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Kaufholdt D, Gehl C, Geisler M, Jeske O, Voedisch S, Ratke C, Bollhöner B, Mendel RR, Hänsch R. Visualization and quantification of protein interactions in the biosynthetic pathway of molybdenum cofactor in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2005-16. [PMID: 23630326 PMCID: PMC3638830 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is the active compound at the catalytic site of molybdenum enzymes. Moco is synthesized by a conserved four-step pathway involving six proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation was used to study the subcellular localization and interaction of those proteins catalysing Moco biosynthesis. In addition, the independent split-luciferase approach permitted quantification of the strength of these protein-protein interactions in vivo. Moco biosynthesis starts in mitochondria where two proteins undergo tight interaction. All subsequent steps were found to proceed in the cytosol. Here, the heterotetrameric enzyme molybdopterin synthase (catalysing step two of Moco biosynthesis) and the enzyme molybdenum insertase, which finalizes Moco formation, were found to undergo tight protein interaction as well. This cytosolic multimeric protein complex is dynamic as the small subunits of molybdopterin synthase are known to go on and off in order to become recharged with sulphur. These small subunits undergo a tighter protein contact within the enzyme molybdopterin synthase as compared with their interaction with the sulphurating enzyme. The forces of each of these protein contacts were quantified and provided interaction factors. To confirm the results, in vitro experiments using a technique combining cross-linking and label transfer were conducted. The data presented allowed the outline of the first draft of an interaction matrix for proteins within the pathway of Moco biosynthesis where product-substrate flow is facilitated through micro-compartmentalization in a cytosolic protein complex. The protected sequestering of fragile intermediates and formation of the final product are achieved through a series of direct protein interactions of variable strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine Ratke
- *Present address: Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), S901-83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Bollhöner
- *Present address: Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), S901-83 Umeå, Sweden
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103
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Ringel P, Krausze J, van den Heuvel J, Curth U, Pierik AJ, Herzog S, Mendel RR, Kruse T. Biochemical characterization of molybdenum cofactor-free nitrate reductase from Neurospora crassa. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14657-14671. [PMID: 23539622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrate reductase (NR) is a complex molybdenum cofactor (Moco)-dependent homodimeric metalloenzyme that is vitally important for autotrophic organism as it catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of nitrate assimilation. Beside Moco, eukaryotic NR also binds FAD and heme as additional redox active cofactors, and these are involved in electron transfer from NAD(P)H to the enzyme molybdenum center where reduction of nitrate to nitrite takes place. We report the first biochemical characterization of a Moco-free eukaryotic NR from the fungus Neurospora crassa, documenting that Moco is necessary and sufficient to induce dimer formation. The molybdenum center of NR reconstituted in vitro from apo-NR and Moco showed an EPR spectrum identical to holo-NR. Analysis of mutants unable to bind heme or FAD revealed that insertion of Moco into NR occurs independent from the insertion of any other NR redox cofactor. Furthermore, we showed that at least in vitro the active site formation of NR is an autonomous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Ringel
- Department of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joern Krausze
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joop van den Heuvel
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ute Curth
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonio J Pierik
- Core Facility for Protein Spectroscopy, Institute of Cytobiology and Cytopathology, Phillips University, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Herzog
- Department of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf R Mendel
- Department of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Kruse
- Department of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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104
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Nakanishi Y, Iida S, Ueoka-Nakanishi H, Niimi T, Tomioka R, Maeshima M. Exploring dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells by a genetically encoded FRET nanosensor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58175. [PMID: 23472155 PMCID: PMC3589368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace element for almost all living organisms including animals. Mo is used as a catalytic center of molybdo-enzymes for oxidation/reduction reactions of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism. Whilst living cells are known to import inorganic molybdate oxyanion from the surrounding environment, the in vivo dynamics of cytosolic molybdate remain poorly understood as no appropriate indicator is available for this trace anion. We here describe a genetically encoded Förester-resonance-energy-transfer (FRET)-based nanosensor composed of CFP, YFP and the bacterial molybdate-sensor protein ModE. The nanosensor MolyProbe containing an optimized peptide-linker responded to nanomolar-range molybdate selectively, and increased YFP:CFP fluorescence intensity ratio by up to 109%. By introduction of the nanosensor, we have been able to successfully demonstrate the real-time dynamics of molybdate in living animal cells. Furthermore, time course analyses of the dynamics suggest that novel oxalate-sensitive- and sulfate-resistant- transporter(s) uptake molybdate in a model culture cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Nakanishi
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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105
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Clinch K, Watt DK, Dixon RA, Baars SM, Gainsford GJ, Tiwari A, Schwarz G, Saotome Y, Storek M, Belaidi AA, Santamaria-Araujo JA. Synthesis of Cyclic Pyranopterin Monophosphate, a Biosynthetic Intermediate in the Molybdenum Cofactor Pathway. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1730-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301855r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ashish Tiwari
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410,
United States
| | - Günter Schwarz
- Colbourne Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Viktoriaweg 7, 53859 Niederkassel, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department
of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47, 50674
Cologne, Germany
| | - Yas Saotome
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410,
United States
| | - Michael Storek
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410,
United States
| | - Abdel A. Belaidi
- Colbourne Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Viktoriaweg 7, 53859 Niederkassel, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department
of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47, 50674
Cologne, Germany
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106
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Williams M, Mizrahi V, Kana BD. Molybdenum cofactor: a key component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis? Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:18-29. [PMID: 23317461 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.749211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other members of the Mtb complex possess an expanded complement of genes for the biosynthesis of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), a tricyclic pterin molecule that is covalently attached to molybdate. This cofactor allows the redox properties of molybdenum to be harnessed by enzymes in order to catalyze redox reactions in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism. In this article, we summarize recent advances in elucidating the MoCo biosynthetic pathway in Mtb and highlight the evidence implicating the biosynthesis of this cofactor, as well as the enzymes that depend upon it for activity, in Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Williams
- MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Cape Town
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107
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Hibara KI, Hosoki W, Hakoyama T, Ohmori Y, Fujiwara T, Itoh JI, Nagato Y. <i>ABNORMAL SHOOT IN YOUTH</i>, a Homolog of Molybdate Transporter Gene, Regulates Early Shoot Development in Rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.45a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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108
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Tejada-Jiménez M, Chamizo-Ampudia A, Galván A, Fernández E, Llamas Á. Molybdenum metabolism in plants. Metallomics 2013; 5:1191-203. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00078h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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109
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Adamakis IDS, Panteris E, Eleftheriou EP. Tungsten Toxicity in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 1:82-99. [PMID: 27137642 PMCID: PMC4844263 DOI: 10.3390/plants1020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten (W) is a rare heavy metal, widely used in a range of industrial, military and household applications due to its unique physical properties. These activities inevitably have accounted for local W accumulation at high concentrations, raising concerns about its effects for living organisms. In plants, W has primarily been used as an inhibitor of the molybdoenzymes, since it antagonizes molybdenum (Mo) for the Mo-cofactor (MoCo) of these enzymes. However, recent advances indicate that, beyond Mo-enzyme inhibition, W has toxic attributes similar with those of other heavy metals. These include hindering of seedling growth, reduction of root and shoot biomass, ultrastructural malformations of cell components, aberration of cell cycle, disruption of the cytoskeleton and deregulation of gene expression related with programmed cell death (PCD). In this article, the recent available information on W toxicity in plants and plant cells is reviewed, and the knowledge gaps and the most pertinent research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Eleftherios P Eleftheriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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