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de la Cruz Ruiz P, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Askjaer P, Artal-Sanz M. Tissue-specific chromatin binding patterns of C. elegans heterochromatin proteins HPL-1 and HPL-2 reveal differential roles in the regulation of gene expression. Genetics 2023:7147208. [PMID: 37119802 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin is characterized by an enrichment of repetitive elements and low gene density and is often maintained in a repressed state across cell division and differentiation. The silencing is mainly regulated by repressive histone marks, such as H3K9 and H3K27 methylated forms and the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) family. Here, we analyzed in a tissue-specific manner the binding profile of the two HP1 homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans, HPL-1 and HPL-2, at the L4 developmental stage. We identified the genome-wide binding profile of intestinal and hypodermal HPL-2 and intestinal HPL-1 and compared them to heterochromatin marks and other features. HPL-2 associated preferentially to the distal arms of autosomes and correlated positively with methylated forms of H3K9 and H3K27. HPL-1 was also enriched in regions containing H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 but exhibited a more even distribution between autosome arms and centers. HPL-2 showed a differential tissue-specific enrichment for repetitive elements, conversely with HPL-1 that exhibited a poor association. Finally, we found a significant intersection of genomic regions bound by the BLMP-1/PRDM1 transcription factor and intestinal HPL-1, suggesting a co-repression role during cell differentiation. Our study uncovers both shared and singular properties of conserved HP1 proteins, providing information about genomic binding preferences in relation to their role as heterochromatic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia de la Cruz Ruiz
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Ctra. de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Palero
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Ctra. de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Peter Askjaer
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Ctra. de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Artal-Sanz
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Ctra. de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
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Lourenço AB, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Doherty MK, Cabrerizo Granados D, Hernando-Rodríguez B, Salas JJ, Venegas-Calerón M, Whitfield PD, Artal-Sanz M. The Mitochondrial PHB Complex Determines Lipid Composition and Interacts With the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Regulate Ageing. Front Physiol 2021; 12:696275. [PMID: 34276415 PMCID: PMC8281979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.696275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are frequently associated with physiological changes that occur during ageing. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex (PHB) is an evolutionary conserved context-dependent modulator of longevity, which has been linked to alterations in lipid metabolism but which biochemical function remains elusive. In this work we aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanism by which depletion of mitochondrial PHB shortens the lifespan of wild type animals while it extends that of insulin signaling receptor (daf-2) mutants. A liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry approach was used to characterize the worm lipidome of wild type and insulin deficient animals upon PHB depletion. Toward a mechanistic interpretation of the insights coming from this analysis, we used a combination of biochemical, microscopic, and lifespan analyses. We show that PHB depletion perturbed glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids pools differently in short- versus long-lived animals. Interestingly, PHB depletion in otherwise wild type animals induced the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR), which was mitigated in daf-2 mutants. Moreover, depletion of DNJ-21, which functionally interacts with PHB in mitochondria, mimicked the effect of PHB deficiency on the UPRER and on the lifespan of wild type and insulin signaling deficient mutants. Our work shows that PHB differentially modulates lipid metabolism depending on the worm’s metabolic status and provides evidences for a new link between PHB and ER homeostasis in ageing regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur B Lourenço
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Palero
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Division of Biomedical Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - David Cabrerizo Granados
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernando-Rodríguez
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Salas
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Division of Biomedical Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Artal-Sanz
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Hernando-Rodríguez B, Erinjeri AP, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Millar V, González-Hernández S, Olmedo M, Schulze B, Baumeister R, Muñoz MJ, Askjaer P, Artal-Sanz M. Combined flow cytometry and high-throughput image analysis for the study of essential genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Biol 2018; 16:36. [PMID: 29598825 PMCID: PMC5875015 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in automated image-based microscopy platforms coupled with high-throughput liquid workflows have facilitated the design of large-scale screens utilising multicellular model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans to identify genetic interactions, therapeutic drugs or disease modifiers. However, the analysis of essential genes has lagged behind because lethal or sterile mutations pose a bottleneck for high-throughput approaches, and a systematic way to analyse genetic interactions of essential genes in multicellular organisms has been lacking. Results In C. elegans, non-conditional lethal mutations can be maintained in heterozygosity using chromosome balancers, commonly expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the pharynx. However, gene expression or function is typically monitored by the use of fluorescent reporters marked with the same fluorophore, presenting a challenge to sort worm populations of interest, particularly at early larval stages. Here, we develop a sorting strategy capable of selecting homozygous mutants carrying a GFP stress reporter from GFP-balanced animals at the second larval stage. Because sorting is not completely error-free, we develop an automated high-throughput image analysis protocol that identifies and discards animals carrying the chromosome balancer. We demonstrate the experimental usefulness of combining sorting of homozygous lethal mutants and automated image analysis in a functional genomic RNA interference (RNAi) screen for genes that genetically interact with mitochondrial prohibitin (PHB). Lack of PHB results in embryonic lethality, while homozygous PHB deletion mutants develop into sterile adults due to maternal contribution and strongly induce the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). In a chromosome-wide RNAi screen for C. elegans genes having human orthologues, we uncover both known and new PHB genetic interactors affecting the UPRmt and growth. Conclusions The method presented here allows the study of balanced lethal mutations in a high-throughput manner. It can be easily adapted depending on the user’s requirements and should serve as a useful resource for the C. elegans community for probing new biological aspects of essential nematode genes as well as the generation of more comprehensive genetic networks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0496-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Hernando-Rodríguez
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Annmary Paul Erinjeri
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Palero
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Val Millar
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Maynard Centre, Forest Farm, Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK.,Present address: Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara González-Hernández
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Present address: Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Olmedo
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Present address: Department of Genetics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Bettina Schulze
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, and ZBMZ Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology (Faculty of Medicine), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, and ZBMZ Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology (Faculty of Medicine), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel J Muñoz
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Peter Askjaer
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Artal-Sanz
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
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Vallejo JA, Beceiro A, Rumbo-Feal S, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Russo TA, Bou G. Optimisation of the Caenorhabditis elegans model for studying the pathogenesis of opportunistic Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015:S0924-8579(15)00241-1. [PMID: 26213382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to increase the sensitivity of Caenorhabditis elegans as an infection model for detection of minor differences in virulence or fitness between different Acinetobacter baumannii strains with known resistance and virulence mechanisms. Selected A. baumannii strains and mutants, comprising wild-type strains (ATCC 17978 and 19606), colistin-resistant strains (ATCC 19606 ΔlpxA and ATCC 19606 ΔlpxC), a clinical encapsulated isolate (AB307-0294), an imipenem-resistant strain (ATCC 17978 Δomp33-36) and an sRNA knock-out strain (ATCC 17978 Δ13573), were employed in developing killing and fertility assays in a C. elegans infection model. Because virulence levels of the strains were known, they could be used to assess assays in the nematode model for their ability to discriminate between degrees of virulence. The model was validated by microscopic analysis and in a murine sepsis infection model. The fertility assay, specifically utilising nematode growth medium, was able to detect virulence differences between the wild-type strains, ATCC 19606 ΔlpxA and isolate AB307-0294. Moreover, modification of an alternative culture medium by incremental changes in osmolarity facilitated detection of subtle virulence differences between isogenic mutants (ATCC 17978 Δomp33-36 and 17978 Δ13573). The success of the proposed fertility model depends on establishing a balance between optimal C. elegans reproduction and environmental stress leading to maximum pathogen-induced damage. This invertebrate model may reduce the need for mammalian in vivo studies of A. baumannii resistance and pathogenicity and may additionally be validated for the study of other low-virulence bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vallejo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), As Xubias s/n, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - A Beceiro
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), As Xubias s/n, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - S Rumbo-Feal
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), As Xubias s/n, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - M J Rodríguez-Palero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - T A Russo
- Veterans Administration Western Healthcare System, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, The University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - G Bou
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), As Xubias s/n, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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Gatsi R, Schulze B, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Hernando-Rodríguez B, Baumeister R, Artal-Sanz M. Prohibitin-mediated lifespan and mitochondrial stress implicate SGK-1, insulin/IGF and mTORC2 in C. elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107671. [PMID: 25265021 PMCID: PMC4180437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifespan regulation by mitochondrial proteins has been well described, however, the mechanism of this regulation is not fully understood. Amongst the mitochondrial proteins profoundly affecting ageing are prohibitins (PHB-1 and PHB-2). Paradoxically, in C. elegans prohibitin depletion shortens the lifespan of wild type animals while dramatically extending that of metabolically compromised animals, such as daf-2-insulin-receptor mutants. Here we show that amongst the three kinases known to act downstream of daf-2, only loss of function of sgk-1 recapitulates the ageing phenotype observed in daf-2 mutants upon prohibitin depletion. Interestingly, signalling through SGK-1 receives input from an additional pathway, parallel to DAF-2, for the prohibitin-mediated lifespan phenotype. We investigated the effect of prohibitin depletion on the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Remarkably, the lifespan extension upon prohibitin elimination, of both daf-2 and sgk-1 mutants, is accompanied by suppression of the UPRmt induced by lack of prohibitin. On the contrary, gain of function of SGK-1 results in further shortening of lifespan and a further increase of the UPRmt in prohibitin depleted animals. Moreover, SGK-1 interacts with RICT-1 for the regulation of the UPRmt in a parallel pathway to DAF-2. Interestingly, prohibitin depletion in rict-1 loss of function mutant animals also causes lifespan extension. Finally, we reveal an unprecedented role for mTORC2-SGK-1 in the regulation of mitochodrial homeostasis. Together, these results give further insight into the mechanism of lifespan regulation by mitochondrial function and reveal a cross-talk of mitochondria with two key pathways, Insulin/IGF and mTORC2, for the regulation of ageing and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxani Gatsi
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bettina Schulze
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Palero
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernando-Rodríguez
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Artal-Sanz
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Pérez-Jiménez MM, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Ródenas E, Askjaer P, Muñoz MJ. Age-dependent changes of nuclear morphology are uncoupled from longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans IGF/insulin receptor daf-2 mutants. Biogerontology 2014; 15:279-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Muñoz-Lobato F, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Naranjo-Galindo FJ, Shephard F, Gaffney CJ, Szewczyk NJ, Hamamichi S, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA, Link CD, Miranda-Vizuete A. Protective role of DNJ-27/ERdj5 in Caenorhabditis elegans models of human neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:217-35. [PMID: 23641861 PMCID: PMC3887457 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cells have developed quality control systems for protection against proteotoxicity. Misfolded and aggregation-prone proteins, which are behind the initiation and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases (ND), are known to challenge the proteostasis network of the cells. We aimed to explore the role of DNJ-27/ERdj5, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident thioredoxin protein required as a disulfide reductase for the degradation of misfolded proteins, in well-established Caenorhabditis elegans models of Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington diseases. RESULTS We demonstrate that DNJ-27 is an ER luminal protein and that its expression is induced upon ER stress via IRE-1/XBP-1. When dnj-27 expression is downregulated by RNA interference we find an increase in the aggregation and associated pathological phenotypes (paralysis and motility impairment) caused by human β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), α-synuclein (α-syn) and polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins. In turn, DNJ-27 overexpression ameliorates these deleterious phenotypes. Surprisingly, despite being an ER-resident protein, we show that dnj-27 downregulation alters cytoplasmic protein homeostasis and causes mitochondrial fragmentation. We further demonstrate that DNJ-27 overexpression substantially protects against the mitochondrial fragmentation caused by human Aβ and α-syn peptides in these worm models. INNOVATION We identify C. elegans dnj-27 as a novel protective gene for the toxicity associated with the expression of human Aβ, α-syn and polyQ proteins, implying a protective role of ERdj5 in Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington diseases. CONCLUSION Our data support a scenario where the levels of DNJ-27/ERdj5 in the ER impact cytoplasmic protein homeostasis and the integrity of the mitochondrial network which might underlie its protective effects in models of proteotoxicity associated to human ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Muñoz-Lobato
- 1 Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC), Depto. de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Sevilla, Spain
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