101
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Characterization of thermo- and detergent stable antigenic glycosylated cysteine protease of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. and evaluation of its ecofriendly applications. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:716545. [PMID: 24348183 PMCID: PMC3855982 DOI: 10.1155/2013/716545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An antigenic glycosylated cysteine protease has been purified from the latex of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. It exhibits remarkable protease activity in the presence of metal ions, oxidizing agents, organic solvents, and detergents. This enzyme showed potential role in leather processing industry due to its dehairing activity for animal hide without hydrolyzing fibrous proteins, producing, by this way, a better quality product. The enzyme can also be used for silver recovering from X-ray plates. In addition, the stability (temperature and surfactants) and hydrolysis of blood stain data also revealed its application in detergent industries. Agriculturally, this protease finds application in biocontrol process against the infectious management of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Biologically, it shows noticeable wound healing, haemostatic and antibacterial activity.
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102
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Habbeche A, Saoudi B, Jaouadi B, Haberra S, Kerouaz B, Boudelaa M, Badis A, Ladjama A. Purification and biochemical characterization of a detergent-stable keratinase from a newly thermophilic actinomycete Actinomadura keratinilytica strain Cpt29 isolated from poultry compost. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 117:413-21. [PMID: 24140106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular thermostable keratinase (KERAK-29) was purified and biochemically characterized from a thermophilic actinomycete Actinomadura keratinilytica strain Cpt29 newly isolated from Algerian poultry compost. The isolate exhibited high keratinase production when grown in chicken feather meal media (24,000 U/ml). Based on matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis, the purified enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of 29,233.10-Da. The data revealed that the 25 N-terminal residue sequence displayed by KERAK-29 was TQADPPSWGLNNIDRQTAFTKATSI, which showed high homology with those of Streptomyces proteases. This keratinase was completely inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and diiodopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP), which suggests that it belongs to the serine protease family. Using keratin azure as a substrate, the optimum pH and temperature values for keratinase activity were pH 10 and 70°C, respectively. KERAK-29 was stable between 20 and 60°C and pH 3 and 10 for 5 and 120 h, respectively, and its thermoactivity and thermostability were enhanced in the presence of 5 mM Mn(2+). Its catalytic efficiency was higher than that of the KERAB keratinase from Streptomyces sp. strain AB1. KERAK-29 was also noted to show high keratinolytic activity and significant stability in the presence of detergents, which made it able to accomplish the entire feather-biodegradation process on its own. The ability of the A. keratinilytica strain Cpt29 to grow and produce substantial levels of keratinase using feather as a substrate could open new promising opportunities for the valorization of keratin-containing wastes and reduction of its impacts on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Habbeche
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology (LABM), Faculty of Science of Annaba (FSA), Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Boudjema Saoudi
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology (LABM), Faculty of Science of Annaba (FSA), Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Bassem Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules (LMB), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Haberra
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology (LABM), Faculty of Science of Annaba (FSA), Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Bilal Kerouaz
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology (LABM), Faculty of Science of Annaba (FSA), Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Mokhtar Boudelaa
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology (LABM), Faculty of Science of Annaba (FSA), Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Abdelmalek Badis
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry and Biomolecules (LNPCB), University of Saàd Dahlab (USD) of Blida, P.O. Box 270, 09000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Ali Ladjama
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology (LABM), Faculty of Science of Annaba (FSA), Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
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103
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Biochemical and molecular characterization of a serine keratinase from Brevibacillus brevis US575 with promising keratin-biodegradation and hide-dehairing activities. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76722. [PMID: 24146914 PMCID: PMC3795758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehairing is one of the highly polluting operations in the leather industry. The conventional lime-sulfide process used for dehairing produces large amounts of sulfide, which poses serious toxicity and disposal problems. This operation also involves hair destruction, a process that leads to increased chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solid (TSS) loads in the effluent. With these concerns in mind, enzyme-assisted dehairing has often been proposed as an alternative method. The main enzyme preparations so far used involved keratinases. The present paper reports on the purification of an extracellular keratinase (KERUS) newly isolated from Brevibacillus brevis strain US575. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis revealed that the purified enzyme was a monomer with a molecular mass of 29121.11 Da. The sequence of the 27 N-terminal residues of KERUS showed high homology with those of Bacillus keratinases. Optimal activity was achieved at pH 8 and 40°C. Its thermoactivity and thermostability were upgraded in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+. The enzyme was completely inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and diiodopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP), which suggests that it belongs to the serine protease family. KERUS displayed higher levels of hydrolysis, substrate specificity, and catalytic efficiency than NUE 12 MG and KOROPON® MK EG keratinases. The enzyme also exhibited powerful keratinolytic activity that made it able to accomplish the entire feather-biodegradation process on its own. The kerUS gene encoding KERUS was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The biochemical properties of the extracellular purified recombinant enzyme (rKERUS) were similar to those of native KERUS. Overall, the findings provide strong support for the potential candidacy of this enzyme as an effective and eco-friendly alternative to the conventional chemicals used for the dehairing of rabbit, goat, sheep and bovine hides in the leather processing industry.
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104
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Jaouadi B, Zaraî Jaouadi N, Rekik H, Naili B, Beji A, Dhouib A, Bejar S. Biochemical and molecular characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CTM50182 organic solvent-stable elastase. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:165-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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105
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Liu B, Zhang J, Fang Z, Gu L, Liao X, Du G, Chen J. Enhanced thermostability of keratinase by computational design and empirical mutation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:697-704. [PMID: 23619970 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Keratinases are proteolytic enzymes capable of degrading insoluble keratins. The importance of these enzymes is being increasingly recognized in fields as diverse as animal feed production, textile processing, detergent formulation, leather manufacture, and medicine. To enhance the thermostability of Bacillus licheniformis BBE11-1 keratinase, the PoPMuSiC algorithm was applied to predict the folding free energy change (ΔΔG) of amino acid substitutions. Use of the algorithm in combination with molecular modification of homologous subtilisin allowed the introduction of four amino acid substitutions (N122Y, N217S, A193P, N160C) into the enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant genes were expressed in Bacillus subtilis WB600. The quadruple mutant displayed synergistic or additive effects with an 8.6-fold increase in the t 1/2 value at 60 °C. The N122Y substitution also led to an approximately 5.6-fold increase in catalytic efficiency compared to that of the wild-type keratinase. These results provide further insight into the thermostability of keratinase and suggest further potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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106
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Draft genome sequence of Bacillus pumilus BA06, a producer of alkaline serine protease with leather-dehairing function. J Bacteriol 2013; 194:6668-9. [PMID: 23144411 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01694-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus pumilus BA06 was isolated from the proteinaceous soil and produced an extracellular alkaline protease with leather-dehairing function. The genome of BA06 was sequenced. The comparative genome analysis indicated that strain BA06 is different in genome from the other B. pumilus strains, with limited insertions, deletions, and rearrangements.
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107
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Lagzian M, Asoodeh A. An extremely thermotolerant, alkaliphilic subtilisin-like protease from hyperthermophilic Bacillus sp. MLA64. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:960-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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108
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Raut G, Vetal S, Biao R, Liu XY, Zhang L, Kokare C. RETRACTED: Purification and characterization of organic solvent and detergent stable protease isolated from marine Saccharopolyspora sp. A9: Application of protease for wound healing. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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109
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Jayakumar R, Jayashree S, Annapurna B, Seshadri S. Characterization of Thermostable Serine Alkaline Protease from an Alkaliphilic Strain Bacillus pumilus MCAS8 and Its Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1849-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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110
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Singh SK, Singh SK, Tripathi VR, Garg SK. Purification, characterization and secondary structure elucidation of a detergent stable, halotolerant, thermoalkaline protease from Bacillus cereus SIU1. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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111
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Öztürk NÇ, Kazan D, Denizci AA, Erarslan A. The influence of copper on alkaline protease stability toward autolysis and thermal inactivation. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nurçin Çelik Öztürk
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute (GEBI); Marmara Research Center Campus (MRC); Gebze - Kocaeli; Turkey
| | - Dilek Kazan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering; Marmara University; Kadıköy-İstanbul; Turkey
| | - Aziz Akın Denizci
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute (GEBI); Marmara Research Center Campus (MRC); Gebze - Kocaeli; Turkey
| | - Altan Erarslan
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Biochemistry; Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Kocaeli University; İzmit-Kocaeli; Turkey
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112
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Forrest CM, Addae JI, Murthy S, Darlington LG, Morris BJ, Stone TW. Molecular changes associated with hippocampal long-lasting depression induced by the serine protease subtilisin-A. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 34:1241-53. [PMID: 21999580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease subtilisin-A (SubA) induces a form of long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus, and molecular changes associated with SubA-induced LTD (SubA-LTD) were explored by using recordings of evoked postsynaptic potentials and immunoblotting. SubA-LTD was prevented by a selective inhibitor of SubA proteolysis, but the same inhibitor did not affect LTD induced by electrical stimulation or activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. SubA-LTD was reduced by the protein kinase inhibitors genistein and lavendustin A, although not by inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3, or protein phosphatases. It was also reduced by (RS)-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine, a broad-spectrum antagonist at metabotropic glutamate receptors. Inhibition of the Rho kinase enzyme Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase reduced SubA-LTD, although inhibitors of the RhoGTPase-activating enzymes farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase did not. In addition, a late phase of SubA-LTD was dependent on new protein synthesis. There was a small, non-significant difference in SubA-LTD between wild-type and RhoB(-/-) mice. Marked decreases were seen in the levels of Unc-5H3, a protein that is intimately involved in the development and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses. Smaller changes were noted, at higher concentrations of SubA, in Unc-5H1, vesicle-associated membrane protein-1 (synaptobrevin), and actin, with no changes in the levels of synaptophysin, synaptotagmin, RhoA, or RhoB. None of these changes was associated with LTD induced electrically or by the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. These results indicate that SubA induces molecular changes that overlap with other forms of LTD, but that the overall molecular profile of SubA-LTD is quite different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Forrest
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK
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113
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Mardanova AM, Malikova LA, Balaban NP, Zamatlyutdinova NM, Sharipova MR. Subtilisin-like proteinase secreted by the Bacillus pumilus KMM 62 strain at different growth stages. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012; 38:234-41. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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114
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Jaouadi NZ, Jaouadi B, Aghajari N, Bejar S. The overexpression of the SAPB of Bacillus pumilus CBS and mutated sapB-L31I/T33S/N99Y alkaline proteases in Bacillus subtilis DB430: new attractive properties for the mutant enzyme. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 105:142-151. [PMID: 22178490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The sapB gene encoding for Bacillus pumilus CBS protease (SAPB) and the triple mutated sapB-L31I/T33S/N99Y gene were cloned and overexpressed in the protease-deficient Bacillus subtilis DB430 using an Escherichia coli-Bacillus shuttle vector pBSMuL2. The 34,625.13 and 34,675.11-Da enzymes were purified from the culture supernatant of B. subtilis expressing the wild-type and mutated genes, respectively. The purified proteases showed the same N-terminal sequences and biochemical properties of those expressed in E. coli. Further investigations demonstrated that, compared to wild-type and other proteases, SAPB-L31I/T33S/N99Y had the highest catalytic efficiency and the best degree of hydrolysis. The mutant enzyme was also noted to exhibit a number of newly explored properties that are highly valued in the marketplace, namely considerable stability to detergents, higher resistance towards organic solvents, and potent dehairing ability. Overall, the findings indicated that SAPB-L31I/T33S/N99Y is a promising candidate for future use in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Zaraî Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules (LMB), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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115
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Statistical Approach for Optimization of Physiochemical Requirements on Alkaline Protease Production from Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2042. Enzyme Res 2012; 2012:905804. [PMID: 22347624 PMCID: PMC3278927 DOI: 10.1155/2012/905804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimization of physiochemical parameters for alkaline protease production using Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2042 were carried out by Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology (RSM). The model was validated experimentally and the maximum protease production was found 315.28 U using optimum culture conditions. The protease was purified using ammonium sulphate (60%) precipitation technique. The HPLC analysis of dialyzed sample showed that the retention time is 1.84 min with 73.5% purity. This enzyme retained more than 92% of its initial activity after preincubation for 30 min at 37°C
in the presence of 25% v/v DMSO, methanol, ethanol, ACN, 2-propanol, benzene, toluene, and hexane. In addition, partially purified enzyme showed remarkable stability for 60 min at room temperature, in the presence of anionic detergent (Tween-80 and Triton X-100), surfactant (SDS), bleaching agent (sodium perborate and hydrogen peroxide), and anti-redeposition agents (Na2CMC, Na2CO3). Purified enzyme containing 10% w/v PEG 4000 showed better thermal, surfactant, and local detergent stability.
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116
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Yongjun C, Wei B, Shujun J, Meizhi W, Yan J, Yan Y, Zhongliang Z, Goulin Z. Directed evolution improves the fibrinolytic activity of nattokinase from Bacillus natto. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 325:155-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Yongjun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Bao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Jiang Shujun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Weng Meizhi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Jia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Yin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Zheng Zhongliang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Zou Goulin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
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117
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Yang R, Song J, Gu Z, Li C. Partial purification and characterisation of cysteine protease in wheat germ. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:2437-2442. [PMID: 21702054 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases have become an essential part of the modern food and feed industry, being incorporated in a large and diversified range of products for human and animal consumption. The objective of this study was to purify and characterise a protease from wheat germ. RESULTS After purification a single protease of molecular weight 61-63 kDa (determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was obtained. The purified protease had optimal activity at 50 °C and maintained its activity completely after incubation at 30 °C for 30 min, while over 47% of the activity was lost after incubation at 80 °C for 30 min. The purified protease had optimal activity and maintained maximum stability at pH 5.5, while the activity decreased after incubation for 30 min at other pH values. The protease was inhibited by Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Ba(2+) and iodoacetic acid and stimulated by Li(+), Ca(2+), Cu(2+), β-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, while Zn(2+), L-cysteine and glutathione had no significant effect on its activity. At pH 5.5 the enzyme had a K(m) of 0.562 mg mL(-1) with casein as substrate and showed higher affinity to casein than to bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin and gelatin. CONCLUSION The purified enzyme from wheat germ was identified as a cysteine protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiang Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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118
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Kinetic Stability Modelling of Keratinolytic Protease P45: Influence of Temperature and Metal Ions. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:1740-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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119
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Purification and partial characterization of a detergent and oxidizing agent stable alkaline protease from a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis VSG-4 of tropical soil. J Microbiol 2011; 49:455-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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120
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Phrommao E, Yongsawatdigul J, Rodtong S, Yamabhai M. A novel subtilase with NaCl-activated and oxidant-stable activity from Virgibacillus sp. SK37. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:65. [PMID: 21658261 PMCID: PMC3135529 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial proteases are one of the most commercially valuable enzymes, of which the largest market share has been taken by subtilases or alkaline proteases of the Bacillus species. Despite a large amount of information on microbial proteases, a search for novel proteases with unique properties is still of interest for both basic and applied aspects of this highly complex class of enzymes. Oxidant stable proteases (OSPs) have been shown to have a wide application in the detergent and bleaching industries and recently have become one of the most attractive enzymes in various biotechnological applications. RESULTS A gene encoding a novel member of the subtilase superfamily was isolated from Virgibacillus sp. SK37, a protease-producing bacterium isolated from Thai fish sauce fermentation. The gene was cloned by an activity-based screening of a genomic DNA expression library on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar plates containing 1 mM IPTG and 3% skim milk. Of the 100,000 clones screened, all six isolated positive clones comprised one overlapping open reading frame of 45% identity to the aprX gene from Bacillus species. This gene, designated aprX-sk37 was cloned into pET21d(+) and over-expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). The enzyme product, designated AprX-SK37, was purified by an immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography to apparent homogeneity and characterized. The AprX-SK37 enzyme showed optimal catalytic conditions at pH 9.5 and 55°C, based on the azocasein assay containing 5 mM CaCl2. Maximum catalytic activity was found at 1 M NaCl with residual activity of 30% at 3 M NaCl. Thermal stability of the enzyme was also enhanced by 1 M NaCl. The enzyme was absolutely calcium-dependent, with optimal concentration of CaCl2 at 15 mM. Inhibitory effects by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid indicated that this enzyme is a metal-dependent serine protease. The enzyme activity was sensitive towards reducing agents, urea, and SDS, but relatively stable up to 5% of H2O2. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that AprX-SK37 belongs to a novel family of the subtilase superfamily. We propose the name of this new family as alkaline serine protease-X (AprX). CONCLUSIONS The stability towards H2O2 and moderately halo- and thermo-tolerant properties of the AprX-SK37 enzyme are attractive for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekkarat Phrommao
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
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121
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Jellouli K, Ghorbel-Bellaaj O, Ayed HB, Manni L, Agrebi R, Nasri M. Alkaline-protease from Bacillus licheniformis MP1: Purification, characterization and potential application as a detergent additive and for shrimp waste deproteinization. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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122
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Rajput R, Sharma R, Gupta R. Cloning and characterization of a thermostable detergent-compatible recombinant keratinase fromBacillus pumilusKS12. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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123
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Deng A, Wu J, Zhang G, Wen T. Molecular and structural characterization of a surfactant-stable high-alkaline protease AprB with a novel structural feature unique to subtilisin family. Biochimie 2011; 93:783-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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124
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Yao D, Qu J, Chang P, Tao Y, Yang D. Production and characterization of alkaline protease from hemoglobin-degrading Bacillus pumilus NJM4 to produce fermented blood meal. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2011; 49:626-31. [PMID: 24082276 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-010-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to isolate the hemoglobin-degrading bacterial strain to produce fermented blood meal and to characterize the protease produced by this strain. The strain NJM4, a kind of hemoglobin-degrading bacterial strain, was isolated by blood agar plates from slaughterhouse and identified as a Bacillus pumilus by physiological, biochemical, and morphological characteristics and by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacillus pumilus NJM4 could degrade hemoglobin up to 85% in 36 h under the laboratory conditions. The optimal conditions for protease production was achieved at an initial pH level of 8.67, inoculum size of 4%, incubation temperature of 37 °C, and agitation rate 200 rpm. The optimum pH and temperature of hemoglobin-degrading proteases were at 9.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The protease activity was slightly decreased in presence of Ca(2+) and DTT. It was significantly inhibited in the presence of PMSF and EDTA identifying it as alkaline serine-metalloproteinase. Bacillus pumilus NJM4 and hemoglobin-degrading proteases provide potential use for biotechnological process of fermentation and enzymolysis blood meal as animal feed supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
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125
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Vijay Kumar E, Srijana M, Kiran Kumar K, Harikrishna N, Reddy G. A novel serine alkaline protease from Bacillus altitudinis GVC11 and its application as a dehairing agent. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2010; 34:403-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-010-0483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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126
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Jaouadi B, Aghajari N, Haser R, Bejar S. Enhancement of the thermostability and the catalytic efficiency of Bacillus pumilus CBS protease by site-directed mutagenesis. Biochimie 2010; 92:360-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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127
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Wang F, Hao J, Yang C, Sun M. Cloning, Expression, and Identification of a Novel Extracellular Cold-Adapted Alkaline Protease Gene of the Marine Bacterium Strain YS-80-122. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1497-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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128
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An oxidant- and organic solvent-resistant alkaline metalloprotease from Streptomyces olivochromogenes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1457-70. [PMID: 20195792 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Organic solvent- and detergent-resistant proteases are important from an industrial viewpoint. However, they have been less frequently reported and only few of them are from actinomycetes. A metalloprotease from Streptomyces olivochromogenes (SOMP) was purified by ion exchange with Poros HQ and gel filtration with Sepharose CL-6B. Apparent molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 51 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gelatin zymography. The activity was optimum at pH 7.5 and 50 degrees C and stable between pH 7.0 and 10.0. SOMP was stable below 45 degrees C and Ca(2+) increased its thermostability. Ca(2+) enhanced while Co(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+), and Fe(2+) inhibited the activity. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, but not phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin, and pefabloc SC, significantly suppressed the activity, suggesting that it might be a metalloprotease. Importantly, it is highly resistant against various detergents, organic solvents, and oxidizing agents, and the activity is enhanced by H(2)O(2). The enzyme could be a novel protease based on its origin and peculiar biochemical properties. It may be useful in biotechnological applications especially for organic solvent-based enzymatic synthesis.
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129
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Jaouadi B, Ellouz-Chaabouni S, Ali MB, Messaoud EB, Naili B, Dhouib A, Bejar S. Excellent laundry detergent compatibility and high dehairing ability of the Bacillus pumilus CBS alkaline proteinase (SAPB). BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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130
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Rai SK, Mukherjee AK. Ecological significance and some biotechnological application of an organic solvent stable alkaline serine protease from Bacillus subtilis strain DM-04. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:2642-2645. [PMID: 19136254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An organic solvent stable, alkaline serine protease (Bsubap-I) with molecular mass of 33.1 kDa, purified from Bacillus subtilis DM-04 showed optimum activity at temperature and pH range of 37-45 degrees C and 10.0-10.5, respectively. The enzyme activity of Bsubap-I was significantly enhanced in presence of Fe(2+). The thermal resistance and stability and of Bsubap-I in presence of surfactants, detergents, and organic solvents, and its dehairing activity supported its candidature for application in laundry detergent formulations, ultrafiltration membrane cleaning, peptide synthesis and in leather industry. The broad substrate specificity and differential antibacterial property of Bsubap-I suggested the natural ecological role of this enzyme for the producing bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K Rai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India
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131
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Wan MY, Wang HY, Zhang YZ, Feng H. Substrate specificity and thermostability of the dehairing alkaline protease from Bacillus pumilus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 159:394-403. [PMID: 19132554 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An alkaline protease (DHAP) from Bacillus pumilus has shown great potential in hide dehairing. To get better insights on its catalytic properties for application, the substrate specificity and thermostability were investigated using five natural proteins and nine synthetic peptides. The results showed that DHAP could hydrolyze five proteins tested here in different specificity. Collagen, a component of animal skin, was more resistant to hydrolysis than casein, fibrin, and gelatin. Among the synthetic peptides, the enzyme showed activity mainly with tetrapeptide substrates with the catalytic efficiency in order of Phe>Leu>Ala at P1 site, although k(m) value for AAVA-pN is much lower than that for AAPL-pN and AAPF-pN. With tripeptide substrates, smaller side-chain group (Gly) at P1 site was not hydrolyzed by DHAP. The enzyme showed good thermostability below 60 degrees C, and lost activity so quickly above 70 degrees C. The thermostability was largely dependent on metal ion, especially Ca(2+), although other ions, like Mg(2+), Mn(2+), and Co(2+), could sustain stability at certain extent within limited time. Cu(2+), Fe(2+), as well as Al(3+), did not support the enzyme to retain activity at 60 degrees C even in 5 min. In addition, the selected metal ions could coordinate calcium in improvement or destruction of thermostability for DHAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yuan Wan
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
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132
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Jaouadi B, Bejar S. Characterization of an original serine alkaline proteinase from Bacillus pumilus CBS. J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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