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MNRR1 (formerly CHCHD2) is a bi-organellar regulator of mitochondrial metabolism. Mitochondrion 2015; 20:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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102
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Gatsi R, Schulze B, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Hernando-Rodríguez B, Baumeister R, Artal-Sanz M. Prohibitin-mediated lifespan and mitochondrial stress implicate SGK-1, insulin/IGF and mTORC2 in C. elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107671. [PMID: 25265021 PMCID: PMC4180437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifespan regulation by mitochondrial proteins has been well described, however, the mechanism of this regulation is not fully understood. Amongst the mitochondrial proteins profoundly affecting ageing are prohibitins (PHB-1 and PHB-2). Paradoxically, in C. elegans prohibitin depletion shortens the lifespan of wild type animals while dramatically extending that of metabolically compromised animals, such as daf-2-insulin-receptor mutants. Here we show that amongst the three kinases known to act downstream of daf-2, only loss of function of sgk-1 recapitulates the ageing phenotype observed in daf-2 mutants upon prohibitin depletion. Interestingly, signalling through SGK-1 receives input from an additional pathway, parallel to DAF-2, for the prohibitin-mediated lifespan phenotype. We investigated the effect of prohibitin depletion on the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Remarkably, the lifespan extension upon prohibitin elimination, of both daf-2 and sgk-1 mutants, is accompanied by suppression of the UPRmt induced by lack of prohibitin. On the contrary, gain of function of SGK-1 results in further shortening of lifespan and a further increase of the UPRmt in prohibitin depleted animals. Moreover, SGK-1 interacts with RICT-1 for the regulation of the UPRmt in a parallel pathway to DAF-2. Interestingly, prohibitin depletion in rict-1 loss of function mutant animals also causes lifespan extension. Finally, we reveal an unprecedented role for mTORC2-SGK-1 in the regulation of mitochodrial homeostasis. Together, these results give further insight into the mechanism of lifespan regulation by mitochondrial function and reveal a cross-talk of mitochondria with two key pathways, Insulin/IGF and mTORC2, for the regulation of ageing and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxani Gatsi
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bettina Schulze
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Palero
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernando-Rodríguez
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Artal-Sanz
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Engelberg D, Perlman R, Levitzki A. Transmembrane signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for signaling in metazoans: state of the art after 25 years. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2865-78. [PMID: 25218923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the very first article that appeared in Cellular Signalling, published in its inaugural issue in October 1989, we reviewed signal transduction pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this yeast was already a powerful model organism for the study of cellular processes, it was not yet a valuable instrument for the investigation of signaling cascades. In 1989, therefore, we discussed only two pathways, the Ras/cAMP and the mating (Fus3) signaling cascades. The pivotal findings concerning those pathways undoubtedly contributed to the realization that yeast is a relevant model for understanding signal transduction in higher eukaryotes. Consequently, the last 25 years have witnessed the discovery of many signal transduction pathways in S. cerevisiae, including the high osmotic glycerol (Hog1), Stl2/Mpk1 and Smk1 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, the TOR, AMPK/Snf1, SPS, PLC1 and Pkr/Gcn2 cascades, and systems that sense and respond to various types of stress. For many cascades, orthologous pathways were identified in mammals following their discovery in yeast. Here we review advances in the understanding of signaling in S. cerevisiae over the last 25 years. When all pathways are analyzed together, some prominent themes emerge. First, wiring of signaling cascades may not be identical in all S. cerevisiae strains, but is probably specific to each genetic background. This situation complicates attempts to decipher and generalize these webs of reactions. Secondly, the Ras/cAMP and the TOR cascades are pivotal pathways that affect all processes of the life of the yeast cell, whereas the yeast MAP kinase pathways are not essential. Yeast cells deficient in all MAP kinases proliferate normally. Another theme is the existence of central molecular hubs, either as single proteins (e.g., Msn2/4, Flo11) or as multisubunit complexes (e.g., TORC1/2), which are controlled by numerous pathways and in turn determine the fate of the cell. It is also apparent that lipid signaling is less developed in yeast than in higher eukaryotes. Finally, feedback regulatory mechanisms seem to be at least as important and powerful as the pathways themselves. In the final chapter of this essay we dare to imagine the essence of our next review on signaling in yeast, to be published on the 50th anniversary of Cellular Signalling in 2039.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Engelberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel; CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Programme, National University of Singapore, 1 CREATE Way, Innovation Wing, #03-09, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Riki Perlman
- Hematology Division, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Levitzki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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104
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Mitochondrial function and mitochondrial DNA maintenance with advancing age. Biogerontology 2014; 15:417-38. [PMID: 25015781 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We review the impact of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance and mitochondrial function on the aging process. Mitochondrial function and mtDNA integrity are closely related. In order to create a protective barrier against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) attacks and ensure mtDNA integrity, multiple cellular mtDNA copies are packaged together with various proteins in nucleoids. Regulation of antioxidant and RONS balance, DNA base excision repair, and selective degradation of damaged mtDNA copies preserves normal mtDNA quantities. Oxidative damage to mtDNA molecules does not substantially contribute to increased mtDNA mutation frequency; rather, mtDNA replication errors of DNA PolG are the main source of mtDNA mutations. Mitochondrial turnover is the major contributor to maintenance of mtDNA and functionally active mitochondria. Mitochondrial turnover involves mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and selective autophagic removal of dysfunctional mitochondria (i.e., mitophagy). All of these processes exhibit decreased activity during aging and fall under greater nuclear genome control, possibly coincident with the emergence of nuclear genome instability. We suggest that the age-dependent accumulation of mutated mtDNA copies and dysfunctional mitochondria is associated primarily with decreased cellular autophagic and mitophagic activity.
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105
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Spincemaille P, Matmati N, Hannun YA, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Sphingolipids and mitochondrial function in budding yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3131-7. [PMID: 24973565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids (SLs) are not only key components of cellular membranes, but also play an important role as signaling molecules in orchestrating both cell growth and apoptosis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three complex SLs are present and hydrolysis of either of these species is catalyzed by the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C (Isc1p). Strikingly, mutants deficient in Isc1p display several hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction such as the inability to grow on a non-fermentative carbon course, increased oxidative stress and aberrant mitochondrial morphology. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we focus on the pivotal role of Isc1p in regulating mitochondrial function via SL metabolism, and on Sch9p as a central signal transducer. Sch9p is one of the main effectors of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), which is regarded as a crucial signaling axis for the regulation of Isc1p-mediated events. Finally, we describe the retrograde response, a signaling event originating from mitochondria to the nucleus, which results in the induction of nuclear target genes. Intriguingly, the retrograde response also interacts with SL homeostasis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS All of the above suggests a pivotal signaling role for SLs in maintaining correct mitochondrial function in budding yeast. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Studies with budding yeast provide insight on SL signaling events that affect mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Spincemaille
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Nabil Matmati
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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106
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Arlia-Ciommo A, Leonov A, Piano A, Svistkova V, Titorenko VI. Cell-autonomous mechanisms of chronological aging in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:163-178. [PMID: 28357241 PMCID: PMC5354559 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A body of evidence supports the view that the signaling pathways governing
cellular aging - as well as mechanisms of their modulation by
longevity-extending genetic, dietary and pharmacological interventions - are
conserved across species. The scope of this review is to critically analyze
recent advances in our understanding of cell-autonomous mechanisms of
chronological aging in the budding yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Based on our analysis, we propose a concept of a
biomolecular network underlying the chronology of cellular aging in yeast. The
concept posits that such network progresses through a series of lifespan
checkpoints. At each of these checkpoints, the intracellular concentrations of
some key intermediates and products of certain metabolic pathways - as well as
the rates of coordinated flow of such metabolites within an intricate network of
intercompartmental communications - are monitored by some checkpoint-specific
ʺmaster regulatorʺ proteins. The concept envisions that a synergistic action of
these master regulator proteins at certain early-life and late-life checkpoints
modulates the rates and efficiencies of progression of such processes as cell
metabolism, growth, proliferation, stress resistance, macromolecular
homeostasis, survival and death. The concept predicts that, by modulating these
vital cellular processes throughout lifespan (i.e., prior to an arrest of cell
growth and division, and following such arrest), the checkpoint-specific master
regulator proteins orchestrate the development and maintenance of a pro- or
anti-aging cellular pattern and, thus, define longevity of chronologically aging
yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Leonov
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Amanda Piano
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Veronika Svistkova
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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107
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Johnson JE, Johnson FB. Methionine restriction activates the retrograde response and confers both stress tolerance and lifespan extension to yeast, mouse and human cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97729. [PMID: 24830393 PMCID: PMC4022668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A methionine-restricted diet robustly improves healthspan in key model organisms. For example, methionine restriction reduces age-related pathologies and extends lifespan up to 45% in rodents. However, the mechanisms underlying these benefits remain largely unknown. We tested whether the yeast chronological aging assay could model the benefits of methionine restriction, and found that this intervention extends lifespan when enforced by either dietary or genetic approaches, and furthermore, that the observed lifespan extension is due primarily to reduced acid accumulation. In addition, methionine restriction-induced lifespan extension requires the activity of the retrograde response, which regulates nuclear gene expression in response to changes in mitochondrial function. Consistent with an involvement of stress-responsive retrograde signaling, we also found that methionine-restricted yeast are more stress tolerant than control cells. Prompted by these findings in yeast, we tested the effects of genetic methionine restriction on the stress tolerance and replicative lifespans of cultured mouse and human fibroblasts. We found that such methionine-restricted mammalian cells are resistant to numerous cytotoxic stresses, and are substantially longer-lived than control cells. In addition, similar to yeast, the extended lifespan of methionine-restricted mammalian cells is associated with NFκB-mediated retrograde signaling. Overall, our data suggest that improved stress tolerance and extension of replicative lifespan may contribute to the improved healthspan observed in methionine-restricted rodents, and also support the possibility that manipulation of the pathways engaged by methionine restriction may improve healthspan in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay E. Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - F. Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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108
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Sampaio-Marques B, Burhans WC, Ludovico P. Longevity pathways and maintenance of the proteome: the role of autophagy and mitophagy during yeast ageing. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:118-127. [PMID: 28357232 PMCID: PMC5349200 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.04.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a complex and multi-factorial process that results in the progressive
accumulation of molecular alterations that disrupt different cellular functions.
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important
model organism that has significantly contributed to the identification of
conserved molecular and cellular determinants of ageing. The nutrient-sensing
pathways are well-recognized modulators of longevity from yeast to mammals, but
their downstream effectors and outcomes on different features of ageing process
are still poorly understood. A hypothesis that is attracting increased interest
is that one of the major functions of these “longevity pathways” is to
contribute to the maintenance of the proteome during ageing. In support of this
hypothesis, evidence shows that TOR/Sch9 and Ras/PKA pathways are important
regulators of autophagy that in turn are essential for healthy cellular ageing.
It is also well known that mitochondria homeostasis and function regulate
lifespan, but how mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and biogenesis are regulated
during ageing remains to be elucidated. This review describes recent findings
that shed light on how longevity pathways and metabolic status impact
maintenance of the proteome in both yeast ageing paradigms. These findings
demonstrate that yeast remain a powerful model system for elucidating these
relationships and their influence on ageing regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - William C Burhans
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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109
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Functional role of mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:427-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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110
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Oxidative phosphorylation in Debaryomyces hansenii: physiological uncoupling at different growth phases. Biochimie 2014; 102:124-36. [PMID: 24657599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Physiological uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) was studied in Debaryomyces hansenii. In other species, such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, OxPhos can be uncoupled through differential expression of branched respiratory chain enzymes or by opening of a mitochondrial unspecific channel (ScMUC), respectively. However D. hansenii mitochondria, which contain both a branched respiratory chain and a mitochondrial unspecific channel (DhMUC), selectively uncouple complex I-dependent rate of oxygen consumption in the stationary growth phase. The uncoupled complex I-dependent respiration was only 20% of the original activity. Inhibition was not due to inactivation of complex I, lack of protein expression or to differential expression of alternative oxidoreductases. Furthermore, all other respiratory chain activities were normal. Decrease of complex I-dependent respiration was due to NAD(+) loss from the matrix, probably through an open of DhMUC. When NAD(+) was added back, coupled complex I-activity was recovered. NAD(+) re-uptake was independent of DhMUC opening and seemed to be catalyzed by a NAD(+)-specific transporter, which was sensitive to bathophenanthroline, bromocresol purple or pyridoxal-5'-phosphate as described for S. cerevisiae mitochondrial NAD(+) transporters. Loss of NAD(+) from the matrix through an open MUC is proposed as an additional mechanism to uncouple OxPhos.
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111
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The Aspergillus nidulans ATM kinase regulates mitochondrial function, glucose uptake and the carbon starvation response. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 4:49-62. [PMID: 24192833 PMCID: PMC3887539 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.008607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria supply cellular energy and also perform a role in the adaptation to metabolic stress. In mammals, the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase acts as a redox sensor controlling mitochondrial function. Subsequently, transcriptomic and genetic studies were utilized to elucidate the role played by a fungal ATM homolog during carbon starvation. In Aspergillus nidulans, AtmA was shown to control mitochondrial function and glucose uptake. Carbon starvation responses that are regulated by target of rapamycin (TOR) were shown to be AtmA-dependent, including autophagy and hydrolytic enzyme secretion. AtmA also regulated a p53-like transcription factor, XprG, inhibiting starvation-induced XprG-dependent protease secretion and cell death. Thus, AtmA possibly represents a direct or indirect link between mitochondrial stress, metabolism, and growth through the influence of TOR and XprG function. The coordination of cell growth and division with nutrient availability is crucial for all microorganisms to successfully proliferate in a heterogeneous environment. Mitochondria supply cellular energy but also perform a role in the adaptation to metabolic stress and the cross-talk between prosurvival and prodeath pathways. The present study of Aspergillus nidulans demonstrated that AtmA also controlled mitochondrial mass, function, and oxidative phosphorylation, which directly or indirectly influenced glucose uptake. Carbon starvation responses, including autophagy, shifting metabolism to the glyoxylate cycle, and the secretion of carbon scavenging enzymes were AtmA-dependent. Transcriptomic profiling of the carbon starvation response demonstrated how TOR signaling and the retrograde response, which signals mitochondrial dysfunction, were directly or indirectly influenced by AtmA. The AtmA kinase was also shown to influence a p53-like transcription factor, inhibiting starvation-induced XprG-dependent protease secretion and cell death. Therefore, in response to metabolic stress, AtmA appears to perform a role in the regulation of TOR signaling, involving the retrograde and SnfA pathways. Thus, AtmA may represent a link between mitochondrial function and cell cycle or growth, possibly through the influence of the TOR and XprG function.
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112
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Kotiadis VN, Duchen MR, Osellame LD. Mitochondrial quality control and communications with the nucleus are important in maintaining mitochondrial function and cell health. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1254-65. [PMID: 24211250 PMCID: PMC3970188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maintenance of cell metabolism and homeostasis is a fundamental characteristic of living organisms. In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the cornerstone of these life supporting processes, playing leading roles in a host of core cellular functions, including energy transduction, metabolic and calcium signalling, and supporting roles in a number of biosynthetic pathways. The possession of a discrete mitochondrial genome dictates that the maintenance of mitochondrial 'fitness' requires quality control mechanisms which involve close communication with the nucleus. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review explores the synergistic mechanisms that control mitochondrial quality and function and ensure cellular bioenergetic homeostasis. These include antioxidant defence mechanisms that protect against oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species, while regulating signals transduced through such free radicals. Protein homeostasis controls import, folding, and degradation of proteins underpinned by mechanisms that regulate bioenergetic capacity through the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Autophagic machinery is recruited for mitochondrial turnover through the process of mitophagy. Mitochondria also communicate with the nucleus to exact specific transcriptional responses through retrograde signalling pathways. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The outcome of mitochondrial quality control is not only reliant on the efficient operation of the core homeostatic mechanisms but also in the effective interaction of mitochondria with other cellular components, namely the nucleus. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding mitochondrial quality control and the interactions between the organelle and the nucleus will be crucial in developing therapies for the plethora of diseases in which the pathophysiology is determined by mitochondrial dysfunction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios N Kotiadis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura D Osellame
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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113
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Coordinating metabolite changes with our perception of plant abiotic stress responses: emerging views revealed by integrative-omic analyses. Metabolites 2013; 3:761-86. [PMID: 24958149 PMCID: PMC3901284 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3030761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic configuration and adaptation under a range of abiotic stresses, including drought, heat, salinity, cold, and nutrient deprivation, are subjected to an intricate span of molecular pathways that work in parallel in order to enhance plant fitness and increase stress tolerance. In recent years, unprecedented advances have been made in identifying and linking different abiotic stresses, and the current challenge in plant molecular biology is deciphering how the signaling responses are integrated and transduced throughout metabolism. Metabolomics have often played a fundamental role in elucidating the distinct and overlapping biochemical changes that occur in plants. However, a far greater understanding and appreciation of the complexity in plant metabolism under specific stress conditions have become apparent when combining metabolomics with other—omic platforms. This review focuses on recent advances made in understanding the global changes occurring in plant metabolism under abiotic stress conditions using metabolite profiling as an integrated discovery platform.
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114
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Guaragnella N, Ždralević M, Lattanzio P, Marzulli D, Pracheil T, Liu Z, Passarella S, Marra E, Giannattasio S. Yeast growth in raffinose results in resistance to acetic-acid induced programmed cell death mostly due to the activation of the mitochondrial retrograde pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2765-2774. [PMID: 23906793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether and how a modification of mitochondrial metabolism can affect yeast sensitivity to programmed cell death (PCD) induced by acetic acid (AA-PCD), yeast cells were grown on raffinose, as a sole carbon source, which, differently from glucose, favours mitochondrial respiration. We found that, differently from glucose-grown cells, raffinose-grown cells were mostly resistant to AA-PCD and that this was due to the activation of mitochondrial retrograde (RTG) response, which increased with time, as revealed by the up-regulation of the peroxisomal isoform of citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase isoform 1, RTG pathway target genes. Accordingly, the deletion of RTG2 and RTG3, a positive regulator and a transcription factor of the RTG pathway, resulted in AA-PCD, as shown by TUNEL assay. Neither deletion in raffinose-grown cells of HAP4, encoding the positive regulatory subunit of the Hap2,3,4,5 complex nor constitutive activation of the RTG pathway in glucose-grown cells due to deletion of MKS1, a negative regulator of RTG pathway, had effect on yeast AA-PCD. The RTG pathway was found to be activated in yeast cells containing mitochondria, in which membrane potential was measured, capable to consume oxygen in a manner stimulated by the uncoupler CCCP and inhibited by the respiratory chain inhibitor antimycin A. AA-PCD resistance in raffinose-grown cells occurs with a decrease in both ROS production and cytochrome c release as compared to glucose-grown cells en route to AA-PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maša Ždralević
- CNR, Istituto di Biomembrane e Bioenergetica, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Lattanzio
- CNR, Istituto di Biomembrane e Bioenergetica, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Marzulli
- CNR, Istituto di Biomembrane e Bioenergetica, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Tammy Pracheil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Zhengchang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Salvatore Passarella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze per la Salute, Università del Molise, Via de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ersilia Marra
- CNR, Istituto di Biomembrane e Bioenergetica, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- CNR, Istituto di Biomembrane e Bioenergetica, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Adenine nucleotide translocase, mitochondrial stress, and degenerative cell death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:146860. [PMID: 23970947 PMCID: PMC3732615 DOI: 10.1155/2013/146860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles involved in ATP synthesis, apoptosis, calcium signaling, metabolism, and the synthesis of critical metabolic cofactors. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with age-related degenerative diseases. How mitochondrial dysfunction causes cell degeneration is not well understood. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the adenine nucleotide translocase (Ant) cause aging-dependent degenerative cell death (DCD) in yeast, which is sequentially manifested by inner membrane stress, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loss, and progressive loss of cell viability. Ant is an abundant protein primarily involved in ADP/ATP exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane. It also mediates basal proton leak and regulates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Missense mutations in the human Ant1 cause several degenerative diseases which are commonly manifested by fractional mtDNA deletions. Multiple models have been proposed to explain the Ant1-induced pathogenesis. Studies from yeast have suggested that in addition to altered nucleotide transport properties, the mutant proteins cause a global stress on the inner membrane. The mutant proteins likely interfere with general mitochondrial biogenesis in a dominant-negative manner, which secondarily destabilizes mtDNA. More recent work revealed that the Ant-induced DCD is suppressed by reduced cytosolic protein synthesis. This finding suggests a proteostatic crosstalk between mitochondria and the cytosol, which may play an important role for cell survival during aging.
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116
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Mitochondrial signaling: forwards, backwards, and in between. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:351613. [PMID: 23819011 PMCID: PMC3681274 DOI: 10.1155/2013/351613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are semiautonomous organelles that are a defining characteristic of almost all eukaryotic cells. They are vital for energy production, but increasing evidence shows that they play important roles in a wide range of cellular signaling and homeostasis. Our understanding of nuclear control of mitochondrial function has expanded over the past half century with the discovery of multiple transcription factors and cofactors governing mitochondrial biogenesis. More recently, nuclear changes in response to mitochondrial messaging have led to characterization of retrograde mitochondrial signaling, in which mitochondria have the ability to alter nuclear gene expression. Mitochondria are also integral to other components of stress response or quality control including ROS signaling, unfolded protein response, mitochondrial autophagy, and biogenesis. These avenues of mitochondrial signaling are discussed in this review.
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Kenney MC, Chwa M, Atilano SR, Pavlis JM, Falatoonzadeh P, Ramirez C, Malik D, Hsu T, Woo G, Soe K, Nesburn AB, Boyer DS, Kuppermann BD, Jazwinski SM, Miceli MV, Wallace DC, Udar N. Mitochondrial DNA variants mediate energy production and expression levels for CFH, C3 and EFEMP1 genes: implications for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54339. [PMID: 23365660 PMCID: PMC3554762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Recent studies using populations from the United States and Australia have demonstrated that AMD is associated with mitochondrial (mt) DNA haplogroups (as defined by combinations of mtDNA polymorphisms) that represent Northern European Caucasians. The aim of this study was to use the cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) model to investigate the molecular and biological functional consequences that occur when comparing the mtDNA H haplogroup (protective for AMD) versus J haplogroup (high risk for AMD). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cybrids were created by introducing mitochondria from individuals with either H or J haplogroups into a human retinal epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) that was devoid of mitochondrial DNA (Rho0). In cybrid lines, all of the cells carry the same nuclear genes but vary in mtDNA content. The J cybrids had significantly lower levels of ATP and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species production, but increased lactate levels and rates of growth. Q-PCR analyses showed J cybrids had decreased expressions for CFH, C3, and EFEMP1 genes, high risk genes for AMD, and higher expression for MYO7A, a gene associated with retinal degeneration in Usher type IB syndrome. The H and J cybrids also have comparatively altered expression of nuclear genes involved in pathways for cell signaling, inflammation, and metabolism. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that mtDNA haplogroup variants mediate not only energy production and cell growth, but also cell signaling for major molecular pathways. These data support the hypothesis that mtDNA variants play important roles in numerous cellular functions and disease processes, including AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
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Jazwinski SM, Kriete A. The yeast retrograde response as a model of intracellular signaling of mitochondrial dysfunction. Front Physiol 2012; 3:139. [PMID: 22629248 PMCID: PMC3354551 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction activates intracellular signaling pathways that impact yeast longevity, and the best known of these pathways is the retrograde response. More recently, similar responses have been discerned in other systems, from invertebrates to human cells. However, the identity of the signal transducers is either unknown or apparently diverse, contrasting with the well-established signaling module of the yeast retrograde response. On the other hand, it has become equally clear that several other pathways and processes interact with the retrograde response, embedding it in a network responsive to a variety of cellular states. An examination of this network supports the notion that the master regulator NFκB aggregated a variety of mitochondria-related cellular responses at some point in evolution and has become the retrograde transcription factor. This has significant consequences for how we view some of the deficits associated with aging, such as inflammation. The support for NFκB as the retrograde response transcription factor is not only based on functional analyses. It is bolstered by the fact that NFκB can regulate Myc–Max, which is activated in human cells with dysfunctional mitochondria and impacts cellular metabolism. Myc–Max is homologous to the yeast retrograde response transcription factor Rtg1–Rtg3. Further research will be needed to disentangle the pro-aging from the anti-aging effects of NFκB. Interestingly, this is also a challenge for the complete understanding of the yeast retrograde response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Michal Jazwinski
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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Montesanto A, Dato S, Bellizzi D, Rose G, Passarino G. Epidemiological, genetic and epigenetic aspects of the research on healthy ageing and longevity. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2012; 9:6. [PMID: 22524317 PMCID: PMC3349521 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Healthy ageing and longevity in humans result from a number of factors, including genetic background, favorable environmental and social factors and chance. In this article we aimed to overview the research on the biological basis of human healthy ageing and longevity, discussing the role of epidemiological, genetic and epigenetic factors in the variation of quality of ageing and lifespan, including the most promising candidate genes investigated so far. Moreover, we reported the methodologies applied for their identification, discussing advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and possible solutions that can be taken to overcome them. Finally, we illustrated the recent approaches to define healthy ageing and underlined the role that the emerging field of epigenetics is gaining in the search for the determinants of healthy ageing and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci cubo 4 C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Serena Dato
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci cubo 4 C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Dina Bellizzi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci cubo 4 C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rose
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci cubo 4 C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci cubo 4 C, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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