101
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Applying quality by design to glycoprotein therapeutics: experimental and computational efforts of process control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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102
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Abnormal glycosylation of serum IgG from patients with ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis: Relation to disease activity. Presse Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.02.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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103
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Dall’Olio F, Vanhooren V, Chen CC, Slagboom PE, Wuhrer M, Franceschi C. N-glycomic biomarkers of biological aging and longevity: a link with inflammaging. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:685-98. [PMID: 22353383 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a frequent co/post-translational modification of proteins which modulates a variety of biological functions. The analysis of N-glycome, i.e. the sugar chains N-linked to asparagine, identified new candidate biomarkers of aging such as N-glycans devoid of galactose residues on their branches, in a variety of human and experimental model systems, such as healthy old people, centenarians and their offspring and caloric restricted mice. These agalactosylated biantennary structures mainly decorate Asn297 of Fc portion of IgG (IgG-G0), and are present also in patients affected by progeroid syndromes and a variety of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. IgG-G0 exert a pro-inflammatory effect through different mechanisms, including the lectin pathway of complement, binding to Fcγ receptors and formation of autoantibody aggregates. The age-related accumulation of IgG-G0 can contribute to inflammaging, the low-grade pro-inflammatory status that characterizes elderly, by creating a vicious loop in which inflammation is responsible for the production of aberrantly glycosylated IgG which, in turn, would activate the immune system, exacerbating inflammation. Moreover, recent data suggest that the N-glycomic shift observed in aging could be related not only to inflammation but also to alteration of important metabolic pathways. Thus, altered N-glycans are both powerful markers of aging and possible contributors to its pathogenesis.
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104
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Einarsdottir HK, Selman MHJ, Kapur R, Scherjon S, Koeleman CAM, Deelder AM, van der Schoot CE, Vidarsson G, Wuhrer M. Comparison of the Fc glycosylation of fetal and maternal immunoglobulin G. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:147-57. [PMID: 22572841 PMCID: PMC3552368 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules are composed of two Fab portions and one Fc portion. The glycans attached to the Fc portions of IgG are known to modulate its biological activity as they influence interaction with both complement and various cellular Fc receptors. IgG glycosylation changes significantly with pregnancy, showing a vast increase in galactosylation and sialylation and a concomitant decrease in the incidence of bisecting GlcNAc. Maternal IgGs are actively transported to the fetus by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta, providing the fetus and newborn with immunological protection. Two earlier reports described significant differences in total glycosylation between fetal and maternal IgG, suggesting a possible glycosylation-selective transport via the placenta. These results might suggest an alternative maternal transport pathway, since FcRn binding to IgG does not depend on Fc-glycosylation. These early studies were performed by releasing N-glycans from total IgG. Here, we chose for an alternative approach analyzing IgG Fc glycosylation at the glycopeptide level in an Fc-specific manner, providing glycosylation profiles for IgG1 and IgG4 as well as combined Fc glycosylation profiles of IgG2 and 3. The analysis of ten pairs of fetal and maternal IgG samples revealed largely comparable Fc glycosylation for all the analyzed subclasses. Average levels of galactosylation, sialylation, bisecting GlcNAc and fucosylation were very similar for the fetal and maternal IgGs. Our data suggest that the placental IgG transport is not Fc glycosylation selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga K. Einarsdottir
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice H. J. Selman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Kapur
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sicco Scherjon
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien A. M. Koeleman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André M. Deelder
- Department of Parasitology, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Department of Parasitology, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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105
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Baković MP, Selman MHJ, Hoffmann M, Rudan I, Campbell H, Deelder AM, Lauc G, Wuhrer M. High-Throughput IgG Fc N-Glycosylation Profiling by Mass Spectrometry of Glycopeptides. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:821-31. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300887z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Pučić Baković
- Laboratory
of Glycobiology, Genos Ltd., Planinska
1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maurice H. J. Selman
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Hoffmann
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106
Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre
for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre
for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - André M. Deelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Laboratory
of Glycobiology, Genos Ltd., Planinska
1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1,
10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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106
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Zauner G, Selman MHJ, Bondt A, Rombouts Y, Blank D, Deelder AM, Wuhrer M. Glycoproteomic analysis of antibodies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:856-65. [PMID: 23325769 PMCID: PMC3617332 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r112.026005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody glycosylation has been shown to change with various processes. This review presents mass spectrometric approaches for antibody glycosylation analysis at the level of released glycans, glycopeptides, and intact protein. With regard to IgG fragment crystallizable glycosylation, mass spectrometry has shown its potential for subclass-specific, high-throughput analysis. In contrast, because of the vast heterogeneity of peptide moieties, fragment antigen binding glycosylation analysis of polyclonal IgG relies entirely on glycan release. Next to IgG, IgA has gained some attention, and studies of its O- and N-glycosylation have revealed disease-associated glycosylation changes. Glycoproteomic analyses of IgM and IgE are lagging behind but should complete our picture of glycosylation's influence on antibody function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild Zauner
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Postbus 9600, 2300RC Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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107
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Quantitative glycan profiling of normal human plasma derived immunoglobulin and its fragments Fab and Fc. J Immunol Methods 2012; 382:167-76. [PMID: 22683540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Typical clinical grade human IgG (intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG), used for carbohydrate analysis, is derived from thousands of healthy donors. Quantitative high-resolution glycan profiles of IgG and its Fc-Fab fragments are presented here. Glycan profiles were established following digestions with Fc specific endoglycosidase S and generic PNGase F under denaturing and non-denaturing (native) conditions. The native PNGase F glycan profile of IgG was similar (but not identical) to that of Endo S. Endo S profiles did not contain the glycans with bisecting GlcNAc. PNGase F glycan profiles were the same for Fc fragments that were isolated from pepsin and Ide S protease digests. Both isolated Fab fragments and the previously deglycosylated IVIG (native conditions) yielded the same glycan profile. Glycan profiles were established using high resolution HPLC with 2-aminobenzoic acid (2AA) labeling. An accurate determination of sialylation levels can be made by this method. Carbohydrate content in Fc and Fab was determined using an internal standard and corrected for both protein and glycan recoveries. Fab portion contained about 14% of the total carbohydrate which translates to 2.3 sugar chains per mol in IVIG where 2 chains are located in the CH2 domain of the Fc. Fc glycans consisted of neutral (N) 84.5%; mono-sialylated (S1) 15% and di-sialylated (S2) 0.5%. In contrast, Fab contained N, 21%; S1, 43% and S2, 36%. The distribution of bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and fucose was found to be very different in various glycans (N, S1 and S2) found in Fab and Fc. Total IgG glycan profile (Fab plus Fc) contained N, 78.5%; S1, 17% and S2, 4.5%. Percent distribution of glycans G0, G1 and G2 (with 0, 1 and 2 two galactoses) was 26, 49 and 25 respectively within the 78% of the neutral glycans. Glycan profiles were nearly the same for various clinical grade IVIG preparations from various manufacturers. A fast HPLC profiling method was developed for the separation and quantitation of IgG glycans (neutral (G0, G1, and G2), mono- and di-sialylated) using simple procedures. The method should prove useful for monitoring glycan changes in clinical settings.
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108
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Acchione M, Kwon H, Jochheim CM, Atkins WM. Impact of linker and conjugation chemistry on antigen binding, Fc receptor binding and thermal stability of model antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2012; 4:362-72. [PMID: 22531451 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.19449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with biotin as a model cargo tethered to IgG1 mAbs via different linkers and conjugation methods were prepared and tested for thermostability and ability to bind target antigen and Fc receptor. Most conjugates demonstrated decreased thermostability relative to unconjugated antibody, based on DSC, with carbohydrate and amine coupled ADCs showing the least effect compared with thiol coupled conjugates. A strong correlation between biotin-load and loss of stability is observed with thiol conjugation to one IgG scaffold, but the stability of a second IgG scaffold is relatively insensitive to biotin load. The same correlation for amine coupling was less significant. Binding of antibody to antigen and Fc receptor was investigated using surface plasmon resonance. None of the conjugates exhibited altered antigen affinity. Fc receptor FcγIIb (CD32b) interactions were investigated using captured antibody conjugate. Protein G and Protein A, known inhibitors of Fc receptor (FcR) binding to IgG, were also used to extend the analysis of the impact of conjugation on Fc receptor binding. H10NPEG4 was the only conjugate to show significant negative impact to FcR binding, which is likely due to higher biotin-load compared with the other ADCs. The ADC aHISNLC and aHISTPEG8 demonstrated some loss in affinity for FcR, but to much lower extent. The general insensitivity of target binding and effector function of the IgG1 platform to conjugation highlight their utility. The observed changes in thermostability require consideration for the choice of conjugation chemistry, depending on the system being pursued and particular application of the conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Acchione
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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109
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Jefferis R. Isotype and glycoform selection for antibody therapeutics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:159-66. [PMID: 22465822 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We live in a hostile environment but are protected by the innate and adaptive immune system. A major component of the latter is mediated by antibody molecules that bind to pathogens, with exquisite specificity, and the immune complex formed activates cellular mechanisms leading to the removal and destruction of the complex. Five classes of antibody are identified; however, the IgG class predominates in serum and a majority of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics are based on the IgG format. Selection within the antibody repertoire allows the generation of (mAb) having specificity for any selected target, including human antigens. This review focuses on the structure and function of the Fc region of IgG molecules that mediates biologic functions, within immune complexes, by interactions with cellular Fc receptors (FcγR) and/or the C1q component of complement. A property of IgG that is suited to its use as a therapeutic is the long catabolic half life of ~21 days, mediated through the structurally distinct neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Our understanding of structure/function relationships is such that we can contemplate engineering the IgG-Fc to enhance or eliminate biologic activities to generate therapeutics considered optimal for a given disease indication. There are four subclasses of human IgG that exhibit high sequence homology but a unique profile of biologic activities. The FcγR and the C1q binding functions are dependent on glycosylation of the IgG-Fc. Normal human serum IgG is comprised of multiple glycoforms and biologic activities, other than catabolism, varies between glycoforms.
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110
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Böhm S, Schwab I, Lux A, Nimmerjahn F. The role of sialic acid as a modulator of the anti-inflammatory activity of IgG. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:443-53. [PMID: 22437760 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules can have two completely opposing activities. They can be very potent pro-inflammatory mediators on the one hand, directing the effector functions of the innate immune system towards infected cells, tumor cells or healthy tissues in the case of autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, a mixture of IgG molecules purified from the blood of ten thousands of healthy donors is used as an anti-inflammatory treatment for many autoimmune diseases since several decades. It has become evident only recently that certain residues in the sugar moiety attached to the IgG constant fragment can dramatically alter the pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of IgG. This review will focus on sialic acid residues as a modulator of the anti-inflammatory activity and provide an overview of situations where serum IgG glycosylation and sialylation is altered and which molecular and cellular pathways may be involved in this immunomodulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Böhm
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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111
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Influence of variable domain glycosylation on anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies and anti-glomerular basement membrane autoantibodies. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:10. [PMID: 22404873 PMCID: PMC3324382 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathophysiological significance of variable region glycosylation of autoantibodies is still unclear. In the current study, the influence of the variable region N-linked oligosaccharides on the reactivity of three autoantibody specificities was investigated with Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), which mainly binds to oligosaccharides with terminal α2, 6-linked sialic acid on the variable region of IgG. Methods Twenty-seven patients with serum positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) against myeploperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase 3 (PR3), or autoantibodies against glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were included. Total IgG was isolated and separated into non-SNA-binding and SNA-binding fractions with SNA affinity chromatography. Antigen-specific IgG was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. Results At the same concentration of IgG, the antigen binding level of non-SNA-binding IgG was significantly lower than that of SNA-binding IgG for MPO-ANCA (absorbance value at 405 nm, 0.572 ± 0.590 vs. 0.962 ± 0.670, P < 0.001) and for PR3-ANCA (0.362 ± 0.530 vs. 0.560 ± 0.531, P = 0.003). The antigen binding level of non-SNA-binding IgG was significantly higher than that of SNA-binding IgG for anti-GBM antibodies (1.301 ± 0.594 vs. 1.172 ± 0.583, P = 0.044). The level of variable region glycosylation of total IgG was significantly lower than that of affinity-purified MPO-ANCA (1.021 ± 0.201 vs. 1.434 ± 0.134, P = 0.004). The level of variable region glycosylation of total IgG was significantly higher than that of affinity-purified anti-GBM antibodies (1.034 ± 0.340 vs. 0.734 ± 0.333, P = 0.007). The SNA-binding fraction of MPO-ANCA-containing IgG and PR3-ANCA-containing IgG induced higher levels of neutrophil oxygen radical production than the corresponding non-SNA-binding fractions (P < 0.001 and P = 0.043, respectively). The level of variable region glycosylation of affinity-purified MPO-ANCA was higher in active AAV than the same patients in remission (P = 0.001). Conclusion Characteristics of variable region glycosylation of ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies were different from that of total IgG, which might influence the antigen-binding ability of these antibodies. Variable region glycosylation of ANCA might influence the effect of ANCA-induced neutrophils respiratory burst.
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112
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Padet L, St-Amour I, Aubin É, Bazin R. Neutralization of mitogenic lectins by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) prevents T cell activation: does IVIg really have a direct effect on T cells? Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 166:352-60. [PMID: 22059993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is used for the treatment of an increasing number of autoimmune diseases. Clinical observations on IVIg-treated patients have revealed a modulation of T cell populations and functions in these patients. In vitro studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of IVIg on T cells led to the conclusion that IVIg directly affected lectin-activated T cell functions. However, more recent studies have suggested the absence of a direct effect of IVIg on T cells. In the present work, we revisited the effect of IVIg on T cells using lectin-stimulated human T cells and showed that IVIg inhibited T cell functions only when added simultaneously with the activating lectin. Further, we showed that IVIg depleted from lectin-reactive IgG was no longer inhibitory, suggesting that the effect of IVIg on T cells was the consequence of lectin neutralization, possibly by interaction with glycans present in F(ab')(2) portion of IgG molecules. Our results challenge the previously widely accepted notion that IVIg exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by acting directly on T cells and suggest that effects of IVIg observed in treated patients are rather a consequence of the recently reported inhibitory effect of IVIg on antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Padet
- Department of Research and Development, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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113
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Jimenez del Val I, Nagy JM, Kontoravdi C. A dynamic mathematical model for monoclonal antibody N-linked glycosylation and nucleotide sugar donor transport within a maturing Golgi apparatus. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1730-43. [PMID: 21956887 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most important products of the biopharmaceutical industry. Their therapeutic efficacy depends on the post-translational process of glycosylation, which is influenced by manufacturing process conditions. Herein, we present a dynamic mathematical model for mAb glycosylation that considers cisternal maturation by approximating the Golgi apparatus to a plug flow reactor and by including recycling of Golgi-resident proteins (glycosylation enzymes and transport proteins [TPs]). The glycosylation reaction rate expressions were derived based on the reported kinetic mechanisms for each enzyme, and transport of nucleotide sugar donors [NSDs] from the cytosol to the Golgi lumen was modeled to serve as a link between glycosylation and cellular metabolism. Optimization-based methodologies were developed for estimating unknown enzyme and TP concentration profile parameters. The resulting model is capable of reproducing glycosylation profiles of commercial mAbs. It can further reproduce the effect gene silencing of the FucT glycosylation enzyme and cytosolic NSD depletion have on the mAb oligosaccharide profile. All novel elements of our model are based on biological evidence and generate more accurate results than previous reports. We therefore believe that the improvements contribute to a more detailed representation of the N-linked glycosylation process. The overall results show the potential of our model toward evaluating cell engineering strategies that yield desired glycosylation profiles. Additionally, when coupled to cellular metabolism, this model could be used to assess the effect of process conditions on glycosylation and aid in the design, control, and optimization of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioscani Jimenez del Val
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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114
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Pucić M, Knezević A, Vidic J, Adamczyk B, Novokmet M, Polasek O, Gornik O, Supraha-Goreta S, Wormald MR, Redzić I, Campbell H, Wright A, Hastie ND, Wilson JF, Rudan I, Wuhrer M, Rudd PM, Josić D, Lauc G. High throughput isolation and glycosylation analysis of IgG-variability and heritability of the IgG glycome in three isolated human populations. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.010090. [PMID: 21653738 PMCID: PMC3205872 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All immunoglobulin G molecules carry N-glycans, which modulate their biological activity. Changes in N-glycosylation of IgG associate with various diseases and affect the activity of therapeutic antibodies and intravenous immunoglobulins. We have developed a novel 96-well protein G monolithic plate and used it to rapidly isolate IgG from plasma of 2298 individuals from three isolated human populations. N-glycans were released by PNGase F, labeled with 2-aminobenzamide and analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography with fluorescence detection. The majority of the structural features of the IgG glycome were consistent with previous studies, but sialylation was somewhat higher than reported previously. Sialylation was particularly prominent in core fucosylated glycans containing two galactose residues and bisecting GlcNAc where median sialylation level was nearly 80%. Very high variability between individuals was observed, approximately three times higher than in the total plasma glycome. For example, neutral IgG glycans without core fucose varied between 1.3 and 19%, a difference that significantly affects the effector functions of natural antibodies, predisposing or protecting individuals from particular diseases. Heritability of IgG glycans was generally between 30 and 50%. The individual's age was associated with a significant decrease in galactose and increase of bisecting GlcNAc, whereas other functional elements of IgG glycosylation did not change much with age. Gender was not an important predictor for any IgG glycan. An important observation is that competition between glycosyltransferases, which occurs in vitro, did not appear to be relevant in vivo, indicating that the final glycan structures are not a simple result of competing enzymatic activities, but a carefully regulated outcome designed to meet the prevailing physiological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Pucić
- Genos Ltd., Glycobiology Division, Planinska 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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115
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Jefferis R. The antibody paradigm: present and future development as a scaffold for biopharmaceutical drugs. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2011; 26:1-42. [PMID: 21415874 DOI: 10.5661/bger-26-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early studies of the humoral immune response revealed an apparent paradox: an infinite diversity of antibody specificities encoded within a finite genome. In consequence antibodies became a focus of interest for biochemists and geneticists. It resulted in the elucidation of the basic structural unit, the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, comprised of ~ 100 amino acid residues that generate the characteristic "immunoglobulin (Ig) fold". The Ig fold has an anti-parallel ß-pleated sheet (barrel) structure that affords structural stability whilst the ß-bends allow for essentially infinite structural variation and functional diversity. This versatility is reflected in the Ig domain being the most widely utilised structural unit within the proteome. Human antibodies are comprised of multiple Ig domains and their structural diversity may be enhanced through the attachment of oligosaccharides. This review summarizes our current understanding of the immunoglobulin structure/function relationships and the application of protein and oligosaccharide engineering to further develop the Ig domain as a scaffold for the generation of new and novel antibody based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Jefferis
- School of Immunity and Infection, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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116
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Bioconjugation using mutant glycosyltransferases for the site-specific labeling of biomolecules with sugars carrying chemical handles. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 751:281-96. [PMID: 21674337 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-151-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents a technique that employs mutant glycosyltransferase enzymes for the site-specific bioconjugation of biomolecules via a glycan moiety to facilitate the development of a targeted drug delivery system. The target specificity of this methodology is based on unique sugar residues that are present on glycoproteins or engineered glycopeptides. The glycosyltransferases used in this approach have been manipulated in a way that confers the ability to transfer a modified sugar residue with a chemical handle to a sugar moiety of the glycoprotein or to a polypeptide tag of an engineered nonglycoprotein. The availability of the modified sugar moiety thus makes it possible to link cargo molecules at specific sites. The cargo may be comprised of, for example, biotin or fluorescent tags for detection, imaging agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or cytotoxic drugs for cancer therapy.
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117
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del Val IJ, Kontoravdi C, Nagy JM. Towards the implementation of quality by design to the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with desired glycosylation patterns. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1505-27. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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118
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Ercan A, Cui J, Chatterton DE, Deane KD, Hazen MM, Brintnell W, O’Donnell CI, Derber LA, Weinblatt ME, Shadick NA, Bell DA, Cairns E, Solomon DH, Holers VM, Rudd PM, Lee DM. Aberrant IgG galactosylation precedes disease onset, correlates with disease activity, and is prevalent in autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2010; 62:2239-48. [PMID: 20506563 PMCID: PMC4118465 DOI: 10.1002/art.27533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between aberrant IgG galactosylation and disease parameters in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Analysis of N-glycan in serum samples from multiple cohorts was performed. The IgG N-glycan content and the timing of N-glycan aberrancy relative to disease onset were compared in healthy subjects and in patients with RA. Correlations between aberrant galactosylation and disease activity were assessed in the RA cohorts. The impact of disease activity, sex, age, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody titer, disease duration, and C-reactive protein level on aberrant galactosylation was determined using multivariate analysis. The N-glycan content was also compared between epitope affinity-purified autoantibodies and the remaining IgG repertoire in RA patients. RESULTS Our results confirm the aberrant galactosylation of IgG in RA patients as compared with healthy controls (mean +/- SD 1.36 +/- 0.43 versus 1.01 +/- 0.23; P < 0.0001). We observed a significant correlation between levels of aberrant IgG galactosylation and disease activity (Spearman's rho = 0.37, P < 0.0001). This correlation was higher in women (Spearman's rho = 0.60, P < 0.0001) than in men (Spearman's rho = 0.16, P = 0.10). Further, aberrant IgG galactosylation substantially predated the onset of arthritis and the diagnosis of RA (3.5 years) and resided selectively in the anticitrullinated antigen fraction. CONCLUSION Our findings identify aberrant IgG galactosylation as a dysregulated component of the humoral immune response in RA that begins prior to disease onset, associates with disease activity in a sex-specific manner, and resides preferentially in autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altan Ercan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jing Cui
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dereck E.W. Chatterton
- Dublin–Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - William Brintnell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Western Ontario, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin I. O’Donnell
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lezlie A. Derber
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael E. Weinblatt
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nancy A. Shadick
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David A. Bell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Western Ontario, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ewa Cairns
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Western Ontario, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel H. Solomon
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- Dublin–Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David M. Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Matson AP, Thrall RS, Rafti E, Lingenheld EG, Puddington L. IgG transmitted from allergic mothers decreases allergic sensitization in breastfed offspring. Clin Mol Allergy 2010; 8:9. [PMID: 20626874 PMCID: PMC2914046 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism(s) responsible for the reduced risk of allergic disease in breastfed infants are not fully understood. Using an established murine model of asthma, we demonstrated previously that resistance to allergic airway disease transmitted from allergic mothers to breastfed offspring requires maternal B cell-derived factors. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of offspring neonatal Fc receptor for IgG uptake by intestinal epithelial cells (FcRn) in this breast milk transferred protection from allergy. METHODS Allergic airway disease was induced during pregnancy in C57BL/6 female mice. These allergic mothers foster nursed naive FcRn+/- or FcRn-/- progeny born to FcRn+/- females that were mated to C57BL/6J-FcRn-/- male mice. In offspring deficient in FcRn, we expected reduced levels of systemic allergen-specific IgG1, a consequence of decreased absorption of maternal IgG from the lumen of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Using this model, we were able to investigate how breast milk IgG affected offspring responses to allergic sensitization. RESULTS Levels of maternal antibodies absorbed from the breast milk of allergic foster mothers were determined in weanling FcRn-sufficient or -deficient mice. Maternal transmission of allergen-specific IgG1 to breastfed FcRn-/- offspring was at levels 103-104 lower than observed in FcRn+/- or FcRn+/+ mice. Five weeks after weaning, when offspring were 8 wk old, mice were sensitized and challenged to evaluate their susceptibility to develop allergic airway disease. Protection, indicated by reduced parameters of disease (allergen-specific IgE in serum, eosinophilic inflammation in the airways and lung) were evident in FcRn-sufficient mice nursed as neonates by allergic mothers. In contrast, FcRn-deficient mice breastfed by the same mothers acquired limited, if any, protection from development of allergen-specific IgE and associated pathology. CONCLUSIONS FcRn expression was a major factor in determining how breastfed offspring of allergic mothers acquired levels of systemic allergen-specific IgG1 sufficient to inhibit allergic sensitization in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Matson
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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120
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Scherer HU, van der Woude D, Ioan-Facsinay A, el Bannoudi H, Trouw LA, Wang J, Häupl T, Burmester GR, Deelder AM, Huizinga TWJ, Wuhrer M, Toes REM. Glycan profiling of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies isolated from human serum and synovial fluid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1620-9. [PMID: 20178128 DOI: 10.1002/art.27414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) exhibit unique specificity for rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is incompletely understood whether and how ACPA contribute to disease pathogenesis. The Fc part of human IgG carries 2 N-linked glycan moieties that are crucial for the structural stability of the antibody and that modulate both its binding affinity to Fcgamma receptors and its ability to activate complement. We undertook this study to analyze Fc glycosylation of IgG1 ACPA in serum and synovial fluid (SF) in order to further characterize the immune response to citrullinated antigens. METHODS ACPA were isolated by affinity purification using cyclic citrullinated peptides as antigen. IgG1 Fc glycosylation was analyzed by mass spectrometry. ACPA IgG1 glycan profiles were compared with glycan profiles of total serum IgG1 obtained from 85 well-characterized patients. Glycan profiles of paired SF and serum samples were available from 11 additional patients. RESULTS Compared with the pool of serum IgG1, ACPA IgG1 lacked terminal sialic acid residues. In SF, ACPA were highly agalactosylated and lacked sialic acid residues, a feature that was not detected for total SF IgG1. Moreover, differential ACPA glycan profiles were detected in rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive and RF-negative patients. CONCLUSION ACPA IgG1 exhibit a specific Fc-linked glycan profile that is distinct from that of total serum IgG1. Moreover, Fc glycosylation of ACPA differs markedly between SF and serum. Since Fc glycosylation directly affects the recruitment of Fc-mediated effector mechanisms, these data could further our understanding of the contribution of ACPA to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans U Scherer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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121
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van Timmeren MM, van der Veen BS, Stegeman CA, Petersen AH, Hellmark T, Collin M, Heeringa P. IgG glycan hydrolysis attenuates ANCA-mediated glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:1103-14. [PMID: 20448018 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009090984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) directed against myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (Pr3) are considered pathogenic in ANCA-associated necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis (NCGN) and vasculitis. Modulation of ANCA IgG glycosylation may potentially reduce its pathogenicity by abolishing Fc receptor-mediated activation of leukocytes and complement. Here, we investigated whether IgG hydrolysis by the bacterial enzyme endoglycosidase S (EndoS) attenuates ANCA-mediated NCGN. In vitro, treatment of ANCA IgG with EndoS significantly attenuated ANCA-mediated neutrophil activation without affecting antigen-binding capacity. In a mouse model of anti-MPO IgG/LPS-induced NCGN, we induced disease with either unmodified or EndoS-treated (deglycosylated) anti-MPO IgG. In separate experiments, we administered EndoS systemically after disease induction with unmodified anti-MPO IgG. Pretreatment of anti-MPO IgG with EndoS reduced hematuria, leukocyturia, and albuminuria and attenuated both neutrophil influx and formation of glomerular crescents. After inducing disease with unmodified anti-MPO IgG, systemic treatment with EndoS reduced albuminuria and glomerular crescent formation when initiated after 3 but not 24 hours. In conclusion, IgG glycan hydrolysis by EndoS attenuates ANCA-induced neutrophil activation in vitro and prevents induction of anti-MPO IgG/LPS-mediated NCGN in vivo. Systemic treatment with EndoS early after disease induction attenuates the development of disease. Thus, modulation of IgG glycosylation is a promising strategy to interfere with ANCA-mediated inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjan M van Timmeren
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Kato K, Yamaguchi Y, Arata Y. Stable-isotope-assisted NMR approaches to glycoproteins using immunoglobulin G as a model system. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 56:346-59. [PMID: 20633358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kato
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
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Tian Y, Zhang H. Glycoproteomics and clinical applications. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 4:124-32. [PMID: 21137038 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most structurally complicated and diverse type of protein modifications. Protein glycosylation has long been recognized to play fundamental roles in many biological processes, as well as in disease genesis and progression. Glycoproteomics focuses on characterization of proteins modified by carbohydrates. Glycoproteomic studies normally include strategies to enrich glycoproteins containing particular carbohydrate structures from protein mixtures followed by quantitative proteomic analysis. These glycoproteomic studies determine which proteins are glycosylated, the glycosylation sites, the carbohydrate structures, as well as the abundance and function of the glycoproteins in different biological and pathological processes. Here we review the recent development in methods used in glycoproteomic analysis. These techniques are essential in elucidation of the relationships between protein glycosylation and disease states. We also review the clinical applications of different glycoproteomic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Valliere-Douglass JF, Kodama P, Mujacic M, Brady LJ, Wang W, Wallace A, Yan B, Reddy P, Treuheit MJ, Balland A. Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides present on a non-consensus amino acid sequence in the CH1 domain of human antibodies. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32493-506. [PMID: 19767389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that N-linked oligosaccharide structures can be present on an asparagine residue not adhering to the consensus site motif NX(S/T), where X is not proline, described in the literature. We have observed oligosaccharides on a non-consensus asparaginyl residue in the C(H)1 constant domain of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. The initial findings were obtained from characterization of charge variant populations evident in a recombinant human antibody of the IgG2 subclass. HPLC-MS results indicated that cation-exchange chromatography acidic variant populations were enriched in antibody with a second glycosylation site, in addition to the well documented canonical glycosylation site located in the C(H)2 domain. Subsequent tryptic and chymotryptic peptide map data indicated that the second glycosylation site was associated with the amino acid sequence TVSWN(162)SGAL in the C(H)1 domain of the antibody. This highly atypical modification is present at levels of 0.5-2.0% on most of the recombinant antibodies that have been tested and has also been observed in IgG1 antibodies derived from human donors. Site-directed mutagenesis of the C(H)1 domain sequence in a recombinant-human IgG1 antibody resulted in an increase in non-consensus glycosylation to 3.15%, a greater than 4-fold increase over the level observed in the wild type, by changing the -1 and +1 amino acids relative to the asparagine residue at position 162. We believe that further understanding of the phenomenon of non-consensus glycosylation can be used to gain fundamental insights into the fidelity of the cellular glycosylation machinery.
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125
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Boeggeman E, Ramakrishnan B, Pasek M, Manzoni M, Puri A, Loomis KH, Waybright TJ, Qasba PK. Site specific conjugation of fluoroprobes to the remodeled Fc N-glycans of monoclonal antibodies using mutant glycosyltransferases: application for cell surface antigen detection. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1228-36. [PMID: 19425533 DOI: 10.1021/bc900103p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Fc N-glycan chains of four therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), namely, Avastin, Rituxan, Remicade, and Herceptin, released by PNGase F, show by MALDI analysis that these biantennary N-glycans are a mixture of G0, G1, and G2 glycoforms. The G0 glycoform has no galactose on the terminal GlcNAc residues, and the G1 and G2 glycoforms have one or two terminal galactose residues, respectively, while no N-glycan with terminal sialic acid residue is observed. We show here that under native conditions we can convert the N-glycans of these mAbs to a homogeneous population of G0 glycoform using beta1,4 galactosidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae. The G0 glycoforms of mAbs can be galactosylated with a modified galactose having a chemical handle at the C2 position, such as ketone or azide, using a mutant beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta1,4Gal-T1-Y289L). The addition of the modified galactose at a specific glycan residue of a mAb permits the coupling of a biomolecule that carries an orthogonal reactive group. The linking of a biotinylated or a fluorescent dye carrying derivatives selectively occurs with the modified galactose, C2-keto-Gal, at the heavy chain of these mAbs, without altering their antigen binding activities, as shown by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) methods. Our results demonstrate that the linking of cargo molecules to mAbs via glycans could prove to be an invaluable tool for potential drug targeting by immunotherapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Boeggeman
- Structural Glycobiology Section, CCR-Nanobiology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Stadlmann J, Weber A, Pabst M, Anderle H, Kunert R, J. Ehrlich H, Peter Schwarz H, Altmann F. A close look at human IgG sialylation and subclass distribution after lectin fractionation. Proteomics 2009; 9:4143-53. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Richens JL, Urbanowicz RA, Lunt EAM, Metcalf R, Corne J, Fairclough L, O'Shea P. Systems biology coupled with label-free high-throughput detection as a novel approach for diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2009; 10:29. [PMID: 19386108 PMCID: PMC2678087 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a treatable and preventable disease state, characterised by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Although COPD is primarily a disease of the lungs there is now an appreciation that many of the manifestations of disease are outside the lung, leading to the notion that COPD is a systemic disease. Currently, diagnosis of COPD relies on largely descriptive measures to enable classification, such as symptoms and lung function. Here the limitations of existing diagnostic strategies of COPD are discussed and systems biology approaches to diagnosis that build upon current molecular knowledge of the disease are described. These approaches rely on new 'label-free' sensing technologies, such as high-throughput surface plasmon resonance (SPR), that we also describe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Richens
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Biology, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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128
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Wuhrer M, Porcelijn L, Kapur R, Koeleman CAM, Deelder A, de Haas M, Vidarsson G. Regulated glycosylation patterns of IgG during alloimmune responses against human platelet antigens. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:450-6. [PMID: 18942870 DOI: 10.1021/pr800651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various biological activities of immunoglobulin G (IgG) including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are modulated by the structural features of the N-glycans in the Fc part. In this study, we describe a population of IgG1 alloantibodies which are formed during pregnancy against human platelet antigens (HPA) of the fetus, causing fetoneonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. By analyzing the Fc-glycosylation of the pathogenic, affinity-purified IgG1 alloantibodies at the glycopeptide level using mass spectrometry, we found markedly decreased levels of core-fucosylation as well as increased levels of galactosylation and sialylation as compared to glycosylation patterns of total serum IgG1 of the same patients. Because IgG1 Fc-core-fucosylation is known to influence ADCC activity, modulation of core-fucosylation may have a profound effect on disease severity and prognosis. Studies in large patient cohorts will have to be performed to establish such correlations. Moreover, experiments in animal models as well as in vitro immunological tests will be needed to unravel the mechanisms regulating IgG Fc glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. m.wuhrer
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129
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Tian Y, Gurley K, Meany DL, Kemp CJ, Zhang H. N-linked glycoproteomic analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1657-62. [PMID: 19714870 PMCID: PMC2975740 DOI: 10.1021/pr800952h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues have been used to discover disease-associated protein changes using mass spectrometry. Protein post-translational modifications such as glycosylation are known to associate with disease development. In this study, we investigated whether FFPE tissues preserve such modifications and therefore can be used as specimen of choice to identify the disease-associated modifications. We isolated the glycopeptides from the tryptic digest of frozen and FFPE lung tissues using solid-phase extraction of glycopeptides and analyzed them using mass spectrometry. The glycopeptides identified from FFPE lung tissue were compared to the ones from frozen lung tissue regarding their relative abundance, unique glycosylation sites, and subcellular locations. The results from our study confirmed that glycosylation in FFPE tissues are preserved and FFPE tissues can be used for discovery of new disease associated changes in protein modifications. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility of applying the strategy of glycopeptide isolation from tryptic peptides of FFPE tissue to other tissues such as liver and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Kay Gurley
- Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Danni L. Meany
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Christopher J. Kemp
- Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
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Metzger J, Luppa PB, Good DM, Mischak H. Adapting mass spectrometry-based platforms for clinical proteomics applications: The capillary electrophoresis coupled mass spectrometry paradigm. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2009; 46:129-52. [PMID: 19404829 PMCID: PMC5769463 DOI: 10.1080/10408360902805261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Single biomarker detection is common in clinical laboratories due to the currently available method spectrum. For various diseases, however, no specific single biomarker could be identified. A strategy to overcome this diagnostic void is to shift from single analyte detection to multiplexed biomarker profiling. Mass spectrometric methods were employed for biomarker discovery in body fluids. The enormous complexity of biofluidic proteome compartments implies upstream fractionation. For this reason, mass spectrometry (MS) was coupled to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization, or capillary electrophoresis (CE). Differences in performance and operating characteristics make them differentially suited for routine laboratory applications. Progress in the field of clinical proteomics relies not only on the use of an adequate technological platform, but also on a fast and efficient proteomic workflow including standardized sample preparation, proteomic data processing, statistical validation of biomarker selection, and sample classification. Based on CE-MS analysis, we describe how proteomic technology can be implemented in a clinical laboratory environment. In the last part of this review, we give an overview of CE-MS-based clinical studies and present information on identity and biological significance of the identified peptide biomarkers providing evidence of disease-induced changes in proteolytic processing and posttranslational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Metzger
- Mosaiques Diagnostics and Terapeutics AG, Mellendorfer Str. 7-9, Hannover 30625, Germany.
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Abstract
Recombinant antibody therapeutics represent a significant success story in terms of clinical benefit delivered and revenue (profit) generated within the biopharmaceutical industry. Additionally, it is estimated that 30% of new drugs likely to be licensed during the next decade will be based on antibody products. High volume production with the maintenance of structural and functional fidelity of these large biological molecules results in high "cost of goods" that can limit their availability to patients, due to the strain it puts on national and private health budgets. The challenge in reducing cost of goods is that each antibody is unique, both in structure and function. Optimal clinical efficacy will require engineering of antibody genes to deliver products with enhanced activities produced by cell lines engineered to deliver antibody homogeneous for pre-selected post-translational modifications, that is, protein structures and glycoforms. A "universal" production vehicle cannot meet these demands and several production mammalian cells are now available, alternatives to mammalian cell lines are also reaching maturity. Advances in downstream processing also need to be realised whilst chemical changes during processing and storage must be minimised.
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Scherer HU, Wang J, Toes REM, van der Woude D, Koeleman CAM, de Boer AR, Huizinga TWJ, Deelder AM, Wuhrer M. Immunoglobulin 1 (IgG1) Fc-glycosylation profiling of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies from human serum. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 3:106-15. [PMID: 21136940 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In several autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoantibodies are thought to be the driving force of pathogenicity. Glycosylation of the Fc-part of human Igs is known to modulate biological activity. Hitherto, glycosylation of human IgG-Fc has been analyzed predominantly at the level of total serum IgG, revealing reduced galactosylation in RA. Given the pathogenic relevance of autoantibodies in RA, we wished, in the present study, to address the question whether distinct Fc-glycosylation features are observable at the level of antigen-specific IgG subpopulations. For this purpose, we have developed a method for the microscale purification and Fc-glycosylation analysis of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA). ACPA represent a group of autoantibodies that occur with unique specificity in RA patients. Their presence is associated with increased inflammatory disease activity and rapid joint destruction. Results indicate that ACPA of the IgG1 subclass vary considerably from total serum IgG1 with respect to Fc-galactosylation, with galactosylation being higher on ACPA than on serum IgG1 for some patients, while other patients show higher galactosylation on serum IgG1 than on ACPA. Using this method, studies can be performed on the biological and clinical relevance of ACPA glycosylation within RA patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Stadlmann J, Pabst M, Kolarich D, Kunert R, Altmann F. Analysis of immunoglobulin glycosylation by LC-ESI-MS of glycopeptides and oligosaccharides. Proteomics 2008; 8:2858-71. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibody (rMAb) therapy may be instituted to achieve one of two broad outcomes: i) killing of cells or organisms (e.g., cancer cells, bacteria); and ii) neutralisation of soluble molecules (e.g., cytokines in chronic disease or toxins in infection). The choice of rMAb isotype is a critical decision in the development of a therapeutic antibody as it will determine the biological activities triggered in vivo. It is not possible, however, to accurately predict the in vivo activity because multiple parameters impact on the functional outcome, for example, IgG subclass, IgG-Fc glycoform, epitope density, cellular Fc receptors polymorphisms and so on. The present understanding of the molecular interactions between IgG-Fc and effector ligands in vitro has allowed the generation of new antibody structures with altered/improved effector function profiles that may prove optimal for given disease indications. Thus, when maximal antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity is indicated a non-fucosylated IgG1 format may be optimal; when minimal activity is indicated an aglycosylated IgG2 may be the form of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Jefferis
- University of Birmingham, Division of Immunity & Infection, The School of Medicine, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Mimura Y, Ashton PR, Takahashi N, Harvey DJ, Jefferis R. Contrasting glycosylation profiles between Fab and Fc of a human IgG protein studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Immunol Methods 2007; 326:116-26. [PMID: 17714731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A conserved structural feature of human IgG molecules is the presence of an oligosaccharide moiety within the Fc region at Asn297. In addition, 15-20% of normal polyclonal IgG molecules bear N-linked oligosaccharides in the variable (V) regions of the light (L) and/or heavy (H) chains. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been applied to the glycan analysis of two IgG1 myeloma proteins (Wid and Cri) after mild reduction and acidification. Heterogeneous ion peaks were observed for both the H and L chains of Wid in contrast to Cri whose L chain peak was homogeneous. Site-specific deglycosylation of the H and L chains of IgG Wid was achieved under native conditions with peptide-N-glycosidase F and endoglycosidase F2, respectively. The Fc glycoforms differed between the two proteins in that Cri-Fc bears diantennary complex-type glycans that are fully core-fucosylated and partially sialylated while Wid-Fc glycans are non-fucosylated, partially galactosylated and non-sialylated. In contrast to the Fc glycans, the L chain glycans of Wid were shown to be fucosylated, fully galactosylated and sialylated, indicating that the glycosylation machinery of the Wid-producing myeloma cells is intact. Thus, combination of the two endoglycosidases can provide a simple means of glycan analysis of both Fab and Fc by ESI-MS, which may contribute to the development of therapeutic IgG with customized glycan profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Sack M, Paetz A, Kunert R, Bomble M, Hesse F, Stiegler G, Fischer R, Katinger H, Stoeger E, Rademacher T. Functional analysis of the broadly neutralizing human anti-HIV-1 antibody 2F5 produced in transgenic BY-2 suspension cultures. FASEB J 2007; 21:1655-64. [PMID: 17327362 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5863com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the production of an important human therapeutic antibody in plant cell suspension cultures and the functional analysis of that antibody, including a comparison with the same antibody produced in CHO cells. We established transgenic tobacco BY2 suspension cell cultures expressing the human monoclonal antibody 2F5, which shows broadly neutralizing activity against HIV-1. The antibody was directed to the endoplasmic reticulum of the plant cells and was isolated by cell disruption, followed by protein A chromatography. The plant-derived antibody was shown to be largely intact by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot. Antigen binding activity was investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and quantitatively determined by ELISA and Biacore biosensor technology. Ligand binding properties were analyzed using the ectodomain of human Fc gammaRI for kinetic analysis. The plant-derived antibody showed similar kinetic properties and 89% of the binding capacity of its CHO-derived counterpart, but was only 33% as efficient in HIV-1 neutralization assays. Our results show that plant suspension cultures can be used to produce human antibodies efficiently and that the analysis methods used in this study, including biosensor technology, provide useful functional data about antibody performance. This highlights important issues raised by the use of plant systems to produce human biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Sack
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, RTWH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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140
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Walsh G, Jefferis R. Post-translational modifications in the context of therapeutic proteins. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:1241-52. [PMID: 17033665 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The majority of protein-based biopharmaceuticals approved or in clinical trials bear some form of post-translational modification (PTM), which can profoundly affect protein properties relevant to their therapeutic application. Whereas glycosylation represents the most common modification, additional PTMs, including carboxylation, hydroxylation, sulfation and amidation, are characteristic of some products. The relationship between structure and function is understood for many PTMs but remains incomplete for others, particularly in the case of complex PTMs, such as glycosylation. A better understanding of such structural-functional relationships will facilitate the development of second-generation products displaying a PTM profile engineered to optimize therapeutic usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Walsh
- Industrial Biochemistry Program, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick City, Ireland.
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