101
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Sooriyaarachchi M, White WM, Narendran A, Gailer J. Chemoprotection byd-methionine against cisplatin-induced side-effects: insight from in vitro studies using human plasma. Metallomics 2014; 6:532-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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102
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Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are widely applied for the treatment of various types of tumours. Over the last few decades, a large variety of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes have been developed to improve the applicability in a wider spectrum of cancers, increase their therapeutic window and reduce the dose-limiting side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is the administration of a photosensitiser followed by visible light activation, is a promising route to avoid damage to healthy cells and the surrounding tissue. Transition metal complexes as photochemotherapeutic agents are an attractive option for further development in the field of photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). These complexes exhibit different numbers and types of excited states which are easily accessible upon light irradiation, subsequently giving rise to the formation of various photoproducts that can enable a distinct mode of action. Platinum-diazido complexes are promising candidates for PACT due to the low cytotoxicity when irradiated with visible light. This review summarises the mode of action of current platinum anticancer drugs with cisplatin as a lead example and the development of non-conventional Pt(II) complexes. Background information regarding PDT the photophysical and photochemical properties of metal complexes is provided, as well as notable examples of photoactivated metal complexes with biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on recent developments on platinum photoactivated drugs.
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103
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Abstract
Metals have been considered for millennia to have medicinal values. With the advent of modern medicine, many metal-based drugs have proven to be highly effective in the clinic. Many different metal ions have shown activity against a range of diseases. The unique electronic structure of transition metals offers great versatility, not always seen in organic drugs, in terms of the ability to tune the properties of a given molecule. This review gives a brief overview of the most established therapeutic metals, and their more common applications, such as platinum-based anticancer drugs. New developments within the field of metallodrugs and novel strategies being employed to improve methods of delivery, are also discussed.
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104
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Singh SK, Pandey DS. Multifaceted half-sandwich arene–ruthenium complexes: interactions with biomolecules, photoactivation, and multinuclearity approach. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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105
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Ivanović I, Jovanović KK, Gligorijević N, Radulović S, Arion VB, Sheweshein KSA, Tešić ŽL, Grgurić-Šipka S. Ruthenium(II)–arene complexes with substituted picolinato ligands: Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic properties and antiproliferative activity. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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106
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Wu Q, Chen T, Zhang Z, Liao S, Wu X, Wu J, Mei W, Chen Y, Wu W, Zeng L, Zheng W. Microwave-assisted synthesis of arene ruthenium(ii) complexes [(η6-RC6H5)Ru(m-MOPIP)Cl]Cl (R = -H and -CH3) as groove binder to c-myc G4 DNA. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:9216-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two arene Ru(ii) complexes are prepared under microwave irradiation and display application potential as small molecule inhibitors of c-myc G4 DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Siyan Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Mei
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
| | - Yanhua Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weili Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lingli Zeng
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
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107
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Kalaivani P, Prabhakaran R, Vaishnavi E, Rueffer T, Lang H, Poornima P, Renganathan R, Vijaya Padma V, Natarajan K. Synthesis, structure, DNA/protein binding and in vitro cytotoxicity of new ruthenium metallates. Inorg Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3qi00070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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108
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Yue H, Yang B, Wang Y, Chen G. Investigations of the binding of [Pt2(DTBPA)Cl2](II) and [Pt2(TPXA)Cl2](II) to DNA via various cross-linking modes. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19556-86. [PMID: 24077126 PMCID: PMC3821573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed models for a series of platinum-DNA adducts that represent the binding of two agents, [Pt2(DTBPA)Cl2](II) and [Pt2(TPXA)Cl2](II), to DNA via inter- and intra-strand cross-linking, and carried out molecular dynamics simulations and DNA conformational dynamics calculations. The effects of trans- and cis-configurations of the centers of these di-nuclear platinum agents, and of different bridging linkers, have been investigated on the conformational distortions of platinum-DNA adducts formed via inter- and intra-strand cross-links. The results demonstrate that the DNA conformational distortions for the various platinum-DNA adducts with differing cross-linking modes are greatly influenced by the difference between the platinum-platinum distance for the platinum agent and the platinum-bound N7–N7 distance for the DNA molecule, and by the flexibility of the bridging linkers in the platinum agent. However, the effects of trans/cis-configurations of the platinum-centers on the DNA conformational distortions in the platinum-DNA adducts depend on the inter- and intra-strand cross-linking modes. In addition, we discuss the relevance of DNA base motions, including opening, shift and roll, to the changes in the parameters of the DNA major and minor grooves caused by binding of the platinum agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Wang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (G.C.); Tel.: +86-10-5880-5247 (Y.W.); +86-10-5880-5424 (G.C.); Fax: +86-10-5880-2075 (Y.W. & G.C.)
| | - Guangju Chen
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (G.C.); Tel.: +86-10-5880-5247 (Y.W.); +86-10-5880-5424 (G.C.); Fax: +86-10-5880-2075 (Y.W. & G.C.)
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109
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Wang H, Zeng X, Zhou R, Zhao C. A comparative DFT study on aquation and nucleobase binding of ruthenium (II) and osmium (II) arene complexes. J Mol Model 2013; 19:4849-56. [PMID: 24037457 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surfaces of the reactions of organometallic arene complexes of the type [(η (6)-arene)M(II)(pic)Cl] (where pic = 2-picolinic acid, M = Ru or Os) were examined by a DFT computational study. Among the seven density functional methods, hybrid exchange functional B3LYP outperforms the others to explain the aquation of the complexes. The reactions and binding energies of Ru(II) and Os(II) arene complexes with both 9EtG and 9EtA were studied to gain insight into the reactivity of these types of organometallic complexes with DNA. The obtained data rationalize experimental observation, contributing to partly understanding the potential biological and medical applications of organometallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China,
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110
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Metal Species in Biology: Bottom-Up and Top-Down LC Approaches in Applied Toxicological Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/801840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the inception of liquid chromatography (LC) more than 100 years ago this separation technique has been developed into a powerful analytical tool that is frequently applied in life science research. To this end, unique insights into the interaction of metal species (throughout this manuscript “metal species” refers to “toxic metals, metalloid compounds, and metal-based drugs” and “toxic metals” to “toxic metals and metalloid compounds”) with endogenous ligands can be obtained by using LC approaches that involve their hyphenation with inductively coupled plasma-based element specific detectors. This review aims to provide a synopsis of the different LC approaches which may be employed to advance our understanding of these interactions either in a “bottom-up” or a “top-down” manner. In the “bottom-up” LC-configuration, endogenous ligands are introduced into a physiologically relevant mobile phase buffer, and the metal species of interest is injected. Subsequent “interrogation” of the on-column formed complex(es) by employing a suitable separation mechanism (e.g., size exclusion chromatography or reversed-phase LC) while changing the ligand concentration(s), the column temperature or the pH can provide valuable insight into the formation of complexes under near physiological conditions. This approach allows to establish the relative stability and hydrophobicity of metal-ligand complexes as well as the dynamic coordination of a metal species (injected) to two ligands (dissolved in the mobile phase). Conversely, the “top-down” analysis of a biological fluid (e.g., blood plasma) by LC (e.g., using size exclusion chromatography) can be used to determine the size distribution of endogenous metalloproteins which are collectively referred to as the “metalloproteome”. This approach can provide unique insight into the metabolism and the plasma protein binding of metal species, and can simultaneously visualize the dose-dependent perturbation of the metalloproteome by a particular metal species. The concerted application of these LC approaches is destined to provide new insight into biochemical processes which represent an important starting point to advance human health in the 21st century.
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111
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Lu J, Guo J, Sang W, Guo H. Mixed-ligand oxovanadium complexes incorporating Schiff base ligands: synthesis, DNA interactions, and cytotoxicities. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-013-9714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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112
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Platinum and Palladium Polyamine Complexes as Anticancer Agents: The Structural Factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/287353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of cisplatin to oncology in 1978, Pt(II) and Pd(II) compounds have been intensively studied with a view to develop the improved anticancer agents. Polynuclear polyamine complexes, in particular, have attracted special attention, since they were found to yield DNA adducts not available to conventional drugs (through long-distance intra- and interstrand cross-links) and to often circumvent acquired cisplatin resistance. Moreover, the cytotoxic potency of these polyamine-bridged chelates is strictly regulated by their structural characteristics, which renders this series of compounds worth investigating and their synthesis being carefully tailored in order to develop third-generation drugs coupling an increased spectrum of activity to a lower toxicity. The present paper addresses the latest developments in the design of novel antitumor agents based on platinum and palladium, particularly polynuclear chelates with variable length aliphatic polyamines as bridging ligands, highlighting the close relationship between their structural preferences and cytotoxic ability. In particular, studies by vibrational spectroscopy techniques are emphasised, allowing to elucidate the structure-activity relationships (SARs) ruling anticancer activity.
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113
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Application of two-layer ONIOM for studying the interaction of N-substituted piperazinylfluoroquinolones with ds-DNA. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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114
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Govender P, Sudding LC, Clavel CM, Dyson PJ, Therrien B, Smith GS. The influence of RAPTA moieties on the antiproliferative activity of peripheral-functionalised poly(salicylaldiminato) metallodendrimers. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:1267-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31337e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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115
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Liu W, Gust R. Metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as potential antitumor metallodrugs. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:755-73. [PMID: 23147001 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35314h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wukun Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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116
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Kundu S, Biswas MK, Banerjee A, Bhadra K, Kumar GS, Drew MGB, Bhadra R, Ghosh P. Synthesis, structure and DNA binding studies of 9-phenyldibenzo[a,c] phenazin-9-ium. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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117
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Abd Karim KJ, Binauld S, Scarano W, Stenzel MH. Macromolecular platinum-drugs based on statistical and block copolymer structures and their DNA binding ability. Polym Chem 2013; 4:5542. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00606a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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118
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DNA Metalating-Intercalating Hybrid Agents for the Treatment of Chemoresistant Cancers. Chemistry 2012; 18:12926-34. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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119
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Esteruelas MA, García-Raboso J, Oliván M. Reactions of an Osmium-Hexahydride Complex with Cytosine, Deoxycytidine, and Cytidine: The Importance of the Minor Tautomers. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:9522-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3013238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC,
50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Raboso
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC,
50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Montserrat Oliván
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC,
50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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120
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Abdi K, Hadadzadeh H, Salimi M, Simpson J, Khalaji AD. A mononuclear copper(II) complex based on the polypyridyl ligand 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (tptz), [Cu(tptz)2]2+: X-ray crystal structure, DNA binding and in vitro cell cytotoxicity. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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121
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Davis KJ, Carrall JA, Lai B, Aldrich-Wright JR, Ralph SF, Dillon CT. Does cytotoxicity of metallointercalators correlate with cellular uptake or DNA affinity? Dalton Trans 2012; 41:9417-26. [PMID: 22740039 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of the metallointercalators, [Pt(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(trans-1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)](2+) ([56MERR]) and [Pt(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(trans-1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)](2+) ([56MESS]), towards A549 human lung cancer cells was examined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The IC(50) value obtained following exposure of A549 cells to [56MESS] for 4 h was approximately three times smaller than that obtained when [56MERR] was administered under the same conditions, indicating that the former complex displayed greater cytotoxicity. Both IC(50) values were greater than that obtained after exposure of A549 cells to cisplatin, demonstrating that the latter compound was the most cytotoxic of the three examined. Microprobe synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) analyses of metallointercalator-treated A549 cells showed that platinum became localised in DNA-rich regions of the nucleus. In contrast, when the same cells were treated with cisplatin the metal became distributed throughout the cell. Determination of the maximum concentration of platinum present inside the cells using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS) of platinum-treated cells suggested that there was greater uptake of [56MERR] compared to [56MESS] by the A549 cells, and that platinum uptake did not account for the greater toxicity of [56MESS], as assessed by the MTT assay. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic studies of solutions containing either [56MERR] or [56MESS], and a duplex hexadecamer molecule, showed the two metallointercalators displayed very similar affinity towards the nucleic acid. Overall these results indicate that the difference in cytotoxicity of the two platinum metallointercalators is probably the result of variations in their interactions with other cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J Davis
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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122
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Futera Z, Platts JA, Burda JV. Binding of piano-stool Ru(II) complexes to DNA; QM/MM study. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:2092-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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123
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Wang H, DeYonker NJ, Zhang X, Zhao C, Ji L, Mao ZW. Photodissociation of a ruthenium(II) arene complex and its subsequent interactions with biomolecules: a density functional theory study. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4675-86. [PMID: 22653608 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The piano-stool Ru(II) arene complex [(η⁶-benz)Ru(bpm)(py)]²⁺ (benz = benzene, bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine, and py = pyridine), which is conventionally nonlabile (on a timescale and under conditions relevant for biological reactivity), can be activated by visible light to selectively photodissociate the monodentate ligand (py). In the present study, the aquation and binding of the photocontrolled ruthenium(II) arene complex [(η⁶-benz)Ru(bpm)(py)]²⁺ to various biomolecules are studied by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT). Potential energy curves (PECs) calculated for the Ru-N (py) bonds in [(η⁶-benz)Ru(bpm)(py)]²⁺ in the singlet and triplet state give useful insights into the photodissociation mechanism of py. The binding energies of the various biomolecules are calculated, which allows the order of binding affinities among the considered nuleic-acid- or protein-binding sites to be discerned. The kinetics for the replacement of water in the aqua complex with biomolecules is also considered, and the results demonstrate that guanine is superior to other biomolecules in terms of coordinating with the Ru(II) aqua adduct, which is in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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124
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Govender P, Therrien B, Smith GS. Bio-Metallodendrimers - Emerging Strategies in Metal-Based Drug Design. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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125
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Esteruelas MA, García-Raboso J, Oliván M, Oñate E. N–H and N–C Bond Activation of Pyrimidinic Nucleobases and Nucleosides Promoted by an Osmium Polyhydride. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:5975-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300639j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química
y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Raboso
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química
y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Montserrat Oliván
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química
y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química
y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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126
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Mechanism of aquation and nucleobase binding of ruthenium (II) and osmium (II) arene complexes: A systematic comparison DFT study. J Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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127
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Abstract
A snapshot of recent key developments in the patent literature of relevance to the advancement of pharmaceutical and medical R&D
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128
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Nazarov AA, Risse J, Ang WH, Schmitt F, Zava O, Ruggi A, Groessl M, Scopelitti R, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Hartinger CG, Dyson PJ. Anthracene-Tethered Ruthenium(II) Arene Complexes as Tools To Visualize the Cellular Localization of Putative Organometallic Anticancer Compounds. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3633-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202530j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Nazarov
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Risse
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
117543, Singapore
| | - Frederic Schmitt
- University Institute of Pathology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Zava
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Groessl
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelitti
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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129
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Gligorijević N, Aranđelović S, Filipović L, Jakovljević K, Janković R, Grgurić-Šipka S, Ivanović I, Radulović S, Tešić ŽL. Picolinate ruthenium(II)–arene complex with in vitro antiproliferative and antimetastatic properties: Comparison to a series of ruthenium(II)–arene complexes with similar structure. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 108:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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130
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Jungwirth U, Xanthos DN, Gojo J, Bytzek AK, Körner W, Heffeter P, Abramkin SA, Jakupec MA, Hartinger CG, Windberger U, Galanski M, Keppler BK, Berger W. Anticancer activity of methyl-substituted oxaliplatin analogs. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:719-28. [PMID: 22331606 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.077321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is successfully used in systemic cancer therapy. However, resistance development and severe adverse effects are limiting factors for curative cancer treatment with oxaliplatin. The purpose of this study was to comparatively investigate in vitro and in vivo anticancer properties as well as the adverse effects of two methyl-substituted enantiomerically pure oxaliplatin analogs [[(1R,2R,4R)-4-methyl-1,2-cyclohexanediamine] oxalatoplatinum(II) (KP1537), and [(1R,2R,4S)-4-methyl-1,2-cyclohexanediamine]oxalatoplatinum(II) (KP1691)] and to evaluate the impact of stereoisomerism. Although the novel oxaliplatin analogs demonstrated in multiple aspects activities comparable with those of the parental compound, several key differences were discovered. The analogs were characterized by reduced vulnerability to resistance mechanisms such as p53 mutations, reduced dependence on immunogenic cell death induction, and distinctly attenuated adverse effects including weight loss and cold hyperalgesia. Stereoisomerism of the substituted methyl group had a complex and in some aspects even contradictory impact on drug accumulation and anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo. To summarize, methyl-substituted oxaliplatin analogs harbor improved therapeutic characteristics including significantly reduced adverse effects. Hence, they might be promising metal-based anticancer drug candidates for further (pre)clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Jungwirth
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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131
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Busto N, Valladolid J, Aliende C, Jalón FA, Manzano BR, Rodríguez AM, Gaspar JF, Martins C, Biver T, Espino G, Leal JM, García B. Preparation of Organometallic Ruthenium-Arene-Diaminotriazine Complexes as Binding Agents to DNA. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:788-801. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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132
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Patel MN, Dosi PA, Bhatt BS. Nucleic acid interaction and antibacterial behaviours of a ternary palladium(II) complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 86:508-514. [PMID: 22153744 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The bidentate ligands and Pd(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis (C, H, N), (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, electronic spectra, FT-IR and FAB mass spectroscopy. The binding of palladium complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) has been explored using absorption titration, DNA melting temperature and viscosity measurements. The cleavage reaction on pUC19 DNA has been monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results suggest that complexes can bind to DNA by intercalative modes and exhibit nuclease activities in which supercoil form is converted to open circular form. The antibacterial activity of ligands and complexes has been performed against three Gram(-ve) and two Gram(+ve) microorganisms and the study indicates that all the complexes show better microbial inhibition activity than ligands and palladium salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan N Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388 120 Gujarat, India.
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133
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Wu K, Luo Q, Hu W, Li X, Wang F, Xiong S, Sadler PJ. Mechanism of interstrand migration of organoruthenium anticancer complexes within a DNA duplex. Metallomics 2012; 4:139-48. [PMID: 22262368 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt00162d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic ruthenium(ii) anticancer complexes [(η(6)-arene)Ru(en)Cl][PF(6)] (e.g. arene = biphenyl (bip, 1), indane (ind, 2); en = ethylenediamine) bind to N7 of guanine (G) in DNA selectively. The fragment {(η(6)-bip)Ru(en)}(2+) (1') bound to N7 of one guanine residue at a 14-mer duplex DNA migrates readily to other guanine residues in both the same strand and the complementary strand when the strands are hybridized at elevated temperature. In this work, by applying HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry, the mechanism of such intra- and interstrand migration was investigated using a 15-mer duplex, in which one strand 5'-CTCTCTTG(8)TCTTCTC-3' (I) contained a single guanine (G(8)). The results show that the interstrand migration of complexes 1 and 2 within the duplex involves an SN1 pathway, firstly solvent-assisted dissociation of the initially G(8)-bound adducts I-G(8)-1' and I-G(8)-2' (2' = {(η(6)-ind)Ru(en)}(2+)) as the rate-controlling step, and secondly the coordination of the dissociated 1' and 2' to guanine bases (G(21) for 1', either G(21) or G(18) for 2') on strand II. The high temperature used to anneal the single strands was found to increase the migration rate. The formation of the duplex acts as a key driving force to promote the dissociation of G(8)-bound 1' and 2' due to the competition of cytosine in II with the en-NH(2) groups in 1' and 2' for H-bonding with C6O of guanine. Complex 2 (t(1/2) = 18 h) containing a mono-ringed arene ligand dissociates more readily from the initially binding site G(8) than complex 1 (t(1/2) = 23 h). The extended biphenyl arene ligand which is intercalated into DNA stabilizes the adduct I-G(8)-1'. These results provide new insight into this unusual metal migration, and are of significance for the design and development of more active organometallic ruthenium anticancer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
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134
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Blunden BM, Thomas DS, Stenzel MH. Macromolecular ruthenium complexes as anti-cancer agents. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20439h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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135
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Wang H, Yonker NJD, Gao H, Tan C, Zhang X, Ji L, Zhao C, Mao ZW. Aquation and dimerization of osmium(ii) anticancer complexes: a density functional theory study. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00604e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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136
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Wang H, Yonker NJD, Gao H, Phillips DL, Zhao C, Ji L, Mao ZW. Predicting the interactions of organometallic ruthenium ethylenediamine complexes with mononucleotides: insights from density functional theory. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20984e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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137
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Mononuclear copper(II) complex with terpyridine and an extended phenanthroline base, [Cu(tpy)(dppz)]2+: Synthesis, crystal structure, DNA binding and cytotoxicity activity. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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138
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Miklášová N, Fischer-Fodor E, Lönnecke P, Tomuleasa CI, Virag P, Schrepler MP, Mikláš R, Dumitrescu LS, Hey-Hawkins E. Antiproliferative effect of novel platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes on hepatic tumor stem cells in vitro. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 49:41-7. [PMID: 22305340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel platinum and palladium complexes with (2-isopropoxyphenyl)dicyclohexylarsine and (2-methoxyphenyl)dicyclohexylarsine ligands were synthesized and tested on different tumor cells. Adducts with general formula MX(2)L(2) (M = Pt(II), Pd(II); X = Cl or I; L = organoarsenic ligand) were fully characterized. According to the crystallographic data, in all complexes the organoarsenic ligands coordinate the metal center through the arsenic atom only, in a trans arrangement with the halogen atoms. The antiproliferative potential of complexes 1-4 was evaluated in vitro on human tumor cell lines. A markedly biological activity was observed against the chemoresistant hepatic tumor stem cell line, the normal hepatic stem cells and towards the hepatocellular carcinoma (non-stem) cells. The new compounds toxicity is selectively limited in normal liver cells, unlikeness with the oxaliplatin, which displays a more intense effect in normal cells, compared with the two tumor cell lines. The stem cells treatment with compounds 1-4 causes DNA damages; the antimitotic effect of these compounds is based on their genotoxicity and on the capacity to form crosslinks with the DNA interstrand. In the case of platinum complexes 1 and 3 this mechanism gives rise to specific lesions on DNA that induces apoptosis in stem cells, influencing their selectivity in tumor cell growth inhibition. Compounds 1, 2 and 4 display higher activity against tumor stem cells. The novel platinum complexes 1 and 3 are more efficient against tumor stem cells than oxaliplatin, and if used in combination with sorafenib-based monoclonal anticancer therapy, complexes 1, 3 and 4 have the ability to induce superior chemosensitivity relative to sorafenib than the standard platinum-based drug, making them promising candidates for prodrug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Miklášová
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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139
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Senthil Raja D, Bhuvanesh NSP, Natarajan K. Structure–activity relationship study of copper(II) complexes with 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (4′-methylbenzoyl) hydrazone: synthesis, structures, DNA and protein interaction studies, antioxidative and cytotoxic activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 17:223-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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140
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Smith GS, Therrien B. Targeted and multifunctional arene ruthenium chemotherapeutics. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:10793-800. [PMID: 21858344 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of multifunctionalities for tumour targeting is becoming a popular strategy toward the development of new therapeutic agents. In particular, the multifaceted potential of ruthenium(II)-arene complexes show great promise as chemotherapeutics. An ever-increasing number of papers dealing with the integration of ruthenium complexes with biologically active molecules to derive bioorganometallic molecules of chemotherapeutic significance have been published in recent years. This perspective review presents a short overview of multifunctional ruthenium-based drugs, especially those containing arene ruthenium complexes, with the emphasis on the combination of photosensitizers with ruthenium complexes for the preparation of novel multifunctional photodynamic therapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Smith
- University of Cape Town, Department of Chemistry, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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141
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Jungwirth U, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG, Berger W, Heffeter P. Anticancer activity of metal complexes: involvement of redox processes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1085-127. [PMID: 21275772 PMCID: PMC3371750 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells require tight regulation of the intracellular redox balance and consequently of reactive oxygen species for proper redox signaling and maintenance of metal (e.g., of iron and copper) homeostasis. In several diseases, including cancer, this balance is disturbed. Therefore, anticancer drugs targeting the redox systems, for example, glutathione and thioredoxin, have entered focus of interest. Anticancer metal complexes (platinum, gold, arsenic, ruthenium, rhodium, copper, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, gadolinium, and molybdenum) have been shown to strongly interact with or even disturb cellular redox homeostasis. In this context, especially the hypothesis of "activation by reduction" as well as the "hard and soft acids and bases" theory with respect to coordination of metal ions to cellular ligands represent important concepts to understand the molecular modes of action of anticancer metal drugs. The aim of this review is to highlight specific interactions of metal-based anticancer drugs with the cellular redox homeostasis and to explain this behavior by considering chemical properties of the respective anticancer metal complexes currently either in (pre)clinical development or in daily clinical routine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Jungwirth
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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142
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Savić A, Dulović M, Poljarević JM, Misirlić-Denčić S, Jovanović M, Bogdanović A, Trajković V, Sabo TJ, Grgurić-Šipka S, Marković I. Synthesis and in vitro Anticancer Activity of Ruthenium-Cymene Complexes with Cyclohexyl-Functionalized Ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetate-Type Ligands. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1884-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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143
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Oxidative DNA Damage Induced by a Copper(II)1,10-PhenanthrolineL-Serine Complex in the Presence of Rutin. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1333-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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144
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Hostetter AA, Miranda ML, DeRose VJ, McFarlane Holman KL. Ru binding to RNA following treatment with the antimetastatic prodrug NAMI-A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in vitro. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:1177-85. [PMID: 21739255 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
[ImH][trans-Ru(III)Cl(4)(DMSO)(Im)] (where DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide and Im is imidazole) (NAMI-A) is an antimetastatic prodrug currently in phase II clinical trials. The mechanisms of action of this and related Ru-based anticancer agents are not well understood, but several cellular targets have been suggested. Although Ru has been observed to bind to DNA following in vitro NAMI-A exposure, little is known about Ru-DNA interactions in vivo and even less is known about how this or related metallodrugs might influence cellular RNA. In this study, Ru accumulation in cellular RNA was measured following treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with NAMI-A. Drug-dependent growth and cell viability indicate relatively high tolerance, with approximately 40% cell death occurring at 6 h for 450 μM NAMI-A. Significant dose-dependent accumulation of Ru in cellular RNA was observed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements on RNA extracted from yeast treated with NAMI-A. In vitro, binding of Ru species to drug-treated model DNA and RNA oligonucleotides at pH 6.0 and 7.4 was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the presence and absence of the reductant ascorbate. The extent of Ru-nucleotide interactions increases slightly with lower pH and significantly in the presence of ascorbate, with differences in observed species distribution. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the accumulation of aquated and reduced derivatives of NAMI-A on RNA in vitro and in cellulo, and enhanced binding with nucleic acid targets in a tumorlike acidic, reducing environment. To our knowledge, this is also the first study to characterize NAMI-A treatment of S. cerevisiae, a genetically tractable model organism.
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145
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Merlino A, Otero L, Gambino D, Laura Coitiño E. In search of patterns over physicochemical properties and pharmacological activities for a set of [MCl2(thiosemicarbazone)] complexes (M=Pt/Pd): Support for multiple mechanisms of antichagasic action excluding DNA-bonding in vivo? Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2639-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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146
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Buczkowska M, Bodtke A, Lindequist U, Gdaniec M, Bednarski PJ. Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Cu(II), Co(II), Pt(II) and Zn(II) Complexes with N,O-Chelating Heterocyclic Carboxylates. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:605-16. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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147
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Zhao P, Huang JW, Ji LN. Metal complexes of porphyrin–anthraquinone hybrids: DNA binding and photocleavage specificities. J COORD CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2011.585641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , No. 280, Waihuandong Road, Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Jin-Wang Huang
- b MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University , No. 135, Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275 , P.R. China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- b MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University , No. 135, Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275 , P.R. China
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148
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Abstract
DNA has a strong affinity for many heterocyclic aromatic dyes, such as acridine and its derivatives. Lerman in 1961 first proposed intercalation as the source of this affinity, and this mode of DNA binding has since attracted considerable research scrutiny. Organic intercalators can inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in vivo, and they are now common anticancer drugs in clinical therapy. The covalent attachment of organic intercalators to transition metal coordination complexes, yielding metallointercalators, can lead to novel DNA interactions that influence biological activity. Metal complexes with σ-bonded aromatic side arms can act as dual-function complexes: they bind to DNA both by metal coordination and through intercalation of the attached aromatic ligand. These aromatic side arms introduce new modes of DNA binding, involving mutual interactions of functional groups held in close proximity. The biological activity of both cis- and trans-diamine Pt(II) complexes is dramatically enhanced by the addition of σ-bonded intercalators. We have explored a new class of organometallic "piano-stool" Ru(II) and Os(II) arene anticancer complexes of the type [(η(6)-arene)Ru/Os(XY)Cl](+). Here XY is, for example, ethylenediamine (en), and the arene ligand can take many forms, including tetrahydroanthracene, biphenyl, or p-cymene. Arene-nucleobase stacking interactions can have a significant influence on both the kinetics and thermodynamics of DNA binding. In particular, the cytotoxic activity, conformational distortions, recognition by DNA-binding proteins, and repair mechanisms are dependent on the arene. A major difficulty in developing anticancer drugs is cross-resistance, a phenomenon whereby a cell that is resistant to one drug is also resistant to another drug in the same class. These new complexes are non-cross-resistant with cisplatin towards cancer cells: they constitute a new class of anticancer agents, with a mechanism of action that differs from the anticancer drug cisplatin and its analogs. The Ru-arene complexes with dual functions are more potent towards cancer cells than their nonintercalating analogs. In this Account, we focus on recent studies of dual-function organometallic Ru(II)- and Os(II)-arene complexes and the methods used to detect arene-DNA intercalation. We relate these interactions to the mechanism of anticancer activity and to structure-activity relationships. The interactions between these complexes and DNA show close similarities to those of covalent polycyclic aromatic carcinogens, especially to N7-alkylating intercalation compounds. However, Ru-arene complexes exhibit some new features. Classical intercalation and base extrusion next to the metallated base is observed for {(η(6)-biphenyl)Ru(ethylenediamine)}(2+) adducts of a 14-mer duplex, while penetrating arene intercalation occurs for adducts of the nonaromatic bulky intercalator {(η(6)-tetrahydroanthracene)Ru(ethylenediamine)}(2+) with a 6-mer duplex. The introduction of dual-function Ru-arene complexes introduces new mechanisms of antitumor activity, novel mechanisms for attack on DNA, and new concepts for developing structure- activity relationships. We hope this discussion will stimulate thoughtful and focused research on the design of anticancer chemotherapeutic agents using these unique approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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149
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Westendorf AF, Zerzankova L, Salassa L, Sadler PJ, Brabec V, Bednarski PJ. Influence of pyridine versus piperidine ligands on the chemical, DNA binding and cytotoxic properties of light activated trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)(L)]. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:652-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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150
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DNA binding of a proflavine derivative bearing a platinum hanging residue. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:558-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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