JZ, Chu H. Framing Climate Change Impacts as Moral Violations: The Pathway of Perceived Message Credibility. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095210. [PMID: 35564601 PMCID: PMC9104518 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has been increasingly discussed in moral terms in public discourse. Despite the growing body of research on the effectiveness of moral frames in bridging the ideological divide, few studies have examined the role that perceived credibility, an important element of any persuasive appeal, plays in facilitating the framing effect. With the objective of further understanding how moral frames may engage individuals with different ideologies in climate change and refining climate change messaging strategies, two experimental surveys were conducted to examine the effects of moral violation frames on climate engagement. Specifically, a moderated mediation model was tested. The model posits that message credibility mediates the relationship between moral frames and policy support, as well as the relationship between moral frames and behavior intention. Moreover, political ideology moderated the indirect effects of message credibility. Based on moral foundations theory, seven messages were designed to activate individualizing and binding moral foundations. The results indicated that credibility consistently mediated the effects of the moral violation frame on climate engagement and that liberal-leaning individuals were more likely to perceive an individualizing frame as more credible than a binding frame. However, this difference was smaller among conservative-leaning individuals, with evidence for this moderated mediation model found only for policy support among college students. This study suggests that credibility is key for effective moral violations arguments of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Huang
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Janet Z. Yang
- Department of Communication, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 329 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Haoran Chu
- College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Mobayed T, Sanders JG. Moral Foundational Framing and Its Impact on Attitudes and Behaviours. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12050118. [PMID: 35621415 PMCID: PMC9137563 DOI: 10.3390/bs12050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This preregistered, randomized controlled experiment attempts to distil the effects of Moral Foundational Framing on attitudes and behaviours towards refugees in the UK. First, moral foundations were found to robustly predict both attitudes and behaviours practised towards refugees. Next, a degree of support was found for the effectiveness of moral foundational framing in adjusting attitudes, but not behaviour, toward refugees in the UK. Individuals who scored highly on certain morals were susceptible to influence by moral foundational framing, but not always in ways that may have been expected. We conclude that the robust relationship found between moral foundations and attitudes towards refugees stresses the importance of actively shaping moral foundations. This notion is strengthened by the comparatively less robust effects of framing. Findings could be used to inform the practice of individuals interested in influencing opinion and behaviour, particularly in support of refugee acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Mobayed
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 3PH, UK;
- Wolfson College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6UD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jet G. Sanders
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 3PH, UK;
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