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Urbieta MS, Donati ER, Chan KG, Shahar S, Sin LL, Goh KM. Thermophiles in the genomic era: Biodiversity, science, and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:633-47. [PMID: 25911946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles are present in various regions of the Earth, including volcanic environments, hot springs, mud pots, fumaroles, geysers, coastal thermal springs, and even deep-sea hydrothermal vents. They are also found in man-made environments, such as heated compost facilities, reactors, and spray dryers. Thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, and their bioproducts facilitate various industrial, agricultural, and medicinal applications and offer potential solutions to environmental damages and the demand for biofuels. Intensified efforts to sequence the entire genome of hyperthermophiles and thermophiles are increasing rapidly, as evidenced by the fact that over 120 complete genome sequences of the hyperthermophiles Aquificae, Thermotogae, Crenarchaeota, and Euryarchaeota are now available. In this review, we summarise the major current applications of thermophiles and thermozymes. In addition, emphasis is placed on recent progress in understanding the biodiversity, genomes, transcriptomes, metagenomes, and single-cell sequencing of thermophiles in the genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sofía Urbieta
- CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Edgardo R Donati
- CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saleha Shahar
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Lee Li Sin
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Kian Mau Goh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
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Yeasmin S, Kim CH, Islam SMA, Lee JY. Population dynamics of cellulolytic bacteria depend on the richness of cellulosic materials in the habitat. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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103
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Bayram Akcapinar G, Venturini A, Martelli PL, Casadio R, Sezerman UO. Modulating the thermostability of Endoglucanase I from Trichoderma reesei using computational approaches. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:127-35. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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104
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Padilha IQM, Carvalho LCT, Dias PVS, Grisi TCSL, Silva FLHD, Santos SFM, Araújo DAM. PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOPHILIC CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULASE SYNTHESIZED BY Bacillus sp. GROWING ON SUGARCANE BAGASSE IN SUBMERGED FERMENTATION. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20150321s00003298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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105
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Ladeira SA, Cruz E, Delatorre AB, Barbosa JB, Martins MLL. Cellulase production by thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its detergent compatibility. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Bhalla A, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. Highly thermostable GH39 β-xylosidase from a Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:963. [PMID: 25532585 PMCID: PMC4300165 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complete enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan to xylose requires the action of endoxylanase and β-xylosidase. β-xylosidases play an important part in hydrolyzing xylo-oligosaccharides to xylose. Thermostable β-xylosidases have been a focus of attention as industrially important enzymes due to their long shelf life and role in the relief of end-product inhibition of xylanases caused by xylo-oligosaccharides. Therefore, a highly thermostable β-xylosidase with high specific activity has significant potential in lignocellulose bioconversion. Results A gene encoding a highly thermostable GH39 β-xylosidase was cloned from Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant β-xylosidase was active over a wide range of temperatures and pH with optimum temperature of 70°C and pH 6.5. It exhibited very high thermostability, retaining 50% activity at 70°C after 9 days. WSUCF1 β-xylosidase is more thermostable than β-xylosidases reported from other thermophiles (growth temperature ≤ 70°C). Specific activity was 133 U/mg when incubated with p-nitrophenyl xylopyranoside, with Km and Vmax values of 2.38 mM and 147 U/mg, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the recombinant enzyme had a mass of 58 kDa, but omitting heating prior to electrophoresis increased the apparent mass to 230 kDa, suggesting the enzyme exists as a tetramer. Enzyme exhibited high tolerance to xylose, retained approximately 70% of relative activity at 210 mM xylose concentration. Thin layer chromatography showed that the enzyme had potential to convert xylo-oligomers (xylobiose, triose, tetraose, and pentaose) into fermentable xylose. WSUCF1 β-xylosidase along with WSUCF1 endo-xylanase synergistically converted the xylan into fermentable xylose with more than 90% conversion. Conclusions Properties of the WSUCF1 β-xylosidase i.e. high tolerance to elevated temperatures, high specific activity, conversion of xylo-oligomers to xylose, and resistance to inhibition from xylose, make this enzyme potentially suitable for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA. .,Present address: Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Bischoff
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Rajesh K Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA.
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107
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Thakkar A, Saraf M. Application of Statistically Based Experimental Designs to Optimize Cellulase Production and Identification of Gene. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:341-51. [PMID: 25416137 PMCID: PMC4311583 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A natural bacterial strain identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBAA3 using 16S rDNA partial genome sequencing has been studied for optimization of cellulase production. Statistical screening of media components for production of cellulase by B. amyloliquefaciens MBAA3 was carried out by Plackett-Burman design. Plackett-Burman design showed CMC, MgSO4 and pH as significant components influencing the cellulase production from the media components screened by Plackett-Burman fractional factorial design. The optimum concentrations of these significant parameters were determined employing the response surface central composite design, involving three factors and five levels was adopted to acquire the best medium for the production of cellulase enzyme revealed concentration of CMC (1.84 g), MgSO4 (0.275 g), and pH (8.5) in media for highest enzyme production. Response surface counter plots revealed that middle level of MgSO4 and middle level of CMC, higher level of CMC and lower level of pH and higher level of MgSO4 with lower level of pH increase the production of cellulase. After optimization cellulase activity increased by 6.81 fold. Presence of cellulase gene in MBAA3 was conformed by the amplification of genomic DNA of MBAA3. A PCR product of cellulase gene of 1500 bp was successfully amplified. The amplified gene was conformed by sequencing the amplified product and sequence was deposited in the gene bank under the accession number KF929416. Response surface graph showing interaction effects between concentration of a CMC and MgSO4. b pH and CMC. c MgSO4 and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Thakkar
- Department of Microbiology, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Meenu Saraf
- Department of Microbiology, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India.
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Isolation and identification of a cellulolytic bacterium from the Tibetan pig's intestine and investigation of its cellulase production. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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109
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Rawat R, Kumar S, Chadha BS, Kumar D, Oberoi HS. An acidothermophilic functionally active novel GH12 family endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger HO: purification, characterization and molecular interaction studies. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014; 107:103-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-014-0308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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110
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Zhang X, Zhong Y, Yang S, Zhang W, Xu M, Ma A, Zhuang G, Chen G, Liu W. Diversity and dynamics of the microbial community on decomposing wheat straw during mushroom compost production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 170:183-195. [PMID: 25129234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of communities of three important composting players including actinobacteria, fungi and clostridia was explored during the composting of wheat straw for mushroom production. The results revealed the presence of highly diversified actinobacteria and fungal communities during the composting process. The diversity of the fungal community, however, sharply decreased in the mature compost. Furthermore, an apparent succession of both actinobacteria and fungi with intensive changes in the composition of communities was demonstrated during composting. Notably, cellulolytic actinomycetal and fungal genera represented by Thermopolyspora, Microbispora and Humicola were highly enriched in the mature compost. Analysis of the key cellulolytic genes revealed their prevalence at different composting stages including several novel glycoside hydrolase family 48 exocellulase lineages. The community of cellulolytic microbiota also changed substantially over time. The prevalence of the diversified cellulolytic microorganisms holds the great potential of mining novel lignocellulose decomposing enzymes from this specific ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No. 27, Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No. 27, Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Shida Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No. 27, Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No. 27, Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Meiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No. 27, Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Anzhou Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Shuangqing Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Shuangqing Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No. 27, Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No. 27, Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China.
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Bhalla A, Bischoff KM, Uppugundla N, Balan V, Sani RK. Novel thermostable endo-xylanase cloned and expressed from bacterium Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 165:314-8. [PMID: 24725385 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding a GH10 endo-xylanase from Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant endo-xylanase (37kDa) exhibited high specific activity of 461.0U/mg of protein. Endo-xylanase was optimally active on birchwood xylan at 70°C and pH 6.5. The endo-xylanase was found to be highly thermostable at 50 and 60°C, retaining 82% and 50% of its original activity, respectively, after 60h. High xylan conversions (92%) were obtained with oat-spelt xylan hydrolysis. Higher glucan and xylan conversions were obtained on AFEX-treated corn stover with an enzyme cocktail containing WSUCF1 endo-xylanase (71% and 47%) as compared to enzyme cocktail containing commercial fungal endo-xylanase (64% and 41%). High specific activity, active at high pH's, wide substrate specificity, and higher hydrolytic activity on recalcitrant lignocellulose, make this endo-xylanase a suitable candidate for biofuel and bioprocess industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Kenneth M Bischoff
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Nirmal Uppugundla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Rajesh K Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
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Seo JK, Park TS, Kwon IH, Piao MY, Lee CH, Ha JK. Characterization of Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic Enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis JK7 Isolated from the Rumen of a Native Korean Goat. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:50-8. [PMID: 25049705 PMCID: PMC4093055 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A facultative bacterium producing cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes was isolated from the rumen of a native Korean goat. The bacterium was identified as a Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of biochemical and morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences, and has been designated Bacillus licheniformis JK7. Endoglucanase activities were higher than those of β-glucosidase and xylanase at all temperatures. Xylanase had the lowest activity among the three enzymes examined. The optimum temperature for the enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis JK7 was 70°C for endoglucanase (0.75 U/ml) and 50°C for β-glucosidase and xylanase (0.63 U/ml, 0.44 U/ml, respectively). All three enzymes were stable at a temperature range of 20 to 50°C. At 50°C, endoglucanse, β-glucosidase, and xylanase had 90.29, 94.80, and 88.69% residual activity, respectively. The optimal pH for the three enzymes was 5.0, at which their activity was 1.46, 1.10, and 1.08 U/ml, respectively. The activity of all three enzymes was stable in the pH range of 3.0 to 6.0. Endoglucanase activity was increased 113% by K+, while K+, Zn+, and tween 20 enhanced β-glucosidase activity. Xylanase showed considerable activity even in presence of selected chemical additives, with the exception of Mn2+ and Cu2+. The broad range of optimum temperatures (20 to 40°C) and the stability under acidic pH (4 to 6) suggest that the cellulolytic enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis JK7 may be good candidates for use in the biofuel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Seo
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - T S Park
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - I H Kwon
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - M Y Piao
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - C H Lee
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jong K Ha
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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113
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Sharma R, Kocher GS, Bhogal RS, Oberoi HS. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes from thermophilic Aspergillus terreus RWY. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1367-77. [PMID: 25047723 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thermophilic Aspergillus terreus RWY produced cellulases and xylanases in optimal concentrations at 45 °C in solid state fermentation process, though enzyme production was also observed at 50 and 55 °C. Filter paper cellulase (FP), endoglucanase (EG), β-glucosidase (BGL), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), xylanase, β-xylosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase and xylan esterase activities for A. terreus RWY at 45 °C in 72 h were 11.3 ± 0.65, 103 ± 6.4, 122.5 ± 8.7, 10.3 ± 0.66, 872 ± 22.5, 22.1 ± 0.75, 126.4 ± 8.4 and 907 ± 15.5 U (g-ds)(-1) , respectively. Enzyme was optimally active at temperatures and pH ranging between 50-60 °C and 4.0-6.0, respectively. The half life (T1/2 ) of 270 and 240 min at 70 and 75 °C, respectively for the enzyme indicates its stability at higher temperatures. The addition of MnCl2 , CoCl2 , and FeCl3 significantly enhanced cellulase activity. Enzyme demonstrated multiplicity by having seven, one and three isoform(s) for EG, CBH and BGL, respectively. Significant production of functionally active consortium of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes from A. terreus RWY makes it a potential candidate in bioprocessing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Sharma
- Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, P.O. PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Kazemi A, Rasoul-Amini S, Shahbazi M, Safari A, Ghasemi Y. Isolation, identification, and media optimization of high-level cellulase production by Bacillus sp. BCCS A3, in a fermentation system using response surface methodology. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 44:107-18. [PMID: 24152098 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2013.792276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulases are important glycosyl hydrolase enzymes, which break down cellulose to β-glucose. They have been used widely in biotechnological processing such as bioethanol production. In this work we studied maximizing cellulase production by Bacillus sp. BCCS A3 using response surface methodology (RSM). A good result was attained with these conditions (% w/v): tryptone 0.1, Na₂PO₄ 0.25, (NH₄)₂SO₄ 0.2, MgSO₄ · 7H₂O 0.005, CaCl₂ 0.005, KH₂PO₄ 0.1, NaCl 0.1, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 0.75, and pH 9. The cellulase activity in optimized medium was 49.80 U/ml. Moreover, high level of enzyme production was obtained by using fermentor system (50.30 U/ml). Thus, according to the obtained results, this statistical method provided quick identification and integration of key medium details for Bacillus sp. BCCS A3, leading to more cellulase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboozar Kazemi
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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115
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Meng F, Ma L, Ji S, Yang W, Cao B. Isolation and characterization of Bacillus subtilis strain BY-3, a thermophilic and efficient cellulase-producing bacterium on untreated plant biomass. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:306-12. [PMID: 24773580 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bioconversion of biomass, particularly crop wastes, into biofuels is being developed as an alternative approach in meeting the high energy demand. In this study, a thermophilic bacterial strain BY-3 that exhibits cellulolytic potential was isolated from faecal samples of Tibetan pigs; this strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The strain can produce cellulase when grown on various substrates, including carboxymethyl cellulose, rice straw, corn stover, soluble starch and wheat bran. The maximum cellulase activity of the strain was up to 4·323 ± 0·065 U ml(-1) when cultivated in the medium containing corn stover (30 g l(-1) ) for 24 h. The results demonstrated that corn stover is the most suitable substrate for cellulase production by the strain BY-3. The crude cellulase of strain BY-3 was most active at pH 5·5 and 60°C, and the enzyme in acetate buffer (50 mmol l(-1) ) demonstrated a good stability at 60°C for at least 1 h. The crude cellulase exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The strain can be used in cost-efficient cellulase production for bioconversion of agricultural residual biomass into biofuels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The increased consumption of fossil fuels has caused serious energy crisis and environmental problem. Thus, an alternative energy source is necessary. Bioconversion of biomass, particularly agricultural residuals, into value-added bioproducts, such as biofuels and chemical solvents, has received considerable attention. In this study, the newly isolated thermophilic Bacillus subtilis strain BY-3 produces cellulase efficiently with the use of untreated corn stover as a sole carbon source. This strain possesses the thermostable cellulase that is active with diverse crop wastes with a broad pH range and is a highly promising candidate for agricultural waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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116
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Cope JL, Hammett AJM, Kolomiets EA, Forrest AK, Golub KW, Hollister EB, DeWitt TJ, Gentry TJ, Holtzapple MT, Wilkinson HH. Evaluating the performance of carboxylate platform fermentations across diverse inocula originating as sediments from extreme environments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 155:388-394. [PMID: 24502857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that microbial communities from saline and thermal sediment environments are pre-adapted to exhibit superior fermentation performances, 501 saline and thermal samples were collected from a wide geographic range. Each sediment sample was screened as inoculum in a 30-day batch fermentation. Using multivariate statistics, the capacity of each community was assessed to determine its ability to degrade a cellulosic substrate and produce carboxylic acids in the context of the inoculum sediment chemistry. Conductance of soils was positively associated with production of particular acids, but negatively associated with conversion efficiency. In situ sediment temperature and conversion efficiency were consistently positively related. Because inoculum characteristics influence carboxylate platform productivity, optimization of the inoculum is an important and realistic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Cope
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2617, USA
| | - Amy Jo M Hammett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Elena A Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Andrea K Forrest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
| | - Kristina W Golub
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
| | - Emily B Hollister
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2474, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2617, USA
| | - Thomas J DeWitt
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Terry J Gentry
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2474, USA
| | - Mark T Holtzapple
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
| | - Heather H Wilkinson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA.
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Thermostable Hemicellulases of a Bacterium, Geobacillus sp. DC3, Isolated from the Former Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Dakota. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3488-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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118
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Recombinant expression and characterization of a novel endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3295-302. [PMID: 24493451 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to produce high levels of endoglucanase in Escherichia coli for its potential usage in different industrial applications. Endoglucanase gene was amplified from genomic DNA of Bacillus subtilis JS2004 by PCR. The isolated putative endoglucanase gene consisted of an open reading frame of 1,701 nucleotides and encoded a protein of 567 amino acids with a molecular mass of 63-kDa. The gene was cloned into pET-28a(+) and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Optimum temperature and pH of the recombinant endoglucanase were 50 °C and 9, respectively which makes it very attractive for using in bio-bleaching and pulp industry. It had a K M of 1.76 μmol and V max 0.20 μmol/min with carboxymethylcellulose as substrate. The activity of recombinant endoglucanse was enhanced by Mg2+, Ca2+, isopropanol and Tween 20 and inhibited by Hg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and SDS. The activity of this recombinant endoglucanase was significantly higher than wild type. Therefore, this recombinant enzyme has potential for many industrial applications involving biomass conversions, due to characteristic of broad pH and higher temperature stability.
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119
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Woo MH, Chang YH, Lee HS, Pak PJ, Kim JS, Chung N. First Thermostable Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase from Newly Isolated Xanthomonas sp. EC102. Protein J 2014; 33:110-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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120
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Xu CJ, Cao GL, Zhao L, Wang AJ, Chen LN, Ren NQ. A dual-chamber reactor to assess the saccharification capability of the cellulytic microflora from straw waste. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46948d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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121
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Kupski L, Pagnussatt FA, Buffon JG, Furlong EB. Endoglucanase and Total Cellulase from Newly Isolated Rhizopus oryzae and Trichoderma reesei: Production, Characterization, and Thermal Stability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:458-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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122
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Harshvardhan K, Mishra A, Jha B. Purification and characterization of cellulase from a marine Bacillus sp. H1666: A potential agent for single step saccharification of seaweed biomass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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123
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Draft Genome Sequence of Lignocellulose-Degrading Thermophilic Bacterium Geobacillus sp. Strain WSUCF1. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/4/e00595-13. [PMID: 23950119 PMCID: PMC3744675 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00595-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 is a thermophilic spore-forming member of the phylum Firmicutes, isolated from a soil sample collected from the compost facility. We report the draft genome sequence of this isolate with an estimated genome size of 3.4 Mb. The genome sequence of this isolate revealed several genes encoding glycoside hydrolases, making it a potential candidate for plant biomass degradation.
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124
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Deka D, Jawed M, Goyal A. Purification and characterization of an alkaline cellulase produced by Bacillus subtilis (AS3). Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 43:256-70. [PMID: 23379273 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2012.719849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular alkaline carboxymethycellulase (CMCase) from Bacillus subtilis was purified by salt precipitation followed by anion-exchange chromatography using DEAE-Sepharose. The cell-free supernatant containing crude enzyme had a CMCase activity of 0.34 U/mg. The purified enzyme gave a specific activity of 3.33 U/mg, with 10-fold purification and an overall activity yield of 5.6%. The purified enzyme displayed a protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with an apparent molecular size of 30 kDa, which was also confirmed by zymogram analysis. The enzyme displayed multisubstrate specificity, showing significantly higher activity with lichenan and β-glucan as compared to carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), laminarin, hydroxyethylcellulose, and steam-exploded bagasse, and negligible activity with crystalline substrate such as Avicel and filter paper. It was optimally active at pH 9.2 and temperature 45°C. The enzyme was stable in the pH range 6-10 and retained 70% activity at pH 12. Thermal stability analysis revealed that the enzyme was stable in temperature range of 20°C to 45°C and retained more than 50% activity at 60°C for 30 min. The enzyme had a Km of 0.13 mg/ml and Vmax of 3.38 U/mg using CMC as substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmoni Deka
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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125
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Eichorst SA, Varanasi P, Stavila V, Zemla M, Auer M, Singh S, Simmons BA, Singer SW. Community dynamics of cellulose-adapted thermophilic bacterial consortia. Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:2573-87. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vatalie Stavila
- Biological and Materials Sciences Center; Sandia National Laboratories; Livermore; CA; 94551; USA
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126
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Metagenomic analysis of a tropical composting operation at the são paulo zoo park reveals diversity of biomass degradation functions and organisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61928. [PMID: 23637931 PMCID: PMC3637033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Composting operations are a rich source for prospection of biomass degradation enzymes. We have analyzed the microbiomes of two composting samples collected in a facility inside the São Paulo Zoo Park, in Brazil. All organic waste produced in the park is processed in this facility, at a rate of four tons/day. Total DNA was extracted and sequenced with Roche/454 technology, generating about 3 million reads per sample. To our knowledge this work is the first report of a composting whole-microbial community using high-throughput sequencing and analysis. The phylogenetic profiles of the two microbiomes analyzed are quite different, with a clear dominance of members of the Lactobacillus genus in one of them. We found a general agreement of the distribution of functional categories in the Zoo compost metagenomes compared with seven selected public metagenomes of biomass deconstruction environments, indicating the potential for different bacterial communities to provide alternative mechanisms for the same functional purposes. Our results indicate that biomass degradation in this composting process, including deconstruction of recalcitrant lignocellulose, is fully performed by bacterial enzymes, most likely by members of the Clostridiales and Actinomycetales orders.
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127
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Deka D, Das SP, Sahoo N, Das D, Jawed M, Goyal D, Goyal A. Enhanced Cellulase Production from Bacillus subtilis by Optimizing Physical Parameters for Bioethanol Production. ISRN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 2013:965310. [PMID: 25937985 PMCID: PMC4393054 DOI: 10.5402/2013/965310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effect of physical parameters such as initial pH, agitation (rpm), and temperature (°C) for cellulase production from Bacillus subtilis AS3 was investigated. Central composite design of experiments followed by multiple desirability function was applied for the optimization of cellulase activity and cell growth. The effect of the temperature and agitation was found to be significant among the three independent variables. The optimum levels of initial pH, temperature, and agitation for alkaline carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) production predicted by the model were 7.2, 39°C, and 121 rpm, respectively. The CMCase activity with unoptimized physical parameters and previously optimized medium composition was 0.43 U/mL. The maximum activity (0.56 U/mL) and cell growth (2.01 mg/mL) predicted by the model were in consensus with values (0.57 U/mL, 2.1 mg/mL) obtained using optimized medium and optimal values of physical parameters. After optimization, 33% enhancement in CMCase activity (0.57 U/mL) was recorded. On scale-up of cellulase production process in bioreactor with all the optimized conditions, an activity of 0.75 U/mL was achieved. Consequently, the bacterial cellulase employed for bioethanol production expending (5%, w/v) NaOH-pretreated wild grass with Zymomonas mobilis yielded an utmost ethanol titre of 7.56 g/L and 11.65 g/L at shake flask and bioreactor level, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmoni Deka
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Saprativ P Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Naresh Sahoo
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Debasish Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Mohammad Jawed
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dinesh Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India ; Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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128
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Rastogi G, Gurram RN, Bhalla A, Gonzalez R, Bischoff KM, Hughes SR, Kumar S, Sani RK. Presence of glucose, xylose, and glycerol fermenting bacteria in the deep biosphere of the former Homestake gold mine, South Dakota. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:18. [PMID: 23919089 PMCID: PMC3573265 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight fermentative bacterial strains were isolated from mixed enrichment cultures of a composite soil sample collected at 1.34 km depth from the former Homestake gold mine in Lead, SD, USA. Phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that these isolates were affiliated with the phylum Firmicutes belonging to genera Bacillus and Clostridium. Batch fermentation studies demonstrated that isolates had the ability to ferment glucose, xylose, or glycerol to industrially valuable products such as ethanol and 1,3-propanediol (PDO). Ethanol was detected as the major fermentation end product in glucose-fermenting cultures at pH 10 with yields of 0.205–0.304 g of ethanol/g of glucose. While a xylose-fermenting strain yielded 0.189 g of ethanol/g of xylose and 0.585 g of acetic acid/g of xylose at the end of fermentation. At pH 7, glycerol-fermenting isolates produced PDO (0.323–0.458 g of PDO/g of glycerol) and ethanol (0.284–0.350 g of ethanol/g of glycerol) as major end products while acetic acid and succinic acid were identified as minor by-products in fermentation broths. These results suggest that the deep biosphere of the former Homestake gold mine harbors bacterial strains which could be used in bio-based production of ethanol and PDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Rastogi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City, SD, USA
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129
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Pandey S, Singh S, Yadav AN, Nain L, Saxena AK. Phylogenetic diversity and characterization of novel and efficient cellulase producing bacterial isolates from various extreme environments. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1474-80. [PMID: 23832366 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A set of 300 bacterial strains isolated from various extreme environments were screened for the presence of cellulase activity on CMC agar plates. Phylogenetic analysis of the positive strain, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolates were clustered within Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. A majority (17) of the isolates were identified as Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Lysinibacillus sp., and the remaining three were identified as Arthobacter, Rhodococcus, and Bhargavaea cecembensis. Among the 20 positive isolates, 6 were evaluated for the production of cellulases on five different cellulosic substrates. Two isolates, B. cecembensis and Bacillus sp., based on maximum enzyme production on all cellulosic substrates, especially CMC and rice straw, were evaluated in terms of enzyme properties and kinetics. The enzymes of these two isolates are found to be active over broad range of pH and temperature. Such thermostable enzymes facilitate the development of efficient and cost-effective forms of the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process converting lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Pandey
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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130
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Bhalla A, Bansal N, Kumar S, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. Improved lignocellulose conversion to biofuels with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 128:751-9. [PMID: 23246299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Second-generation feedstock, especially nonfood lignocellulosic biomass is a potential source for biofuel production. Cost-intensive physical, chemical, biological pretreatment operations and slow enzymatic hydrolysis make the overall process of lignocellulosic conversion into biofuels less economical than available fossil fuels. Lignocellulose conversions carried out at ≤ 50 °C have several limitations. Therefore, this review focuses on the importance of thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes to overcome the limitations of existing lignocellulosic biomass conversion processes. The influence of high temperatures on various existing lignocellulose conversion processes and those that are under development, including separate hydrolysis and fermentation, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and extremophilic consolidated bioprocess are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
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131
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Reddy A, Simmons C, Claypool J, Jabusch L, Burd H, Hadi M, Simmons B, Singer S, VanderGheynst J. Thermophilic enrichment of microbial communities in the presence of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1362-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.P. Reddy
- Joint BioEnergy Institute; Emeryville CA USA
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering; University of California-Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - C.W. Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute; Emeryville CA USA
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering; University of California-Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - J. Claypool
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering; University of California-Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - L. Jabusch
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering; University of California-Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - H. Burd
- Joint BioEnergy Institute; Emeryville CA USA
- Earth Sciences Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA USA
| | - M.Z. Hadi
- Joint BioEnergy Institute; Emeryville CA USA
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore CA USA
| | - B.A. Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute; Emeryville CA USA
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore CA USA
| | - S.W. Singer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute; Emeryville CA USA
- Department of Biomass Science and Conversion Technology; Sandia National Laboratories; Livermore CA USA
| | - J.S. VanderGheynst
- Joint BioEnergy Institute; Emeryville CA USA
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering; University of California-Davis; Davis CA USA
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132
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Assareh R, Shahbani Zahiri H, Akbari Noghabi K, Aminzadeh S, Bakhshi Khaniki G. Characterization of the newly isolated Geobacillus sp. T1, the efficient cellulase-producer on untreated barley and wheat straws. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 120:99-105. [PMID: 22784959 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A thermophile cellulase-producing bacterium was isolated and identified as closely related to Geobacillus subterraneus. The strain, named Geobacillus sp. T1, was able to grow and produce cellulase on cellobiose, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), barley straw, wheat straw and Whatman No. 1 filter paper. However, barley and wheat straws were significantly better substrates for cellulase production. When Geobacillus sp. T1 was cultivated in the presence of 0.5% barley straw, 0.1% Tween 80 and pH 6.5 at 50°C, the maximum level of free cellulase up to 143.50 U/mL was produced after 24h. This cellulase (≈ 54 kDa) was most active at pH 6.5 and 70°C. The enzyme in citrate phosphate buffer (10mM) was stable at 60°C for at least 1h. Geobacillus sp. T1 with efficient growth and cellulase production on straws seems a potential candidate for conversion of agricultural biomass to fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Assareh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 14155-6343, Iran
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133
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Assessment of the biomass hydrolysis potential in bacterial isolates from a volcanic environment: biosynthesis of the corresponding activities. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2889-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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134
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Enhanced expression of an endoglucanase in Bacillus subtilis by using the sucrose-inducible sacB promoter and improved properties of the recombinant enzyme. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 83:164-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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135
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Xue DS, Chen HY, Ren YR, Yao SJ. Enhancing the activity and thermostability of thermostable β-glucosidase from a marine Aspergillus niger at high salinity. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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136
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Fathallh Eida M, Nagaoka T, Wasaki J, Kouno K. Isolation and characterization of cellulose-decomposing bacteria inhabiting sawdust and coffee residue composts. Microbes Environ 2012; 27:226-33. [PMID: 22353767 PMCID: PMC4036048 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me11299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarifying the identity and enzymatic activities of microorganisms associated with the decomposition of organic materials is expected to contribute to the evaluation and improvement of composting processes. In this study, we examined the cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic abilities of bacteria isolated from sawdust compost (SDC) and coffee residue compost (CRC). Cellulolytic bacteria were isolated using Dubos mineral salt agar containing azurine cross-linked (AZCL) HE-cellulose. Bacterial identification was performed based on the sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes, and cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase, mannanase, and protease activities were characterized using insoluble AZCL-linked substrates. Eleven isolates were obtained from SDC and 10 isolates from CRC. DNA analysis indicated that the isolates from SDC and CRC belonged to the genera Streptomyces, Microbispora, and Paenibacillus, and the genera Streptomyces, Microbispora, and Cohnella, respectively. Microbispora was the most dominant genus in both compost types. All isolates, with the exception of two isolates lacking mannanase activity, showed cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase, and mannanase activities. Based on enzyme activities expressed as the ratio of hydrolysis zone diameter to colony diameter, it was suggested that the species of Microbispora (SDCB8, SDCB9) and Paenibacillus (SDCB10, SDCB11) in SDC and Microbispora (CRCB2, CRCB6) and Cohnella (CRCB9, CRCB10) in CRC contribute to efficient cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic processes during composting.
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137
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Soares FL, Melo IS, Dias ACF, Andreote FD. Cellulolytic bacteria from soils in harsh environments. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2195-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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138
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Gladden JM, Eichorst SA, Hazen TC, Simmons BA, Singer SW. Substrate perturbation alters the glycoside hydrolase activities and community composition of switchgrass-adapted bacterial consortia. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:1140-5. [PMID: 22125273 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria modulate glycoside hydrolase expression in response to the changes in the composition of lignocellulosic biomass. The response of switchgrass-adapted thermophilic bacterial consortia to perturbation with a variety of biomass substrates was characterized to determine if bacterial consortia also responded to changes in biomass composition. Incubation of the switchgrass-adapted consortia with these alternative substrates produced shifts in glycoside hydrolase activities and bacterial community composition. Substantially increased endoglucanase activity was observed upon incubation with microcrystalline cellulose and trifluororacetic acid-pretreated switchgrass. In contrast, culturing the microbial consortia with ionic liquid-pretreated switchgrass increased xylanase activity dramatically. Microbial community analyses of these cultures indicated that the increased endoglucanase activity correlated with an increase in bacteria related to Rhodothermus marinus. Inclusion of simple organic substrates in the culture medium abrogated glycoside hydrolase activity and enriched for bacteria related to Thermus thermophilus. These results demonstrate that the composition of biomass substrates influences the glycoside hydrolase activities and community composition of biomass-deconstructing bacterial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gladden
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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139
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Isolation and characterisation of aerobic endospore forming Bacilli from sugarcane rhizosphere for the selection of strains with agriculture potentialities. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1593-603. [PMID: 22805941 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen aerobic endospore forming strains were isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere in N-free medium. A phenotypic description and analysis of the 5' end hypervariable region sequences of 16S rRNA revealed a high diversity of Bacillus and related genera. Isolates were identified, and four genera were obtained: seven strains belonged to Bacillus (Bacillaceae family), four belonged to Paenibacillus, six belonged to Brevibacillus and one strain was identified as Cohnella (Paenibacillaceae family). Four Brevibacillus strains showed in vitro inhibitory activity against plant pathogens fungi Curvularia and Fusarium. Seventy-four percent of the isolated bacteria grew on pectin as the only carbon source, showing polygalacturonase activity. Pectate lyase activity was detected for the first time in a Brevibacillus genus strain. All isolates showed endoglucanase activity. Calcium phosphate solubilisation was positive in 83.3% of the isolates, with higher values than those reported for Bacillus inorganic phosphate solubilising strains. High ethylene plant hormone secretion in the culture medium was detected in 22% of the bacteria. This is the first report of ethylene secretion in Paenibacillaceae isolates. Indole-3-acetic acid production was found in a Brevibacillus genus isolate. It was reported for the first time the presence of Cohnella genus strain on sugarcane rhizosphere bearing plant growth promoting traits. The sugarcane isolate Brevibacillus B65 was identified as a plant growth inoculant because it showed wider spectra of plant stimulation capabilities, including an antifungal effect, extracellular hydrolases secretion, inorganic phosphate solubilisation and plant hormone liberation. In this work, sugarcane was shown to be a suitable niche for finding aerobic endospore forming 'Bacilli' with agriculture biotechnological purposes.
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140
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Wang W, Yan L, Cui Z, Gao Y, Wang Y, Jing R. Characterization of a microbial consortium capable of degrading lignocellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9321-4. [PMID: 21831630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A microbial consortium, designated WCS-6, was established by successive subcultivation in the presence of rice straw under static conditions. The degradation efficiencies of WSC-6 for 0.5 g filter paper, cotton and rice straw after 3 days of cultivation were 99.0±0.7%, 76.9±1.5% and 81.3±0.8%, respectively as determined by gravimetrical methods. Nine bacterial isolates were obtained from WCS-6 plated under aerobic conditions, and sequencing of their 16S rDNA indicated that these bacteria were related to Bacillus thermoamylovorans BTa, Paenibacillus barengoltzii SAFN-016, Proteobacterium S072, Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis CB-226, Rhizobiaceae str. M100, Bacillus sp. E53-10, Beta proteobacterium HMD444, Petrobacter succinimandens 4BON, and Tepidiphilus margaritifer N2-214. DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and sequencing of 16S rDNA sequences amplified from total consortium DNA revealed the presence of sequences related to those of Ureibacillus thermosphaericus, uncultured bacterium clone GC3, uncultured Clostridium sp. clone A1-3, Clostridium thermobutyricum, and Clostridium thermosuccinogenes in addition to the sequences identified from the cultured bacteria. The microbial community identified herein is a potential candidate consortium for the degradation of waste lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
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141
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Glycoside hydrolase activities of thermophilic bacterial consortia adapted to switchgrass. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5804-12. [PMID: 21724886 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00032-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial-scale biofuel production requires robust enzymatic cocktails to produce fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. Thermophilic bacterial consortia are a potential source of cellulases and hemicellulases adapted to harsher reaction conditions than commercial fungal enzymes. Compost-derived microbial consortia were adapted to switchgrass at 60°C to develop thermophilic biomass-degrading consortia for detailed studies. Microbial community analysis using small-subunit rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing and short-read metagenomic sequencing demonstrated that thermophilic adaptation to switchgrass resulted in low-diversity bacterial consortia with a high abundance of bacteria related to thermophilic paenibacilli, Rhodothermus marinus, and Thermus thermophilus. At lower abundance, thermophilic Chloroflexi and an uncultivated lineage of the Gemmatimonadetes phylum were observed. Supernatants isolated from these consortia had high levels of xylanase and endoglucanase activities. Compared to commercial enzyme preparations, the endoglucanase enzymes had a higher thermotolerance and were more stable in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]), an ionic liquid used for biomass pretreatment. The supernatants were used to saccharify [C2mim][OAc]-pretreated switchgrass at elevated temperatures (up to 80°C), demonstrating that these consortia are an excellent source of enzymes for the development of enzymatic cocktails tailored to more extreme reaction conditions.
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142
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Deka D, Bhargavi P, Sharma A, Goyal D, Jawed M, Goyal A. Enhancement of Cellulase Activity from a New Strain of Bacillus subtilis by Medium Optimization and Analysis with Various Cellulosic Substrates. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:151656. [PMID: 21637325 PMCID: PMC3102325 DOI: 10.4061/2011/151656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellulase activity of Bacillus subtilis AS3 was enhanced by optimizing the medium composition by statistical methods. The enzyme activity with unoptimised medium with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was 0.07 U/mL and that was significantly enhanced by CMC, peptone, and yeast extract using Placket-Burman design. The combined effects of these nutrients on cellulase activity were studied using 22 full factorial central composite design. The optimal levels of medium components determined were CMC (1.8%), peptone (0.8%), and yeast extract (0.479%). The maximum enzyme activity predicted by the model was 0.49 U/mL which was in good agreement with the experimental value 0.43 U/mL showing 6-fold increase as compared to unoptimised medium. The enzyme showed multisubstrate specificity, showing significantly higher activity with lichenan and β-glucan and lower activity with laminarin, hydroxyethylcellulose, and steam exploded bagasse. The optimised medium with lichenan or β-glucan showed 2.5- or 2.8-fold higher activity, respectively, at same concentration as of CMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmoni Deka
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, Guwahati 781039, India
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143
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The endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis BEC-1 bears halo-tolerant, acidophilic and dithiothreitol-stimulated enzyme activity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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144
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Reddy AP, Allgaier M, Singer SW, Hazen TC, Simmons BA, Hugenholtz P, VanderGheynst JS. Bioenergy feedstock-specific enrichment of microbial populations during high-solids thermophilic deconstruction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2088-98. [PMID: 21520015 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermophilic microbial communities that are active in a high-solids environment offer great potential for the discovery of industrially relevant enzymes that efficiently deconstruct bioenergy feedstocks. In this study, finished green waste compost was used as an inoculum source to enrich microbial communities and associated enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose during thermophilic high-solids fermentation of the bioenergy feedstocks switchgrass and corn stover. Methods involving the disruption of enzyme and plant cell wall polysaccharide interactions were developed to recover xylanase and endoglucanase activity from deconstructed solids. Xylanase and endoglucanase activity increased by more than a factor of 5, upon four successive enrichments on switchgrass. Overall, the changes for switchgrass were more pronounced than for corn stover; solids reduction between the first and second enrichments increased by a factor of four for switchgrass while solids reduction remained relatively constant for corn stover. Amplicon pyrosequencing analysis of small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes recovered from enriched samples indicated rapid changes in the microbial communities between the first and second enrichment with the simplified communities achieved by the third enrichment. The results demonstrate a successful approach for enrichment of unique microbial communities and enzymes active in a thermophilic high-solids environment.
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145
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An alkali-halotolerant cellulase from Bacillus flexus isolated from green seaweed Ulva lactuca. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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